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Kovacevic B, Raj Wagle S, Mihaela Ionescu C, Foster T, Đanić M, Mikov M, Mooranian A, Al-Salami H. The biocompatibility and the metabolic impact of thermoresponsive, bile acid-based nanogels on auditory and macrophage cell lines. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 190:248-257. [PMID: 37562725 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Deoxycholic acid (DCA), lithocholic acid (LCA), and ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) are bile acids that may serve as permeation enhancers when incorporated within the nanogel matrix for drug delivery in the inner ear. In this study, thermoresponsive nanogels were formulated with DCA, LCA and UDCA and their rheological properties and biocompatibility were assessed. The impact of nanogel on cellular viability was evaluated via cell viability assay, the impact of nanogels on cellular bioenergetic parameters was estimated by Seahorse mito-stress test and glycolysis-stress test, while the presence of intracellular free radicals was assessed by reactive oxygen species assay. Nanogels showed a high level of biocompatibility after 24-hour exposure to auditory and macrophage cell lines, with minimal cytotoxicity compared to untreated control. Incubation with nanogels did not alter cellular respiration and glycolysis of the auditory cell line but showed possible mitochondrial dysfunction in macrophages, suggesting tissue-dependent effects of bile acids. Bile acid-nanogels had minimal impact on intracellular reactive oxygen species, with LCA demonstrating the most pro-oxidative behaviour. This study suggests that thermoresponsive nanogels with bile acid, particularly DCA and UDCA, may be promising candidates for inner ear drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozica Kovacevic
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Susbin Raj Wagle
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Corina Mihaela Ionescu
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Thomas Foster
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Maja Đanić
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21101, Serbia
| | - Momir Mikov
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad 21101, Serbia
| | - Armin Mooranian
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand.
| | - Hani Al-Salami
- The Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Perth, WA 6102, Australia; Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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Rovnyak D, He J, Kong S, Eckenroad KW, Manley GA, Geffert RM, Krout MR, Strein TG. Determining sequential micellization steps of bile salts with multi-CMC modeling. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 644:496-508. [PMID: 37146486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.03.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Bile salts exhibit complex concentration-dependent micellization in aqueous solution, rooted in a long-standing hypothesis of increasing size in bile aggregation that has historically focused on the measurement of only one CMC detected by a given method, without resolving successive stepwise aggregates. Whether bile aggregation is continuous or discrete, at what concentration does the first aggregate form, and how many aggregation steps occur, all remain as open questions. EXPERIMENTS Bile salt critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) were investigated with NMR chemical shift titrations and a multi-CMC phase separation modeling approach developed herein. The proposed strategy is to establish a correspondence of the phase separation and mass action models to treat the first CMC; subsequent micellization steps, involving larger micelles, are then treated as phase separation events. FINDINGS The NMR data and the proposed multi-CMC model reveal and resolve multiple closely spaced sequential preliminary, primary, and secondary discrete CMCs in dihydroxy and trihydroxy bile salt systems in basic (pH 12) solutions with a single model of one NMR data set. Complex NMR data are closely explained by the model. Four CMCs are established in deoxycholate below 100 mM (298 K, pH 12): 3.8 ± 0.5 mM, 9.1 ± 0.3 mM, 27 ± 2 mM, and 57 ± 4 mM, while three CMCs were observed in multiple bile systems, also under basic conditions. Global fitting leverages the sensitivity of different protons to different aggregation stages. In resolving these closely spaced CMCs, the method also obtains chemical shifts of these spectroscopically inaccessible (aka dark) states of the distinct micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rovnyak
- Dent Drive, Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA.
| | - Jiayi He
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Chemistry, 231 S. 34 Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA.
| | - Sophie Kong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, 1700 4th St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Kyle W Eckenroad
- Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, 92-218 New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - Gregory A Manley
- AB SCIEX LLC, 500 Old Connecticut Path, Framingham, MA 01701, USA
| | - Raeanne M Geffert
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Kerr Hall, Campus Box 7569, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7569, USA
| | - Michael R Krout
- Dent Drive, Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA.
| | - Timothy G Strein
- Dent Drive, Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, Lewisburg, PA 17837, USA.
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Alvarez-Figueroa MJ, Alarcón DA, González-Aramúndiz JV. Effect of zeta potential of innovative lipid nanocapsules on triamcinolone transdermal delivery. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2022; 12:2740-2750. [PMID: 35284985 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-022-01134-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two pegylated lipid nanocapsules for triamcinolone transdermal delivery were designed. Both present a size close to 50 nm and a single monomodal distribution in particle size (PI < 0.2), with a zeta potential of - 20 ± 2 and + 18 ± 1, respectively. The triamcinolone encapsulation efficacy varied between 68 and 80%. They proved to be stable under storage conditions (4 °C) for at least 6 months and at a physiological temperature, using different media, for 48 h. Also, they were shown not to affect cell viability at the concentrations used. For ex vivo transdermal experiments, newborn pig skin was used. With respect to the triamcinolone transdermal penetration, the nanocapsules were demonstrated to have an absorption promoting effect, both when the drug nanocapsules were in solution or loaded into the hydrogel, quantifying between 2 and 15 times more absorbed drug than the control. In addition, regarding the triamcinolone retained in the skin, it is observed that lipid nanocapsules act as triamcinolone promoters when the nanosystems were in solution and when they were included in the hydrogel. This vehicle showed a greater triamcinolone reservoir effect in comparison to the nanocapsules, proving to be a good vehicle to formulate triamcinolone transdermal delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Javiera Alvarez-Figueroa
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química Y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackena 4860, 7820436, Macul, Santiago, CP, Chile.
| | - Diego A Alarcón
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química Y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackena 4860, 7820436, Macul, Santiago, CP, Chile
| | - José Vicente González-Aramúndiz
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química Y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Vicuña Mackena 4860, 7820436, Macul, Santiago, CP, Chile. .,Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología Y Materiales Avanzados "CIEN-UC", Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Kashapov R, Gaynanova G, Gabdrakhmanov D, Kuznetsov D, Pavlov R, Petrov K, Zakharova L, Sinyashin O. Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Compounds as a Versatile Tool for Construction of Nanoscale Drug Carriers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6961. [PMID: 32971917 PMCID: PMC7555343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on synthetic and natural amphiphilic systems prepared from straight-chain and macrocyclic compounds capable of self-assembly with the formation of nanoscale aggregates of different morphology and their application as drug carriers. Since numerous biological species (lipid membrane, bacterial cell wall, mucous membrane, corneal epithelium, biopolymers, e.g., proteins, nucleic acids) bear negatively charged fragments, much attention is paid to cationic carriers providing high affinity for encapsulated drugs to targeted cells. First part of the review is devoted to self-assembling and functional properties of surfactant systems, with special attention focusing on cationic amphiphiles, including those bearing natural or cleavable fragments. Further, lipid formulations, especially liposomes, are discussed in terms of their fabrication and application for intracellular drug delivery. This section highlights several features of these carriers, including noncovalent modification of lipid formulations by cationic surfactants, pH-responsive properties, endosomal escape, etc. Third part of the review deals with nanocarriers based on macrocyclic compounds, with such important characteristics as mucoadhesive properties emphasized. In this section, different combinations of cyclodextrin platform conjugated with polymers is considered as drug delivery systems with synergetic effect that improves solubility, targeting and biocompatibility of formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruslan Kashapov
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, Arbuzov street 8, Kazan 420088, Russia; (G.G.); (D.G.); (D.K.); (R.P.); (K.P.); (L.Z.); (O.S.)
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Design of Chitosan Nanocapsules with Compritol 888 ATO® for Imiquimod Transdermal Administration. Evaluation of Their Skin Absorption by Raman Microscopy. Pharm Res 2020; 37:195. [PMID: 32944793 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-020-02925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Design imiquimod-loaded chitosan nanocapsules for transdermal delivery and evaluate the depth of imiquimod transdermal absorption as well as the kinetics of this absorption using Raman Microscopy, an innovative strategy to evaluate transdermal absorption. This nanovehicle included Compritol 888ATO®, a novel excipient for formulating nanosystems whose administration through the skin has not been studied until now. METHODS Nanocapsules were made by solvent displacement method and their physicochemical properties was measured by DLS and laser-Doppler. For transdermal experiments, newborn pig skin was used. The Raman spectra were obtained using a laser excitation source at 532 nm and a 20/50X oil immersion objective. RESULTS The designed nanocapsules, presented nanometric size (180 nm), a polydispersity index <0.2 and a zeta potential +17. The controlled release effect of Compritol was observed, with the finding that half of the drug was released at 24 h in comparison with control (p < 0.05). It was verified through Raman microscopy that imiquimod transdermal penetration is dynamic, the nanocapsules take around 50 min to penetrate the stratum corneum and 24 h after transdermal administration, the drug was in the inner layers of the skin. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the utility of Raman Microscopy to evaluate the drugs transdermal penetration of in the different layers of the skin. Graphical Abstract New imiquimod nanocapsules: evaluation of their skin absorption by Raman Microscopy and effect of the compritol 888ATO® in the imiquimod release profile.
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