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Riccardi D, Baldino L, Reverchon E. Liposomes, transfersomes and niosomes: production methods and their applications in the vaccinal field. J Transl Med 2024; 22:339. [PMID: 38594760 PMCID: PMC11003085 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05160-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most effective strategies to fight viruses and handle health diseases is vaccination. Recent studies and current applications are moving on antigen, DNA and RNA-based vaccines to overcome the limitations related to the conventional vaccination strategies, such as low safety, necessity of multiple injection, and side effects. However, due to the instability of pristine antigen, RNA and DNA molecules, the use of nanocarriers is required. Among the different nanocarriers proposed for vaccinal applications, three types of nanovesicles were selected and analysed in this review: liposomes, transfersomes and niosomes. PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar databases were used for searching recent papers on the most frequently used conventional and innovative methods of production of these nanovesicles. Weaknesses and limitations of conventional methods (i.e., multiple post-processing, solvent residue, batch-mode processes) can be overcome using innovative methods, in particular, the ones assisted by supercritical carbon dioxide. SuperSomes process emerged as a promising production technique of solvent-free nanovesicles, since it can be easily scaled-up, works in continuous-mode, and does not require further post-processing steps to obtain the desired products. As a result of the literature analysis, supercritical carbon dioxide assisted methods attracted a lot of interest for nanovesicles production in the vaccinal field. However, despite their numerous advantages, supercritical processes require further studies for the production of liposomes, transfersomes and niosomes with the aim of reaching well-defined technologies suitable for industrial applications and mass production of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Riccardi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Lucia Baldino
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| | - Ernesto Reverchon
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084, Fisciano, SA, Italy
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2
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Zafar A, Takeda C, Manzoor A, Tanaka D, Kobayashi M, Wadayama Y, Nakane D, Majeed A, Iqbal MA, Akitsu T. Towards Industrially Important Applications of Enhanced Organic Reactions by Microfluidic Systems. Molecules 2024; 29:398. [PMID: 38257311 PMCID: PMC10820862 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This review presents a comprehensive evaluation for the manufacture of organic molecules via efficient microfluidic synthesis. Microfluidic systems provide considerably higher control over the growth, nucleation, and reaction conditions compared with traditional large-scale synthetic methods. Microfluidic synthesis has become a crucial technique for the quick, affordable, and efficient manufacture of organic and organometallic compounds with complicated characteristics and functions. Therefore, a unique, straightforward flow synthetic methodology can be developed to conduct organic syntheses and improve their efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Zafar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - China Takeda
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Asif Manzoor
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Daiki Tanaka
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan
| | - Masashi Kobayashi
- Research Organization for Nano & Life Innovation, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8050, Japan
| | - Yoshitora Wadayama
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakane
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Adnan Majeed
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan Iqbal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Takashiro Akitsu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
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3
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Fernandes DA. Liposomes for Cancer Theranostics. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2448. [PMID: 37896208 PMCID: PMC10610083 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most well-studied diseases and there have been significant advancements over the last few decades in understanding its molecular and cellular mechanisms. Although the current treatments (e.g., chemotherapy, radiotherapy, gene therapy and immunotherapy) have provided complete cancer remission for many patients, cancer still remains one of the most common causes of death in the world. The main reasons for the poor response rates for different cancers include the lack of drug specificity, drug resistance and toxic side effects (i.e., in healthy tissues). For addressing the limitations of conventional cancer treatments, nanotechnology has shown to be an important field for constructing different nanoparticles for destroying cancer cells. Due to their size (i.e., less than 1 μm), nanoparticles can deliver significant amounts of cancer drugs to tumors and are able to carry moieties (e.g., folate, peptides) for targeting specific types of cancer cells (i.e., through receptor-mediated endocytosis). Liposomes, composed of phospholipids and an interior aqueous core, can be used as specialized delivery vehicles as they can load different types of cancer therapy agents (e.g., drugs, photosensitizers, genetic material). In addition, the ability to load imaging agents (e.g., fluorophores, radioisotopes, MRI contrast media) enable these nanoparticles to be used for monitoring the progress of treatment. This review examines a wide variety of different liposomes for cancer theranostics, with the different available treatments (e.g., photothermal, photodynamic) and imaging modalities discussed for different cancers.
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4
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Fratini C, Weaver E, Moroni S, Irwin R, Dallal Bashi YH, Uddin S, Casettari L, Wylie MP, Lamprou DA. Combining microfluidics and coaxial 3D-bioprinting for the manufacturing of diabetic wound healing dressings. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 153:213557. [PMID: 37441958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a crucial complication of diabetes, as in a diabetic wound, each step of the physiological healing process is affected. This entails a more easily infectable wound, and delayed tissue regeneration due to the inflammation that occurs, leading to a drastic decrease in the overall patient's quality of life. As a strategy to manage DFUs, skin alternatives and wound dressings are currently receiving a lot of attention as they keep the wound environment "under control", while providing bioactive compounds that help to manage infection and inflammation and promote tissue repair. This has been made possible thanks to the advent of emerging technologies such as 3D Bioprinting to produce skin resembling constructs or microfluidics (MFs) that allows the manufacture of nanoparticles (NPs) that act as drug carriers, in a prompt and less expensive way. In the present proof-of-concept study, the possibility of combining two novel and appealing techniques in the manufacturing of wound dressings has been demonstrated for first time. The novelty of this work consists in the combination of liposomes (LPs) encapsulating the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) into a hydrogel that is further printed into a three-dimensional scaffold for wound dressing; to the knowledge of the authors this has never been done before. A grid-shaped scaffold has been produced through the coaxial 3D bioprinting technique which has allowed to combine, in one single filament, two different bioinks. The inner core of the filament is a nanocomposite hydrogel consisting of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and PEGylated LPs encapsulated with thyme oil (TO) manufactured via MFs for the first time. The outer shell of the filament, instead, is represented by a hybrid hydrogel composed of sodium alginate/cellulose nanocrystals (SA/CNC) and enriched with free TO. This provides a combination of two different release ratios of the API, a bulk release for the first 24 h thanks to the free TO in the shell of the filament and a sustained release for up to 10 days provided from the API inside the LPs. Confocal Microscopy verified the actual presence of the LPs inside the scaffold after printing and evaluation using the zone of inhibition test proved the antibacterial activity of the manufactured scaffolds against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Fratini
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Edward Weaver
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Moroni
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Robyn Irwin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Yahya H Dallal Bashi
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Shahid Uddin
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Dr, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Casettari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Matthew P Wylie
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios A Lamprou
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
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5
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He Y, Grandi DD, Chandradoss S, LuTheryn G, Cidonio G, Nunes Bastos R, Pereno V, Carugo D. Rapid Production of Nanoscale Liposomes Using a 3D-Printed Reactor-In-A-Centrifuge: Formulation, Characterisation, and Super-Resolution Imaging. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1763. [PMID: 37763926 PMCID: PMC10535575 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale liposomes have been extensively researched and employed clinically for the delivery of biologically active compounds, including chemotherapy drugs and vaccines, offering improved pharmacokinetic behaviour and therapeutic outcomes. Traditional laboratory-scale production methods often suffer from limited control over liposome properties (e.g., size and lamellarity) and rely on laborious multistep procedures, which may limit pre-clinical research developments and innovation in this area. The widespread adoption of alternative, more controllable microfluidic-based methods is often hindered by complexities and costs associated with device manufacturing and operation, as well as the short device lifetime and the relatively low liposome production rates in some cases. In this study, we demonstrated the production of liposomes comprising therapeutically relevant lipid formulations, using a cost-effective 3D-printed reactor-in-a-centrifuge (RIAC) device. By adjusting formulation- and production-related parameters, including the concentration of polyethylene glycol (PEG), temperature, centrifugation time and speed, and lipid concentration, the mean size of the produced liposomes could be tuned in the range of 140 to 200 nm. By combining selected experimental parameters, the method was capable of producing liposomes with a therapeutically relevant mean size of ~174 nm with narrow size distribution (polydispersity index, PDI ~0.1) at a production rate of >8 mg/min. The flow-through method proposed in this study has potential to become an effective and versatile laboratory-scale approach to simplify the synthesis of therapeutic liposomal formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
| | - Davide De Grandi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering (IBME), Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK;
| | - Stanley Chandradoss
- Oxford Nanoimaging Limited (ONI), Oxford OX2 8TA, UK; (S.C.); (R.N.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Gareth LuTheryn
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), The Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7HE, UK;
| | - Gianluca Cidonio
- 3D Microfluidic Biofabrication Laboratory, Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science—CLN2S, Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | | | - Valerio Pereno
- Oxford Nanoimaging Limited (ONI), Oxford OX2 8TA, UK; (S.C.); (R.N.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Dario Carugo
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, UK;
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences (NDORMS), The Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7HE, UK;
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Ghodke J, Ekonomou SI, Weaver E, Lamprou D, Doran O, Stratakos AC. The Manufacturing and Characterisation of Eugenol-Enclosed Liposomes Produced by Microfluidic Method. Foods 2023; 12:2940. [PMID: 37569209 PMCID: PMC10418319 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, liposomes enclosing eugenol were prepared using microfluidics. Two lipids-1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 18:0 (DSPC) and 2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 14:0 (DMPC)-and microfluidic chips with serpentine and Y-shaped micromixing designs were used for the liposomal formulation. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values indicated that eugenol was more effective against Gram-negative than Gram-positive bacteria. Four different flow-rate ratios (FRR 2:1, 3:1, 4:1, 5:1) were explored. All liposomes' encapsulation efficiency (EE) was determined: 94.34% for DSPC 3:1 and 78.63% for DMPC 5:1. The highest eugenol release of 99.86% was observed at pH 4, DMPC 3:1 (Y-shaped chip). Liposomes were physically stable at 4, 20 and 37 °C for 60 days as determined by their size, polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential (ZP). The most stable liposomes were observed at FRR 5:1 for DSPC. EE, stability, and eugenol release studies proved that the liposomal formulations produced can be used as delivery vehicles to increase food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ghodke
- College of Health, Science and Society, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Ln, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (J.G.); (S.I.E.); (O.D.)
| | - Sotirios I. Ekonomou
- College of Health, Science and Society, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Ln, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (J.G.); (S.I.E.); (O.D.)
| | - Edward Weaver
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (E.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Dimitrios Lamprou
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (E.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Olena Doran
- College of Health, Science and Society, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Ln, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (J.G.); (S.I.E.); (O.D.)
| | - Alexandros Ch. Stratakos
- College of Health, Science and Society, University of the West of England, Coldharbour Ln, Bristol BS16 1QY, UK; (J.G.); (S.I.E.); (O.D.)
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Tahir N, Sharifi F, Khan TA, Khan MM, Madni A, Rehman M. Microfluidics: A versatile tool for developing, optimizing, and delivering nanomedicines. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818627-5.00017-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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8
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Roque-Borda CA, Bento da Silva P, Rodrigues MC, Di Filippo LD, Duarte JL, Chorilli M, Vicente EF, Garrido SS, Rogério Pavan F. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology: Antimicrobial peptides as potential new drugs against WHO list of critical, high, and medium priority bacteria. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 241:114640. [PMID: 35970075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanobiotechnology is a relatively unexplored area that has, nevertheless, shown relevant results in the fight against some diseases. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are biomacromolecules with potential activity against multi/extensively drug-resistant bacteria, with a lower risk of generating bacterial resistance. They can be considered an excellent biotechnological alternative to conventional drugs. However, the application of several AMPs to biological systems is hampered by their poor stability and lifetime, inactivating them completely. Therefore, nanotechnology plays an important role in the development of new AMP-based drugs, protecting and carrying the bioactive to the target. This is the first review article on the different reported nanosystems using AMPs against bacteria listed on the WHO priority list. The current shortage of information implies a nanobiotechnological potential to obtain new drugs or repurpose drugs based on the AMP-drug synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Augusto Roque-Borda
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Araraquara, São Paulo, CEP 14800-903, Brazil; Universidad Católica de Santa María, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas Bioquímicas y Biotecnológicas, Brazil
| | - Patricia Bento da Silva
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Mosar Corrêa Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Nanobiotechnology, Department of Genetics and Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Delello Di Filippo
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, São Paulo, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Jonatas L Duarte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, São Paulo, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drugs and Medicines, Araraquara, São Paulo, CEP 14800-903, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Festozo Vicente
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Sciences and Engineering, Tupã, São Paulo, CEP 17602-496, Brazil
| | - Saulo Santesso Garrido
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Chemistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, CEP 14801-902, Brazil
| | - Fernando Rogério Pavan
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Araraquara, São Paulo, CEP 14800-903, Brazil.
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Xu R, Tomeh MA, Ye S, Zhang P, Lv S, You R, Wang N, Zhao X. Novel microfluidic swirl mixers for scalable formulation of curcumin loaded liposomes for cancer therapy. Int J Pharm 2022; 622:121857. [PMID: 35623489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Liposomes have been widely used in nanomedicine for the delivery of hydrophobic and hydrophilic anticancer agents. The most common applications of these formulations are vaccines and anticancer formulations (e.g., mRNA, small molecule drugs). However, large-scale production with precise control of size and size distribution of the lipid-based drug delivery systems (DDSs) is one of the major challenges in the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, we used newly designed microfluidic swirl mixers with simple 3D mixing chamber structures to prepare liposomes at a larger scale (up to 320 mL/min or 20 L/h) than the commercially available devices. This design demonstrated high productivity and better control of liposome size and polydispersity index (PDI) than conventional liposome preparation methods. The microfluidic swirl mixer devices were used to produce curcumin-loaded liposomes under different processing conditions which were later characterized and studied in vitro to evaluate their efficiency as DDSs. The obtained results demonstrated that the liposomes can effectively deliver curcumin into cancer cells. Therefore, the microfluidic swirl mixers are promising devices for reproducible and scalable manufacturing of DDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Mhd Anas Tomeh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Siyuan Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Songwei Lv
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Rongrong You
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
| | - Xiubo Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
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10
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Anas Tomeh M, Hawari Mansor M, Hadianamrei R, Sun W, Zhao X. Optimization of large-scale manufacturing of biopolymeric and lipid nanoparticles using microfluidic swirl mixers. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121762. [PMID: 35472511 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Sneha KR, Sailaja GS. Intrinsically radiopaque biomaterial assortments: a short review on the physical principles, X-ray imageability, and state-of-the-art developments. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8569-8593. [PMID: 34585717 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01513c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
X-ray attenuation ability, otherwise known as radiopacity of a material, could be indisputably tagged as the central and decisive parameter that produces contrast in an X-ray image. Radiopaque biomaterials are vital in the healthcare sector that helps clinicians to track them unambiguously during pre and post interventional radiological procedures. Medical imaging is one of the most powerful resources in the diagnostic sector that aids improved treatment outcomes for patients. Intrinsically radiopaque biomaterials enable themselves for visual targeting/positioning as well as to monitor their fate and further provide the radiologists with critical insights about the surgical site. Moreover, the emergence of advanced real-time imaging modalities is a boon to the contemporary healthcare systems that allow to perform minimally invasive surgical procedures and thereby reduce the healthcare costs and minimize patient trauma. X-ray based imaging is one such technologically upgraded diagnostic tool with many variants like digital X-ray, computed tomography, digital subtraction angiography, and fluoroscopy. In light of these facts, this review is aimed to briefly consolidate the physical principles of X-ray attenuation by a radiopaque material, measurement of radiopacity, classification of radiopaque biomaterials, and their recent advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Sneha
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi - 682022, India.
| | - G S Sailaja
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi - 682022, India. .,Interuniversity Centre for Nanomaterials and Devices, CUSAT, Kochi - 682022, India.,Centre for Advanced Materials, CUSAT, Kochi - 682022, India
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12
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Microfluidics for Multiphase Mixing and Liposomal Encapsulation of Nanobioconjugates: Passive vs. Acoustic Systems. FLUIDS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fluids6090309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the main routes to ensure that biomolecules or bioactive agents remain active as they are incorporated into products with applications in different industries is by their encapsulation. Liposomes are attractive platforms for encapsulation due to their ease of synthesis and manipulation and the potential to fuse with cell membranes when they are intended for drug delivery applications. We propose encapsulating our recently developed cell-penetrating nanobioconjugates based on magnetite interfaced with translocating proteins and peptides with the purpose of potentiating their cell internalization capabilities even further. To prepare the encapsulates (also known as magnetoliposomes (MLPs)), we introduced a low-cost microfluidic device equipped with a serpentine microchannel to favor the interaction between the liposomes and the nanobioconjugates. The encapsulation performance of the device, operated either passively or in the presence of ultrasound, was evaluated both in silico and experimentally. The in silico analysis was implemented through multiphysics simulations with the software COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5® (COMSOL Inc., Stockholm, Sweden) via both a Eulerian model and a transport of diluted species model. The encapsulation efficiency was determined experimentally, aided by spectrofluorimetry. Encapsulation efficiencies obtained experimentally and in silico approached 80% for the highest flow rate ratios (FRRs). Compared with the passive mixer, the in silico results of the device under acoustic waves led to higher discrepancies with respect to those obtained experimentally. This was attributed to the complexity of the process in such a situation. The obtained MLPs demonstrated successful encapsulation of the nanobioconjugates by both methods with a 36% reduction in size for the ones obtained in the presence of ultrasound. These findings suggest that the proposed serpentine micromixers are well suited to produce MLPs very efficiently and with homogeneous key physichochemical properties.
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13
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Ballacchino G, Weaver E, Mathew E, Dorati R, Genta I, Conti B, Lamprou DA. Manufacturing of 3D-Printed Microfluidic Devices for the Synthesis of Drug-Loaded Liposomal Formulations. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158064. [PMID: 34360832 PMCID: PMC8348465 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic technique has emerged as a promising tool for the production of stable and monodispersed nanoparticles (NPs). In particular, this work focuses on liposome production by microfluidics and on factors involved in determining liposome characteristics. Traditional fabrication techniques for microfluidic devices suffer from several disadvantages, such as multistep processing and expensive facilities. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) has been revolutionary for microfluidic device production, boasting facile and low-cost fabrication. In this study, microfluidic devices with innovative micromixing patterns were developed using fused deposition modelling (FDM) and liquid crystal display (LCD) printers. To date, this work is the first to study liposome production using LCD-printed microfluidic devices. The current study deals with 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) liposomes with cholesterol (2:1) prepared using commercial and 3D-printed microfluidic devices. We evaluated the effect of microfluidic parameters, chip manufacturing, material, and channel design on liposomal formulation by analysing the size, PDI, and ζ-potential. Curcumin exhibits potent anticancer activity and it has been reported that curcumin-loaded liposomes formulated by microfluidics show enhanced encapsulation efficiency when compared with other reported systems. In this work, curcumal liposomes were produced using the developed microfluidic devices and particle sizing, ζ-potential, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release studies were performed at 37 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ballacchino
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (G.B.); (E.W.); (E.M.)
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.D.); (I.G.)
| | - Edward Weaver
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (G.B.); (E.W.); (E.M.)
| | - Essyrose Mathew
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (G.B.); (E.W.); (E.M.)
| | - Rossella Dorati
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.D.); (I.G.)
| | - Ida Genta
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.D.); (I.G.)
| | - Bice Conti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.D.); (I.G.)
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (D.A.L.); Tel.: +39-0382-987378 (B.C.); +44-(0)28-9097-2617 (D.A.L.)
| | - Dimitrios A. Lamprou
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (G.B.); (E.W.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.C.); (D.A.L.); Tel.: +39-0382-987378 (B.C.); +44-(0)28-9097-2617 (D.A.L.)
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Ma Q, Cao J, Gao Y, Han S, Liang Y, Zhang T, Wang X, Sun Y. Microfluidic-mediated nano-drug delivery systems: from fundamentals to fabrication for advanced therapeutic applications. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15512-15527. [PMID: 32441718 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02397c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS) are functional drug-loaded nanocarriers extensively applied in the healthcare and pharmaceutical areas. Recently, microfluidics has been demonstrated as one of the most promising techniques to fabricate high-performance NDDS with uniform morphology, size and size distribution, reduced batch-to-batch variations and controllable drug delivering capacity. Here, a brief review of the microfluidic-mediated NDDS is presented. The fundamentals of microfluidics are first interpreted with an emphasis on the fluid characteristics, design and materials for microfluidic devices. Then a comprehensive and in-depth depiction of the microfluidic-mediated fabrications of controllable NDDS with well-tailored internal structures and integrated functions for controlled encapsulation and drug release are categorized and reviewed, with particular descriptions about the underlying formation mechanisms. Afterwards, recently appreciated representative applications of the microfluidic-mediated NDDS for delivering multiple drugs are systematically summarized. Finally, conclusions and perspectives on further advancing the microfluidic-mediated NDDS toward more powerful and versatile platforms for therapeutic applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingming Ma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
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