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Dallal Bashi YH, Ali A, Al Ayoub Y, Assi KH, Mairs R, McCarthy HO, Tunney MM, Kett VL. Inhaled dry powder liposomal azithromycin for treatment of chronic lower respiratory tract infection. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123841. [PMID: 38266939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
A dry powder inhaled liposomal azithromycin formulation was developed for the treatment of chronic respiratory diseases such as cystic fibrosis and bronchiectasis. Key properties including liposome size, charge and encapsulation efficiency powder size, shape, glass transition temperature (Tg), water content and in vitro respiratory deposition were determined. Antimicrobial activity against cystic fibrosis (CF) respiratory pathogens was determined by MIC, MBC and biofilm assays. Cytotoxicity and cellular uptake studies were performed using A549 cells. The average liposome size was 105 nm, charge was 55 mV and encapsulation efficiency was 75 %. The mean powder particle size d[v,50] of 4.54 µm and Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameter (MMAD) was 5.23 µm with a mean Tg of 76˚C and water content of 2.1 %. These excellent physicochemical characteristics were maintained over one year. Liposomal loaded azithromycin demonstrated enhanced activity against P. aeruginosa clinical isolates grown in biofilm. The formulation was rapidly delivered into bacterial cells with > 75 % uptake in 1 h. Rapid uptake into A549 cells via a cholesterol-dependent endocytosis pathway with no cytotoxic effects apparent. These data demonstrate that this formulation could offer benefits over current treatment regimens for people with chronic respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahlam Ali
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Yuosef Al Ayoub
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, UK
| | - Khaled H Assi
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, UK
| | - Rachel Mairs
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Helen O McCarthy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Michael M Tunney
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Vicky L Kett
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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Jirjees F, Dallal Bashi YH, Kharaba Z, Ahmadi K, Barakat M, AlObaidi H. Public awareness, prevalence, and regulations for the sale of electronic cigarettes in Arab countries: A narrative review. Tob Induc Dis 2023; 21:143. [PMID: 37901882 PMCID: PMC10603825 DOI: 10.18332/tid/168435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of the Arab countries have high records of daily tobacco smoking. Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) use has exponentially increased in the past decade in Arab countries. Consumers' willingness to quit smoking traditional cigarettes and their perception of e-cigarettes as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes have increased the demand for these devices. This narrative review aimed to gather and discuss the available literature on the awareness, prevalence, and sales regulations of e-cigarettes in Arab countries. A search was conducted on electronic databases such as PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar with no time limits until the end of 2021. Some of the recent studies (2019-2021) considered in this review have reported that more than 25% of participants were e-cigarettes users. The prevalence of e-cigarettes has increased drastically with raised awareness of e-cigarettes among the population in these Arab countries. Most of the users of e-cigarettes are young males. In addition, an increase in e-cigarettes use has been reported in females. The policies which regulate trade and sale of e-cigarettes and related products were issued in only three Arab countries. In contrast, regulations for the trade and sale of traditional cigarette products are also applied in some countries to e-cigarette products, banning the sale of e-cigarettes to minors and/or amend smoke-free laws to restrict public use of e-cigarettes. There is a need for a concerted effort to assess the prevalence and significant rise of e-cigarettes consumption in Arab societies to help implement and improve harm reduction policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras Jirjees
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Zelal Kharaba
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Keivan Ahmadi
- NIHR Applied Research Collaboration Northwest London, Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muna Barakat
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hala AlObaidi
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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Kharaba Z, Alfoteih Y, Alzoubi KH, Al-Azzam S, Al-Azayzih A, Al-Obaidi HJ, Awad AB, Dallal Bashi YH, Ahmed R, Khalil AM, Al Ahmad R, Aldeyab MA, Jirjees F. Lessons Learned from the Pandemic in the UAE: Children COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Its Impact on the Choice of Distance versus Face-to-Face Learning Modalities: An In-Depth Analysis of a National Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1598. [PMID: 37897000 PMCID: PMC10611097 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study addresses the crucial aspect of childhood COVID-19 vaccination and its impact on parental decisions concerning learning modalities during the pandemic. This study aimed to gauge parental hesitancy towards vaccinating their children and its influence on choosing between distance and face-to-face learning options. Following STROBE guidelines for cross-sectional studies, this study surveyed 1973 parents in the United Arab Emirates using Google Forms during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results revealed that while more than half of the parents (51.6%) were willing to vaccinate their children if the COVID-19 vaccine was accessible and affordable, a significant majority (91.2%) expressed concerns about the rapid vaccine development process, which was the primary reason for vaccine rejection. Interestingly, a sizable portion (55.3%) had experienced online learning in the previous academic term, and, of those, 59.6% believed it negatively influenced their children's academic performance. Consequently, 66.4% expressed intent to shift their children back to face-to-face learning once feasible. Significantly, parents with medical backgrounds were more inclined (91.6%) to opt for face-to-face schooling compared to those without such backgrounds. Logistic regression analysis indicated associations between sociodemographic characteristics, educational level and background, and the decision to return children to face-to-face learning. Interestingly, when it comes to vaccine hesitancy, a noteworthy connection exists between the parents' reluctance to vaccinate their children and their preference for distance learning. In fact, parents who responded negatively to vaccinating their children against COVID-19, if the vaccine was available, showed a clear preference for the distance learning modality (p-value < 0.0001). This study underscores the complex interplay of factors and community perspectives shaping parental acceptance of childhood COVID-19 vaccination. The development pace of vaccines significantly influences parents' attitudes and beliefs about vaccination programs. Parents' medical backgrounds exhibit a clear correlation with their perceptions of sending children back to school safely. This highlights the potential impact of parental medical knowledge on decision making, emphasizing the need to consider parents' professional backgrounds when devising education- and vaccination-related policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelal Kharaba
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Abu Dhabi Campus, Abu Dhabi 112612, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Yassen Alfoteih
- Department of Dental Surgery, City University Ajman, Ajman 18484, United Arab Emirates;
- Department of General Education, City University Ajman, Ajman 18484, United Arab Emirates
| | - Karem H. Alzoubi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (K.H.A.); (F.J.)
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (S.A.-A.); (A.A.-A.)
| | - Sayer Al-Azzam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (S.A.-A.); (A.A.-A.)
| | - Ahmad Al-Azayzih
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan; (S.A.-A.); (A.A.-A.)
| | - Hala J. Al-Obaidi
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (H.J.A.-O.); (Y.H.D.B.)
| | - Ahmed Bahaaeldin Awad
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Burjeel Medical City Hospital, Abu-Dhabi 7400, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Yahya H. Dallal Bashi
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK; (H.J.A.-O.); (Y.H.D.B.)
| | - Rahaf Ahmed
- Abbott LaboratoriesAlphamed Company Limited, Abu Dhabi 4236, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Alaa M. Khalil
- Al Thiqa Pharmacy Group, Abu Dhabi 47612, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Raneem Al Ahmad
- Pharmacy Intern, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi 112412, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Mamoon A. Aldeyab
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, UK;
| | - Feras Jirjees
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; (K.H.A.); (F.J.)
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Fratini C, Weaver E, Moroni S, Irwin R, Dallal Bashi YH, Uddin S, Casettari L, Wylie MP, Lamprou DA. Combining microfluidics and coaxial 3D-bioprinting for the manufacturing of diabetic wound healing dressings. Biomater Adv 2023; 153:213557. [PMID: 37441958 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a crucial complication of diabetes, as in a diabetic wound, each step of the physiological healing process is affected. This entails a more easily infectable wound, and delayed tissue regeneration due to the inflammation that occurs, leading to a drastic decrease in the overall patient's quality of life. As a strategy to manage DFUs, skin alternatives and wound dressings are currently receiving a lot of attention as they keep the wound environment "under control", while providing bioactive compounds that help to manage infection and inflammation and promote tissue repair. This has been made possible thanks to the advent of emerging technologies such as 3D Bioprinting to produce skin resembling constructs or microfluidics (MFs) that allows the manufacture of nanoparticles (NPs) that act as drug carriers, in a prompt and less expensive way. In the present proof-of-concept study, the possibility of combining two novel and appealing techniques in the manufacturing of wound dressings has been demonstrated for first time. The novelty of this work consists in the combination of liposomes (LPs) encapsulating the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) into a hydrogel that is further printed into a three-dimensional scaffold for wound dressing; to the knowledge of the authors this has never been done before. A grid-shaped scaffold has been produced through the coaxial 3D bioprinting technique which has allowed to combine, in one single filament, two different bioinks. The inner core of the filament is a nanocomposite hydrogel consisting of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and PEGylated LPs encapsulated with thyme oil (TO) manufactured via MFs for the first time. The outer shell of the filament, instead, is represented by a hybrid hydrogel composed of sodium alginate/cellulose nanocrystals (SA/CNC) and enriched with free TO. This provides a combination of two different release ratios of the API, a bulk release for the first 24 h thanks to the free TO in the shell of the filament and a sustained release for up to 10 days provided from the API inside the LPs. Confocal Microscopy verified the actual presence of the LPs inside the scaffold after printing and evaluation using the zone of inhibition test proved the antibacterial activity of the manufactured scaffolds against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Costanza Fratini
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Edward Weaver
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Moroni
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom; Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Robyn Irwin
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Yahya H Dallal Bashi
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Shahid Uddin
- Immunocore Ltd., 92 Park Dr, Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4RY, United Kingdom
| | - Luca Casettari
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Matthew P Wylie
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitrios A Lamprou
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, United Kingdom.
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Zhao X, Boyd P, Dallal Bashi YH, McCoy CF, Karl Malcolm R. Physicochemical considerations in the formulation development of silicone elastomer vaginal rings releasing 5-nitroimidazole drugs for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. Int J Pharm 2023; 644:123296. [PMID: 37553058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common dysbiosis of the human vaginal microbiota characterized by depletion of hydrogen peroxide and lactic acid-producing Lactobacillus bacteria and an overgrowth of certain facultative anaerobic bacteria. Although short-term cure rates following treatment with frontline antibiotics (most notably oral metronidazole (MNZ), clindamycin vaginal cream, and MNZ vaginal gel) are generally high, longer-term recurrence rates are an issue. The development of vaginal formulations offering continuous/sustained administration of antibiotic drugs over one or more weeks might prove useful in reducing recurrence. Here, we report the manufacture and preclinical testing of matrix-type vaginal rings offering sustained release of four 5-nitroimidazole antimicrobial drugs either being used clinically or having potential in treatment of BV - MNZ, tinidazole (TNZ), secnidazole (SNZ) and ornidazole (ONZ). All four drugs showed good compatibility with a medical-grade addition-cure silicone elastomer based upon thermal analysis experiments, and matrix-type rings containing 250 mg (3.125 %w/w) of each drug were successfully manufactured by reaction injection molding. 28-day in vitro drug release studies demonstrated root-time kinetics, with daily release rates of 25, 22, 9 and 6 mg/day½ for SNZ, ONZ, MNZ and TNZ, respectively. The rank order of drug release from rings correlated with the simple molecular permeability parameter S/V, where S is the measured drug solubility in silicone fluid and V is the drug molecular volume. The relative merits of SNZ and ONZ over MNZ (the current reference treatment) are discussed. The data support development of vaginal rings for sustained release of 5-nitroimidazole compounds for treatment of BV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Peter Boyd
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | | | - Clare F McCoy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - R Karl Malcolm
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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Murphy DJ, Dallal Bashi YH, McCoy CF, Boyd P, Brown L, Martin F, McMullen N, Kleinbeck K, Dangi B, Spence P, Hansraj B, Devlin B, Malcolm RK. In vitro drug release, mechanical performance and stability testing of a custom silicone elastomer vaginal ring releasing dapivirine and levonorgestrel. Int J Pharm X 2022; 4:100112. [PMID: 35128382 PMCID: PMC8804184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2022.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported a multipurpose silicone elastomer vaginal ring providing sustained release of dapivirine (an antiretroviral) and levonorgestrel (a progestin) for HIV prevention and hormonal contraception. During initial development, issues arose due to reaction between the ethynyl group in the levonorgestrel molecule and the hydride-functionalised polydimethylsiloxane components in the silicone elastomer formulation. This unwanted reaction occurred both during and to a lesser extent after ring manufacture, impacting the curing process, the mechanical properties of the ring, and the in vitro release of levonorgestrel. Recently, we reported custom silicone elastomer grades that minimise this reaction. In this follow-on study, we describe the manufacture, in vitro drug release, mechanical, and pharmaceutical stability testing of ring formulations prepared from a custom silicone elastomer and containing 200 mg dapivirine and 80, 160, 240 or 320 mg levonorgestrel. The rings showed mechanical properties similar to marketed ring products, sustained in vitro release of both drugs over 30 days in quantities deemed clinically relevant, offered acceptable assay values, and provided good product stability over 15 weeks at 40 °C and 75% relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Clare F. McCoy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Peter Boyd
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Leeanne Brown
- Elkem Silicones, Two Tower Centre Boulevard, Suite 1802, East Brunswick, NJ 08816, USA
| | - François Martin
- Elkem Silicones, Two Tower Centre Boulevard, Suite 1802, East Brunswick, NJ 08816, USA
| | - Nicole McMullen
- Elkem Silicones, Two Tower Centre Boulevard, Suite 1802, East Brunswick, NJ 08816, USA
| | - Kyle Kleinbeck
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD 2910, USA
| | - Bindi Dangi
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD 2910, USA
| | - Patrick Spence
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD 2910, USA
| | - Bashir Hansraj
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD 2910, USA
| | - Bríd Devlin
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD 2910, USA
| | - R. Karl Malcolm
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
- Corresponding author at: School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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Dallal Bashi YH, Murphy DJ, McCoy CF, Boyd P, Brown L, Kihara M, Martin F, McMullen N, Kleinbeck K, Dangi B, Spence P, Hansraj B, Devlin B, Malcolm RK. Silicone elastomer formulations for improved performance of a multipurpose vaginal ring releasing dapivirine and levonorgestrel. Int J Pharm X 2021; 3:100091. [PMID: 34977558 PMCID: PMC8683669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpx.2021.100091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Murphy DJ, Lim D, Armstrong R, McCoy CF, Bashi YHD, Boyd P, Derrick T, Spence P, Devlin B, Malcolm RK. Refining the in vitro release test method for a dapivirine-releasing vaginal ring to match in vivo performance. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021:10.1007/s13346-021-01081-7. [PMID: 34674162 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-01081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Previously reported in vitro release test methods for drug-releasing vaginal rings containing poorly water-soluble drugs have described use of water-alcohol systems or surfactant solutions in efforts to maintain sink conditions. Here, as part of efforts to more closely match in vitro and in vivo release for the 25 mg dapivirine matrix-type silicone elastomer vaginal ring for HIV prevention, we have investigated alternatives to the 1:1 v/v water/isopropanol medium described previously. Specifically, we evaluated dapivirine release from rings into (i) monophasic water/isopropanol mixtures of varying compositions and (ii) biphasic buffer/octanol systems using pH 4.2 and pH 7.0 buffers. The rate and mechanism of dapivirine release were dependent upon the isopropanol concentration in the release medium, in accordance with the observed trend in drug solubility. At 0 and 10% v/v isopropanol concentrations, dapivirine release followed a partition-controlled mechansim. For media containing ≥ 20% v/v isopropanol, in vitro release of dapivirine was significantly increased and obeyed permeation-controlled kinetics. Cumulative release of ~3.5 mg dapivirine over 28 days was obtained using a water isopropanol mixture containing 20% v/v isopropanol, similar to the ~4 mg dapivirine released in vivo. Dapivirine release into the biphasic buffer/octanol system (intended to mimic the fluid/tissue environment in vivo) was constrained by the limited solubility of dapivirine in the buffer component in which the ring resided, such that cumulative dapivirine release was consistently lower than that observed with the 20% v/v isopropanol in water medium. Release into the biphasic system was also pH dependent, in line with dapivirine's pKa and with potential implications for in vivo release and absorption in women with elevated vaginal pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diarmaid J Murphy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Deanna Lim
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ryan Armstrong
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Clare F McCoy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | | | - Peter Boyd
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Tiffany Derrick
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Patrick Spence
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Bríd Devlin
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - R Karl Malcolm
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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9
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Barakat M, Al-Qudah R, Akour A, Abu-Asal M, Thiab S, Dallal Bashi YH. Knowledge and beliefs about the use/abuse of oral contraceptive pills among males: A mixed-method explanatory sequential study in community pharmacy settings. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251302. [PMID: 33961665 PMCID: PMC8104375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) are considered one of the most important birth control methods globally. However, these pills were designed for female administration rather than males. This study was designed to investigate patterns of OCPs use and abuse among Jordanian males, according to the community pharmacists' observations. METHOD A mixed-method explanatory sequential study was conducted using an online self-administered survey, followed by semi-structured in-depth interviews for registered pharmacists, assistant pharmacists and pharmacy interns. The interviews were utilized using a conceptual framework. Inductive thematic analysis and descriptive/regression analyses were completed using Nvivo and SPSS, respectively. RESULTS A total of 158 questionnaire responses and 22 interviews were included in our analysis. Around half (48.4%) of the questionnaire responses confirmed that males could use OCPs for hair growth enhancement, muscle gain and acne treatment 12.7%, 31.7% and 4.4%, respectively. Through the interviews, the participating pharmacists highlighted that males use OCPs mostly for bodybuilding purposes, according to recommendations by their coaches at the gym. The most abused OCPs containing estrogen (Ethinyl estradiol) and progestins (Drospirenone or Levonorgestrel). CONCLUSION This study provided insight into unexpected uses of OCPs by males in Jordan. Community pharmacists have a crucial role in the management of OCPs use and abuse. However, restricted regulations and monitoring must be released and implemented on the community to limit such practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
- * E-mail:
| | - Raja’a Al-Qudah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Amal Akour
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Mona Abu-Asal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Samar Thiab
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
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Jirjees F, Saad AK, Al Hano Z, Hatahet T, Al Obaidi H, Dallal Bashi YH. COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines: Do They Really Reflect Best Medical Practices to Manage the Pandemic? Infect Dis Rep 2021; 13:259-284. [PMID: 33915690 PMCID: PMC8167744 DOI: 10.3390/idr13020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has been changing the world since December 2019. A comprehensive search into many COVID-19 treatment guidelines was conducted and reported in this article. This is a review paper to probe differences in COVID-19 managing strategies and explore the most common treatment plans among countries. Published guidelines from 23 countries and three references guidelines-until the end of 2020-were included in this article. The majority of COVID-19 treatment options were reported in this review and it includes antiviral drugs, antimalarial drugs, antibiotics, corticosteroids, immunotherapy, anticoagulants, and other pharmacological treatment. The presence of such information from different countries in a single comprehensive review article could help in understanding and speculation of variation in the recommended treatment in each country. This might be related to the cost of medications, the access to the medications, availability of medication that could potentially be useful in managing COVID-19 cases, and the availability/capacity of healthcare facilities. Finally, although there are various treatment groups listed in the published therapeutic guidelines worldwide, unfortunately, there is no evidence for effectiveness of most of these medications in reducing the COVID-19 mortality curve over more than one year of this global pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras Jirjees
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Ali K Saad
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Alain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zahraa Al Hano
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Taher Hatahet
- School of Pharmacy, Queens University Belfast, Belfast, UK; (T.H.); (Y.H.D.B.)
- Queen’s University Belfast Joint College (CQC), China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Hala Al Obaidi
- Pharmacy Department, City University College of Ajman, Ajman, United Arab Emirates;
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Barakat M, Al-Qudah R, Akour A, Al-Qudah N, Dallal Bashi YH. Unforeseen uses of oral contraceptive pills: Exploratory study in Jordanian community pharmacies. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244373. [PMID: 33347511 PMCID: PMC7751968 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) as a birth control method is very common worldwide. OCPs have many other labeled non-contraceptive indications, and as a result there is an associated risk of improper use, as with any other medications. This study was designed to assess the unforeseen improper uses of OCPs observed by community pharmacists in Jordan. Method A cross-sectional study design was conducted using a self-administered survey. A convenience sample (n = 380) of Jordanian community pharmacists, were recruited through social media resources. The survey included multiple-choice and open-ended questions. Descriptive statistics and correlation analyses were completed using SPSS. Results More than half of the recruited pharmacists (55.3%) were female, and the mean age of the participants was 32.58 ± 9.94. The majority of the pharmacists (85%) had good knowledge about the non-contraceptive indications of OCPs. About 53% of them confirmed their exposure to cases of the improper use of OCPs. About 67.5% of the pharmacists who confirmed exposure to such cases, reported the topical use of OCPs for the enhancement of hair growth. Around 15% of those pharmacists stated that OCPs were used to give negative results for addictive drug screening tests. In the event that the pharmacists suspected improper use, more than 90% suggested they would refrain from dispensing the pills. Conclusion This study has spotlighted many unforeseen uses of OCPs in Jordan and highlighted the need for restricted national regulations on the monitoring of OCP prescription/selling patterns in Jordan by policymakers. Moreover, there is a need for the establishment of national educational programs for the Jordanian community regarding the safe proper use of OCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Barakat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
- * E-mail:
| | - Raja’a Al-Qudah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Amal Akour
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
- School of Pharmacy, Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Najem Al-Qudah
- Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-Salt, Jordan
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12
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Jirjees FJ, Dallal Bashi YH, Al-Obaidi HJ. COVID-19 Death and BCG Vaccination Programs Worldwide. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2020; 84:13-21. [PMID: 32883062 PMCID: PMC7801810 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2020.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several clinical trials are being conducted worldwide to investigate the protective effect of the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine against death in healthcare providers who are working directly with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. Clinical studies suggested that certain live vaccines, particularly the BCG vaccine, could reduce the mortality due to other diseases caused by non-targeted pathogens, most probably through the nonspecific effects (heterologous effects). By the end of May 2020, the available information on the COVID-19 pandemic indicated the great effect of the BCG vaccine in reducing the number of COVID-19 death cases. The occurrence of death due to COVID-19 was found to be 21-fold lower in countries with a national BCG vaccination policy than in countries without such a policy, based on the medians of COVID-19 death case per 1 million of the population in these two groups of countries (p<0.001, MannWhitney test). Therefore, it can be concluded that the early establishment of a BCG vaccination policy in any country is a key element in reducing the number of COVID-19 and tuberculosis death cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feras J Jirjees
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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Barakat MM, Dallal Bashi YH, Carson L, Graham WG, Gilmore BF, Flynn PB. Atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma exposure reduces Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103679. [PMID: 31437578 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is an endotoxin composed of a polysaccharide and lipid component. It is intrinsically responsible for the pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacteria and is involved in the development of bacterial sepsis. Atmospheric pressure non-thermal plasma is proposed as a potential new approach for the treatment of infected tissue such as chronic wounds, with both antibacterial and wound-healing activities extensively described. Using both the RAW264.7 murine macrophage cell line in vitro assays and the Galleria mellonella insect in vivo toxicity model, the effect non-thermal plasma exposure on LPS-mediated toxicity has been characterised. Short (60 s) non-thermal plasma exposures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa conditioned growth media, membrane lysates and purified P. aeruginosa LPS, resulted in a substantial detoxification and reduction of LPS-induced cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 murine macrophages. Non-thermal plasma exposure (60 s) of purified P. aeruginosa LPS led to a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in the G. mellonella health index (GHI) score, a measure of in vivo toxicity. These findings demonstrate the ability of short plasma exposures to significantly reduce LPS-induced cytotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo; attenuating the toxicity of this important virulence factor intrinsic to the pathogenicity of Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna M Barakat
- Biofilm Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK; School of Pharmacy, Applied Sciences Private University, Amman, 11931, Jordan
| | - Yahya H Dallal Bashi
- Biofilm Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Louise Carson
- Biofilm Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - William G Graham
- Centre for Plasma Physics, School of Maths and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, BT7 1NN, UK
| | - Brendan F Gilmore
- Biofilm Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Padrig B Flynn
- Biofilm Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
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14
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Dallal Bashi YH, McCoy CF, Murphy DJ, Boyd P, Spence P, Kleinbeck K, Devlin B, Malcolm RK. Towards a dapivirine and levonorgestrel multipurpose vaginal ring: Investigations into the reaction between levonorgestrel and addition-cure silicone elastomers. Int J Pharm 2019; 569:118574. [PMID: 31352053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
With a dapivirine-releasing vaginal ring having successfully completed late-stage clinical testing for HIV prevention and currently undergoing regulatory review, there is now growing interest in next-generation multipurpose prevention technologies that seek to combine antiretroviral and contraceptive drugs within a single product. Here, we focus on ongoing efforts to develop a silicone elastomer vaginal ring releasing both dapivirine and levonorgestrel. Specifically, we evaluate various strategies aimed at both better understanding and reducing the tendency of levonorgestrel to bind with the elastomer, including: (i) formulation and post-manufacturing strategies aimed at reducing the extent of levonorgestrel reaction with addition-cure silicone elastomers; (ii) evaluation of a simple silicone system to model the complex elastomer; (iii) use of model compounds representing the enone and ethinyl moieties of levonorgestrel to probe the mode of addition of levonorgestrel to addition-cure silicone elastomers; and (iv) solution and solid-state 13C NMR analysis to probe the structural features of the levonorgestrel-silicone system. The results demonstrate that both the enone and ethinyl groups within levonorgestrel undergo hydrosilylation reactions with the hydrosiloxane groups in the silicone elastomer leading to covalent binding. The results also highlight potential strategies for further optimising the dapivirine + levonorgestrel silicone vaginal ring formulation to ensure that the levonorgestrel is available for release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Clare F McCoy
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | | | - Peter Boyd
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Patrick Spence
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Kyle Kleinbeck
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Bríd Devlin
- International Partnership for Microbicides, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - R Karl Malcolm
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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