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Zewail M. Leflunomide nanocarriers: a new prospect of therapeutic applications. J Microencapsul 2024:1-24. [PMID: 39320955 DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2024.2407373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Leflunomide (LEF) is a well-known disease-modifying anti-rheumatic agent (DMARDs) that was approved in 1998 for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) management. It is enzymatically converted into active metabolite teriflunomide (TER) inside the body. LEF and TER possess several pharmacological effects in a variety of diseases including multiple sclerosis, cancer, viral infections and neurobehavioral brain disorders. Despite the aforementioned pharmacological effects exploring these effects in nanomedicine applications has been focused mainly on RA and cancer treatment. This review summarises the main pharmacological, and pharmacokinetic effects of LEF along with highlighting the applications of nanoencapsulation of LEF and its metabolite in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Zewail
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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2
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Ahmed SF, Jasim SA, Pallathadka H, Kaur H, Renuka Jyothi S, Bansal P, Abdali H, Mustafa YF, Al-Abdeen SHZ, Zwamel AH. New Therapeutic Strategies for the Inflammatory Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease: Emphasizing Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Associated exo-miRNA or exo-lncRNA. Cell Biochem Biophys 2024; 82:1599-1611. [PMID: 38822204 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-024-01316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The most prevalent inflammatory arthritis and a leading contributor to disability is rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although it may not have arrived in Europe until the 17th century, it was present in early Native American communities several thousand years ago. Exosomes released by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are highly immunomodulatory due to the origin of the cell. As a cell-free therapy, MSCs-exosomes are less toxic and elicit a weakened immune response than cell-based therapies. Exosomal noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are closely associated with a number of biological and functional facets of human health, especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Various exo-miRNAs and lncRNAs such as HAND2-AS1, miR-150-5p, miRNA-124a, and miR-320a lodged with MSC could be appropriate therapeutic ways for RA treatment. These MSC-derived exosomes affect RA disorders via different molecular pathways such as NFK-β, MAPK, and Wnt. The purpose of this review is to review the research that has been conducted since 2020 so far in the field of RA disease treatment with MSC-loaded exo-miRNAs and exo-lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadia Faris Ahmed
- Biology Department, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
| | - Saade Abdalkareem Jasim
- Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Al-maarif University College, Anbar, Iraq.
- Biotechnology Department, College of Applied Science, Fallujah University, Fallujah, Iraq.
| | | | - Harpreet Kaur
- Department of Health & Allied Sciences, Arka Jain University, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831001, India
- School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Shobhit University, Gangoh, Uttar Pradesh, 247341, India
| | - S Renuka Jyothi
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed to be University), Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pooja Bansal
- Department of Allied Healthcare and Sciences, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303012, India
| | - Hussam Abdali
- Department of Medical Engineering, Al-Hadi University College, Baghdad, 10011, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq
| | | | - Ahmed Hussein Zwamel
- Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University of Al Diwaniyah, Al Diwaniyah, Iraq
- Medical Laboratory Technique College, The Islamic University of Babylon, Babylon, Iraq
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3
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Otto F, Froelich A. Microemulsion-Based Polymer Gels with Ketoprofen and Menthol: Physicochemical Properties and Drug Release Studies. Gels 2024; 10:435. [PMID: 39057458 PMCID: PMC11275338 DOI: 10.3390/gels10070435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ketoprofen is a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug frequently incorporated in topical dosage forms which are an interesting alternatives for oral formulations. However, due to the physiological barrier function of skin, topical formulations may require some approaches to improve drug permeation across the skin. In this study, ketoprofen-loaded microemulsion-based gels with the addition of menthol, commonly known for absorption-enhancing activity in dermal products, were investigated. The main objective of this study was to analyze the physicochemical properties of the obtained gels in terms of topical application and to investigate the correlation between the gel composition and its mechanical properties and the drug release process. Microemulsion composition was selected with the use of a pseudoternary plot and the selected systems were tested for electrical conductivity, viscosity, pH, and particle diameter. The polymer gels obtained with Carbopol® EZ-3 were subjected to rheological and textural studies, as well as the drug release experiment. The obtained results indicate that the presence of ketoprofen slightly decreased yield stress values. A stronger effect was exerted by menthol presence, even though it was independent of menthol concentration. A similar tendency was seen for hardness and adhesiveness, as tested in texture profile analysis. Sample cohesiveness and the drug release rate were independent of the gel composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Otto
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 3 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Anna Froelich
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, 3D Printing Division, 3 Rokietnicka Street, 60-806 Poznań, Poland
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4
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Bhoi A, Dwivedi SD, Singh D, Keshavkant S, Singh MR. Plant-Based Approaches for Rheumatoid Arthritis Regulation: Mechanistic Insights on Pathogenesis, Molecular Pathways, and Delivery Systems. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst 2024; 41:39-86. [PMID: 38305341 DOI: 10.1615/critrevtherdrugcarriersyst.2023048324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is classified as a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder, associated with a varied range of immunological changes, synovial hyperplasia, cartilage destructions, as well as bone erosion. The infiltration of immune-modulatory cells and excessive release of proinflammatory chemokines, cytokines, and growth factors into the inflamed regions are key molecules involved in the progression of RA. Even though many conventional drugs are suggested by a medical practitioner such as DMARDs, NSAIDs, glucocorticoids, etc., to treat RA, but have allied with various side effects. Thus, alternative therapeutics in the form of herbal therapy or phytomedicine has been increasingly explored for this inflammatory disorder of joints. Herbal interventions contribute substantial therapeutic benefits including accessibility, less or no toxicity and affordability. But the major challenge with these natural actives is the need of a tailored approach for treating inflamed tissues by delivering these bioactive agentsat an appropriate dose within the treatment regimen for an extended periodof time. Drug incorporated with wide range of delivery systems such as liposomes, nanoparticles, polymeric micelles, and other nano-vehicles have been developed to achieve this goal. Thus, inclinations of modern treatment are persuaded on the way to herbal therapy or phytomedicines in combination with novel carriers is an alternative approach with less adverse effects. The present review further summarizes the significanceof use of phytocompounds, their target molecules/pathways and, toxicity and challenges associated with phytomolecule-based nanoformulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Bhoi
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492 010, India
| | - Shradha Devi Dwivedi
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492 010, India
| | - Deependra Singh
- University Institute of Pharmacy, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India; National Centre for Natural Resources, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, 492010, India
| | - S Keshavkant
- School of Studies in Biotechnology, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492 010, India
| | - Manju Rawat Singh
- University Institute of pharmacy, Pt.Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur.(C.G.) 2. National centre for natural resources, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur
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5
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Shewaiter MA, Selim AA, Rashed HM, Moustafa YM, Gad S. Niosomal formulation of mefenamic acid for enhanced cancer targeting; preparation, characterization and biodistribution study using radiolabeling technique. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:18065-18080. [PMID: 37982828 PMCID: PMC10725351 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05482-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This work aimed to prepare niosomal formulations of an anticancer agent [mefenamic acid (MEF)] to enhance its cancer targeting. 131I was utilized as a radiolabeling isotope to study the radio-kinetics of MEF niosomes. METHODS niosomal formulations were prepared by the ether injection method and assessed for entrapment efficiency (EE%), zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI) and particle size (PS). MEF was labeled with 131I by direct electrophilic substitution reaction through optimization of radiolabeling-related parameters. In the radio-kinetic study, the optimal 131I-MEF niosomal formula was administered intravenously (I.V.) to solid tumor-bearing mice and compared to I.V. 131I-MEF solution as a control. RESULTS the average PS and ZP values of the optimal formulation were 247.23 ± 2.32 nm and - 28.3 ± 1.21, respectively. The highest 131I-MEF labeling yield was 98.7 ± 0.8%. The biodistribution study revealed that the highest tumor uptake of 131I-MEF niosomal formula and 131I-MEF solution at 60 min post-injection were 2.73 and 1.94% ID/g, respectively. CONCLUSION MEF-loaded niosomes could be a hopeful candidate in cancer treatment due to their potent tumor uptake. Such high targeting was attributed to passive targeting of the nanosized niosomes and confirmed by radiokinetic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona A Shewaiter
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Kantara, Egypt
| | - Adli A Selim
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Laboratories Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hassan M Rashed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Kantara, Egypt.
- Labeled Compounds Department, Hot Laboratories Center, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Yasser M Moustafa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Shadeed Gad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt.
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6
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Manzoor A, Asif M, Khalid SH, Ullah Khan I, Asghar S. Nanosizing of Lavender, Basil, and Clove Essential Oils into Microemulsions for Enhanced Antioxidant Potential and Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:40600-40612. [PMID: 37929152 PMCID: PMC10621020 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant essential oils (EOs) possess significant bioactivities (antibacterial and antioxidant) and can be substituted for potentially harmful synthetic preservatives in the food industry. However, limited water solubility, bioavailability, volatility, and stability limit their use. Therefore, the goal of this research was nanosizing lavender essential oil (LEO), basil essential oil (BEO), and clove essential oil (CEO) in a microemulsion (ME) to improve their physicochemical attributes and bioefficacy. Tween 80 and Transcutol P were utilized for construction of pseudoternary phase diagrams. It was observed that the concentration of EOs had a great impact on the physicochemical and biological properties of MEs. A spherical droplet of MEs with a diameter of less than 20 nm with a narrower size distribution (polydispersity index (PDI) = 0.10-0.27) and a ζ potential of -0.27 to -9.03 was observed. ME formulations were also evaluated for viscosity, conductivity, and the refractive index. Moreover, the impact of delivery systems on the antibacterial property of EOs was assessed by determining the zone of inhibition and minimum inhibitory concentration against two distinct pathogen classes (S. aureus and E. coli). Crystal violet assay was used to measure the growth and development of biofilms. According to bioefficacy assays, ME demonstrated more efficient antibacterial activity against microorganisms at concentrations lower than pure EOs. CEO ME had superior activity againstS. aureus and E. coli. Similarly, dose-dependent antioxidant capacity was noted for MEs. Consequently, nanosized EO formulations with improved physicochemical properties and enhanced bioactivities can be employed in the food processing sector as a preservation agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneela Manzoor
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Faculty
of Pharmacy, Islamia University Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Syed Haroon Khalid
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ullah Khan
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Asghar
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
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7
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Abla KK, Domiati S, El Majzoub R, Mehanna MM. Propranolol-Loaded Limonene-Based Microemulsion Thermo-Responsive Mucoadhesive Nasal Nanogel: Design, In Vitro Assessment, Ex Vivo Permeation, and Brain Biodistribution. Gels 2023; 9:491. [PMID: 37367161 DOI: 10.3390/gels9060491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Propranolol is the first-line drug for managing migraine attacks. D-limonene is a citrus oil known for its neuroprotective mechanism. Thus, the current work aims to design a thermo-responsive intranasal limonene-based microemulsion mucoadhesive nanogel to improve propranolol efficacy. Microemulsion was fabricated using limonene and Gelucire® as the oily phase, Labrasol®, Labrafil®, and deionized water as the aqueous phase, and was characterized regarding its physicochemical features. The microemulsion was loaded in thermo-responsive nanogel and evaluated regarding its physical and chemical properties, in vitro release, and ex vivo permeability through sheep nasal tissues. Its safety profile was assessed via histopathological examination, and its capability to deliver propranolol effectively to rats' brains was examined using brain biodistribution analysis. Limonene-based microemulsion was of 133.7 ± 0.513 nm diametric size with unimodal size distribution and spheroidal shape. The nanogel showed ideal characteristics with good mucoadhesive properties and in vitro controlled release with 1.43-fold enhancement in ex vivo nasal permeability compared with the control gel. Furthermore, it displayed a safe profile as elucidated by the nasal histopathological features. The nanogel was able to improve propranolol brain availability with Cmax 970.3 ± 43.94 ng/g significantly higher than the control group (277.7 ± 29.71 ng/g) and with 382.4 % relative central availability, which confirms its potential for migraine management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawthar K Abla
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut P.O. Box 11-5020, Lebanon
| | - Souraya Domiati
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut P.O. Box 11-5020, Lebanon
| | - Rania El Majzoub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut P.O. Box 11-5020, Lebanon
| | - Mohammed M Mehanna
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt
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Rhyaf A, Naji H, Al-Karagoly H, Albukhaty S, Sulaiman GM, Alshammari AAA, Mohammed HA, Jabir M, Khan RA. In Vitro and In Vivo Functional Viability, and Biocompatibility Evaluation of Bovine Serum Albumin-Ingrained Microemulsion: A Model Based on Sesame Oil as the Payload for Developing an Efficient Drug Delivery Platform. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:ph16040582. [PMID: 37111339 PMCID: PMC10141236 DOI: 10.3390/ph16040582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Combination of bovine serum albumin with microemulsions as constituting ingredient biopolymer has long been regarded an innovative method to address the surface functionalization and stability issues in the targeted payload deliveries, thereupon producing effectively modified microemulsions, which are superior in loading capacity, transitional and shelf-stability, as well as site-directed/site-preferred delivery, has become a favored option. The current study aimed to develop an efficient, suitable and functional microemulsion system encapsulating sesame oil (SO) as a model payload towards developing an efficient delivery platform. UV-VIS, FT-IR, and FE-SEM were used to characterize, and analyze the developed carrier. Physicochemical properties assessments of the microemulsion by dynamic light scattering size distributions, zeta-potential, and electron micrographic analyses were performed. The mechanical properties for rheological behavior were also studied. The HFF-2 cell line and hemolysis assays were conducted to ascertain the cell viability, and in vitro biocompatibility. The in vivo toxicity was determined based on a predicted median lethal dose (LD50) model, wherein the liver enzymes' functions were also tested to assess and confirm the predicted toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiaf Rhyaf
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58002, Iraq
| | - Hala Naji
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58002, Iraq
| | - Hassan Al-Karagoly
- Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58002, Iraq
| | - Salim Albukhaty
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Misan, Maysan 62001, Iraq
- College of Medicine, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala 56001, Iraq
| | - Ghassan M Sulaiman
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Science, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Abdulaziz Arif A Alshammari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamdoon A Mohammed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Azhar University, Cairo 11371, Egypt
| | - Majid Jabir
- Division of Biotechnology, Department of Applied Science, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq
| | - Riaz A Khan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
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Kesharwani D, Das Paul S, Paliwal R, Satapathy T. Exploring potential of diacerin nanogel for topical application in arthritis: Formulation development, QbD based optimization and pre-clinical evaluation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 223:113160. [PMID: 36736175 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Diacerein (DCN) is a chondroprotective agent which shows inadequate oral bioavailability along with gastrointestinal side effects. This study is intended to develop a topical novel DCN delivery system. DCN nanogel was prepared by emulsion solvent diffusion technique. The formulation was optimized by response surface methodology by taking two independent variables, concentration of carbopol 940 and eudragit RSPO and three dependent variables, particle size, % entrapment efficiency (EE) and % drug release at 24 h. The optimized formulation had adequat% EE, % drug release at 24 h and particle size. The particle size for optimized nanogel was 190.3 nm with % EE of 83.51% whereas % drug release at 24 h was found 90.13%. The optimized DCN nanogel was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (DTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. The drug release kinetic study has shown that the gel followed Higuchi's model and the diffusion was anomalous in nature. The nanogel was characterized for physical examination, viscosity, homogeneity and stability parameters and the results obtained were found upto the mark. The ex-vivo permeation study data was in correlation with results of in-vitro study. In-vivo anti-arthritic study proved the efficacy of developed formulation for arthritis in Freund's Adjuvant Arthritic model. This research work has proved the significant potential of innovated product for arthritis by topical route, as it overcomes the drawbacks of oral route, highly efficient, sustained and targeted the release of drug without any accumulation and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Swarnali Das Paul
- Shri Shankaracharya College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shri Shankaracharya Professional University, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India.
| | - Rishi Paliwal
- Nanomedicine and Bioengineering Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak, Madhya Pradesh, India.
| | - Trilochan Satapathy
- University College of Pharmacy, Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University, Bhilai, Chhattisgarh, India
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Improved Topical Drug Delivery: Role of Permeation Enhancers and Advanced Approaches. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122818. [PMID: 36559311 PMCID: PMC9785322 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The delivery of drugs via transdermal routes is an attractive approach due to ease of administration, bypassing of the first-pass metabolism, and the large skin surface area. However, a major drawback is an inability to surmount the skin's stratum corneum (SC) layer. Therefore, techniques reversibly modifying the stratum corneum have been a classical approach. Surmounting the significant barrier properties of the skin in a well-organised, momentary, and harmless approach is still challenging. Chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) with higher activity are associated with certain side effects restricting their advancement in transdermal drug delivery. Furthermore, complexity in the interaction of CPEs with the skin has led to difficulty in elucidating the mechanism of action. Nevertheless, CPEs-aided transdermal drug delivery will accomplish its full potential due to advancements in analytical techniques, synthetic chemistry, and combinatorial studies. This review focused on techniques such as drug-vehicle interaction, vesicles and their analogues, and novel CPEs such as lipid synthesis inhibitors (LSIs), cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), and ionic liquids (ILs). In addition, different types of microneedles, including 3D-printed microneedles, have been focused on in this review.
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11
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Zhang Y, Gao Z, Chao S, Lu W, Zhang P. Transdermal delivery of inflammatory factors regulated drugs for rheumatoid arthritis. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:1934-1950. [PMID: 35757855 PMCID: PMC9246099 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2089295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease, with the features of recurrent chronic inflammation of synovial tissue, destruction of cartilage, and bone erosion, which further affects joints tissue, organs, and systems, and eventually leads to irreversible joint deformities and body dysfunction. Therapeutic drugs for rheumatoid arthritis mainly reduce inflammation through regulating inflammatory factors. Transdermal administration is gradually being applied to the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, which can allow the drug to overcome the skin stratum corneum barrier, reduce gastrointestinal side effects, and avoid the first-pass effect, thus improving bioavailability and relieving inflammation. This paper reviewed the latest research progress of transdermal drug delivery in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, and discussed in detail the dosage forms such as gel (microemulsion gel, nanoemulsion gel, nanomicelle gel, sanaplastic nano-vesiclegel, ethosomal gel, transfersomal gel, nanoparticles gel), patch, drug microneedles, nanostructured lipid carrier, transfersomes, lyotropic liquid crystal, and drug loaded electrospinning nanofibers, which provide inspiration for the rich dosage forms of transdermal drug delivery systems for rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Zhaoju Gao
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Shushu Chao
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wenjuan Lu
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong Province, China
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12
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Development and Characterization of Cyclodextrin-Based Nanogels as a New Ibuprofen Cutaneous Delivery System. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122567. [PMID: 36559061 PMCID: PMC9788478 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanogels combine the properties of hydrogels and nanocarrier systems, resulting in very effective drug delivery systems, including for cutaneous applications. Cyclodextrins (CDs) have been utilised to enhance the nanogels' loading ability towards poorly soluble drugs and promote/sustain drug release. However, formation of CD-based nanogels requires the use of specially modified CDs, or of crosslinking agents. The aim of this work was to develop a CD-based nanogel to improve the cutaneous delivery of ibuprofen by using the soluble β-cyclodextrin/epichlorohydrin polymer (EPIβCD) without adding any potentially toxic crosslinker. The use of EPIβCD enabled increasing ibuprofen loading due to its complexing/solubilizing power towards the poorly soluble drug and prolonging drug release over time due to the nanogel formation. DLS analysis proved that EPIβCD allowed the formation of nanostructures ranging from 60 up to 400 nm, depending on the gelling agent type and the gel preparation method. EPIβCD replacement with monomeric HPβCD did not lead in any case to nanogel formation. Permeation experiments using skin-simulating artificial membranes proved that the EPIβCD-based nanogel enhanced ibuprofen solubility and release, increasing its permeation rate up to 3.5 times, compared to a reference formulation without CD and to some commercial gel formulations, and also assured a sustained release. Moreover, EPIβCD replacement with HPβCD led to a marked increase in drug solubility and initial release rate, but did not provide a prolonged release due to the lack of a nano-matrix structure controlling drug diffusion.
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13
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Shewaiter MA, Selim AA, Moustafa YM, Gad S, Rashed HM. Radioiodinated acemetacin loaded niosomes as a dual anticancer therapy. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Novel Bile Salt Stabilized Vesicles-Mediated Effective Topical Delivery of Diclofenac Sodium: A New Therapeutic Approach for Pain and Inflammation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15091106. [PMID: 36145327 PMCID: PMC9506322 DOI: 10.3390/ph15091106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral delivery of diclofenac sodium (DNa), a non-steroidal analgesic, anti-inflammatory drug, is associated with various gastrointestinal side effects. The aim of the research was to appraise the potential of transdermal delivery of DNa using bilosomes as a vesicular carrier (BSVC) in inflamed paw edema. DNa-BSVCs were elaborated using a thin-film hydration technique and optimized using a 31.22 multilevel categoric design with Design Expert® software 10 software (Stat-Ease, Inc., Minneapolis, MI, USA). The effect of formulation variables on the physicochemical properties of BSVC, as well as the optimal formulation selection, was investigated. The BSVCs were evaluated for various parameters including entrapment efficiency (EE%), vesicle size (VS), zeta potential (ZP) and permeation studies. The optimized BSVC was characterized for in vitro release, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and incorporated into hydrogel base. The optimized DNa-BSVC gel effectiveness was assessed in vivo using carrageenan-induced paw edema animal model via cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), interleukin 6 (IL-6), Hemooxygenase 1 (HO-1) and nuclear factor-erythroid factor2-related factor 2 (Nfr-2) that potentiate anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activity coupled with histopathological investigation. The resulting vesicles presented VS from 120.4 ± 0.65 to 780.4 ± 0.99 nm, EE% from 61.7 ± 3.44 to 93.2 ± 2.21%, ZP from −23.8 ± 2.65 to −82.1 ± 12.63 mV and permeation from 582.9 ± 32.14 to 1350.2 ± 45.41 µg/cm2. The optimized BSVCs were nano-scaled spherical vesicles with non-overlapped bands of their constituents in the FTIR. Optimized formulation has superior skin permeability ex vivo approximately 2.5 times greater than DNa solution. Furthermore, histological investigation discovered that the formed BSVC had no skin irritating properties. It was found that DNa-BSVC gel suppressed changes in oxidative inflammatory mediators (COX-2), IL-6 and consequently enhanced Nrf2 and HO-1 levels. Moreover, reduction of percent of paw edema by about three-folds confirmed histopathological alterations. The results revealed that the optimized DNa-BSVC could be a promising transdermal drug delivery system to boost anti-inflammatory efficacy of DNa by enhancing the skin permeation of DNa and suppressing the inflammation of rat paw edema.
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15
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Mousa IA, Hammady TM, Gad S, Zaitone SA, El-Sherbiny M, Sayed OM. Formulation and Characterization of Metformin-Loaded Ethosomes for Topical Application to Experimentally Induced Skin Cancer in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:657. [PMID: 35745575 PMCID: PMC9227071 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To achieve the best treatment of skin cancer, drug penetration inside the deepest layers of the skin is an important scientific interest. We designed an ethosome formulation that serves as a carrier for metformin and measured the in vitro skin permeation. We also aimed to measure the antitumor activity of the optimal ethosomal preparation when applied topically to chemically induced skin cancer in mice. We utilized a statistical Box-Behnken experimental design and applied three variables at three levels: lecithin concentration, cholesterol concentration and a mixture of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol concentrations. All formulations were prepared to calculate the entrapment efficiency %, zeta potential, size of the vesicles and drug release % after 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 h. The size of the vesicles for the formulations was between 124 ± 14.2 nm and 560 ± 127 nm, while the entrapment efficiency was between 97.8 ± 0.23% and 99.4 ± 0.24%, and the drug release % after 8 h was between 38 ± 0.82% and 66 ± 0.52%. All formulations were introduced into the Box-Behnken software, which selected three formulations; then, one was assigned as an optimal formula. The in vivo antitumor activity of metformin-loaded ethosomal gel on skin cancer was greater than the antitumor activity of the gel preparation containing free metformin. Lower lecithin, high ethanol and isopropyl alcohol and moderate cholesterol contents improved the permeation rate. Overall, we can conclude that metformin-loaded ethosomes are a promising remedy for treating skin cancers, and more studies are warranted to approve this activity in other animal models of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A. Mousa
- General Authority of Health Care, Ismailia Governorate, Ismailia 11517, Egypt;
| | - Taha M. Hammady
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Shadeed Gad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Sawsan A. Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Sherbiny
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh P.O. Box 71666, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 3155, Egypt
| | - Ossama M. Sayed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Kantra 41636, Egypt;
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16
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Mehanna MM, Abla KK, Domiati S, Elmaradny H. Superiority of Microemulsion-based Hydrogel for Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug Transdermal Delivery: A Comparative Safety and Anti-nociceptive Efficacy Study. Int J Pharm 2022; 622:121830. [PMID: 35589005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) represent the foundation of pain management caused by inflammatory disorders. Nevertheless, their oral administration induces several side effects exemplified by gastric ulceration, thus, delivering NSAIDs via the skin has become an attractive alternative. Herein, microemulsion-based hydrogel (MBH), proliposomal, and cubosomal gels were fabricated, loaded with diclofenac, and physicochemically characterized. The sizes, charges, surface morphologies, and the state of diclofenac within the reconstituted gels were also addressed. The release pattern and ex-vivo permeation studies using Franz cells were performed via the rat abdominal skin. The formulations were assessed in-vivo on mice skin for their irritation effect and their anti-nociceptive efficacy through the tail-flick test. Biosafety study of the optimal gel was also pointed out. The gels and their dispersion forms displayed accepted physicochemical properties. Diclofenac released in a prolonged manner from the prepared gels. MBH revealed a significantly higher skin permeation and the foremost results regarding in-vivo assessment where no skin irritation or altered histopathological features were observed. MBH further induced a significant anti-nociceptive effect during the tail-flick test with a lower tendency to evoke systemic toxicity. Therefore, limonene-containing microemulsion hydrogel is a promising lipid-based vehicle to treat pain with superior safety and therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Mehanna
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Kawthar K Abla
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Souraya Domiati
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hoda Elmaradny
- Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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17
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Influence of β-cyclodextrin concentration on the physicochemical properties and skin permeation behavior of vitamin C-loaded Pickering water-in-oil-in-water (W1/O/W2) double emulsions. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Xin Y, Yun S, Yuhe L, Yinxue M, Shurui N, Yue Z, Kunming Q, Weidong L. Development of Licorice Flavonoids Loaded Microemulsion for Transdermal Delivery Using CCD-Optimal Experimental Approach: Formulation Development and Characterization. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.748791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, we sought to surmount the poor dissolvability and transdermal absorption rate of licorice flavonoids (LFs) by fabricating a LFs microemulsion. LFs content was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Initial studies such as dissolution testing, emulsification testing, and pseudo ternary phase diagram generation were implemented for screening components and optimized adopting the central composite design. While the tested responses were solubility, droplet size and PDI, thirteen trials were performed using two different variables, oil percentage and optimized emulsifier and co-emulsifier ratio. Microemulsions were then characterized for droplet size, PDI, transmission electron microscopy, viscosity, electrical conductivity, pH, entrapment efficiency, drug content and stability. Additionally, skin release profile, percutaneous absorption and retention were investigated adopting Franz diffusion cell. The optimal formulation was found to compose of laureth-9 (emulsifier, 6.72 g), propylene glycol (co-emulsifier, 1.80 g), isopropyl myristate (IPM, oil, 1.48 g), LFs (1.50 g) and at least more than 85% deionized water. The optimized and storage for 3 months of microemulsion was found to clear, light yellow color without phase separation or precipitation indicated the stability of the preparation to long-term placement. The mean droplet size, PDI, entrapment efficiency and drug content were discovered as 12.68 ± 0.12 nm, 0.049 ± 0.005, 97.28 ± 0.13% and 122.67 ± 0.40 mg·g−1, respectively. Furthermore, the optimal formulation sustained release LFs, remarkably deliver more LFs through the skin layer (644.95 ± 6.73 μg cm−2) and significantly retained LFs in the skin layer (9.98 μg cm−2). The study concluded that optimized microemulsion has potential and enhanced the dissolvability and cumulative penetration amount of LFs.
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19
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Sa’adon S, Ansari MNM, Razak SIA, Yusof AHM, Faudzi AAM, Sagadevan S, Nayan NHM, Anand JS, Amin KAM. Electrospun Nanofiber and Cryogel of Polyvinyl Alcohol Transdermal Patch Containing Diclofenac Sodium: Preparation, Characterization and In Vitro Release Studies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1900. [PMID: 34834315 PMCID: PMC8625409 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) have drawn more interest from pharmaceutical scientists because they could provide steady blood levels and prevent the first-pass metabolism over a longer period. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) has been widely used in this application due to its biocompatibility, non-toxicity, nanofiber and hydrogel-forming ability. Despite those benefits, their morphology would easily be destroyed by continuous water absorption and contribute to burst drug release due to its hydrophilicity. The aim of this study was to prepare the diclofenac sodium (DS)-medicated dual layer PVA patch using a combination of electrospinning and cryogelation (freeze-thaw) methods to improve the physicochemical properties and drug compatibility and investigate the release of the DS-medicated dual layer PVA patch. Morphological observations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) verified the polymer-polymer interaction between both layers, whereas Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy has demonstrated the compatibility of DS in PVA matrix up to 2% w/v of PVA volume. The DS loads were found amorphously distributed efficaciously in PVA matrix as no visible spectra of DS-PVA interaction were detected. The DS-medicated dual layer PVA patch with a thicker nanofiber layer (3-milliliter running volume), three freeze-thaw cycles and 2% DS loading labeled as 2%DLB3C show the lowest swelling capacity (18.47%). The in vitro assessment using Franz diffusion cells showed that the 2%DLB3C indicates a better sustained release of DS, with 53.26% of the DS being released after 12 h. The 2%DLB3C owned a flux (Jss) of 0.256 mg/cm2/h and a permeability coefficient (Kp) value of 0.020 cm/h. Thus, the results demonstrate that DS-medicated dual layer PVA patches prepared via a combination of electrospinning and cryogelation are capable of releasing drugs for up to 24 h and can serve as a drug reservoir in the skin, thereby extending the pharmacologic effects of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafizah Sa’adon
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia;
| | | | - Saiful Izwan Abd Razak
- BioInspired Device and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Abdul Halim Mohd Yusof
- Faculty of Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81300, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Ahmad Athif Mohd Faudzi
- Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 54100, Malaysia;
| | - Suresh Sagadevan
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Nadirul Hasraf Mat Nayan
- Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat 86400, Johor, Malaysia;
| | - Joseph Sahaya Anand
- Sustainable and Responsive Manufacturing Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Malacca 76100, Malacca, Malaysia;
| | - Khairul Anuar Mat Amin
- Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Terengganu, Malaysia;
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20
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Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111592. [PMID: 34769021 PMCID: PMC8584240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have great potential to differentiate into various types of cells, including but not limited to, adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts. In addition to their progenitor characteristics, MSCs hold unique immunomodulatory properties that provide new opportunities in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, and can serve as a promising tool in stem cell-based therapy. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disorder that deteriorates quality and function of the synovium membrane, resulting in chronic inflammation, pain and progressive cartilage and bone destruction. The mechanism of RA pathogenesis is associated with dysregulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Current conventional treatments by steroid drugs, antirheumatic drugs and biological agents are being applied in clinical practice. However, long-term use of these drugs causes side effects, and some RA patients may acquire resistance to these drugs. In this regard, recently investigated MSC-based therapy is considered as a promising approach in RA treatment. In this study, we review conventional and modern treatment approaches, such as MSC-based therapy through the understanding of the link between MSCs and the innate and adaptive immune systems. Moreover, we discuss recent achievements in preclinical and clinical studies as well as various strategies for the enhancement of MSC immunoregulatory properties.
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21
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Ghanem HA, Nasr AM, Hassan TH, Elkhoudary MM, Alshaman R, Alattar A, Gad S. Comprehensive Study of Atorvastatin Nanostructured Lipid Carriers through Multivariate Conceptualization and Optimization. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:178. [PMID: 33525642 PMCID: PMC7911144 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to establish a comprehensive experimental design for the screening and optimization of Atorvastatin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (AT-NLCs). Initially, combined D-optimal screening design was applied to find the most significant factors affecting AT-NLCs properties. The studied variables included mixtures of solid and liquid lipids, the solid/liquid lipid ratio, surfactant type and concentration, homogenization speed as well as sonication time. Then, the variables homogenization speed (A), the ratio of solid lipid/liquid lipid (B), and concentration of the surfactant (C) were optimized using a central composite design. Particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency were chosen as dependent responses. The optimized AT-NLCs demonstrated a nanometric size (83.80 ± 1.13 nm), Polydispersity Index (0.38 ± 0.02), surface charge (-29.65 ± 0.65 mV), and high drug incorporation (93.1 ± 0.04%). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed no chemical interaction between Atorvastatin and the lipid mixture. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis of the AT-NLCs suggested the transformation of Atorvastatin crystal into an amorphous state. Administration of the optimized AT-NLCs led to a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in serum levels of rats' total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoproteins. This change was histologically validated by reducing the relevant steatosis of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba A. Ghanem
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, Al Qantarah Sharq 41636, Egypt;
| | - Ali M. Nasr
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42526, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University, North Sinai 45511, Egypt
| | - Tamer H. Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
| | - Mahmoud M. Elkhoudary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Horus University-Egypt, New Damietta 34518, Egypt;
| | - Reem Alshaman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 471, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Abdullah Alattar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 471, Saudi Arabia; (R.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Shadeed Gad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt;
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22
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Sarango-Granda P, Silva-Abreu M, Calpena AC, Halbaut L, Fábrega MJ, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Díaz-Garrido N, Badia J, Espinoza LC. Apremilast Microemulsion as Topical Therapy for Local Inflammation: Design, Characterization and Efficacy Evaluation. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:484. [PMID: 33371334 PMCID: PMC7767333 DOI: 10.3390/ph13120484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Apremilast (APR) is a selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitor administered orally in the treatment of moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis and active psoriatic arthritis. The low solubility and permeability of this drug hinder its dermal administration. The purpose of this study was to design and characterize an apremilast-loaded microemulsion (APR-ME) as topical therapy for local skin inflammation. Its composition was determined using pseudo-ternary diagrams. Physical, chemical and biopharmaceutical characterization were performed. Stability of this formulation was studied for 90 days. Tolerability of APR-ME was evaluated in healthy volunteers while its anti-inflammatory potential was studied using in vitro and in vivo models. A homogeneous formulation with Newtonian behavior and droplets of nanometric size and spherical shape was obtained. APR-ME released the incorporated drug following a first-order kinetic and facilitated drug retention into the skin, ensuring a local effect. Anti-inflammatory potential was observed for its ability to decrease the production of IL-6 and IL-8 in the in vitro model. This effect was confirmed in the in vivo model histologically by reduction in infiltration of inflammatory cells and immunologically by decrease of inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-17A and TNFα. Consequently, these results suggest that this formulation could be used as an attractive topical treatment for skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Sarango-Granda
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.-G.); (M.S.-A.); (L.H.); (L.C.E.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcelle Silva-Abreu
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.-G.); (M.S.-A.); (L.H.); (L.C.E.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Cristina Calpena
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.-G.); (M.S.-A.); (L.H.); (L.C.E.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lyda Halbaut
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.-G.); (M.S.-A.); (L.H.); (L.C.E.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María-José Fábrega
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, University Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08005 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.J.R.-L.); (N.D.-G.); (J.B.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA-UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Natalia Díaz-Garrido
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.J.R.-L.); (N.D.-G.); (J.B.)
- Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefa Badia
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.J.R.-L.); (N.D.-G.); (J.B.)
| | - Lupe Carolina Espinoza
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (P.S.-G.); (M.S.-A.); (L.H.); (L.C.E.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Departamento de Química y Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 1101608, Ecuador
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