Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as Feed Additive on Blood Indices, Physiological, Immunological Responses, and Histological Changes in Broiler Chicks

A feeding trial of 5-week duration was performed to assess the response of broiler chicks to dietary supplementation with different doses of myco-fabricated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZONPs) on blood indices, physiological, immunological response, antioxidant status, intestinal microbial count, and histological changes in immune organs. A total of 162 3-day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were weighed individually and distributed equally into 3 dietary treatments with 6 replicate of 9 chicks in each in a completely randomized design. Chicks were fed ad libitum a basal ration prepared as starter, grower, and finisher supplemented with 0 (T1, control), 40 (T2), and 60 (T3) mg zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZONPs)/kg feed. Results showed that supplementing with ZONPs at both studied levels increased the relative weights of the spleen, bursa, thymus, and liver and decreased the relative weight of the kidney, gizzard, and intestine. A significant increase in the concentrations of hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (PCV%), red and white blood cell counts, total protein (TP), globulin (GLOB), aspartate transferase (AST), alanine transferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and a significant decrease in malonaldehyde (MDA), uric acid, and creatinine concentration were observed. Furthermore, all immunological organs showed histological alteration and increased both types of immunity in ZONPs groups with more pronounced effects in the T2 group.

Quenching of quorum sensing in multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: insights on halo-bacterial metabolites and gamma irradiation as channels inhibitors

BACKGROUND

Anti-virulence therapy is a promising strategy to treat multi-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a potent opportunistic pathogen because of an array of virulence factors that are regulated by quorum sensing systems.

METHODS

The virulence features of four multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa strains were investigated upon exposure to the sub-lethal dose of gamma rays (1 kGy), and sub-inhibitory concentrations of bioactive metabolites recovered from local halophilic strains in comparison to control. Then, the gene expression of AHL-mediated quorum sensing systems (las/rhl) was quantitatively determined in treated and untreated groups by real-time PCR.

RESULTS

The bioactive metabolites recovered from halophilic strains previously isolated from saline ecosystems were identified as Halomonas cupida (Halo-Rt1), H. elongate (Halo-Rt2), Vigibacillus natechei (Halo-Rt3), Sediminibacillus terrae (Halo-Rt4) and H. almeriensis (Halo-Rt5). Results revealed that both gamma irradiation and bioactive metabolites significantly reduced the virulence factors of the tested MDR strains. The bioactive metabolites showed a maximum efficiency for inhibiting biofilm formation and rhamnolipids production whereas the gamma irradiation succeeded in decreasing other virulence factors to lower levels in comparison to control. Quantitative-PCR results showed that AHL-mediated quorum sensing systems (las/rhl) in P. aeruginosa strains were downregulated either by halo-bacterial metabolites or gamma irradiation in all treatments except the upregulation of both lasI internal gene and rhlR intact gene in P. aeruginosa NCR-RT3 and both rhlI internal gene and rhlR intact gene in P. aeruginosa U3 by nearly two folds or more upon exposure to gamma irradiation. The most potent result was observed in the expression of lasI internal gene that was downregulated by more than ninety folds in P. aeruginosa NCR-RT2 after treatment with metabolites of S. terrae (Halo-Rt4). Analyzing metabolites recovered from H. cupida (Halo-Rt1) and H. elongate (Halo-Rt2) using LC-ESI-MS/MS revealed many chemical compounds that have quorum quenching properties including glabrol, 5,8-dimethoxyquinoline-2-carbaldehyde, linoleoyl ethanolamide, agelasine, penigequinolones derivatives, berberine, tetracosanoic acid, and liquidambaric lactone in the former halophile and phloretin, lycoctonine, fucoxanthin, and crassicauline A in the latter one.

CONCLUSION

QS inhibitors can significantly reduce the pathogenicity of MDR P. aeruginosa strains; and thus can be an effective and successful strategy for treating antibiotic resistant traits.

Prefabricated CAD-CAM scaffolds for management of oro-antral communication: A case report and histological analysis

INTRODUCTION

Oro-control communication is one of the complications associated with dental extraction and oral surgeries. This case report presents a minimally invasive surgical approach for bone regeneration at the site of oro-antral communication utilizing a prefabricated computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) allogenic bone block.

METHODS

A 20-year-old healthy female, nonsmoker, with a badly destructed upper right first molar was referred for dental implant placement after extraction. Cone beam computerized tomography images revealed the presence of a large bone defect associated with oro-antral communication with the maxillary sinus and insufficient bone for dental implant placement. A prefabricated CAD-CAM allogenic bone scaffold was fabricated. After surgical exposure, the scaffold was secured in place and covered with a non-resorbable membrane. A dental implant was placed after 5 months, and a trephining biopsy was processed for histological evaluation.

RESULTS

Closure of the oro-antral communication was clinically observed. The average width of the alveolar bone was 12 mm, and the average height was 11 mm. Histological analysis at 5-month intervals showed thin newly formed bone trabeculae encircling remnants of graft material surrounded by osteoid tissue. The newly formed bone percentages were 32 ± 18% and 28 ± 17% volume remained after the biodegradation of the scaffold. Specific immune-histochemical staining by anti-vascular epithelial growth factor expression index value was 32.06%.

CONCLUSIONS

A prefabricated CAD-CAM scaffold was successfully used to seal a large oro-antral communication and regenerate sufficient bone to place a dental implant.

Will Nigella sativa oil protect parotid glands of rats against cranium gamma irradiation? Histological and immunohistochemical evaluation

BACKGROUND

Radiation plays an essential role in treating malignancies. Radiation exposure of salivary glands often results in permanent loss of their functions; therefore, their protection against radiation is crucial. Nigella sativa oil (NSO) is a useful antioxidant against free radicals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the radio-protective effect of NSO on oxidative injury of parotid glands of gamma-irradiated rats.

METHODS

Twenty-eight male albino rats were divided into four groups (n = 7): Group 1: Neither NSO nor radiation, Group 2: Rats received NSO 400 mg/kg, Group 3: Rats received 15 Gy cranium gamma irradiation & Group 4: Rats received gamma irradiation and NSO. Rats were sacrificed two weeks after the last NSO dose. Histological sections of parotid glands were stained with H&E, Masson's trichrome and anti-TGF-β antibodies. Area percentage of Masson's trichrome and TGF-β expression was morphometrically examined.

RESULTS

Parotid glands of control and NSO groups revealed normal morphology. Gamma-irradiated glands showed loss of normal acinar architecture and slight acinar shrinkage. NSO treatment of gamma-irradiated glands preserved acinar outline and architecture. Masson's trichrome stained samples revealed trace amounts of collagen fibers in control and NSO groups, and excessive amounts of collagen fibers in gamma-irradiated group, in addition to few collagen fibers for gamma-irradiated glands treated with NSO. Additionally, control and NSO groups showed negative TGF-β expression. Gamma-irradiated group showed high TGF-β expression, while NSO treated gamma-irradiated group showed moderate TGF-β expression.

CONCLUSIONS

Gamma-irradiation adversely affected parotid glands, and in contrast, NSO seemed to positively counteract this adverse effect.

Adsorption behavior of Mo(VI) from aqueous solutions using tungstate-modified magnetic nanoparticle

A new magnetic nanoparticle modified with sodium tungstate (Mnp-Si-W) was synthesized and employed for the sorption of molybdenum from aqueous solutions. The prepared nanoparticles (Mnp-Si-W) were characterized by different advanced techniques. Different parameters that influenced the adsorption percent of Mo(VI) were investigated using a batch process. Based on a systematic investigation of the adsorption isotherms and kinetics models, Mo(VI) adsorption follows the Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order kinetics. According to the Langmuir isotherm model, the Mnp-Si-W nanoparticles exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity of 182.03 mg g-1 for Mo(VI) at pH 2.0. The effect of competing ions showed that the prepared nanoparticles have a high selectivity for the sorption of molybdenum. Moreover, the effect of some interfering anions on Mo(VI) ion sorption is found in the following order: phosphate < sulfate < chromate. Finally, the nanoparticle (Mnp-Si-W) can be successfully reused five times.

Investigating the impact of electron beam irradiation on electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of XLPE/Co3O4 nanocomposites

Nowadays, many researchers aim to fill polymer materials with inorganic nanoparticles to enhance the polymer properties and gain the merits of the polymeric host matrix. Sol-gel synthesized Co3O4 nanoparticles are subjected to different doses of electron beam (10, 20, and 30 kGy) to study their physiochemical properties and choose the optimized nanoparticles to fill our polymeric matrix. Crosslinked polyethylene (XLPE) has been filled with 5 wt % of un-irradiated cobalt oxide nanoparticles using the melt extruder method. The structural, optical, magnetic, and electrical properties of the XLPE/Co3O4 nanocomposite before and after exposure to different doses of electron beam radiation have been characterized. The crystallite size of face-centered cubic spinel Co3O4 nanoparticles has been confirmed by XRD whereas and their unique truncated octahedral shape obviously appears in SEM micrographs. The crystallite size of Co3O4 nanoparticles has decreased from 47.5 to 31.5 nm upon irradiation at a dose of 30 kGy, and significantly decreased to 18.5 nm upon filling inside XLPE matrix. Related to the oxidation effect of the electron beam, the Co2+/Co3+ ratio on the surface of Co3O4 nanoparticles has decreased upon irradiation as verified by XPS technique. This consequently caused the partial elimination of oxygen vacancies, mainly responsible for the weak ferromagnetic behavior of Co3O4 in its nanoscale. This appears as decreased saturation magnetization as depicted by VSM. The XLPE/Co3O4 nanocomposite has also shown weak ferromagnetic behavior but the coercive field (Hc) has increased from 112.57 to 175.72 G upon filling inside XLPE matrix and decreased to 135.18 G after irradiating the nanocomposite at a dose of 30 kGy. The ionic conductivity of XLPE has increased from 0.133 × 10-7 to 2.198 × 10-3 S/cm upon filling with Co3O4 nanoparticles while a slight increase is observed upon irradiation.

Iron overload induced submandibular glands toxicity in gamma irradiated rats with possible mitigation by hesperidin and rutin

BACKGROUND

Radiation triggers salivary gland damage and excess iron accumulates in tissues induces cell injury. Flavonoids are found in some fruits and are utilized as potent antioxidants and radioprotective agents. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of hesperidin and rutin on gamma radiation and iron overload induced submandibular gland (SMG) damage and to evaluate their possible impact on mitigating the alteration in mTOR signaling pathway and angiogenesis.

METHODS

Forty-eight adult male Wistar albino rats were randomly assigned to six groups: group C received a standard diet and distilled water; group H received hesperidin at a dose of 100 mg/kg; four times a week for four weeks; group U received rutin at a dose of 50 mg/kg; three times a week for three weeks; group RF received a single dose (5 Gy) of gamma radiation followed by iron at a dose of 100 mg/kg; five times a week for four weeks; group RFH received radiation and iron as group RF and hesperidin as group H; group RFU received radiation and iron as group RF and rutin as group U. SMG specimens from all groups were removed at the end of the experiment; and some were used for biochemical analysis, while others were fixed for histological and immunohistochemical examination.

RESULTS

In the RF group, several genes related to antioxidants (Nrf-2 and SOD) and DNA damage (BRCA1) were significantly downregulated, while several genes related to inflammation and angiogenesis (TNFα, IL-1β and VEGF) and the mTOR signaling pathway (PIK3ca, AKT and mTOR) were significantly upregulated. Acinar cytoplasmic vacuolation, nuclear pyknosis, and interacinar hemorrhage with distinct interacinar spaces were observed as histopathological changes in SMGs. The duct system suffered significant damage, eventually degenerating entirely as the cells were shed into the lumina. VEGF and NF-κB were also significantly overexpressed. Hesperidin and rutin cotreatment generated partial recovery as indicated by significant upregulation of Nrf-2, SOD and BRCA1 and considerable downregulation of TNF-α, IL-1β, VEGF, PIK3ca, AKT, and mTOR. Although some acini and ducts continued to deteriorate, most of them had a normal appearance. There was a notable decrease in the expression of VEGF and NF-κB.

CONCLUSIONS

In γ-irradiated rats with iron overload, the administration of hesperidin and rutin may mitigate salivary gland damage.

Production and characterization of melanin pigment from black fungus Curvularia soli AS21 ON076460 assisted gamma rays for promising medical uses

Owing to the growing need for natural materials in different fields, studying melanin production from biological sources is imperative. In the current study, the extracellular melanin pigment was produced by the fungus Curvularia soli AS21 ON076460. The factors that affect the production of melanin were optimized by the Plackett-Burman design (P-BD). The effect of gamma irradiation on melanin productivity was investigated. The maximum melanin yield (3.376 mg/L) was elicited by a stimulus of gamma irradiation at 1.0 kGy. The results evoked that, Curvularia soli AS21 ON076460 melanin exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria and fungi. Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 and P. digitatum were mostly affected by melanin registering the inhibition zone diameters of 37.51 ± 0.012 and 44.25 ± 0.214 mm, respectively. Moreover, Curvularia soli AS21 ON076460 melanin indicated a significant antiviral efficacy (77% inhibition) of Herpes simplex virus (HSV1). The melanin pigment showed antioxidant activities with IC50 of 42 ± 0.021 and 17 ± 0.02 µg/mL against DPPH and NO, respectively. Melanin had cytotoxic action against human breast cancer and skin cancer cell lines (Mcf7and A431) as well as exerting a low percentage of cell death against normal skin cell lines (Hfb4). Melanin was effective in wound management of human skin cells by 63.04 ± 1.83% compared with control (68.67 ± 1.10%). The novelty in the study is attributed to the possibility of using gamma rays as a safe method in small economic doses to stimulate melanin production from the fungi that have been isolated. In summary, melanin produced from fungi has significant biological activities that encourage its usage as a supportive medical route.

Impact of gamma irradiation on physico-chemical and electromagnetic interference shielding properties of Cu2O nanoparticles reinforced LDPE nanocomposite films

In the current work, cuprous oxide (Cu2O) nanoparticles coated with Tween 80 were successfully synthesized via the chemical reduction method. Nanocomposites composed of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and different ratios of Cu2O nanoparticles were fabricated by the melt mixing process. 10% of ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) as a compatibilizing agent was added to the molten LDPE matrix and the mixing process continued until homogenous nanocomposites were fabricated. To study the influence of ionizing radiation on the fabricated samples, the prepared species were exposed to 50 and 100 kGy of gamma rays. The synthesized Cu2O nanoparticles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD and TEM analysis illustrated the successful formation of spherical Cu2O nanoparticles with an average size of 16.8 nm. The as-prepared LDPE/Cu2O nanocomposites were characterized via different techniques such as mechanical, thermal, morphological, XRD, and FTIR. Electromagnetic interference shielding (EMI) of the different nanocomposite formulations was performed as a promising application for these materials in practical life. The electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) of the produced samples was measured in the X-band of the radio frequency range from 8 to 12 GHz using the vector network analyzer (VNA) and a proper waveguide. All the samples were studied before and after gamma-ray irradiation under the same conditions of pressure and temperature. The shielding effectiveness increased significantly from 25 dB for unirradiated samples to 35 dB with samples irradiated with 100 kGy, which reflects 40% enhancement in the effectiveness of the shielding.

Ipomoea carnea mitigates ethanol-induced ulcers in irradiated rats via Nrf2/HO-1 pathway: an in vivo and in silico study

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential of Ipomoea carnea flower methanolic extract (ICME) as a natural gastroprotective therapy against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers, particularly in individuals exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). The study focused on the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, which plays a crucial role in protecting the gastrointestinal mucosa from oxidative stress and inflammation. Male Wistar rats were divided into nine groups, the control group received distilled water orally for one week, while other groups were treated with ethanol to induce stomach ulcers, IR exposure, omeprazole, and different doses of ICME in combination with ethanol and/or IR. The study conducted comprehensive analyses, including LC-HRESI-MS/MS, to characterize the phenolic contents of ICME. Additionally, the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, oxidative stress parameters, gastric pH, and histopathological changes were examined. The results showed that rats treated with IR and/or ethanol exhibited histopathological alterations, increased lipid peroxidation, decreased antioxidant enzyme activity, and reduced expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1. However, pretreatment with ICME significantly improved these parameters. Phytochemical analysis identified 39 compounds in ICME, with flavonoids, hydroxybenzoic acids, and fatty acids as the predominant compounds. Virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations suggested that ICME may protect against gastric ulceration by inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of ICME as a natural gastroprotective therapy for preventing gastric ulcers. These findings contribute to the development of novel interventions for gastrointestinal disorders using natural plant extracts particularly in individuals with a history of radiation exposure.

In vivo application of potent probiotics for enhancing potato growth and controlling Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum infections

Plant probiotics are live microbial cells or cultures that support plant growth and control plant pathogens through different mechanisms. They have various effects on plants, including plant growth promotion through the production of indole acetic acid (IAA), biological control activity (BCA), and production of cellulase enzymes, thus inducing systemic resistance and increasing the availability of mineral elements. The present work aimed to study the potential of Achromobacter marplatensis and Bacillus velezensis as plant probiotics for the field cultivation of potatoes. In vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of selected probiotics to produce IAA and cellulase, as well as antimicrobial activity against two plant pathogens that infect Solanum tuberosum as Fusarium oxysporum and Ralstonia solanacearum under different conditions at a broad range of different temperatures and pH values. In vivo study of the effects of the probiotics A. marplatensis and B. velezensis on S. tuberosum plants grown in sandy clay loamy soil was detected after cultivation for 90 days. Probiotic isolates A. marplatensis and B. velezensis were able to tolerate ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure for up to two hours, the dose response curve exhibited that the D10 values of A. marplatensis and B. velezensis were 28 and 16 respectively. In the case of loading both probiotics with broth, the shoot dry weight was increased significantly from 28 in the control to 50 g, shoot length increased from 24 to 45.7 cm, branches numbers increased from 40 to 70 branch, leaves number increased from 99 to 130 leaf, root dry weight increased from 9.3 to 12.9 g, root length increased from 24 to 35.7 cm, tuber weight increased from 15 to 37.0 g and tubers number increased from 9 to 24.4 tuber, the rot percentage was reduced to 0%. The addition of both probiotic isolates, either broth or wheat grains load separately has enhanced all the growth parameters; however, better results and increased production were in favor of adding probiotics with broth more than wheat. On the other hand, both probiotics showed a remarkable protective effect against potato pathogens separately and reduced the negative impact of the infection using them together.

Melissa officinalis extract palliates redox imbalance and inflammation associated with hyperthyroidism-induced liver damage by regulating Nrf-2/ Keap-1 gene expression in γ-irradiated rats

BACKGROUND

Melissa officinalis (MO) is a well-known medicinal plant species used in the treatment of several diseases; it is widely used as a vegetable, adding flavour to dishes. This study was designed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of MO Extract against hyperthyroidism induced by Eltroxin and γ-radiation.

METHODS

Hyperthyroidism was induced by injecting rats with Eltroxin (100 µg/kg/ day) for 14 days and exposure to γ-radiation (IR) (5 Gy single dose). The hyperthyroid rats were orally treated with MO extract (75 mg/kg/day) at the beginning of the second week of the Eltroxin injection and continued for another week. The levels of thyroid hormones, liver enzymes and proteins besides the impaired hepatic redox status and antioxidant parameters were measured using commercial kits. The hepatic gene expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its inhibitor Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1(Keap-1) in addition to hepatic inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α), Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and fibrogenic markers such as transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) were determined.

RESULTS

MO Extract reversed the effect of Eltroxin + IR on rats and attenuated the thyroid hormones. Moreover, it alleviated hyperthyroidism-induced hepatic damage by inhibiting the hepatic enzymes' activities as well as enhancing the production of proteins concomitant with improving cellular redox homeostasis by attenuating the deranged redox balance and modulating the Nrf2/Keap-1 pathway. Additionally, MO Extract alleviated the inflammatory response by suppressing the TNF- α and MCP-1 and prevented hepatic fibrosis via Nrf2-mediated inhibition of the TGF-β1/Smad pathway.

CONCLUSION

Accordingly, these results might strengthen the hepatoprotective effect of MO Extract in a rat model of hyperthyroidism by regulating the Nrf-2/ Keap-1 pathway.

Novel pyridine bearing pentose moiety-based anticancer agents: design, synthesis, radioiodination and bioassessments

Pyridine compounds are one of the most important heterocyclic derivatives showing wide ranges in biological and pharmacological activities. Green chemistry eliminates or reduces the generation of hazardous compounds. It prevents pollution at a molecular level. The microwave technique used in heterocyclic compound synthesis is also an important branch of green chemistry techniques. In this study, we report designing and synthesizing a new pyridine-bearing pentose moiety via a one-pot multicomponent reaction using D-glucose and also investigate its behavior and reactivity toward some simple and heterocyclic amino derivatives. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were characterized and tested for their cytotoxic activities. Some of the test compounds exhibited slight to high cytotoxic activities against Caco2 (colon cancer) cells, HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma) cells and MCF-7 (human breast cancer) cells by MTT assay. The results showed clearly that compound 4 and compound 8 displayed strongest to moderate cytotoxic activity against the HepG2, Caco2 and MCF-7 respectively and compound 1 showed good activity against MCF-7 in comparison to the standard anticancer drug doxorubicin. These data were by cytopathological examination. An in-vivo radioactive tracing study of compound 4 proved its targeting ability to sarcoma cells in a tumor-bearing mice model. Our findings suggest that the synthesized compounds may be promising candidates as novel anticancer agents.

The efficacy of using metformin and/or quercetin for amelioration of gamma-irradiation induced tongue toxicity in diabetic rats

BACKGROUND

Diabetes is a common disease that cancer patients may suffer from and may aggravate side effects of radiotherapy. This study aimed to detect whether metformin and/or quercetin will improve gamma-irradiation induced tongue toxicity in diabetic rats.

METHODS

35 male albino rats were divided into five groups; NOR no streptozotocin, no radiation and no treatment was given, DR rats were subjected to streptozotocin then gamma-irradiation, DRM rats were subjected to streptozotocin then gamma-irradiation then metformin, DRQ rats were subjected to streptozotocin then gamma-irradiation then quercetin, DRMQ rats were subjected to streptozotocin then gamma-irradiation then metformin and quercetin. Rats were euthanized 24 h after last treatment dose. Mean blood glucose level was recorded. Tongue specimens were stained with H&E and CD68. Histomorphometric analysis of length, diameter and taste buds of lingual papillae and epithelial, keratin and lamina propria thickness and CD68 positive cells were calculated.

RESULTS

Blood glucose level of DRMQ was significantly lower than DR, DRM and DRQ, whereas higher than NOR. Metformin or quercetin partially restored tongue structure, papillae length and diameter and tongue layers thickness. The ameliorative effect was superior when metformin and quercetin were used together. Diabetes and irradiation significantly increased number of CD68 positive macrophages in submucosa and muscles. Metformin or quercetin significantly reduced number of lingual macrophages with more noticeable effect for quercetin. Treatment with metformin and quercetin significantly decreased number of macrophages.

CONCLUSIONS

Combined use of metformin and quercetin might help mitigate the harmful effects of radiotherapy and diabetes on lingual tissues.

Analytical study and real simulation for improving the safety of ageing nuclear facility using UPFC

This paper aims to increase the performance and improve the safety of an ageing Nuclear Facility (NF). Good power quality extends the life of electrical equipment at NF and thus protects it from premature aging. The first stage of this paper presents a measurement and analysis of various power quality events for a real-world case of a NF under different conditions of operation. In the previous work for this group, a new proposed technique based on partial swarm optimization is presented to find the allocation of the UPFC to enhance the power quality within the specified limit. The technique is tested by IEEE33 bus. This step is to assess system performance and find the best solutions to ensure the normal and safe operation of NF. In this paper, the simulink-matlab programme was used to simulate a real NF based on a new vision of UPFC. The results indicate that the strategy is an effective way to improve the safety of power quality and ageing NF using UPFC.

Ubiquinol attenuates γ-radiation induced coronary and aortic changes via PDGF/p38 MAPK/ICAM-1 related pathway

Endothelial vascular injury is one of the most pivotal disorders emerging during radiotherapy. It is crucial to rely on strong antioxidants to defend against vascular damage. The current study was carried out to investigate the ameliorative effect of ubiquinol (Ubq) against gamma (γ)-radiation induced aortic and coronary changes, with highlighting its role in suppression of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK). Exposure to γ-radiation was adopted as a potent detrimental model that induces vascular tissue damage. Concisely, male albino rats were irradiated at a dose level of 7 Gy and treated daily with Ubq (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for 7 days pre-and post-irradiation. At the end of the experiment, lipid profile, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), gene expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), p38 MAPK and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were estimated. Exposure to radiation significantly deteriorates aortic and coronary tissues. Conversely, administration of Ubq significantly reduced serum t-cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides (p = 0.001). In addition, Ubq prevented oxidative DNA damage (8-OHdG) (p = 0.1) and reduced serum MMP-9 (p = 0.001) which contributed to the endothelial cells damage. The positive impact of Ubq was more apparent in suppression of both PDGF (p = 0.001) and p38 MAPK (p = 0.1) protein concentrations, leading subsequently in reduction of ICAM-1 (p = 0.001) gene expression. As a conclusion, vascular endothelial damage brought on by γ-radiation is one of the leading causes of coronary and aortic deteriorations which could be successfully mitigated by Ubq.

Myco-fabricated ZnO nanoparticles ameliorate neurotoxicity in mice model of Alzheimer's disease via acetylcholinesterase inhibition and oxidative stress reduction

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the primary health problems linked to the decrease of acetylcholine in cholinergic neurons and elevation in oxidative stress. Myco-fabrication of ZnO-NPs revealed excellent biological activities, including anti-inflammatory and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potentials. This study aims to determine if two distinct doses of myco-fabricated ZnO-NPs have a positive impact on behavioral impairment and several biochemical markers associated with inflammation and oxidative stress in mice that have been treated by aluminum chloride (AlCl3) to induce AD. Sixty male mice were haphazardly separated into equally six groups. Group 1 was injected i.p. with 0.5 ml of deionized water daily during the experiment. Mice in group 2 received AlCl3 (50 mg/kg/day i.p.). Groups 3 and 4 were treated i.p. with 5 and 10 mg/kg/day of ZnO-NPs only, respectively. Groups 5 and 6 were given i.p. 5 and 10 mg/kg/day ZnO-NPs, respectively, add to 50 mg/kg/day AlCl3. Results showed that the AlCl3 caused an increase in the escape latency time and a reduction in the time spent in the target quadrant, indicating a decreased improvement in learning and memory. Moreover, acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) levels were significantly increased, and the content of glutathione (GSH), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), as well as levels of serotonin and dopamine, were decreased in brain tissues only in AlCl3 treated mice. However, treatment of mice with myco-fabrication of ZnO-NPs at doses of 5 or 10 mg/kg improves learning and memory function through ameliorate all the previous parameters in the AD mice group. The low dose of 5 mg/kg is more effective than a high dose of 10 mg/kg. In accordance with these findings, myco-fabricated ZnO-NPs could enhance memory and exhibit a protective influence against memory loss caused by AlCl3.

Niosomal formulation of mefenamic acid for enhanced cancer targeting; preparation, characterization and biodistribution study using radiolabeling technique

BACKGROUND

This work aimed to prepare niosomal formulations of an anticancer agent [mefenamic acid (MEF)] to enhance its cancer targeting. 131I was utilized as a radiolabeling isotope to study the radio-kinetics of MEF niosomes.

METHODS

niosomal formulations were prepared by the ether injection method and assessed for entrapment efficiency (EE%), zeta potential (ZP), polydispersity index (PDI) and particle size (PS). MEF was labeled with 131I by direct electrophilic substitution reaction through optimization of radiolabeling-related parameters. In the radio-kinetic study, the optimal 131I-MEF niosomal formula was administered intravenously (I.V.) to solid tumor-bearing mice and compared to I.V. 131I-MEF solution as a control.

RESULTS

the average PS and ZP values of the optimal formulation were 247.23 ± 2.32 nm and - 28.3 ± 1.21, respectively. The highest 131I-MEF labeling yield was 98.7 ± 0.8%. The biodistribution study revealed that the highest tumor uptake of 131I-MEF niosomal formula and 131I-MEF solution at 60 min post-injection were 2.73 and 1.94% ID/g, respectively.

CONCLUSION

MEF-loaded niosomes could be a hopeful candidate in cancer treatment due to their potent tumor uptake. Such high targeting was attributed to passive targeting of the nanosized niosomes and confirmed by radiokinetic evaluation.

Selenium Nanoparticles Modulate Steroidogenesis-Related Genes and Improve Ovarian Functions via Regulating Androgen Receptors Expression in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Rat Model

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) occurs during the reproductive period in women and is characterized by reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic disorders. Androgen plays a decisive role in its pathogenesis due to the interaction between hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance, which might be improved by selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs). The present study aimed to clarify the effect of SeNPs on androgen synthesis and action in the PCOS model and the resulting effect on ovarian function. Fifty-five 7-week-old female albino rats (90-105 g) were divided equally into five groups: control (C), fed a standard diet for 11 weeks; high-fat diet (HFD) group, fed HFD for 11 weeks; HFD and letrozole (L) (HFD + L), fed HFD for 11 weeks and administrated orally with L, at a daily dose of 1 mg/kg BW, for three weeks from the 7th to 9th week of the trial; HFD + L + 0.1SeNPs and HFD + L + 0.2SeNPs groups, treated the same as HFD + L group and orally gavaged SeNPs at daily doses of 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg BW, respectively, during the last 14 day of the experiment. Daily determination of estrous cycle was performed, and at the end of the experimental period, BMI, serum glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, lipid profile, sex hormones, TNF-α, IL6, oxidative stress biomarkers, ovarian mRNA expression of different proteins and enzymes involved in steroidogenesis, pathological examination, and immunohistochemical staining for androgen receptor (AR) were evaluated. Treatment of SeNPs restored estrous cyclicity, decreased BMI, and insulin resistance, improved dyslipidemia, reduced serum testosterone, and improved ovarian histopathology in PCOS rats. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant impacts of SeNPs were remarkably noticed. Administration of SeNPs decreased androgen synthesis and expression of ovarian AR protein by decreasing the mRNA expression of STAR, Cyp11A1, Cyp17A1, and HSD17B3 and increasing the expression of Cyp19α1. Conclusively, SeNPs decreased androgen synthesis and blocked the vicious circle initiated by excessive androgen secretion via decreased AR expression. Thus, it may effectively treat PCOS cases by eliminating its reproductive, endocrine, and metabolic dysfunctions.

Melanin pigmentation variations in the larval cuticle of almond moth, Ephestia cautella caused by gamma radiation

To determine the effects of gamma radiation on the melanization process and phenoloxidase activity, Ephestia cautella larvae were exposed to dosages of 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 Gy. After irradiation, the number of non melanized larvae and the number exhibiting a slight melanization usually increased. The degree of melanization in treated larvae differed significantly from untreated larvae. The amount of melanin usually decreases as the dosage increases and as time passes after the treatment. The results of the phenoloxidase assay indicate that the enzyme activity responds differently to radiation. For instance, at doses of 200, 400, and 800 Gy, the enzyme activity remained consistent in both control and irradiated larvae. However, at doses of 600 and 1000 Gy, the enzyme activity increased to 14.92 and 13.37 O.D. units, respectively, compared to 8.81 O.D. units in the control. In order to determine if irradiated larvae have been previously exposed to ionizing radiation, a quick and easy test based on phenoloxidase activity or the melanization response is presented for use in quarantine treatment. Histological changes, specifically in the pigment granules of melanin, were studied using a light microscope. Upon inspection of the unirradiated larvae, it was observed that brown melanin pigment granules were deposited in the epicuticle and exocuticle layers of the cuticle. When gamma radiation dosages were administered to larvae, it was observed that the melanin pigment gradually diminished until it vanished at the highest dose (1000 Gy).

Gamma irradiation-enhanced performance of waste LLDPE thermally transformed into advanced sponge-like material for oil decontamination

In this study, the development of advanced materials for the removal of oil-water pollution was explored, with a focus on environmental protection. The primary novelty of this research involved the conversion of waste Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) into a sponge-like material denoted as sLLDPE. The process of converting involved thermal treatment in castor oil, resulting in the creation of a porous structure within the material. This sLLDPE material exhibited remarkable oil adsorbent properties and demonstrated enhanced performance in the removal of various organic contaminants from both aqueous and oil-based systems. Furthermore, gamma irradiation-induced crosslinking reactions were implemented within a dose range of 0 up to 90 kGy to further improve its oil removal capabilities. Comparing samples subjected to a radiation dose of 50 kGy with those receiving no irradiation (0 kGy), it was observed that the maximum adsorption capacities for various oils, including crude oil, gasoline oil, motor oil, pump oil, and waste oil, increased significantly. Specifically, the adsorption capacities increased by approximately 216.2%, 235.3%, 24.1%, 111.5%, and 18.6% for the respective oils. It rapidly separated oil-water mixtures with ~ 100% efficiency in a column system and maintained performance over 20 reuse cycles. The converted sLLDPE sponge exhibited excellent organics removal across solvents. The findings of this study not only shed light on the impact of irradiation on polymeric materials but also contribute to our understanding of their potential applications in environmental cleanup processes.

Utilization of carbon-coated ZrO2/Mn-Mg-Zn ferrites nanostructures for the adsorption of Cs (I) and Sr (II) from the binary system: kinetic and equilibrium studies

Carbon-coated ZrO2/Mn-Mg-Zn ferrites nanostructures (CZ-FN) have been prepared as a new inorganic sorbent to remove Cs (I) and Sr (II) from a waste stream. Adsorption of Cs (I) and Sr (II) has been implemented considering different noteworthy parameters, for example, shaking time and the optimum time achieved high adsorption capacity of both ions [103 and 41 mg/g for Sr (II) and Cs (I)] was found 30 min. Also, the impact of pH values was studied; the best pH value for the adsorption process is pH 6. The adsorption saturation capacity of CZ-FN is 420.22 and 250.45 mg/g for strontium and cesium, respectively. The solubility percentage of CZ-FN was calculated utilizing diverse molarities from HNO3, HCl, and NaOH as eluents, the obtained data reveals an increase in the solubility percentage with more increase in the molarity of the eluents. The elevation in the solubility percentage follows the following order; HNO3 < HCl < NaOH. The kinetic studies were applied using the nanolinear form of different kinetic models; it was found that the adsorption process obeys the nonlinear pseudo-second-order. According to equilibrium studies, the Langmuir model has been more accurate than the Freundlich model for adsorption in the case of binary systems. The values of Di for the strontium and cesium are 10-10 m2/s, which displays the chemisorption nature of this process. The greatest values of the desorption process for the strontium and cesium are 96.87% and 94.43 by 0.3 M of HNO3. This indicated that the carbon-coated ZrO2/Mn-Mg-Zn ferrites could be regenerated and recycled to remove strontium and cesium ions from waste streams.

The detrimental impact of high environmental temperature on physiological response, growth, milk production, and reproductive efficiency of ruminants

The optimal environments for ruminants are air temperatures between 13 and 20 °C, winds between 5 and 18 km/h, humidity levels between 55 and 65%, and a moderate amount of sunlight. In tropical and subtropical regions, climate is the top factor restricting animal growth and reproductive efficiency. The digestive system, blood biochemical components, and hormones all go through a range of physiological changes at high temperatures. Ruminant animals respond to heat stress by drinking more water, breathing more quickly, panting, and raising their rectal temperatures while reducing their activity levels, intake of roughage, and rumination. Blood metabolites and biochemical modifications are negatively impacted by the concentration of blood biochemical components and hormonal levels, particularly those of anabolic hormones, which are decreased as a result of the animals' exposure to high environmental temperatures. Changes in blood metabolite and hormone levels were influenced by the duration of exposure to high temperatures, the level of background heat, and the species, breed, and age of the animals. The major biological changes caused by heat stress have a negative impact on growth, milk production, and reproduction. Animals subjected to high environmental temperatures also undergo reductions in feed intake and feed efficiency. These changes eventually impair ruminant reproduction and production abilities.

Melissa officinalis extract suppresses endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis in the brain of hypothyroidism-induced rats exposed to γ-radiation

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the neuroprotective effect of Melissa officinalis extract (MEE) against brain damage associated with hypothyroidism induced by propylthiouracil (PTU) and/or γ-radiation (IR) in rats. Hypothyroidism induction and/or exposure to IR resulted in a significant decrease in the serum levels of T3 and T4 associated with increased levels of lipid peroxidation end product, malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitrites (NO) in the brain tissue homogenate. Also, hypothyroidism and /or exposure to IR markedly enhance the endoplasmic reticulum stress by upregulating the gene expressions of the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activated transcription factor 6 (ATF6), endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) in the brain tissue homogenate associated with a proapoptotic state which indicated by the overexpression of Bax, BCl2, and caspase-12 that culminates in brain damage. Meanwhile, the PTU and /or IR-exposed rats treated with MEE reduced oxidative stress and ERAD through ATF6. Also, the MEE treatment prevented the Bax and caspase-12 gene expression from increasing. This treatment in hypothyroid animals was associated with neuronal protection as indicated by the downregulation in the gene expressions of the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT) and amyloid precursor protein (APP) in the brain tissue. Furthermore, the administration of MEE ameliorates the histological structure of brain tissue. In conclusion, MEE might prevent hypothyroidism-induced brain damage associated with oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Chrysin Encapsulated Copper Nanoparticles with Low Dose of Gamma Radiation Elicit Tumor Cell Death Through p38 MAPK/NF-κB Pathways

Improving radiation effect on tumor cells using radiosensitizers is gaining traction for improving chemoradiotherapy. This study aimed to evaluate copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) synthesized using chrysin as radiosensitizer with γ-radiation on biochemical and histopathological approaches in mice bearing Ehrlich solid tumor. CuNPs were characterized with irregular round sharp shape with size range of 21.19-70.79 nm and plasmon absorption at 273 nm. In vitro study on MCF-7 cells detected cytotoxic effect of CuNPs with IC50 of 57.2 ± 3.1 μg. In vivo study was performed on mice transplanted with Ehrlich solid tumor (EC). Mice were injected with CuNPs (0.67 mg/kg body weight) and/or exposed to low dose of gamma radiation (0.5 Gy). EC mice exposed to combined treatment of CuNPs and radiation showed a marked reduction in tumor volume, ALT and CAT, creatinine, calcium, and GSH, along with elevation in MDA, caspase-3 in parallel with inhibition of NF-κB, p38 MAPK, and cyclin D1 gene expression. Comparing histopathological findings of treatment groups ends that combined treatment was of higher efficacy, showing tumor tissue regression and increase in apoptotic cells. In conclusion, CuNPs with a low dose of gamma radiation showed more powerful ability for tumor suppression via promoting oxidative state, stimulating apoptosis, and inhibiting proliferation pathway through p38MAPK/NF-κB and cyclinD1.

Green synthesis of highly functionalized heterocyclic bearing pyrazole moiety for cancer-targeted chemo/radioisotope therapy

New derivatives of heterocyclic bearing pyrazole moiety were synthesized (eight new compounds from 2 to 9) via green synthesis methods (microwave-assisted and grinding techniques). 4,6-Diamino-1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine-5-carbonitrile (2) shows high anti-cancer activity against both HepG2 and HCT-116 with IC50 of 9.2 ± 2.8 and 7.7 ± 1.8 µM, respectively, which referenced to 5-Fu which is showing activity of 7.86 ± 0.5 and 5.35 ± 0.3 against both HepG2 and HCT-116, respectively. The cytotoxic activity against HCT-116 and HepG2 was slightly decreased and slightly increased, respectively, by a different pyrazole moiety (compound 5). Pharmacokinetics of compound 2 was carried out using the radioiodination technique in tumour-bearing Albino mice which shows good uptake at the tumour site. The biodistribution showed high accumulation in tumour tissues with a ratio of 13.7% ID/g organ after one hour in comparison with 2.97% ID/g organ at normal muscle at the same time point. As I-131 has maximum beta and gamma energies of 606.3 and 364.5 keV, respectively, therefore the newly synthesized compound 2 may be used for chemotherapy and TRT.

The lethal and sterile doses of gamma radiation on the museums pest, varied carpet beetle, Anthrenus verbasci (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

Museums preserve historical cultural artifacts and serve as an essential resource for current and future generations seeking first-hand knowledge about the diversity of life on Earth. However, significant changes in climate from temperature and humidity cause serious biotic degradation. Despite ongoing insect control treatments, insect pests are still a major problem for museums due to the lack of suitable and unsafe environments that are provided for the storage and display of the collection. The varied carpet beetle, Anthrenus verbasci (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) is one of the major stored product pests whose larvae cause serious damage to household items and museum specimens. Therefore, this research aims to study the effect of gamma radiation on the larval, pupal and adult stages. The effects of gamma radiation have been studied on 3rd instar larvae (100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 Gy). The results showed that mortality in the larval stage significantly increased with increasing gamma radiation dose, which was reflected in the eclosion of the adult stage. The exposure of one-day-old pupae to 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 Gy of gamma radiation showed that the higher the dose, the lower the percentage of adult emergence. Additionally, there was a significant increase in the percentage of mortality in A. verbasci adults with increasing radiation doses when the newly emerged adults were irradiated with 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 Gy. The LD50 and LD90 of gamma radiation doses on larvae, pupae and adults were calculated, and the malformations in all stages were photographed. The fecundity and fertility of A. verbasci adults that were exposed to radiation as one-day-old pupae decreased gradually with increasing doses of gamma radiation and reached 100% sterility when exposed to a dose of 150 Gy. Among all the treatments, the sterile dose (150 Gy) or lethal dose (1000 Gy) showed superior performance over other treatments and was adjudged as the best treatments, which prevented the subsequent development and complete mortality of the pest.

Changes in morphological traits, anatomical and molecular alterations caused by gamma-rays and zinc oxide nanoparticles in spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) plant

Spinach seeds were irradiated with gamma-rays after that soaked in zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) at 0.0, 50, 100 and 200 ppm for twenty-four hours at room temperature. Vegetative plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, and proline contents were investigated. Also, anatomical studies and the polymorphism by the SCoT technique were conducted. The present results revealed that the germination percentage was at the maximum values for the treatment of 100 ppm ZnO-NPs (92%), followed by 100 ppm ZnO-NPs + 60 Gy (90%). The application of ZnO-NPs resulted in an enhancement in the plant length. The maximum of chlorophylls and carotenoids content was recorded in the treatment, 100 ppm ZnO-NPs + 60 Gy. Meanwhile, the irradiation dose level (60 Gy) with all ZnO-NPs treatments increased proline content and reached its maximum increase to 1.069 mg/g FW for the treatment 60 Gy combined with 200 ppm ZnO-NPs. Also, the anatomical studies declared that there were variations between the treatments; un-irradiated and irradiated combined with ZnO-NPs plants which reveal that the leave epidermal tissue increased with 200 ppm ZnO-NPs in both the upper and lower epidermis. While irradiated plants with 60 Gy combined with 100 ppm ZnO-NPs gave more thickness of upper epidermis. As well as SCoT molecular marker technique effectively induced molecular alterations between the treatments. Where, SCoT primers targeted many new and missing amplicons that are expected to be associated with the lowly and highly expressed genes with 18.2 and 81.8%, respectively. Also, showed that the soaking in ZnO-NPs was helped for reducing molecular alteration rate, both spontaneous and induced by gamma irradiation. This nominates ZnO-NPs as potential nano-protective agents that can reduce irradiation-induced genetic damage.

Curcumin clarithromycin nano-form a promising agent to fight Helicobacter pylori infections

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the main cause of gastric diseases. However, the traditional antibiotic treatment of H. pylori is limited due to increased antibiotic resistance, low efficacy, and low drug concentration in the stomach. This study developed a Nano-emulsion system with ability to carry Curcumin and Clarithromycin to protect them against stomach acidity and increase their efficacy against H. pylori. We used oil in water emulsion system to prepare a novel Curcumin Clarithromycin Nano-Emulsion (Cur-CLR-NE). The nano-emulsion was validated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique, zeta potential; transmission electron microscopy (mean particle size 48 nm), UV-visible scanning and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The in vitro assay of Cur-CLR-NE against H. pylori was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (12.5 to 6.26 µg/mL), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and anti-biofilm that showed a higher inhibitory effect of Cur-CLR-NE in compere with, free curcumin and clarithromycin against H. pylori. The in vivo results indicated that Cur-CLR-NE showed higher H. pylori clearance effect than free clarithromycin or curcumin under the same administration frequency and the same dose regimen. Histological analysis clearly showed that curcumin is highly effective in repairing damaged tissue. In addition, a potent synergistic effect was obvious between clarithromycin and curcumin in nano-emulsion system. The inflammation, superficial damage, the symptoms of gastritis including erosion in the mouse gastric mucosa, necrosis of the gastric epithelium gastric glands and interstitial oedema of tunica muscularis were observed in the positive control infected mice and absent from treated mice with Cur-CLR-NE.

Radiation-induced lattice relaxation in [Formula: see text]-Fe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] nanorods

We report radiation-induced lattice relaxation of the [Formula: see text]-Fe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] and its associated alteration of particle morphology. The [Formula: see text]-Fe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] was grown in solution by microwave hydrothermal synthesis technique in which more than half of the synthesized material was nanorods with axis along the (001) direction. Five sets of the synthesized [Formula: see text]-Fe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] samples were irradiated using gamma-ray from [Formula: see text]Co cell with doses of 600 kGy, 700 kGy, 800 kGy, 900 kGy, and 1 MGy. The investigation of the pristine and gamma-irradiated samples was carried out using X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscope, and electron paramagnetic resonance methods. Results showed that continuous alternation of radiation-induced lattice compression and expansion causes lattice relaxation. The morphology of the [Formula: see text]-Fe[Formula: see text]O[Formula: see text] nanorods was found to change with absorbed dose into buckyball-shaped particles in response to the alternation of the compression and expansion strain. The EPR results showed a correlation between distortion in the [Formula: see text]-[Formula: see text] octahedron structure and the relaxation of the lattice. The synthesis, growth, and relaxation are discussed in detail.

Vitamin E ameliorates oral mucositis in gamma-irradiated rats (an in vivo study)

BACKGROUND

Radiation therapy is the primary treatment for neck and head cancer patients; however, it causes the development of oral mucositis accompanied by tissue structure destruction and functional alteration. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different doses of vitamin E as a treatment for radiationinduced oral mucositis in rat model.

METHODS

35 male albino rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, untreated radiation mucositis (single dose of 20 Gy), treated radiation mucositis; radiation (single dose of 20 Gy) then vitamin E at doses of 300, 360 and 500 mg/Kg for seven days started 24 h after irradiation. Body weight and food intake were evaluated for each rat. The mucositis score was assessed every day. Rats were sacrificed once at the end of the experiment, and tongue specimens were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, anti P53 and anti Ki67 antibodies.

RESULTS

Results indicated more food intake and less weight reduction in vitamin E treated groups and the contrary for gamma-irradiated group. Additionally, vitamin E delayed the onset and decreased the severity and duration of mucositis. It also restored the histological structure of lingual tongue papillae. Vitamin E treated groups showed a significant higher Ki67 and lower P53 expression as compared to untreated radiation group. The overall improvement increased as vitamin E dose increased. Finally, the amelioration can be attributed to the decreased apoptosis and increased proliferation of cells.

CONCLUSIONS

Vitamin E especially at dose of 500 mg/Kg could be an effective treatment for radiation-induced oral mucositis.

Potential antibacterial, antibiofilm, and photocatalytic performance of gamma-irradiated novel nanocomposite for enhanced disinfection applications with an investigated reaction mechanism

BACKGROUND

Water scarcity is now a global challenge due to the population growth and the limited amount of available potable water. In addition, modern industrialization, and microbial pathogenesis is resulting in water pollution on a large scale.

METHODS

In the present study, reusable Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4/SiO2/TiO2 composite matrix was incorporated with CdS NPs to develop an efficient photocatalyst, and antimicrobial agents for wastewater treatment, and disinfection purpose. The antibacterial performance of the gamma-irradiated samples was evaluated against various types of Gram-positive bacteria using ZOI, MIC, antibiofilm, and effect of UV-exposure. Antibacterial reaction mechanism was assessed by bacterial membrane leakage assay, and SEM imaging. In addition, their photocatalytic efficiency was tested against MB cationic dye as a typical water organic pollutant.

RESULTS

Our results showed that, the formed CdS NPs were uniformly distributed onto the surface of the nanocomposite matrix. While, the resulted CdS-based nanocomposite possessed an average particle size of nearly 90.6 nm. The antibacterial performance of the prepared nanocomposite was significantly increased after activation with gamma and UV irradiations. The improved antibacterial performance was mainly due to the synergistic effect of both TiO2 and CdS NPs; whereas, the highest photocatalytic efficiency of MB removal was exhibited in alkaline media due to the electrostatic attraction between the cationic MB and the negatively-charged samples. In addition, the constructed heterojunction enabled better charge separation and increased the lifetime of the photogenerated charge carriers.

CONCLUSION

Our results can pave the way towards the development of efficient photocatalysts for wastewater treatment and promising antibacterial agents for disinfection applications.

Fabrication of magnesium oxide-calcium alginate hydrogel for scaffolding yttrium and neodymium from aqueous solutions

In this research, the possibility of using sustainable nano-MgO/Ca-alginate beads for efficient sorption of some rare earth metal ions such as neodymium(III) and yttrium(III) from an aqueous acidic solution was explored. The nano-MgO/Ca-alginate beads adsorbent was characterized before and after sorption of Nd(III) and Y(III) using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Batch sorption parameters were investigated, such as contact time, initial metal ion concentration, and adsorbent dose (V/m). The calculated experimental results showed that the suitable selected sorption conditions were carried out using 100 mg/L of Nd(III) and Y(III) with nano MgO/Ca-alginate beads (contact time = 90 min, pH = 2, V/m = 0.05 L/g). The maximum sorption capacity of 0.1 g of nano MgO/Ca-alginate was found to be 7.85 mg/g and 5.60 mg/g for Nd(III) and Y(III), respectively. The desorption of Nd(III) and Y(III) from the loaded nano MgO/Ca-alginate was achieved with 1.0 M sulfamic acid and found to be 51.0% and 44.2%, respectively. The calculated thermodynamic parameters for the nano MgO/Ca-alginate/Nd/Y system show that the positive charge of ΔHo confirmed the endothermic nature of the sorption process, ΔSo (positive) indicates an increase in reaction system disordering, and ΔGo (negative) indicates a spontaneous process. These kinetic results indicate that the sorption process of Nd(III) and Y(III) on nano MgO/Ca-alginate beads is performed by the chemisorption process.

Novel iodoquinazolinones bearing sulfonamide moiety as potential antioxidants and neuroprotectors

In a search for new antioxidants, a set of new iodoquinazolinone derivatives bearing benzenesulfonamide moiety and variable acetamide pharmacophores 5-17 were designed and synthesized. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed based on spectral data. Compounds 5-17 were screened using in vitro assay for their antioxidant potential and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity. The 2-(6-iodo-4-oxo-3-(4-sulfamoylphenyl)-3,4-dihydroquinazolin-2-ylthio)-N-(pyrazin-2-yl) acetamide 14 was the most active scaffold with potent AChE inhibitory activity. Compound 14 showed relative safety with a median lethal dose of 300 mg/kg (LD50 = 300 mg/kg), in an acute toxicity study. The possible antioxidant and neuroprotective activities of 14 were evaluated in irradiated mice. Compound 14 possessed in vivo AChE inhibitory activity and was able to modify the brain neurotransmitters. It was able to cause mitigation of gamma radiation-induced oxidative stress verified by the decline in Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and increase of glutathione (GSH) levels. Also, 14 restored the alterations in behavioral tests. Molecular docking of 14 was performed inside MPO and AChE active sites and showed the same binding interactions as that of the co-crystallized ligands considering the binding possibilities and energy scores. These findings would support that 14 could be considered a promising antioxidant with a neuromodulatory effect.

Dual anticancer activity of Aspergillus nidulans pigment and Ionizing γ-Radiation on human larynx carcinoma cell line

BACKGROUND

Fungi are a readily available source of naturally generated colored compounds. These compounds might be used as radiosensitizers for treating cancer cells.

METHODS

Aspergillus nidulans was examined for its color-producing ability in Potato dextrose agar (PDA) broth medium. The pigment was characterized by Ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer and Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). Pigment extracts from A. nidulans were studied for their cytotoxic effects on the growth of human larynx carcinoma cell line (HEp-2) with or without exposure to γ-radiation at three different doses (5, 10, and 15 Gy). A. nidulans pigment cytotoxic activity was tested against normal Vero cells. Cell apoptosis was studied using flow cytometry. Gene expression of P53, Caspase 3 and Bcl-2 were quantified.

RESULTS

Ultraviolet spectrum and GC/MS revealed the ability of Aspergillus nidulans to produce Rhodopin pigment. HEp-2 cells treated with A. nidulans pigment only give IC50 about 208 µg/ml. In contrast, when treated with the pigment +10 Gy γ-radiation, it give about 115 µg/ml. However, for normal cells, lower cytotoxic activity was detected. Treatment with pigment (208 g/mL) caused about 50% ± 1.0 total apoptosis level and gene expression of P53: 2.3 fold and Caspase 3: 1.84 fold in respect to untreated HEp-2), while Bcl-2 was decreased (Bcl-2: 0.63 fold in respect to untreated HEp-2). Furthermore, treated with pigment (115 µg/mL) + 10Gy caused about 47.41% ± 1.7 total apoptosis level and P53: 2.53 fold and Caspase 3: 2.0 fold in respect to untreated HEp-2, while Bcl-2 was downregulated (Bcl-2: 0.61 fold in respect to untreated HEp-2).

CONCLUSION

This study concluded that the anti-cancer activity of Aspergillus nidulans pigment was enhanced by ionizing radiation at 10 Gy, as well as its low cytotoxic activity against normal Vero cells.

Radiological assessment of different monazite grades after mechanical separation from black sand

In Egyptian black sands, monazite is a precious mineral characterized by its composition, which includes crucial constituents such as thorium, trace amounts of uranium, and rare earth elements. It is essential to evaluate and quantify the extent of gamma-ray exposure resulting from the presence of primordial radionuclides. This necessity arises from human activities that extract and retrieve raw materials in uranium and thorium mining operations. The current study focuses on the radiological assessment of Monazite raw material in various grades and calculates the associated hazard indices. A hyper pure Germanium detector (HPGe) determined the particular activity. For grade, 90% Monazite samples, the average activities for 232Th, 238U, and 40K were 348,008 ± 1406, 69,299 ± 2086, and 27,510 ± 245 Bq/kg, respectively. For grade 75% Monazite samples, the average activities were 219,000 ± 901, 55,000 ± 500, and 18,300 ± 86 Bq/kg, while for grade 50% Monazite samples, it was 43,294 ± 1549, 9593 ± 629, and 4000 ± 211 Bq/kg for the same element, respectively. Also, 138La's inherent radioactivity was taken into account. The computed effective and absorbed dosages exceed the worker's exempt limit of 20 mSv/y. The calculated hazard parameters are higher than the maximum recommended limits. Therefore, it is imperative to employ radiation safety measures to mitigate the potential hazards of ionizing radiation.

Novel VEGFR2 inhibitors with thiazoloquinoxaline scaffold targeting hepatocellular carcinoma with lower cardiotoxic impact

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a fatal tumor which is usually diagnosed at advanced stage. Molecular targeted drugs were used recently to treat HCC, however, due to serious side effects, mainly cardiotoxicity and emergence of resistance, there is demanding to explore new chemotherapeutics. 10 novel thiazoloquinoxaline derivatives coupled with different sulfonamide moieties 4(a-j) were designed and synthesized fulfilling pharmacophoric features of VEGFR-2 inhibition. Structures of all new compounds were verified via spectral and microanalytical data. After carrying in-vitro VEGFR-2 assay for compounds 4(a-j); sulfapyridine and sulfamethoxazole derivatives 4d and 4f showed potential inhibitory effect [61.04 and 83.35 nM], respectively, comparable to standard sorafenib [51.41 nM]. Both were then further evaluated for their cytocidal activity against HepG2 cell-line and against myocardium cells using H9C2 cell-line. As a result, only sulfapyridine derivative 4d exhibited a significant inhibition of HepG2 cells viability [IC50 = 4.31 μM]. Furthermore, it showed relatively lower cytotoxic impact against normal H9C2 myocardium cells [IC50, 33.47 μM] compared to that of sorafenib [IC50, 98.07 μM]. In-vivo study was carried out to determine myocardium safety of compound 4d on irradiated mice (8 Gy). In-vivo results of sulfapyridine derivative 4d showed normal cardiac enzyme function (CK) and serum catalase activity with significant reductions in LDH, cardiac TNF-α and caspase-9 levels, alongside with its efficacy in suppressing the expression of hepatic VEGF. In conclusion, sulfapyridine derivative 4d could be considered a promising candidate as VEGFR-2 inhibitor with less myocardium side effect.

Gamma rays-assisted bacterial synthesis of bimetallic silver-selenium nanoparticles: powerful antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, and photocatalytic activities

BACKGROUND

Bimetallic nanoparticles (BNPs) has drawn a lot of attention especially during the last couple of decades. A bimetallic nanoparticle stands for a combination of two different metals that exhibit several new and improved physicochemical properties. Therefore, the green synthesis and design of bimetallic nanoparticles is a field worth exploring.

METHODS

In this study, we present a green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), selenium (Se) NPs, and bimetallic Ag-Se NPs using Gamma irradiation and utilizing a bacterial filtrate of Bacillus paramycoides. Different Techniques such as UV-Vis., XRD, DLS, SEM, EDX, and HR-TEM, were employed for identifying the synthesized NPs. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of both the Ag/Se monometallic and bimetallic Ag-Se NPs were evaluated against some standard microbial strains including, Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC16404, Candida albicans ATCC10231, Alternaria alternate EUM108, Fusarium oxysporum EUM37, Escherichia coli ATCC11229, Bacillus cereus ATCC15442, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC13883, Bacillus subtilis ATCC15442, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC6538 as a model tested pathogenic microbes. The individual free radical scavenging potentials of the synthesized Ag NPs, Se NPs, and bimetallic Ag-Se NPs were determined using the DPPH radical scavenging assay. The degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye in the presence of the synthesized Ag NPs, Se NPs, and bimetallic Ag-Se NPs was used to assess their photocatalytic behavior.

RESULTS

According to the UV-Vis. spectrophotometer, the dose of 20.0 kGy that results in Ag NPs with the highest O.D. = 3.19 at 390 nm is the most effective dose. In a similar vein, the optimal dose for the synthesis of Se NPs was 15.0 kGy dose with O.D. = 1.74 at 460 nm. With a high O.D. of 2.79 at 395 nm, the most potent dose for the formation of bimetallic Ag-Se NPs is 15.0 kGy. The recorded MIC-values for Ag-Se NPs were 62.5 µg mL- 1, and the data clearly demonstrated that C. albicans was the organism that was most susceptible to the three types of NPs. The MIC value was 125 µg mL- 1 for both Ag NPs and Se NPs. In antibiofilm assay, 5 µg mL- 1 Ag-Se NPs inhibited C. albicans with a percentage of 90.88%, E. coli with a percentage of 90.70%, and S. aureus with a percentage of 90.62%. The synthesized NPs can be arranged as follows in decreasing order of antioxidant capacity as an antioxidant result: Ag-Se NPs > Se NPs > Ag NPs. The MB dye degradation in the presence of the synthesized Ag NPs, Se NPs, and bimetallic Ag-Se NPs was confirmed by the decrease in the measured absorbance (at 664 nm) after 20 min of exposure to sunlight.

CONCLUSION

Our study provides insight towards the synthesis of bimetallic NPs through green methodologies, to develop synergistic combinatorial antimicrobials with possible applications in the treatment of infectious diseases caused by clinically and industrial relevant drug-resistant strains.

Cocatalyst loaded Al-SrTiO3 cubes for Congo red dye photo-degradation under wide range of light

The continued pollution, waste, and unequal distribution of the limited amount of fresh water on earth are pushing the world into water scarcity crisis. Consequently, development of revolutionary, cost-effective, and efficient techniques for water purification is essential. Herein, molten flux method was used for the preparation of micro-sized Al-doped SrTiO₃ photocatalyst loaded with RhCr₂O₃ and CoOOH cocatalysts via simple impregnation method for the photo-assisted degradation of Congo red dye under UV and visible irradiation compared with P25 standard photocatalyst. In addition, photoelectrochemical analysis was conducted to reveal the separation and transfer efficiency of the photogenerated e^-/h⁺ pairs playing the key role in photocatalysis. SEM and TEM analyses revealed that both P25 and the pristine SrTiO₃ have spherical shapes, while Al-doped SrTiO₃ and the sample loaded with cocatalysts have cubic shapes with a relatively higher particle size reaching 145 nm. In addition, the lowest bandgap is due to Al⁺³ ion doping and excessive surface oxygen vacancies, as confirmed by both UV-Vis diffuse-reflectance and XPS analyses. The loading of the cocatalysts resulted in a change in the bandgap from n-type (pristine SrTiO₃ and Al-SrTiO₃) into p-type (cocatalyst loaded sample) as exhibited by Mott-Schottky plots. Besides, the cocatalyst-loaded sample exhibited good performance stability after 5 cycles of the photocatalytic removal of Congo red dye. OH^· radical was the primary species responsible for CR degradation as confirmed by experiments with radical scavengers. The observed performance of the prepared samples under both UV and visible light could foster the ongoing efforts towards more efficient photocatalysts for water purification.

Efficient adsorption of cesium cations and chromate anions by one-step process using surfactant-modified zeolite

Natural zeolite is organically modified with the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and employed as a dual-function material for simultaneous adsorption of Cs+ cations and HCrO4- anions from aqueous solutions. Unmodified and modified zeolites are characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that CTAB-zeolite had the efficiency to simultaneously adsorb the concerned species in the pH range 2.5-4.2. The kinetic data showed that 90 and 300 min for Cs(I) and Cr(VI), respectively, were sufficient to attain equilibrium and the data are well-fitted by the double-exponential kinetic model. Of the studied adsorption isotherm models, Redlich-Peterson was the best one for describing the equilibrium adsorption isotherms. Values of ∆H°, ∆S°, and ∆G° for the present adsorption processes are estimated. CTAB-zeolite exhibited adsorption capacities of 0.713 and 1.216 mmol/g for Cs(I) and Cr(VI), respectively, which are comparable with the data reported in the literature. The adsorption mechanism of the concerned (radio)toxicants is proposed.

Effect of replacing cottonseed meal with canola meal on growth performance, blood metabolites, thyroid function, and ruminal parameters of growing lambs

The objective was to clarify the impact of replacing cottonseed meal with canola meal (CM) on growth performance, blood metabolites, thyroxin function, and ruminal parameters of growing lambs. Twenty-four growing Barki male lambs (4-5 months of age) were assigned randomly into four equal groups (6 lambs each). Four dietary treatments were the control group with 0% CM (CON) and three experimental groups where CM replaced 25% (CN₁), 50% (CN₂), and 75% (CN₃) of cottonseed meal. There were no dietary effects (P > 0.05) on the lambs' feed intake, average daily gain, and feed conversion ratio of the lambs. The dietary CM linearly decreased the concentrations of serum total proteins (P = 0.003), albumin (P = 0.010), globulin (P = 0.011), AST (P = 0.041), and urea (P = 0.001) in growing lambs. The levels of ALT and creatinine, however, were not significantly affected by dietary treatments (P > 0.05). Furthermore, serum triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and electrolyte concentrations were similar (P > 0.05) in different dietary groups. Dietary treatments significantly affected the values of ruminal pH and ammonia at 0 h (P = 0.003 and 0.048, respectively) and 3 h (P = 0.033 and P = 0.006, respectively) postfeeding. The CN₃ group showed significantly higher concentrations of ruminal ammonia at 0 and 3 h postfeeding. Furthermore, dietary CM (CN₃) significantly reduced the ruminal pH values at 0 and 3 h postfeeding. Meanwhile, dietary treatments did not affect the concentration of total VFAs in the ruminal fluid. In conclusion, CM can replace the cottonseed meal (up to 75%) in lamb diets without compromising their growth performance, thyroid function, and ruminal fermentation parameters.

Exploring the perspectives of irradiated sodium alginate on molecular and physiological parameters of heavy metal stressed Vigna radiata L. plants

Heavy metal (HM) contamination causes severe detrimental effects on plant growth. Irradiated sodium alginate (ISA) has been proposed for enhancing the efficacy and selectivity of metal ion biosorption from plants under HM-toxicity. The present study has been planned to investigate the morphological, molecular, physiological, and regulation of transcript levels of defence mechanisms for alleviation of HM toxicity in Vigna radiata plants by irradiated sodium alginate (ISA). V. radiata L. plants were treated with T₀-water (control); T_Cd-CdCl₂ (100 μM); T_Pb-Pb(NO₃)₂ (500 μM); T_Fe-FeSO₄ (300 μM), and ISA solution at 75 mg/l as a foliar spray onto leaves. Our results suggested the positive impact of ISA for HM stress mitigation by V. radiata L. plants, through modulatory effects on molecular and physiological attributes. In our study, we evaluated the growth characteristics (plant height, leaf area, total fresh weight and grain weight), pigment contents, photosynthetic efficiency (¹⁴CO₂-fixation), enzyme activities (nitrate reductase, ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase/oxygenase, and carbonic anhydrases), and macronutrient contents (P, N, and K) in metal-stressed plants. All these attributes were found to be stimulated after ISA application. Also, ISA reduced the total malondialdehyde, free proline, and total phenol content in heavy metal-exposed plants. The transcriptional expression profiling was conducted by examining the expression levels of AtPDR12, AtATM3, AtPCR1, MPK4, MPK6, and AtPDR8 genes that inferred the ISA-mediated detoxification of HMs in V. radiata plants. The data in the present research clearly indicated that treatment with foliar sprays of ISA (75 mg/l) resulted in enhanced tolerance of V. radiata plants against different HM stresses.

Antitumor Activity of Chitosan-Coated Iron Oxide Nanocomposite Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Animal Models

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is among the most prevalent and lethal cancers worldwide. Chitosan-coated iron oxide nanocomposite (Fe₃O₄/Cs) is a promising bio-nanomaterial for many biological applications. The objective of this research was to evaluate the anticancer efficacy of Fe₃O₄/Cs against HCC in animal models. Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles were prepared and added to chitosan solution; then, the mixture was exposed to gamma radiation at a dose of 20 kGy. Rats have received diethylnitrosamine (DEN) orally at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight 5 times per week during a period of 10 weeks to induce HCC and then have received Fe₃O₄/Cs intraperitoneal injection at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight 3 times per week during a period of 4 weeks. After the last dose of Fe₃O₄/Cs administration, animals were sacrificed. DEN induced upregulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK (ERK, JNK, P38) signaling pathways and inflammatory markers (TLR4, iNOS, and TNF-α). DEN also decreases cleaved caspase-3 and increases liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and GGT) activities. Administration of Fe₃O₄/Cs significantly ameliorated the above-mentioned parameters.

Bacillus spizizenii DN and microbial consortia biostimulation followed by gamma irradiation for efficient textile wastewater treatment

Textile wastewater still poses a huge environmental problem due to its high water consumption and high effluent release that is full of toxic chemicals. In the present study, different approaches were studied to layout an operating procedure for textile wastewater treatment in order to obtain treated wastewater that is safe for non-potable uses. Our approach depended on (1) co-substrate to biostimulate indigenous microbial textile wastewater community by adding Tryptone Soy Broth (TSB) and TSB supplemented with 1% glucose, (2) co-culture (bioaugmentation) with Bacillus spizizenii DN cells (previously isolated, identified and characterized as efficient decolorizing bacteria), and (3) co-metabolites using Bacillus spizizenii DN metabolites. The obtained results show that using Bacillus spizizenii DN cells resulted in 97.78% decolorization while adding Bacillus spizizenii DN metabolites resulted in 82.92% decolorization, both after 48 h incubation under microaerophilic conditions. The phyla identified for all treatments were Bacteroidota, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. The dynamic changes in the bacteria showed that both Clostridium and Acinetobacter disappeared for co-substrate, co-culture, and co-metabolite cultures. While Alkalibacterium and Stenotrophomonas appeared after adding Bacillus spizizenii DN cells, Flavobacterium increased for co-substrate and co-metabolic cultures while iron reducing bacteria appeared only for co-metabolic cultures. The use of 25 kGy gamma irradiation as a sterilization dose post bioremediation ensured safe use of treated wastewater. This was confirmed by cytotoxicity assay; the obtained IC₅₀ tested on BJ fibroblasts obtained from skin showed that gamma irradiated treated wastewater are about 80.1% less toxic than non-irradiated treated wastewater. We conclude that (1) we can use combined bioaugmentation and biostimulation as initial steps for in situ bioremediation in collection tanks and that (2) the proposed protocol for bioremediation of industrial wastewater should be tailored based on the required application and level of safety needed for re-use.

Green synthesis of chitosan/erythritol/graphene oxide composites for simultaneous removal of some toxic species from simulated solution

In this study, chitosan (Ch) is adapted via green methodology including sonication induced crosslinking with different weight ratios of erythritol (Er) from (Ch-Er)1 to (Ch-Er)4. The products were casted in the form of thin films. The chemical modification was proved via FTIR spectroscopy. Then, the modified products were verified via an atomic force microscopy (AFM) investigation for their topography and surface properties. The data revealed that the optimized sample was (Ch-Er)3. This sample was further modified by different weight ratios of graphene oxide 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 wt./wt. (symbolized as (Ch-Er)3GO1, (Ch-Er)3GO2, (Ch-Er)3GO4, and (Ch-Er)3GO8 respectively). The prepared samples were investigated by different analytical tools. Then, the adjusted sample (Ch-Er)3GO2 was irradiated by electron beam (e-beam) at 10 and 20 kGy of irradiation doses to give samples (Ch-Er)3GO2R10 and (Ch-Er)3GO2R20, respectively. The AFM data of the irradiated samples showed that the pore size decreases, and surface roughness increases at higher energy e-beam due to the formation of more crosslinking points. The optimum samples of the prepared formulations were tested as sorbent materials for simultaneous elimination of methylene blue (MB) dye and mercury cation (Hg2+) from simulated solutions. The maximum removal of both MB dye and Hg2+ cation was achieved by (Ch-Er)3GO2R10 (186.23 mg g-1 and 205 mg g-1) respectively.

Response of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plant to bio-fertilizer and plant residues in sandy soil

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer has been intensively used to improve peanut productivity. However, the high cost of N fertilizer, and the need for sustainable alternative fertilizer sources have increased the strategic importance of nitrogen fixation (NF). Thus, field experiments were conducted in an experimental farm with a drip irrigation system, at the Atomic Energy Authority, Inshas, Egypt, in order to measure the impact of efficiency symbiotic Bradyrhizobium sp. and asymbiotic Azotobacter sp. on NF, from air and soil, in the presence or absence of plant residues on the growth and yield of peanut plant. All treatments received nitrogen fertilizer at a rate of 72 kg N per hectare. Nitrogen dose was applied using ammonium sulphate ¹⁵N labeled of 10% atom excess from the peanut. Results indicated that the application of Bradyrhizobium sp. with plant residues significantly increased fresh and dry weight/m², pod and seed weight/plant^-1,100- seed weight, and biological yield kg ha^-1, where the highest mean values of seed yield (4648 and 4529 kg ha^-1), oil % (52.29 and 52.21%), seed protein percentage (16.09 and 15.89%), as well as nitrogen derived from air (63.14 and 66.20%) in the first and second seasons were recorded under the application of Bradyrhizobium sp, respectively. Bradyrhizobium sp. inoculation showed nearly close portions of Ndfa to those recorded with Azotobacter sp., in both the presence and absence of plant residue application through the two seasons. The investigated yield signs and their properties were significantly enhanced by bacterial inoculation with plant residue application. The present study shows that both possibility of NF of peanut, and nitrogen uptake in the soil are enhanced by field inoculation with effective Bradyrhizobium sp. with plant residue application. In practice, inoculation is a great strategy to improve soil fertility for subsequent planting, since it helps boost the import of nitrogen from plant biomass into the soil.

Tracking anthropogenic nitrogen-compound sources of surface and groundwater in southwestern Nile Delta: hydrochemical, environmental isotopes, and modeling approach

This research aims to assign the specific and potential sources that control migration and transformation mechanisms of ammonium/nitrate contaminants of surface and groundwater systems in the southwestern Nile Delta, Egypt. To achieve that, an integration of hydrogeochemistry, multiple environmental stable isotopes (δ²H-H₂O, δ¹⁸O-H₂O, δ¹⁵N-NH₄, and δ¹⁵N-NO₃) coupled with three-dimensional nitrogen transport numerical model (MODFLOW-MT3D) was done. A set of representative water samples (20 canals and drainage water) and 14 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for physical, chemical, and stable isotope analysis. NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- concentrations in surface water samples varied from 0.29 to 124 mg/l and 0.52 to 39.67 mg/l, respectively. For groundwater samples, NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- concentrations varied from 0.21 to 1.75 mg/l and 0.33 to 32.8 mg/l, respectively. Total risk quotient (THQ) level of nitrate (oral and dermal effects) from drinking water exceeds unity for all water samples indicating a potential noncancer risk for the southwestern Nile Delta residents. The potential sources of nitrogen compound pollution are water from sewage treatment plants used for irrigation, sludge and animal manure, septic tanks, soil nitrogen, and artificial fertilizers according to results of δ¹⁵N values. Results of ammonium/nitrate modeling in shallow groundwater aquifers are compared with observed concentrations and are found to be in good agreement. Some recommendations are given to decrease nitrogen loads in the study area through suggested a need for adoption of N-fertilizer management practices and treatment of sewage water before to application in agricultural activities.

Chitosan-Encapsulated Nano-selenium Targeting TCF7L2, PPARγ, and CAPN10 Genes in Diabetic Rats

This study investigates the antidiabetic and antioxidant potential of chitosan-encapsulated selenium nanoparticles in streptozotocin-induced diabetic model. Glibenclamide was used as a reference antidiabetic drug. Forty-eight adult male Wistar rats were used along the study and divided equally into 6 groups of (I) normal control, (II) chitosan-encapsulated selenium nanoparticles (CTS-SeNPs), (III) glibenclamide, (IV) streptozotocin (STZ), (V) STZ + CTS-SeNPs, and (VI) STZ + Glib. The animals were sacrificed on the 35th day of the experiment. Serum glucose, insulin, IGF-1, ALT, AST, CK-MB, oxidative stress, lipid profile, and inflammatory parameters were subsequently assessed. Also, the expression level of TCF7L2, CAPN10, and PPAR-γ genes were evaluated using qPCR. In addition, histopathological studies on pancreatic tissue were carried out. The results revealed that STZ induced both diabetes and oxidative stress in normal rats, manifested by the significant changes in the studied parameters and in the physical structure of pancreatic tissue. Oral administration of CTS-SeNPs or Glib results in a significant amelioration of the levels of serum fasting blood glucose, insulin, IGF-1, AST, ATL, and CK-MB as compared with STZ-induced diabetic rats. CTS-SeNPs and Glib diminished the level of lipid peroxidation, increased total antioxidant capacity level, as well as possessed strong inhibition against serum α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Diabetic animals received CTS-SeNPs, or Glib demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the expression level of TCF7L2 and CAPN10 genes with a significant increase in the expression level of PPAR-γ gene, compared to STZ group. The above findings clarify the promising antidiabetic and antioxidant effect of CTS-SeNPs, recommending its inclusion in the currently used protocols for the treatment of diabetes and in the prevention of its related complications.

Post-irradiation physicochemical features of polymer composite for the removal of Co(II) and Nd(III) from aqueous solutions

The scientific impact of this work is the protection of the environment from hazardous pollutants. Gamma irradiation was employed for the preparation of a new composite polymer by irradiating a mixture containing polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), and tannic acid (TA) to produce PVP-HEMA-TA. The sorption efficiency and capacity of PVP-HEMA-TA were evaluated by studying some factors affecting the sorption of Nd(III) and Co(II) from aqueous solutions. The results demonstrated that the maximum uptake was 92.4 and 75.3% for Nd(III) and Co(II), respectively. From the kinetic studies, the pseudo-second-order equation could better fit the data than the pseudo-first-order for the sorption of both ions. The sorption isotherm investigations illustrated that the Langmuir equation fits the gained data better than Freundlich equation. The Langmuir capacity was 64.5 and 60.8 mg/g for neodymium and cobalt ions, respectively. The applicability of Langmuir equation is strong evidence that the process is limited by a chemisorption mechanism. Findings of the work highlight the potential utilization of PVP-HEMA-TA as an effective and recyclable material for the elimination of Nd(III) and Co(II) from the aqueous phase.

Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Selenium Nanoparticles Synergize with Low Dose of Gamma Radiation to Suppress Mammary Gland Carcinogenesis via Regulation of Tumor Microenvironment

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent and deadliest cancers among women in the world because of its aggressive behavior and inadequate response to conventional therapies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) combined with green nanomaterials could be an efficient tool in cell cancer therapy. This study examined the curative effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) with selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) coated with fermented soymilk and a low dose of gamma radiation (LDR) in DMBA-induced mammary gland carcinoma in female rats. DMBA-induced mammary gland carcinoma as marked by an elevation of mRNA level of cancer promoter genes (Serpin and MIF, LOX-1, and COL1A1) and serum level of VEGF, TNF-α, TGF-β, CA15-3, and caspase-3 with the reduction in mRNA level of suppressor gene (FST and ADRP). These deleterious effects were hampered after treatment with BM-MSCs (1 × 10⁶ cells/rat) once and daily administration of SeNPs (20 mg/kg body weight) and exposure once to (0.25 Gy) LDR. Finally, MSCs, SeNPs, and LDR notably modulated the expression of multiple tumor promoters and suppressor genes playing a role in breast cancer induction and suppression.