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Liu M, Yao A, Li Z, Zhang J, Ren C, Sun Y, Ma G, Sun Y, Cheng J. Properties of [ 18F]FAPI monitoring of acute radiation pneumonia versus [ 18F]FDG in mouse models. Ann Nucl Med 2024; 38:360-368. [PMID: 38407800 PMCID: PMC11016509 DOI: 10.1007/s12149-024-01903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, the uptake characteristics of [18F]fibroblast activation protein inhibitor (FAPI) molecular imaging probe were investigated in acute radiation pneumonia and lung cancer xenografted mice before and after radiation to assess the future applicability of [18F]FAPI positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) imaging in early radiotherapy response. METHODS Initially, the biodistribution of [18F]FAPI tracer in vivo were studied in healthy mice at each time-point. A comparison of [18F]FAPI and [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT imaging efficacy in normal ICR, LLC tumor-bearing mice was evaluated. A radiation pneumonia model was then investigated using a gamma counter, small animal PET/CT, and autoradiography. The uptake properties of [18F]FAPI in lung cancer and acute radiation pneumonia were investigated using autoradiography and PET/CT imaging in mice. RESULTS The tumor area was visible in [18F]FAPI imaging and the tracer was swiftly eliminated from normal tissues and organs. There was a significant increase of [18F]FDG absorption in lung tissue after radiotherapy compared to before radiotherapy, but no significant difference of [18F]FAPI uptake under the same condition. Furthermore, both the LLC tumor volume and the expression of FAP-ɑ decreased after thorax irradiation. Correspondingly, there was no notable [18F]FAPI uptake after irradiation, but there was an increase of [18F]FDG uptake in malignancies and lungs. CONCLUSIONS The background uptake of [18F]FAPI is negligible. Moreover, the uptake of [18F]FAPI may not be affected by acute radiation pneumonitis compared to [18F]FDG, which may be used to more accurately evaluate early radiotherapy response of lung cancer with acute radiation pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201321, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, 201321, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong Province, China
| | - An Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, 201321, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, 201321, China
| | - Zili Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, 201321, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, 201321, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201321, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, 201321, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China
| | - Caiyue Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, 201321, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, 201321, China
| | - Yuyun Sun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201321, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, 201321, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China
| | - Guang Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201321, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, 201321, China
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China
| | - Yun Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, 201321, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Shanghai, 201321, China.
| | - Jingyi Cheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Cancer Hospital, Shanghai, 201321, China.
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology (20dz2261000), Shanghai, 201321, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Proton and Heavy Ion Radiation Therapy, Shanghai, 201321, China.
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Taylor E, Létourneau D. How quickly does FLASH need to be delivered? A theoretical study of radiolytic oxygen depletion kinetics in tissues. Phys Med Biol 2024. [PMID: 38608644 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/ad3e5e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation delivered over ultra-short timescales ("FLASH" radiotherapy) leads to a reduction in normal tissue toxicities for a range of tissues in the preclinical setting. Experiments have shown this reduction occurs for total delivery times less than a "critical" time that varies by two orders of magnitude between brain (∽0.3 s) and skin (≳ 10 s), and three orders of magnitude across different bowel experiments, from ∽0.01 s to ≳ (1-10) s. Understanding the factors responsible for this broad variation may be important for translation of FLASH into the clinic and understanding the mechanisms behind FLASH.
Methods. Assuming radiolytic oxygen depletion (ROD) to be the primary driver of FLASH effects, oxygen diffusion, consumption, and ROD were evaluated numerically for simulated tissues with pseudorandom vasculatures for a range of radiation delivery times, capillary densities, and oxygen consumption rates (OCR's). The resulting time-dependent oxygen partial pressure distribution histograms were used to estimate cell survival in these tissues using the linear quadratic model, modified to incorporate oxygen-enhancement ratio effects.
Results. Independent of the capillary density, there was a substantial increase in predicted cell survival when the total delivery time was less than the capillary oxygen tension (mmHg) divided by the OCR (expressed in units of mmHg/s), setting the critical delivery time for FLASH in simulated tissues. Using literature OCR values for different normal tissues, the predicted range of critical delivery times agreed well with experimental values for skin and brain and, modifying our model to allow for fluctuating perfusion, bowel.
Conclusions. The broad three-orders-of-magnitude variation in critical FLASH radiation delivery times observed in vivo can be accounted for by the ROD hypothesis and differences in the oxygen consumption rate amongst simulated normal tissues. Characterization of these may help guide future experiments and open the door to optimized tissue-specific clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Taylor
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, 149 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A1, CANADA
| | - Daniel Létourneau
- Princess Margaret Hospital Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, CANADA
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Abdel-Moghies AH, El-Sehrawy MH, Zakaria AE, Fahmy SM. In vivo application of potent probiotics for enhancing potato growth and controlling Ralstonia solanacearum and Fusarium oxysporum infections. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2024; 117:33. [PMID: 38334837 PMCID: PMC10858073 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-024-01928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Plant probiotics are live microbial cells or cultures that support plant growth and control plant pathogens through different mechanisms. They have various effects on plants, including plant growth promotion through the production of indole acetic acid (IAA), biological control activity (BCA), and production of cellulase enzymes, thus inducing systemic resistance and increasing the availability of mineral elements. The present work aimed to study the potential of Achromobacter marplatensis and Bacillus velezensis as plant probiotics for the field cultivation of potatoes. In vitro studies have demonstrated the ability of selected probiotics to produce IAA and cellulase, as well as antimicrobial activity against two plant pathogens that infect Solanum tuberosum as Fusarium oxysporum and Ralstonia solanacearum under different conditions at a broad range of different temperatures and pH values. In vivo study of the effects of the probiotics A. marplatensis and B. velezensis on S. tuberosum plants grown in sandy clay loamy soil was detected after cultivation for 90 days. Probiotic isolates A. marplatensis and B. velezensis were able to tolerate ultraviolet radiation (UV) exposure for up to two hours, the dose response curve exhibited that the D10 values of A. marplatensis and B. velezensis were 28 and 16 respectively. In the case of loading both probiotics with broth, the shoot dry weight was increased significantly from 28 in the control to 50 g, shoot length increased from 24 to 45.7 cm, branches numbers increased from 40 to 70 branch, leaves number increased from 99 to 130 leaf, root dry weight increased from 9.3 to 12.9 g, root length increased from 24 to 35.7 cm, tuber weight increased from 15 to 37.0 g and tubers number increased from 9 to 24.4 tuber, the rot percentage was reduced to 0%. The addition of both probiotic isolates, either broth or wheat grains load separately has enhanced all the growth parameters; however, better results and increased production were in favor of adding probiotics with broth more than wheat. On the other hand, both probiotics showed a remarkable protective effect against potato pathogens separately and reduced the negative impact of the infection using them together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Hamdy Abdel-Moghies
- Radiation Microbiology Department, National Center for Research and Radiation Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | - Abeer Emam Zakaria
- Radiation Microbiology Department, National Center for Research and Radiation Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Mohamed Fahmy
- Radiation Microbiology Department, National Center for Research and Radiation Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Duraes LC, Kalady MF, Liska D, Gorgun E, Kessler H, Otero-Pineiro A, Steele SR, Valente MA. Word of caution: Rectal cancer without response to neoadjuvant treatment - Do not wait for surgery. Am J Surg 2023; 226:548-552. [PMID: 37032235 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2023.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We hypothesized that prolonging the interval to surgery in non-responders to neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (nCRT) could lead to worse oncologic outcomes. METHODS Rectal adenocarcinoma patients with poor tumor response to nCRT (AJCC tumor regression grade 3) were selected. Oncologic outcomes were evaluated according to the time interval between completion of nCRT and surgery. RESULTS Among 56 non-responders, 28 patients surgically treated ≥8 weeks after completion of nCRT had worse disease-free survival (31% vs. 49%, p = 0.05) and worse overall survival (34% vs. 53%, p = 0.02) compared to patients <8 weeks. Using the three different intervals (≥12 weeks, 6-12 weeks, and< 6 weeks), waiting longer was consistently associated with worse overall (23% vs. 48% vs. 63%, p = 0.02) and worse cancer-specific survival (35% vs. 61% vs. 71%, p = 0.04), respectively. CONCLUSION For rectal cancer patients who are non-responders to nCRT, delay of surgery may lead to worse oncologic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo C Duraes
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Matthew F Kalady
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David Liska
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Emre Gorgun
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hermann Kessler
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ana Otero-Pineiro
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Scott R Steele
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael A Valente
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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Grandt CL, Brackmann LK, Foraita R, Schwarz H, Hummel-Bartenschlager W, Hankeln T, Kraemer C, Zahnreich S, Drees P, Mirsch J, Spix C, Blettner M, Schmidberger H, Binder H, Hess M, Galetzka D, Marini F, Poplawski A, Marron M. Gene expression variability in long-term survivors of childhood cancer and cancer-free controls in response to ionizing irradiation. Mol Med 2023; 29:41. [PMID: 36997855 PMCID: PMC10061869 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-023-00629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differential expression analysis is usually adjusted for variation. However, most studies that examined the expression variability (EV) have used computations affected by low expression levels and did not examine healthy tissue. This study aims to calculate and characterize an unbiased EV in primary fibroblasts of childhood cancer survivors and cancer-free controls (N0) in response to ionizing radiation. METHODS Human skin fibroblasts of 52 donors with a first primary neoplasm in childhood (N1), 52 donors with at least one second primary neoplasm (N2 +), as well as 52 N0 were obtained from the KiKme case-control study and exposed to a high (2 Gray) and a low dose (0.05 Gray) of X-rays and sham- irradiation (0 Gray). Genes were then classified as hypo-, non-, or hyper-variable per donor group and radiation treatment, and then examined for over-represented functional signatures. RESULTS We found 22 genes with considerable EV differences between donor groups, of which 11 genes were associated with response to ionizing radiation, stress, and DNA repair. The largest number of genes exclusive to one donor group and variability classification combination were all detected in N0: hypo-variable genes after 0 Gray (n = 49), 0.05 Gray (n = 41), and 2 Gray (n = 38), as well as hyper-variable genes after any dose (n = 43). While after 2 Gray positive regulation of cell cycle was hypo-variable in N0, (regulation of) fibroblast proliferation was over-represented in hyper-variable genes of N1 and N2+. In N2+, 30 genes were uniquely classified as hyper-variable after the low dose and were associated with the ERK1/ERK2 cascade. For N1, no exclusive gene sets with functions related to the radiation response were detected in our data. CONCLUSION N2+ showed high degrees of variability in pathways for the cell fate decision after genotoxic insults that may lead to the transfer and multiplication of DNA-damage via proliferation, where apoptosis and removal of the damaged genome would have been appropriate. Such a deficiency could potentially lead to a higher vulnerability towards side effects of exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation, but following low-dose applications employed in diagnostics, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caine Lucas Grandt
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
- Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Lara Kim Brackmann
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Ronja Foraita
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Heike Schwarz
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Hankeln
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Molecular Genetics and Genome Analysis, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christiane Kraemer
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Molecular Genetics and Genome Analysis, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zahnreich
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Therapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Drees
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johanna Mirsch
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Claudia Spix
- Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, German Childhood Cancer Registry, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria Blettner
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), Center of the Johannes, University Medical, Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz Schmidberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Therapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Hess
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Danuta Galetzka
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Therapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), Center of the Johannes, University Medical, Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alicia Poplawski
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), Center of the Johannes, University Medical, Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manuela Marron
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology-BIPS, Achterstr. 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany
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Grandt CL, Brackmann LK, Poplawski A, Schwarz H, Hummel-Bartenschlager W, Hankeln T, Kraemer C, Marini F, Zahnreich S, Schmitt I, Drees P, Mirsch J, Grabow D, Schmidberger H, Binder H, Hess M, Galetzka D, Marron M. Radiation-response in primary fibroblasts of long-term survivors of childhood cancer with and without second primary neoplasms: the KiKme study. Mol Med 2022; 28:105. [PMID: 36068491 PMCID: PMC9450413 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The etiology and most risk factors for a sporadic first primary neoplasm in childhood or subsequent second primary neoplasms are still unknown. One established causal factor for therapy-associated second primary neoplasms is the exposure to ionizing radiation during radiation therapy as a mainstay of cancer treatment. Second primary neoplasms occur in 8% of all cancer survivors within 30 years after the first diagnosis in Germany, but the underlying factors for intrinsic susceptibilities have not yet been clarified. Thus, the purpose of this nested case–control study was the investigation and comparison of gene expression and affected pathways in primary fibroblasts of childhood cancer survivors with a first primary neoplasm only or with at least one subsequent second primary neoplasm, and controls without neoplasms after exposure to a low and a high dose of ionizing radiation. Methods Primary fibroblasts were obtained from skin biopsies from 52 adult donors with a first primary neoplasm in childhood (N1), 52 with at least one additional primary neoplasm (N2+), as well as 52 without cancer (N0) from the KiKme study. Cultured fibroblasts were exposed to a high [2 Gray (Gy)] and a low dose (0.05 Gy) of X-rays. Messenger ribonucleic acid was extracted 4 h after exposure and Illumina-sequenced. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were computed using limma for R, selected at a false discovery rate level of 0.05, and further analyzed for pathway enrichment (right-tailed Fisher’s Exact Test) and (in-) activation (z ≥|2|) using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Results After 0.05 Gy, least DEGs were found in N0 (n = 236), compared to N1 (n = 653) and N2+ (n = 694). The top DEGs with regard to the adjusted p-value were upregulated in fibroblasts across all donor groups (SESN1, MDM2, CDKN1A, TIGAR, BTG2, BLOC1S2, PPM1D, PHLDB3, FBXO22, AEN, TRIAP1, and POLH). Here, we observed activation of p53 Signaling in N0 and to a lesser extent in N1, but not in N2+. Only in N0, DNA (excision-) repair (involved genes: CDKN1A, PPM1D, and DDB2) was predicted to be a downstream function, while molecular networks in N2+ were associated with cancer, as well as injury and abnormalities (among others, downregulation of MSH6, CCNE2, and CHUK). After 2 Gy, the number of DEGs was similar in fibroblasts of all donor groups and genes with the highest absolute log2 fold-change were upregulated throughout (CDKN1A, TIGAR, HSPA4L, MDM2, BLOC1SD2, PPM1D, SESN1, BTG2, FBXO22, PCNA, and TRIAP1). Here, the p53 Signaling-Pathway was activated in fibroblasts of all donor groups. The Mitotic Roles of Polo Like Kinase-Pathway was inactivated in N1 and N2+. Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer were affected in fibroblasts of all donor groups. P53 was predicted to be an upstream regulator in fibroblasts of all donor groups and E2F1 in N1 and N2+. Results of the downstream analysis were senescence in N0 and N2+, transformation of cells in N0, and no significant effects in N1. Seven genes were differentially expressed in reaction to 2 Gy dependent on the donor group (LINC00601, COBLL1, SESN2, BIN3, TNFRSF10A, EEF1AKNMT, and BTG2). Conclusion Our results show dose-dependent differences in the radiation response between N1/N2+ and N0. While mechanisms against genotoxic stress were activated to the same extent after a high dose in all groups, the radiation response was impaired after a low dose in N1/N2+, suggesting an increased risk for adverse effects including carcinogenesis, particularly in N2+. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s10020-022-00520-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caine Lucas Grandt
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, BIPS, Achterstraße 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany.,Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Lara Kim Brackmann
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, BIPS, Achterstraße 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alicia Poplawski
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heike Schwarz
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, BIPS, Achterstraße 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Hankeln
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Molecular Genetics and Genome Analysis, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christiane Kraemer
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Molecular Genetics and Genome Analysis, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Federico Marini
- Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zahnreich
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Therapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Iris Schmitt
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Therapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp Drees
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johanna Mirsch
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Desiree Grabow
- Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, German Childhood Cancer Registry, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Heinz Schmidberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Therapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harald Binder
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Moritz Hess
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Danuta Galetzka
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Radiation Therapy, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Manuela Marron
- Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology, BIPS, Achterstraße 30, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
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Petrović N, Stanojković TP, Nikitović M. MicroRNAs in prostate cancer following radiotherapy: Towards predicting response to radiation treatment. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:1543-1560. [PMID: 34348602 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210804085135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequently diagnosed male cancer worldwide. Early diagnosis of PCa, response to therapy and prognosis still represent a challenge. Nearly 60% of PCa patients undergo radiation therapy (RT) which might cause side effects. In spite of numerous researches in this field, predictive biomarkers for radiation toxicity are still not elucidated. MicroRNAs as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression are shown to be changed during and after irradiation. Manipulation with miRNA levels might be used to modulate response to RT-to reverse radioresistance-to induce radiosensitivity, or if needed, to reduce sensitivity to treatment to avoid side effects. In this review we have listed and described miRNAs involved in response to RT in PCa, and highlighted potential candidates for future biological tests predicting radiation response to RT, with the special focus on side effects of RT. Individual radiation response is a result of the interactions between physical characteristics of radiation treatment and biological background of each patient, and miRNA expression changes among others. According to described literature we concluded that let-7, miR-21, miR-34a, miR-146a, miR-155, and members of miR-17/92 cluster might be promising candidates for biological tests predicting radiosensitivity of PCa patients undergoing radiation treatment, and as future agents for modulation of radiation response. Predictive miRNA panels, especially for acute and late side effects of RT can serve as a starting point for decisions for individualized RT planning. We believe that this review might be one step closer to understanding molecular mechanisms underlying individual radiation response of patients with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Petrović
- Laboratory for Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, Department of Health and Environment, "VINČA" Institute of Nuclear Sciences-National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Mike Petrovića Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade. Serbia
| | - Tatjana P Stanojković
- Department for Experimental Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade. Serbia
| | - Marina Nikitović
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Institute for Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade. Serbia
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Jelonek K, Krzywon A, Papaj K, Polanowski P, Szczepanik K, Skladowski K, Widlak P. Dose-dependence of radiotherapy-induced changes in serum levels of choline-containing phospholipids; the importance of lower doses delivered to large volumes of normal tissues. Strahlenther Onkol 2021; 197:926-934. [PMID: 34185114 PMCID: PMC8458179 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-021-01802-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conformal radiotherapy is a primary treatment in head and neck cancer, which putative adverse effects depend on relatively low doses of radiation delivered to increased volumes of normal tissues. Systemic effects of such treatment include radiation-induced changes in serum lipid profile, yet dose- and volume-dependence of these changes remain to be established. METHODS Here we analyzed levels of choline-containing phospholipids in serum samples collected consecutively during the radiotherapy used as the only treatment modality. The liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) approach applied in the study enabled the detection and quantitation of 151 phospholipids, including (lyso)phosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins. RESULTS No statistically significant differences were found in the pretreatment samples from patients with different locations and stages of cancer. To compensate for potential differences between schemes of radiotherapy, the biologically effective doses were calculated and used in the search of correlations with specific lipid levels. We found that the levels of several phospholipids depended on the maximum dose delivered to the gross tumor volume and total radiation energy absorbed by the patient's body. Increased doses correlated with increased levels of sphingomyelins and reduced levels of phosphatidylcholines. Furthermore, we observed several phospholipids whose serum levels correlated with the degree of acute radiation toxicity. CONCLUSION Noteworthy, serum phospholipid levels were associated mainly with volumes of normal tissues irradiated with relatively low doses (i.e., total accumulated dose 20 Gy), which indicated the importance of such effects on the systemic response of the patient's organism to intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Jelonek
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Krzywon
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Papaj
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Pawel Polanowski
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Szczepanik
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skladowski
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Piotr Widlak
- Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Wybrzeze Armii Krajowej 15, 44-102, Gliwice, Poland
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9
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Kim W, Lee S, Seo D, Kim D, Kim K, Kim E, Kang J, Seong KM, Youn H, Youn B. Cellular Stress Responses in Radiotherapy. Cells 2019; 8:E1105. [PMID: 31540530 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the major cancer treatment strategies. Exposure to penetrating radiation causes cellular stress, directly or indirectly, due to the generation of reactive oxygen species, DNA damage, and subcellular organelle damage and autophagy. These radiation-induced damage responses cooperatively contribute to cancer cell death, but paradoxically, radiotherapy also causes the activation of damage-repair and survival signaling to alleviate radiation-induced cytotoxic effects in a small percentage of cancer cells, and these activations are responsible for tumor radio-resistance. The present study describes the molecular mechanisms responsible for radiation-induced cellular stress response and radioresistance, and the therapeutic approaches used to overcome radioresistance.
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10
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Zyla J, Kabacik S, O'Brien G, Wakil S, Al-Harbi N, Kaprio J, Badie C, Polanska J, Alsbeih G. Combining CDKN1A gene expression and genome-wide SNPs in a twin cohort to gain insight into the heritability of individual radiosensitivity. Funct Integr Genomics 2019; 19:575-585. [PMID: 30706161 PMCID: PMC6570669 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-019-00658-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Individual variability in response to radiation exposure is recognised and has often been reported as important in treatment planning. Despite many efforts to identify biomarkers allowing the identification of radiation sensitive patients, it is not yet possible to distinguish them with certainty before the beginning of the radiotherapy treatment. A comprehensive analysis of genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a transcriptional response to ionising radiation exposure in twins have the potential to identify such an individual. In the present work, we investigated SNP profile and CDKN1A gene expression in blood T lymphocytes from 130 healthy Caucasians with a complex level of individual kinship (unrelated, mono- or dizygotic twins). It was found that genetic variation accounts for 66% (95% CI 37-82%) of CDKN1A transcriptional response to radiation exposure. We developed a novel integrative multi-kinship strategy allowing investigating the role of genome-wide polymorphisms in transcriptomic radiation response, and it revealed that rs205543 (ETV6 gene), rs2287505 and rs1263612 (KLF7 gene) are significantly associated with CDKN1A expression level. The functional analysis revealed that rs6974232 (RPA3 gene), involved in mismatch repair (p value = 9.68e-04) as well as in RNA repair (p value = 1.4e-03) might have an important role in that process. Two missense polymorphisms with possible deleterious effect in humans were identified: rs1133833 (AKIP1 gene) and rs17362588 (CCDC141 gene). In summary, the data presented here support the validity of this novel integrative data analysis strategy to provide insights into the identification of SNPs potentially influencing radiation sensitivity. Further investigations in radiation response research at the genomic level should be therefore continued to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zyla
- Data Mining Division, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronic and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kabacik
- Cellular Biology Group, Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Grainne O'Brien
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Salma Wakil
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Najla Al-Harbi
- Radiation Biology Section, Biomedical Physics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Department of Public Health and Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, 00140, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christophe Badie
- Cancer Mechanisms and Biomarkers Group, Radiation Effects Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Didcot, OX11 0RQ, UK
| | - Joanna Polanska
- Data Mining Division, Faculty of Automatic Control, Electronic and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 16, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Ghazi Alsbeih
- Radiation Biology Section, Biomedical Physics Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, 11211, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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11
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Szołtysek K, Janus P, Zając G, Stokowy T, Walaszczyk A, Widłak W, Wojtaś B, Gielniewski B, Cockell S, Perkins ND, Kimmel M, Widlak P. RRAD, IL4I1, CDKN1A, and SERPINE1 genes are potentially co-regulated by NF-κB and p53 transcription factors in cells exposed to high doses of ionizing radiation. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:813. [PMID: 30419821 PMCID: PMC6233266 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5211-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cellular response to ionizing radiation involves activation of p53-dependent pathways and activation of the atypical NF-κB pathway. The crosstalk between these two transcriptional networks include (co)regulation of common gene targets. Here we looked for novel genes potentially (co)regulated by p53 and NF-κB using integrative genomics screening in human osteosarcoma U2-OS cells irradiated with a high dose (4 and 10 Gy). Radiation-induced expression in cells with silenced TP53 or RELA (coding the p65 NF-κB subunit) genes was analyzed by RNA-Seq while radiation-enhanced binding of p53 and RelA in putative regulatory regions was analyzed by ChIP-Seq, then selected candidates were validated by qPCR. RESULTS We identified a subset of radiation-modulated genes whose expression was affected by silencing of both TP53 and RELA, and a subset of radiation-upregulated genes where radiation stimulated binding of both p53 and RelA. For three genes, namely IL4I1, SERPINE1, and CDKN1A, an antagonistic effect of the TP53 and RELA silencing was consistent with radiation-enhanced binding of both p53 and RelA. This suggested the possibility of a direct antagonistic (co)regulation by both factors: activation by NF-κB and inhibition by p53 of IL4I1, and activation by p53 and inhibition by NF-κB of CDKN1A and SERPINE1. On the other hand, radiation-enhanced binding of both p53 and RelA was observed in a putative regulatory region of the RRAD gene whose expression was downregulated both by TP53 and RELA silencing, which suggested a possibility of direct (co)activation by both factors. CONCLUSIONS Four new candidates for genes directly co-regulated by NF-κB and p53 were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Szołtysek
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute – Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Patryk Janus
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute – Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Gracjana Zając
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute – Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomasz Stokowy
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anna Walaszczyk
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute – Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Wiesława Widłak
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute – Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Bartosz Wojtaś
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Simon Cockell
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Neil D. Perkins
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - Piotr Widlak
- Maria Skłodowska-Curie Institute – Oncology Center, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland
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12
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Li W, Liu Y, Yang W, Han X, Li S, Liu H, Gerweck LE, Fukumura D, Loeffler JS, Yang BB, Jain RK, Huang P. MicroRNA-378 enhances radiation response in ectopic and orthotopic implantation models of glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2017; 136:63-71. [PMID: 29081036 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2646-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and highly malignant primary brain tumor, which is virtually incurable due to its therapeutic resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. To develop novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of GBM, we examined the role of miR-378 on tumor growth, angiogenesis, and radiation response in ectopic and orthotopic U87 glioblastoma models. Cell and tumor growth rates, in vitro and in vivo radiation sensitivities, and tumor vascular density were evaluated in U87-GFP and U87-miR-378 tumor lines. Ectopic tumor response to radiation was evaluated under normal blood flow and clamp hypoxic conditions. Results show that in vitro, miR-378 expression moderately increased cell growth rate and plating efficiency, but did not alter radiation sensitivity. U87-miR-378 tumors exhibited a higher transplantation take rate than U87-GFP tumors. In vivo, under oxygenated condition, subcutaneous U87-miR-378 tumors receiving 25 Gy showed a tendency for longer tumor growth delay (TGD) than control U87-GFP tumors. In contrast, under hypoxic condition, U87-miR-378 xenografts exhibited substantially shorter TGD than U87-GFP tumors, indicating that under normal blood flow conditions, U87-miR-378 tumors were substantially more oxygenated than U87-GFP tumors. Intracranial multi-photon laser-scanning microscopy demonstrated increased vascular density of U87-miR-378 versus control U87-GFP tumors. Finally, miR-378 increased TGD following 12 Gy irradiation in U87 intracranial xenografts, and significantly prolonged survival of U87-miR-378 tumor-bearing mice (P = 0.04). In conclusion, higher miR-378 expression in U87-miR-378 cells promotes tumor growth, angiogenesis, radiation-induced TGD, and prolongs survival of orthotopic tumor-bearing hosts. Regulation of VEGFR2 by miR-378 significantly increased vascular density and oxygenation in U87 xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wende Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Cox-7, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animal Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou, 510663, China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Cox-7, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Weining Yang
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Xiaoxing Han
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Cox-7, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sen Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Cox-7, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.,Department of Spinal Surgery, The Hospital (T.C.M) Affiliated to Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Cox-7, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Leo E Gerweck
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Cox-7, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Dai Fukumura
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Cox-7, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jay S Loeffler
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Cox-7, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Burton B Yang
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Rakesh K Jain
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Cox-7, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Peigen Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom Street, Cox-7, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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13
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Leung E, Cairns RA, Chaudary N, Vellanki RN, Kalliomaki T, Moriyama EH, Mujcic H, Wilson BC, Wouters BG, Hill R, Milosevic M. Metabolic targeting of HIF-dependent glycolysis reduces lactate, increases oxygen consumption and enhances response to high-dose single-fraction radiotherapy in hypoxic solid tumors. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:418. [PMID: 28619042 PMCID: PMC5473006 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3402-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A high rate of glycolysis leading to elevated lactate content has been linked to poor clinical outcomes in patients with head and neck and cervical cancer treated with radiotherapy. Although the biological explanation for this relationship between lactate and treatment response remains unclear, there is a continued interest in evaluating strategies of targeting metabolism to enhance the effectiveness of radiotherapy. The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of metabolic-targeting through HIF-1α inhibition and the associated changes in glycolysis, oxygen consumption and response on the efficacy of high-dose single-fraction radiotherapy (HD-SFRT). Methods HIF-1α wild-type and HIF-1α knockdown FaDu and ME180 xenograft tumors were grown in the hind leg of mice that were placed in an environmental chamber and exposed to different oxygen conditions (air-breathing and hypoxia). Ex vivo bioluminescence microscopy was used to measure lactate and ATP levels and the hypoxic fraction was measured using EF5 immunohistochemical staining. The oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in each cell line in response to in vitro hypoxia was measured using an extracellular flux analyzer. Tumor growth delay in vivo was measured following HD-SFRT irradiation of 20 Gy. Results Targeting HIF-1α reduced lactate content, and increased both oxygen consumption and hypoxic fraction in these tumors after exposure to short-term continuous hypoxia. Tumors with intact HIF-1α subjected to HD-SFRT immediately following hypoxia exposure were less responsive to treatment than tumors without functional HIF-1α, and tumors irradiated under air breathing conditions regardless of HIF-1α status. Conclusions Blocking the HIF1 response during transient hypoxic stress increased hypoxia, reduced lactate levels and enhanced response to HD-SFRT. This strategy of combining hypofractionated radiotherapy with metabolic reprogramming to inhibit anaerobic metabolism may increase the efficacy of HD-SFRT through increased oxygen consumption and complementary killing of radiosensitive and hypoxic, radioresistant cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3402-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Leung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre and Odette Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Rob A Cairns
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Naz Chaudary
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ravi N Vellanki
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tuula Kalliomaki
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eduardo H Moriyama
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hilda Mujcic
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brian C Wilson
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bradly G Wouters
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Richard Hill
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Michael Milosevic
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, Canada. .,Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada. .,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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14
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Miller RC, Murley JS, Rademaker AW, Woloschak GE, Li JJ, Weichselbaum RR, Grdina DJ. Very low doses of ionizing radiation and redox associated modifiers affect survivin-associated changes in radiation sensitivity. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:110-119. [PMID: 27427516 PMCID: PMC6764831 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of cells to a dose of ionizing radiation as low as 5mGy can induce changes in radiation sensitivity expressed by cells exposed to subsequent higher doses at later times. This is referred to as an adaptive effect. We describe a unique survivin-associated adaptive response in which increased radiation resistance or sensitization of cells can be induced by exposure to 5mGy or to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating drug Emodin (1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone), a naturally occurring anthraquinone. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of ROS generating processes in affecting both the intracellular localization of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin and its subsequent effect on radiation response in the presence or absence of the anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Experiments were performed using two well characterized murine sarcomas: SA-NH p53 wild-type (WT) and FSa p53 mutant (Mut), grown either in culture or as solid tumors in the right hind legs of C3H mice. Doses of 5mGy or 50μM Emodin were used to induce changes in the response of these tumor cells to higher radiation exposures using a multi-dosing paradigm. Effects on radiation sensitivity were determined for SA-NH and FSa cells as a function of survivin translocation either to the cytoplasm or nucleus in the presence or absence of 10mM NAC treatment. In vitro survival assays (2Gy per fraction, two once daily fractions) and tumor growth delay (TGD) (5Gy per fraction, five once daily fractions) studies were performed. Intracellular localization of survivin was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and correlated to survival response and treatment conditions. 2Gy alone had no effect on intracellular translocation of survivin. When preceded 15min earlier by 5mGy or Emodin exposures, survivin became elevated in the cytoplasm of p53 WT SA-NH as compared to the nuclei of p53 Mut FSa cells. SA-NH cells transfected with p53 small interfering RNA (siRNA), in contrast, responded similarly to p53 Mut FSa cells by becoming more radiation sensitive if exposed to 5mGy prior to each 2Gy irradiation. In contrast to their respective responses to five once daily 5Gy fractions, SA-NH tumors were protected by 5mGy exposures administered 15min prior to each daily 5Gy dose as evidenced by a more rapid growth (1.9 day decrease in TGD, P=0.032), while FSa tumors were sensitized, growing at a much slower rate (4.5 day increase in TGD, P<0.001). Exposure of SA-NH and FSa tumor cells to 10mM NAC inhibited the ability of 5mGy and Emodin to induce intracellular translocation of survivin and the corresponding altered adaptive survival response. The survivin-associated adaptive response can be induced following a multi-dosing scheme in which very low radiation doses are followed shortly thereafter by higher doses consistent with a standard image guided radiotherapy protocol that is currently widely used in the treatment of cancer. While induced by exposure to ROS generating stresses, the ultimate expression of changes in radiation response is dependent upon the bi-functionality of the tumor associated protein survivin and its intracellular translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C Miller
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Murley
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Alfred W Rademaker
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gayle E Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jian Jian Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Ralph R Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David J Grdina
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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15
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Bodgi L, Foray N. The nucleo-shuttling of the ATM protein as a basis for a novel theory of radiation response: resolution of the linear-quadratic model. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:117-31. [PMID: 26907628 DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2016.1135260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE For 50 years, cellular radiosensitivity has been defined in vitro as the lack of clonogenic capacity of irradiated cells and its mathematical link with dose has been described by the target theory. Among the numerous formulas provided from the target theory, the linear-quadratic (LQ) model empirically describes cell survival as a negative exponential of a second degree polynomial dose-function in which αD is the linear component and βD(2) is the quadratic one. The LQ model is extensively used in radiobiology (to describe survival curves) and in radiotherapy (the α/β ratio indicates whether tissue reactions can occur early or late after the treatment). However, no biological interpretation of the LQ parameters was proposed to explain together the radiation response in a wide dose range, the radiosensitivity of some genetic syndromes caused by the mutation of cytoplasmic proteins and the hyper-radiosensitivity phenomenon specific to low-dose. THE MODEL From a solid amount of experimental data, we hypothesized that the major forms of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) are cytoplasmic dimers and that ionizing radiation induce ATM monomerization. The resulting ATM monomers diffuse into nucleus to facilitate double-strand-breaks (DSB) recognition and repair. Such hypotheses lead to a coherent molecular interpretation of the LQ model by considering the yield of recognized but unrepaired (α-type) DSB and the non-recognized (β-type) DSB. The notion of cell tolerance to unrepaired DSB was introduced by considering that not all DSB are lethal. Cell survival and DSB repair and signaling immunofluorescence data from 42 normal skin fibroblast and 18 tumor human cell lines were used to verify the validity of this biomathematical model proposed. RESULTS Our model is validated at different levels by one of the widest spectrum of radiosensitivity. That mathematical developments of the present model imply that β is a Lorentzian function of α was confirmed experimentally. Our model is also relevant to describe the hypersensitivity to low-dose phenomenon. CONCLUSIONS Our model provides a very general picture of human radiosensitivity, independently of the dose, the cell type and the genetic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry Bodgi
- a Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1052, Radiobiology Group, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon , Lyon , France ;,b St-Joseph University , Faculty of Sciences , Beirut , Lebanon
| | - Nicolas Foray
- a Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR 1052, Radiobiology Group, Cancer Research Centre of Lyon , Lyon , France
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16
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White DA, Zhang Z, Li L, Gerberich J, Stojadinovic S, Peschke P, Mason RP. Developing oxygen-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging as a prognostic biomarker of radiation response. Cancer Lett 2016; 380:69-77. [PMID: 27267808 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging (OE-MRI) techniques were evaluated as potential non-invasive predictive biomarkers of radiation response. Semi quantitative blood-oxygen level dependent (BOLD) and tissue oxygen level dependent (TOLD) contrast, and quantitative responses of relaxation rates (ΔR1 and ΔR2*) to an oxygen breathing challenge during hypofractionated radiotherapy were applied. OE-MRI was performed on subcutaneous Dunning R3327-AT1 rat prostate tumors (n=25) at 4.7 T prior to each irradiation (2F × 15 Gy) to the gross tumor volume. Response to radiation, while inhaling air or oxygen, was assessed by tumor growth delay measured up to four times the initial irradiated tumor volume (VQT). Radiation-induced hypoxia changes were confirmed using a double hypoxia marker assay. Inhaling oxygen during hypofractionated radiotherapy significantly improved radiation response. A correlation was observed between the difference in the 2nd and 1st ΔR1 (ΔΔR1) and VQT for air breathing rats. The TOLD response before the 2nd fraction showed a moderate correlation with VQT for oxygen breathing rats. The correlations indicate useful prognostic factors to predict tumor response to hypofractionation and could readily be applied for patient stratification and personalized radiotherapy treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek A White
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Jeni Gerberich
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Strahinja Stojadinovic
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | | | - Ralph P Mason
- Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
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Simon KA, Mosadegh B, Minn KT, Lockett MR, Mohammady MR, Boucher DM, Hall AB, Hillier SM, Udagawa T, Eustace BK, Whitesides GM. Metabolic response of lung cancer cells to radiation in a paper-based 3D cell culture system. Biomaterials 2016; 95:47-59. [PMID: 27116031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the application of a 3D culture system-Cells-in-Gels-in-Paper (CiGiP)-in evaluating the metabolic response of lung cancer cells to ionizing radiation. The 3D tissue-like construct-prepared by stacking multiple sheets of paper containing cell-embedded hydrogels-generates a gradient of oxygen and nutrients that decreases monotonically in the stack. Separating the layers of the stack after exposure enabled analysis of the cellular response to radiation as a function of oxygen and nutrient availability; this availability is dictated by the distance between the cells and the source of oxygenated medium. As the distance between the cells and source of oxygenated media increased, cells show increased levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, decreased proliferation, and reduced sensitivity to ionizing radiation. Each of these cellular responses are characteristic of cancer cells observed in solid tumors. With this setup we were able to differentiate three isogenic variants of A549 cells based on their metabolic radiosensitivity; these three variants have known differences in their metastatic behavior in vivo. This system can, therefore, capture some aspects of radiosensitivity of populations of cancer cells related to mass-transport phenomenon, carry out systematic studies of radiation response in vitro that decouple effects from migration and proliferation of cells, and regulate the exposure of oxygen to subpopulations of cells in a tissue-like construct either before or after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Simon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Bobak Mosadegh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 E. 69th Street Suite BRB-108, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Kyaw Thu Minn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Matthew R Lockett
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marym R Mohammady
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Diane M Boucher
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Blvd., Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Amy B Hall
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Blvd., Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Shawn M Hillier
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Blvd., Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Taturo Udagawa
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Blvd., Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Brenda K Eustace
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Blvd., Boston, MA 02210, USA.
| | - George M Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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18
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Candéias SM, Testard I. The many interactions between the innate immune system and the response to radiation. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:173-8. [PMID: 25681669 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of the immune system in the protection of the organism against biological aggressions is long established and well-studied. A new role emerged more recently in the protection from - and the response to - physical trauma such as exposure to ionizing radiation. A pre-existing inflammation, induced by administration of an inflammatory cytokine or of a Toll-like receptor agonist, is indeed able to mitigate the toxic effects of acute radiation exposure. Conversely, it appears that the innate immune system can be activated during the course of the cellular response to radiation. Activation of different sensors and pattern recognition receptors by intra-cellular molecules such as HMGB1 or DNA released in the extra-cellular milieu or in the cytosol by irradiated cells induces the production of inflammatory and anti-viral cytokines. In addition, in human monocytes and macrophages, the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes can be directly induced by p53- and ATM-dependent mechanisms. This last finding establishes a direct link between radiation-induced DNA damage response and radiation-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge M Candéias
- iRTSV-LCBM, CEA, Grenoble F-38000, France; IRTSV-LCBM, CNRS, Grenoble F-38000, France; iRTSV-LCBM, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble F-38000, France.
| | - Isabelle Testard
- iRTSV-LCBM, CEA, Grenoble F-38000, France; IRTSV-LCBM, CNRS, Grenoble F-38000, France; iRTSV-LCBM, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble F-38000, France
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19
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Chishti AA, Hellweg CE, Berger T, Baumstark-Khan C, Feles S, Kätzel T, Reitz G. Constitutive expression of tdTomato protein as a cytotoxicity and proliferation marker for space radiation biology. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2015; 4:35-45. [PMID: 26177619 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The radiation risk assessment for long-term space missions requires knowledge on the biological effectiveness of different space radiation components, e.g. heavy ions, on the interaction of radiation and other space environmental factors such as microgravity, and on the physical and biological dose distribution in the human body. Space experiments and ground-based experiments at heavy ion accelerators require fast and reliable test systems with an easy readout for different endpoints. In order to determine the effect of different radiation qualities on cellular proliferation and the biological depth dose distribution after heavy ion exposure, a stable human cell line expressing a novel fluorescent protein was established and characterized. tdTomato, a red fluorescent protein of the new generation with fast maturation and high fluorescence intensity, was selected as reporter of cell proliferation. Human embryonic kidney (HEK/293) cells were stably transfected with a plasmid encoding tdTomato under the control of the constitutively active cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter (ptdTomato-N1). The stably transfected cell line was named HEK-ptdTomato-N1 8. This cytotoxicity biosensor was tested by ionizing radiation (X-rays and accelerated heavy ions) exposure. As biological endpoints, the proliferation kinetics and the cell density reached 100 h after irradiation reflected by constitutive expression of the tdTomato were investigated. Both were reduced dose-dependently after radiation exposure. Finally, the cell line was used for biological weighting of heavy ions of different linear energy transfer (LET) as space-relevant radiation quality. The relative biological effectiveness of accelerated heavy ions in reducing cellular proliferation peaked at an LET of 91 keV/μm. The results of this study demonstrate that the HEK-ptdTomato-N1 reporter cell line can be used as a fast and reliable biosensor system for detection of cytotoxic damage caused by ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif A Chishti
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology, Linder Höhe, D-51147 Köln, Germany.
| | - Christine E Hellweg
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology, Linder Höhe, D-51147 Köln, Germany.
| | - Thomas Berger
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology, Linder Höhe, D-51147 Köln, Germany.
| | - Christa Baumstark-Khan
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology, Linder Höhe, D-51147 Köln, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Feles
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology, Linder Höhe, D-51147 Köln, Germany.
| | - Thorben Kätzel
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology, Linder Höhe, D-51147 Köln, Germany.
| | - Günther Reitz
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Radiation Biology, Linder Höhe, D-51147 Köln, Germany.
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20
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Abstract
The current concept of radiobiology posits that damage to the DNA in the cell nucleus is the primary cause for the detrimental effects of radiation. However, emerging experimental evidence suggests that this theoretical framework is insufficient for describing extranuclear radiation effects, particularly the response of the mitochondria, an important site of extranuclear, coding DNA. Here, we discuss experimental observations of the effects of ionizing radiation on the mitochondria at (1) the DNA and (2) functional levels. The roles of mitochondria in (3) oxidative stress and (4) late radiation effects are discussed. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of targets for ionizing radiation outside the cell nucleus. Available experimental data suggest that an increase in the tumoricidal efficacy of radiation therapy might be achievable by targeting mitochondria. Likewise, more specific protection of mitochondria and its coding DNA should reduce damage to healthy cells exposed to ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Wai-Ying Kam
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Sydney, New South Wales 2234, Australia; Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Cumberland, Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia.
| | - Richard B Banati
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, Sydney, New South Wales 2234, Australia; Medical Radiation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Cumberland, Sydney, New South Wales 2141, Australia; National Imaging Facility at Brain and Mind Research Institute (BMRI), University of Sydney, Camperdown, Sydney, New South Wales 2050, Australia
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