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Simon KA, Mosadegh B, Minn KT, Lockett MR, Mohammady MR, Boucher DM, Hall AB, Hillier SM, Udagawa T, Eustace BK, Whitesides GM. Metabolic response of lung cancer cells to radiation in a paper-based 3D cell culture system. Biomaterials 2016; 95:47-59. [PMID: 27116031 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the application of a 3D culture system-Cells-in-Gels-in-Paper (CiGiP)-in evaluating the metabolic response of lung cancer cells to ionizing radiation. The 3D tissue-like construct-prepared by stacking multiple sheets of paper containing cell-embedded hydrogels-generates a gradient of oxygen and nutrients that decreases monotonically in the stack. Separating the layers of the stack after exposure enabled analysis of the cellular response to radiation as a function of oxygen and nutrient availability; this availability is dictated by the distance between the cells and the source of oxygenated medium. As the distance between the cells and source of oxygenated media increased, cells show increased levels of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha, decreased proliferation, and reduced sensitivity to ionizing radiation. Each of these cellular responses are characteristic of cancer cells observed in solid tumors. With this setup we were able to differentiate three isogenic variants of A549 cells based on their metabolic radiosensitivity; these three variants have known differences in their metastatic behavior in vivo. This system can, therefore, capture some aspects of radiosensitivity of populations of cancer cells related to mass-transport phenomenon, carry out systematic studies of radiation response in vitro that decouple effects from migration and proliferation of cells, and regulate the exposure of oxygen to subpopulations of cells in a tissue-like construct either before or after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Simon
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Bobak Mosadegh
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 E. 69th Street Suite BRB-108, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Kyaw Thu Minn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Matthew R Lockett
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 125 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Marym R Mohammady
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Diane M Boucher
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Blvd., Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Amy B Hall
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Blvd., Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Shawn M Hillier
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Blvd., Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Taturo Udagawa
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Blvd., Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Brenda K Eustace
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, 50 Northern Blvd., Boston, MA 02210, USA.
| | - George M Whitesides
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 60 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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Hillier SM, Maresca KP, Lu G, Merkin RD, Marquis JC, Zimmerman CN, Eckelman WC, Joyal JL, Babich JW. 99mTc-Labeled Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen for Molecular Imaging of Prostate Cancer. J Nucl Med 2013; 54:1369-76. [DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.112.116624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Lu G, Maresca KP, Hillier SM, Zimmerman CN, Eckelman WC, Joyal JL, Babich JW. Synthesis and SAR of 99mTc/Re-labeled small molecule prostate specific membrane antigen inhibitors with novel polar chelates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:1557-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lu G, Hillier SM, Maresca KP, Zimmerman CN, Eckelman WC, Joyal JL, Babich JW. Synthesis and SAR of novel Re/99mTc-labeled benzenesulfonamide carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitors for molecular imaging of tumor hypoxia. J Med Chem 2013; 56:510-20. [PMID: 23234246 DOI: 10.1021/jm3015348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) is upregulated in cancer in response to the hypoxic tumor microenvironment, making it an attractive molecular target for the detection of hypoxic solid tumors. A series of small molecule benzenesulfonamide based CA-IX inhibitors containing novel tridentate chelates complexed with the M(CO)(3) core (M = Re or (99m)Tc) were designed and synthesized. The in vitro binding affinity of the benzenesulfonamide rhenium complexes yielded IC(50) values ranging from 3 to 116 nM in hypoxic CA-IX expressing HeLa cells. One of the most potent compounds, 3d (IC(50) = 9 nM), was radiolabeled with technetium tricarbonyl ({(99m)Tc(CO)(3)}(+)) to afford the {(99m)Tc(CO)(3)}(+) complex in excellent yield and high purity. (99m)Tc(CO)(3)-3d bound specifically to CA-IX expressing hypoxic HeLa cells. This effort led to the identification of a diverse series of promising high affinity {(99m)Tc(CO)(3)}(+) radiolabeled CA-IX inhibitors with the potential to significantly impact diagnosis, staging, and treatment selection of hypoxic solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genliang Lu
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Maresca KP, Hillier SM, Lu G, Marquis JC, Zimmerman CN, Eckelman WC, Joyal JL, Babich JW. Small molecule inhibitors of PSMA incorporating technetium-99m for imaging prostate cancer: Effects of chelate design on pharmacokinetics. Inorganica Chim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Darwish A, Blacker M, Janzen N, Rathmann SM, Czorny S, Hillier SM, Joyal JL, Babich JW, Valliant JF. Triazole Appending Agent (TAAG): A New Synthon for Preparing Iodine-Based Molecular Imaging and Radiotherapy Agents. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:313-6. [PMID: 24900470 DOI: 10.1021/ml300003v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A new prosthetic group referred to as the triazole appending agent (TAAG) was developed as a means to prepare targeted radioiodine-based molecular imaging and therapy agents. Tributyltin-TAAG and the fluorous analogue were synthesized in high yield using simple click chemistry and the products labeled in greater than 95% RCY with (123)I. A TAAG derivative of an inhibitor of prostate-specific membrane antigen was prepared and radiolabeled with (123)I in 85% yield where biodistribution studies in LNCap prostate cancer tumor models showed rapid clearance of the agent from nontarget tissues and tumor accumulation of 20% injected dose g(-1) at 1 h. The results presented demonstrate that the TAAG group promotes minimal nonspecific binding and that labeled conjugates can achieve high tumor uptake and exquisite target-to-nontarget ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Darwish
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Megan Blacker
- Centre for Probe Development and Commercialization, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West Hamilton,
Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Nancy Janzen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Stephanie M. Rathmann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Shannon Czorny
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Shawn M. Hillier
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, 160 Second Street,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - John L. Joyal
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, 160 Second Street,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - John W. Babich
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, 160 Second Street,
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - John F. Valliant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical
Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main
Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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Dilsizian V, Zynda TK, Petrov A, Ohshima S, Tahara N, Haider N, Donohue A, Aras O, Femia FJ, Hillier SM, Joyal JL, Wong ND, Coleman T, Babich JW, Narula J. Molecular Imaging of Human ACE-1 Expression in Transgenic Rats. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5:409-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Osborne J, Akhtar NH, Vallabhajosula S, Nikolopoulou A, Maresca KP, Hillier SM, Joyal JL, Crummet R, Armor T, Tagawa ST, Nanus DM, Goldsmith SJ, Babich JW. Tc-99m labeled small-molecule inhibitors of prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA): New molecular imaging probes to detect metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma (PC). J Clin Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2012.30.5_suppl.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
173 Background: Sensitive and specific imaging remains a clinically-relevant problem for men with PC. PSMA is a well established target for imaging of PC with therapeutic implications. We have recently developed novel 99mTc-labeled small molecule inhibitors of the enzymatic domain of PSMA based on glutamate-urea-glutamate and glutamate-urea-lysine pharmacophores, and contain a bis-imidazole chelator to complex Tc-99m. Preclinical studies with PSMA positive LNCaP cells and xenografts demonstrate that 99mTc-MIP-1404 and 99mTc-MIP-1405 bind to PSMA with high affinity and localize in tumors rapidly. This study reports the first human data in men with metastatic PC and in healthy male subjects. Methods: Under an exploratory IND, using a cross-over design, the pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and tumor uptake of 99mTc-MIP-1404 and 99mTc-MIP-1405 were compared in 6 healthy men and 6 men with radiographic evidence of metastatic PC. Whole body images were obtained at 10 min, 1, 2, 4 and 24 hr. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) was performed between 3–4 hours post injection. Results: Both agents cleared the blood rapidly with MIP-1404 demonstrating significantly lower urinary activity (7%) compared to MIP-1405 (26%). Both agents showed persistent uptake in the salivary, lacrimal and parotid glands. Uptake in liver and kidney was acceptable for imaging at 1-2 hr post injection (PI). In men with PCa, both agents rapidly localized in bone and lymph node lesions as early as 1 hr PI. SPECT demonstrated excellent lesion contrast. Good correlation was seen with bone and CT scans, In majority of patients, more lesions including sub-cm lymph nodes were seen with 99mTc-MIP-1404 and 99mTc-MIP-1405. The high contrast images exhibited signal:noise ratios from 3:1 to 28:1 at 4 and 24 hr. Conclusions: 99mTc-MIP-1404 and 99mTc-MIP-1405 identified a greater number of lesions than bone scans and rapidly detected soft tissue PC lesions including sub-cm lymph nodes. Since 99mTc-MIP-1404 has minimal activity in the bladder, further work is planned to correlate imaging findings with histopathology in patients with high risk clinically-localized PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Osborne
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA
| | - Naveed Hassan Akhtar
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA
| | - Shankar Vallabhajosula
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA
| | - Anastasia Nikolopoulou
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA
| | - Kevin P. Maresca
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA
| | - Shawn M. Hillier
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA
| | - John L. Joyal
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA
| | - Robert Crummet
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA
| | - Thomas Armor
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA
| | - Scott T. Tagawa
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA
| | - David M. Nanus
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA
| | - Stanley J. Goldsmith
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA
| | - John W. Babich
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY; Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA
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Fedeles BI, Zhu AY, Young KS, Hillier SM, Proffitt KD, Essigmann JM, Croy RG. Chemical genetics analysis of an aniline mustard anticancer agent reveals complex I of the electron transport chain as a target. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33910-20. [PMID: 21832047 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.278390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The antitumor agent 11β (CAS 865070-37-7), consisting of a DNA-damaging aniline mustard linked to an androgen receptor (AR) ligand, is known to form covalent DNA adducts and to induce apoptosis potently in AR-positive prostate cancer cells in vitro; it also strongly prevents growth of LNCaP xenografts in mice. The present study describes the unexpectedly strong activity of 11β against the AR-negative HeLa cells, both in cell culture and tumor xenografts, and uncovers a new mechanism of action that likely explains this activity. Cellular fractionation experiments indicated that mitochondria are the major intracellular sink for 11β; flow cytometry studies showed that 11β exposure rapidly induced oxidative stress, mitochondria being an important source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, 11β inhibited oxygen consumption both in intact HeLa cells and in isolated mitochondria. Specifically, 11β blocked uncoupled oxygen consumption when mitochondria were incubated with complex I substrates, but it had no effect on oxygen consumption driven by substrates acting downstream of complex I in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Moreover, 11β enhanced ROS generation in isolated mitochondria, suggesting that complex I inhibition is responsible for ROS production. At the cellular level, the presence of antioxidants (N-acetylcysteine or vitamin E) significantly reduced the toxicity of 11β, implicating ROS production as an important contributor to cytotoxicity. Collectively, our findings establish complex I inhibition and ROS generation as a new mechanism of action for 11β, which supplements conventional DNA adduct formation to promote cancer cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogdan I Fedeles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Hillier SM, Kern AM, Maresca KP, Marquis JC, Eckelman WC, Joyal JL, Babich JW. 123I-MIP-1072, a small-molecule inhibitor of prostate-specific membrane antigen, is effective at monitoring tumor response to taxane therapy. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:1087-93. [PMID: 21680691 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.086751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Because traditional endpoints in oncology trials are not always applicable for metastatic prostate cancer, better ways of following response to treatment are needed. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane protein expressed in normal human prostate epithelium and is upregulated in prostate cancer. (S)-2-(3-((S)-1-carboxy-5-((4-(123)I-iodobenzyl)amino)pentyl)ureido)pentanedioic acid, (123)I-MIP-1072, targets PSMA and was evaluated for monitoring the growth of PSMA-positive LNCaP cells in vitro and as xenografts after paclitaxel therapy. METHODS LNCaP and 22Rv1 cells were treated with paclitaxel (0-100 nM) for 48 h, after which binding of (123)I-MIP-1072 was examined. Cell number was determined by MTS assay, and PSMA expression was analyzed by Western blotting. LNCaP xenograft-bearing mice were treated with paclitaxel (6.25 mg/kg) for 3.5 cycles of 5 d on and 2 d off. Tissue distribution of (123)I-MIP-1072 was determined on days 2 and 23 from the start of paclitaxel treatment. RESULTS Paclitaxel (10-100 nM) inhibited LNCaP and 22Rv1 cell growth after 48 h, and binding of (123)I-MIP-1072 was proportional to cell number. Western blot analysis verified there was no paclitaxel-dependent change in PSMA expression. Treatment of LNCaP xenografts with paclitaxel resulted in a decrease in tumor volume (-21%), compared with an increase in the untreated xenografts (+205%) by day 23. Tumor uptake of (123)I-MIP-1072 was proportional to changes in tumor mass: decreased by paclitaxel treatment and increased in untreated mice. CONCLUSION Treatment of LNCaP cells or xenograft tumors with paclitaxel resulted in growth inhibition, which was detected with (123)I-MIP-1072. The high specificity of (123)I-MIP-1072 for prostate cancer may allow monitoring of tumor progression in patients before, during, and after chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Hillier
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Barrett JA, Joyal JL, Hillier SM, Maresca KP, Femia FJ, Kronauge JF, Boyd M, Mairs RJ, Babich JW. Comparison of high-specific-activity ultratrace 123/131I-MIBG and carrier-added 123/131I-MIBG on efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and tissue distribution. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 25:299-308. [PMID: 20578835 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2009.0695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) is an enzymatically stable synthetic analog of norepinephrine that when radiolabled with diagnostic ((123)I) or therapeutic ((131)I) isotopes has been shown to concentrate highly in sympathetically innervated tissues such as the heart and neuroendocrine tumors that possesses high levels of norepinephrine transporter (NET). As the transport of MIBG by NET is a saturable event, the specific activity of the preparation may have dramatic effects on both the efficacy and safety of the radiodiagnostic/radiotherapeutic. Using a solid labeling approach (Ultratrace), noncarrier-added radiolabeled MIBG can be efficiently produced. In this study, specific activities of >1200 mCi/micromol for (123)I and >1600 mCi/micromol for (131)I have been achieved. A series of studies were performed to assess the impact of cold carrier MIBG on the tissue distribution of (123/131)I-MIBG in the conscious rat and on cardiovascular parameters in the conscious instrumented dog. The present series of studies demonstrated that the carrier-free Ultratrace MIBG radiolabeled with either (123)I or (131)I exhibited similar tissue distribution to the carrier-added radiolabeled MIBG in all nontarget tissues. In tissues that express NETs, the higher the specific activity of the preparation the greater will be the radiopharmaceutical uptake. This was reflected by greater efficacy in the mouse neuroblastoma SK-N-BE(2c) xenograft model and less appreciable cardiovascular side-effects in dogs when the high-specific-activity radiopharmaceutical was used. The increased uptake and retention of Ultratrace (123/131)I-MIBG may translate into a superior diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Lastly, care must be taken when administering therapeutic doses of the current carrier-added (131)I-MIBG because of its potential to cause adverse cardiovascular side-effects, nausea, and vomiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Barrett
- Research & Development Department, Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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Maresca KP, Hillier SM, Lu G, Marquis JC, Zimmerman CN, Eckelman WC, Joyal JL, Babich JW. “Second-generation single-amino-acid chelate technology with enhanced hydrophilicity: development and successful application to molecular imaging”. Nucl Med Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.04.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Joyal JL, Barrett JA, Marquis JC, Chen J, Hillier SM, Maresca KP, Boyd M, Gage K, Nimmagadda S, Kronauge JF, Friebe M, Dinkelborg L, Stubbs JB, Stabin MG, Mairs R, Pomper MG, Babich JW. Preclinical evaluation of an 131I-labeled benzamide for targeted radiotherapy of metastatic melanoma. Cancer Res 2010; 70:4045-53. [PMID: 20442292 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-4414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeled benzamides are attractive candidates for targeted radiotherapy of metastatic melanoma as they bind melanin and exhibit high tumor uptake and retention. One such benzamide, N-(2-diethylamino-ethyl)-4-(4-fluoro-benzamido)-5-iodo-2-methoxy-benzamide (MIP-1145), was evaluated for its ability to distinguish melanin-expressing from amelanotic human melanoma cells, and to specifically localize to melanin-containing tumor xenografts. The binding of [(131)I]MIP-1145 to melanoma cells in vitro was melanin dependent, increased over time, and insensitive to mild acid treatment, indicating that it was retained within cells. Cold carrier MIP-1145 did not reduce the binding, consistent with the high capacity of melanin binding of benzamides. In human melanoma xenografts, [(131)I]MIP-1145 exhibited diffuse tissue distribution and washout from all tissues except melanin-expressing tumors. Tumor uptake of 8.82% injected dose per gram (ID/g) was seen at 4 hours postinjection and remained at 5.91% ID/g at 24 hours, with tumor/blood ratios of 25.2 and 197, respectively. Single photon emission computed tomography imaging was consistent with tissue distribution results. The administration of [(131)I]MIP-1145 at 25 MBq or 2.5 GBq/m(2) in single or multiple doses significantly reduced SK-MEL-3 tumor growth, with multiple doses resulting in tumor regression and a durable response for over 125 days. To estimate human dosimetry, gamma camera imaging and pharmacokinetic analysis was performed in cynomolgus monkeys. The melanin-specific binding of [(131)I]MIP-1145 combined with prolonged tumor retention, the ability to significantly inhibit tumor growth, and acceptable projected human dosimetry suggest that it may be effective as a radiotherapeutic pharmaceutical for treating patients with metastatic malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Joyal
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Maresca KP, Marquis JC, Hillier SM, Lu G, Femia FJ, Zimmerman CN, Eckelman WC, Joyal JL, Babich JW. Novel Polar Single Amino Acid Chelates for Technetium-99m Tricarbonyl-Based Radiopharmaceuticals with Enhanced Renal Clearance: Application to Octreotide. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1032-42. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900517x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P. Maresca
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - John C. Marquis
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Shawn M. Hillier
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Genliang Lu
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Frank J. Femia
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - Craig N. Zimmerman
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - William C. Eckelman
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - John L. Joyal
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
| | - John W. Babich
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142
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Hillier SM, Maresca KP, Femia FJ, Marquis JC, Foss CA, Nguyen N, Zimmerman CN, Barrett JA, Eckelman WC, Pomper MG, Joyal JL, Babich JW. Preclinical evaluation of novel glutamate-urea-lysine analogues that target prostate-specific membrane antigen as molecular imaging pharmaceuticals for prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2009; 69:6932-40. [PMID: 19706750 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-09-1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is expressed in normal human prostate epithelium and is highly up-regulated in prostate cancer. We previously reported a series of novel small molecule inhibitors targeting PSMA. Two compounds, MIP-1072, (S)-2-(3-((S)-1-carboxy-5-(4-iodobenzylamino)pentyl)ureido)pentanedioic acid, and MIP-1095, (S)-2-(3-((S)-1carboxy-5-(3-(4-iodophenyl)ureido)pentyl)ureido)pentanedioic acid, were selected for further evaluation. MIP-1072 and MIP-1095 potently inhibited the glutamate carboxypeptidase activity of PSMA (K(i) = 4.6 +/- 1.6 nmol/L and 0.24 +/- 0.14 nmol/L, respectively) and, when radiolabeled with (123)I, exhibited high affinity for PSMA on human prostate cancer LNCaP cells (K(d) = 3.8 +/- 1.3 nmol/L and 0.81 +/- 0.39 nmol/L, respectively). The association of [(123)I]MIP-1072 and [(123)I]MIP-1095 with PSMA was specific; there was no binding to human prostate cancer PC3 cells, which lack PSMA, and binding was abolished by coincubation with a structurally unrelated NAALADase inhibitor, 2-(phosphonomethyl)pentanedioic acid (PMPA). [(123)I]MIP-1072 and [(123)I]MIP-1095 internalized into LNCaP cells at 37 degrees C. Tissue distribution studies in mice showed 17.3 +/- 6.3% (at 1 hour) and 34.3 +/- 12.7% (at 4 hours) injected dose per gram of LNCaP xenograft tissue, for [(123)I]MIP-1072 and [(123)I]MIP-1095, respectively. [(123)I]MIP-1095 exhibited greater tumor uptake but slower washout from blood and nontarget tissues compared with [(123)I]MIP-1072. Specific binding to PSMA in vivo was shown by competition with PMPA in LNCaP xenografts, and the absence of uptake in PC3 xenografts. The uptake of [(123)I]MIP-1072 and [(123)I]MIP-1095 in tumor-bearing mice was corroborated by single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging. PSMA-specific radiopharmaceuticals should provide a novel molecular targeting option for the detection and staging of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Hillier
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Maresca KP, Hillier SM, Femia FJ, Zimmerman CN, Levadala MK, Banerjee SR, Hicks J, Sundararajan C, Valliant J, Zubieta J, Eckelman WC, Joyal JL, Babich JW. Comprehensive Radiolabeling, Stability, and Tissue Distribution Studies of Technetium-99m Single Amino Acid Chelates (SAAC). Bioconjug Chem 2009; 20:1625-33. [DOI: 10.1021/bc900192b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin P. Maresca
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ON L8S4MI
| | - Shawn M. Hillier
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ON L8S4MI
| | - Frank J. Femia
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ON L8S4MI
| | - Craig N. Zimmerman
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ON L8S4MI
| | - Murali K. Levadala
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ON L8S4MI
| | - Sangeeta R. Banerjee
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ON L8S4MI
| | - Justin Hicks
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ON L8S4MI
| | - Chitra Sundararajan
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ON L8S4MI
| | - John Valliant
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ON L8S4MI
| | - Jon Zubieta
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ON L8S4MI
| | - William C. Eckelman
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ON L8S4MI
| | - John L. Joyal
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ON L8S4MI
| | - John W. Babich
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, and Department of Chemistry, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada ON L8S4MI
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Maresca KP, Hillier SM, Femia FJ, Keith D, Barone C, Joyal JL, Zimmerman CN, Kozikowski AP, Barrett JA, Eckelman WC, Babich JW. A series of halogenated heterodimeric inhibitors of prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) as radiolabeled probes for targeting prostate cancer. J Med Chem 2009; 52:347-57. [PMID: 19111054 DOI: 10.1021/jm800994j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a validated molecular marker for prostate cancer. A series of glutamate-urea (Glu-urea-X) heterodimeric inhibitors of PSMA were designed and synthesized where X = epsilon-N-(o-I, m-I, p-I, p-Br, o-Cl, m-Cl, p-Cl, p-F, H)-benzyl-Lys and epsilon-(p-I, p-Br, p-Cl, p-F, H)-phenylureido-Lys. The affinities for PSMA were determined by screening in a competitive binding assay. PSMA binding of the benzyllysine series was significantly affected by the nature of the halogen substituent (IC(50) values, Cl < I = Br << F = H) and the ring position of the halogen atom (IC(50) values, p-I < o-I << m-I). The halogen atom had little affect on the binding affinity in the para substituted phenylureido-Lys series. Two lead iodine compounds were radiolabeled with (123)I and (131)I and demonstrated specific PSMA binding on human prostate cancer cells, warranting evaluation as radioligands for the detection, staging, and monitoring of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Maresca
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 160 Second Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Femia FJ, Maresca KP, Hillier SM, Zimmerman CN, Joyal JL, Barrett JA, Aras O, Dilsizian V, Eckelman WC, Babich JW. Synthesis and evaluation of a series of 99mTc(CO)3+ lisinopril complexes for in vivo imaging of angiotensin-converting enzyme expression. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:970-7. [PMID: 18483087 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.107.049064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In animal models of cardiac disease and in human congestive heart failure, expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is upregulated in the failing heart and has been associated with disease progression leading to cardiac failure and fibrosis. To develop probes for imaging ACE expression, a series of di(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (D) chelates capable of binding M(CO)3+ (M = technetium, rhenium) was conjugated to lisinopril by acylation of the epsilon-amine of the lysine residue with a series of di(2-pyridylmethylamino)alkanoic acids where the distance of the chelator from the lisinopril core was investigated by varying the number of methylene spacer groups to produce di(2-pyridylmethyl)amine(Cx)lisinopril analogs: D(C4)lisinopril, D(C5)lisinopril, and D(C8)lisinopril. The inhibitory activity of each rhenium complex was evaluated in vitro against purified rabbit lung ACE and was shown to vary directly with the length of the methylene spacer: Re[D(C8)lisinopril], inhibitory concentration of 50% (IC50) = 3 nM; Re[D(C5)lisinopril], IC50 = 144 nM; and Re[D(C4)lisinopril], IC50 = 1,146 nM, as compared with lisinopril, IC50 = 4 nM. The in vivo specificity for ACE was determined by examining the biodistribution of the 99mTc-[D(C8)lisinopril] analog in rats with and without pretreatment with unlabeled lisinopril. Uptake in the lungs, a tissue that constitutively expresses ACE, was 15.2 percentage injected dose per gram at 10 min after injection and was dramatically reduced by pretreatment with lisinopril, supporting ACE-mediated binding in vivo. Planar anterior imaging analysis of 99mTc-[D(C8)lisinopril] corroborated these data. Thus, high-affinity 99mTc-labeled ACE inhibitor has been designed with potency similar to that of lisinopril and has been demonstrated to specifically localize to tissues that express ACE in vivo. This agent may be useful in monitoring ACE as a function of disease progression in relevant diseases such as heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Femia
- Molecular Insight Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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Hillier SM, Marquis JC, Zayas B, Wishnok JS, Liberman RG, Skipper PL, Tannenbaum SR, Essigmann JM, Croy RG. DNA adducts formed by a novel antitumor agent 11beta-dichloro in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2006; 5:977-84. [PMID: 16648569 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-05-0464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The multifunctional molecule 11beta-dichloro consists of a ligand for the androgen receptor linked to a bifunctional alkylating group, permitting it to create DNA adducts that bind the androgen receptor. We propose that binding of the androgen receptor to 11beta-DNA adducts acts to both shield damaged sites from repair and disrupt the expression of genes essential for growth and survival. We investigated the formation 11beta-DNA adducts in tumor xenograft and nontumor tissues in mice. Using [14C]-11beta-dichloro, we show that the molecule remains intact in blood and is widely distributed in mouse tissues after i.p. injection. Covalent 11beta-guanine adducts identified in DNA that had been allowed to react with 11beta-dichloro in vitro were also found in DNA isolated from cells in culture treated with 11beta-dichloro as well as in DNA isolated from liver and tumor tissues of mice treated with the compound. We used accelerator mass spectrometry to determine the levels of [14C]-11beta-DNA adducts in LNCaP cells treated in culture as well as in liver tissue and LNCaP xenograft tumors in treated mice. The level of DNA adducts in tumor tissue was found to be similar to that found in LNCaP cells in culture treated with 2.5 micromol/L 11beta-dichloro. Our results indicate that 11beta-dichloro has sufficient stability to enter the circulation, penetrate tissues, and form DNA adducts that are capable of binding the androgen receptor in target tissues in vivo. These data suggest the involvement of our novel mechanisms in the antitumor effects of 11beta-dichloro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Hillier
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Marquis JC, Hillier SM, Dinaut AN, Rodrigues D, Mitra K, Essigmann JM, Croy RG. Disruption of Gene Expression and Induction of Apoptosis in Prostate Cancer Cells by a DNA-Damaging Agent Tethered to an Androgen Receptor Ligand. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 12:779-87. [PMID: 16039525 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2005] [Revised: 04/28/2005] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The goal of our work was the design of DNA-damaging agents that disrupt both DNA repair and signaling pathways in prostate tumor cells. A DNA alkylator (N,N-bis-2-chloroethyl aniline) was linked to a steroid ligand (17beta-hyroxy-estra-Delta(4(5),9(10))-3-one) to produce a complex molecule (11beta-dichloro) that forms DNA adducts that bind the androgen receptor (AR). We speculated that DNA adducts in an AR-DNA adduct complex would be camouflaged from DNA repair proteins that would otherwise remove the adducts in prostate cancer cells. Furthermore, transcription dependent on the AR would be antagonized by AR redistribution to sites distant from AR-driven promoters. The anticancer potential of 11beta-dichloro was demonstrated against prostate cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. 11beta-dichloro induces a unique pattern of gene disruption, induces apoptosis in apoptosis-resistant cells, and shows promising anticancer activity in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Marquis
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Sharma U, Marquis JC, Dinaut AN, Hillier SM, Fedeles B, Rye PT, Essigmann JM, Croy RG. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of estradiol-linked genotoxicants as anti-cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:3829-33. [PMID: 15203171 PMCID: PMC4096836 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.04.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2004] [Revised: 04/21/2004] [Accepted: 04/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of bifunctional compounds was prepared consisting of 17beta estradiol linked to a DNA damaging N,N-bis-(2-chloroethyl)aniline. The objective of our studies was to determine the characteristics of the linker that permitted both reaction with DNA and binding of the resultant covalent adducts to the estrogen receptor. Linker characteristics were pivotal determinants underlying the ability of the compounds to kill selectively breast cancer cells that express the estrogen receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uday Sharma
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jolm C. Marquis
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - A. Nicole Dinaut
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Shawn M. Hillier
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Bogdan Fedeles
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Peter T. Rye
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - John M. Essigmann
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Robert G. Croy
- Department of Chemistry and Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Mitra K, Marquis JC, Hillier SM, Rye PT, Zayas B, Lee AS, Essigmann JM, Croy RG. A rationally designed genotoxin that selectively destroys estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:1862-3. [PMID: 11866593 PMCID: PMC4095803 DOI: 10.1021/ja017344p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel strategy to increase the selective toxicity of genotoxic compounds. The strategy involves the synthesis of bifunctional molecules capable of forming DNA adducts that have high affinity for specific proteins in target cells. It is proposed that the association of such proteins with damaged sites in DNA can compromise protein function and/or DNA repair resulting in increased toxicity. We describe the synthesis of a bifunctional compound consisting of an aniline mustard linked to the 7alpha position of estradiol. This novel compound can form covalent DNA adducts that have high affinity for the estrogen receptor. Breast cancer cells that express high levels of the estrogen receptor showed increased sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of the new compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Mitra
- Department of Chemistry and Division of Bioengineering and Environmental Health, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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