Effect of selenium nanoparticles conjugated Vildagliptin on cognitive dysfunction associated with Diabetes mellitus

Dose-Dependent Attenuation of the Efficacy of Clitoria ternatea by Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles Against Diabetes-Induced Cognitive Impairment

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder caused by insulin deficiency, insulin resistance, genetic alterations, and oxidative stress. The high glucose levels may impair the functioning of nerve cells, leading to neurodegenerative diseases, including cognitive impairment. Clitoria ternatea has various pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective effects. The present study evaluates the efficacy of fresh flower aqueous extract of Clitoria ternatea against diabetes-induced cognitive impairment. The challenges in delivering drugs targeting the brain possess the limitations of crossing the blood-brain barrier. Metal nanoparticles are considered the most reliable brain drug delivery systems. Considering the neurotoxicity of cobalt oxide, whether it can be used to improve brain delivery is also evaluated. Cobalt oxide nanoparticles (Co3O4 NPs) of fresh flower aqueous extract of Clitoria ternatea are prepared by green synthesis and characterized. The effect of these nanoparticles is compared with Clitoria ternatea extract against Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced cognitive impairment. The behavioral, biochemical, in vivo antioxidant, total thiol content, estimation of proinflammatory cytokines, acetylcholine esterase, and nitrite levels in the brain of STZ-induced diabetic rats revealed that cobalt oxide nanoparticles showed neurotoxicity, whereas C. ternatea showed neuroprotective effect and also improved the cognitive function. The lower dose of cobalt oxide nanoparticles of C. ternatea (2 mg/kg) exhibited a neuroprotective and cognition improvement effect. However, the higher dose (4 mg/kg) of cobalt oxide nanoparticles of C. ternatea showed a neurotoxic effect. Since Co3O4 NPs are neuroprotective at low doses, they can be used for neuroprotective actions. However, dose optimization studies are required.