Fiber-reinforced packable resin composites in Class II cavities

Mechanical Performance of Extensive Restorations Made with Short Fiber-Reinforced Composites without Coverage: A Systematic Review of In Vitro Studies

In recent years, composite resin materials have been the most frequently used materials for direct restorations of posterior teeth. These materials have some clinically relevant limitations due to their lack of fracture toughness, especially when used in larger cavities with high volume factors or when utilized as direct or indirect overlays or crown restorations. Recently, short-fiber-reinforced composite materials have been used in bi-structure restorations as a dentine substituting material due to their superior mechanical properties; however, there is no scientific consensus as to whether they can be used as full restorations. The aim of our review was to examine the available literature and gather scientific evidence on this matter. Two independent authors performed a thorough literature search using PubMed and ScienceDirect up until December 2023. This study followed the PRISMA guidelines, and the risk of bias was assessed using the QUIN tool. The authors selected in vitro studies that used short-fiber-reinforced composite materials as complete restorations, with a conventional composite material as a comparison group. Out of 2079 potentially relevant articles, 16 met our inclusion criteria. All of the included studies reported that the usage of short-fiber-reinforced composites improved the restoration's load-bearing capacity. Fifteen of the included publications examined the fracture pattern, and thirteen of them reported a more favorable fracture outcome for the short-fiber-reinforced group. Only one article reported a more favorable fracture pattern for the control group; however, the difference between groups was not significant. Within the limitations of this review, the evidence suggests that short-fiber-reinforced composites can be used effectively as complete restorations to reinforce structurally compromised teeth.

Short fiber-reinforced resin-based composites (SFRCs); Current status and future perspectives

One technique for placing of resin-based composite for large posterior cavities is the use of short fiber-reinforced resin-based composite (SFRC) to replace dentin in a biomimetic approach. As endurance under mastication cycles is a significant consideration in the clinical success of resin-based composite posterior restorations, the use of SFRC as a base material may prevent restorative fracture due to the fibers' effectiveness in stopping cracks. This review article specifies the characteristics of SFRC and describes the major underlying mechanisms of short fiber reinforcement for resin-based composite. Insights are further taken from laboratory studies used to define the short fiber-related properties of resin-based composite and the performance of currently available materials, focusing on aspects that are relevant to the reinforcement of resin-based composite. Finally, future standpoints on the development of SFRCs with nano fibers and different resin monomers, and their role in digital dentistry, are discussed.

Crack propagation and toughening mechanism of bilayered short-fiber reinforced resin composite structure -Evaluation up to six months storage in water

Clinically relevant parameters, such as stress intensity factor of bilayered resin composite structure with short fiber base and its stability over time, has yet to be investigated. This study investigated the stress intensity factor of pre-cracked bilayered specimens composed of short fiber resin composite base (SFC) and particulate filler resin composite (PFC) as veneering layer, with a crack located in the PFC layer, 0.5 mm away from the PFC-SFC interface. Monolayered specimens served as controls. All specimens were stored in water at 37°C either for 1 week, 1 month or 6 months before testing. Two-way ANOVA (p=0.05) was used to determine the differences among the groups. Results indicated that SFC base improve the brittleness of the PFC. The type of short fibers affected the crack propagation; fiber bridging in millimeter-scale SFC was the main crack arresting mechanism, whereas fiber pulling observed in micrometer-scale SFC mainly deviated the crack path.

Fatigue performance of endodontically treated premolars restored with direct and indirect cuspal coverage restorations utilizing fiber-reinforced cores

Objectives

The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the fatigue survival and fracture behavior of endodontically treated (ET) premolars restored with different types of post-core and cuspal coverage restorations.

Materials and methods

MOD cavities were prepared on 108 extracted maxillary premolars. During the endodontic treatment, all teeth were instrumented with rotary files (ProTaper Universal) to the same apical enlargement (F2) and were obturated with a matched single cone obturation. After the endodontic procedure, the cavities were restored with different post-core and overlay restorations (n = 12/group). Three groups (A1–A3) were restored with either conventional composite core (PFC; control) or flowable short-fiber-reinforced composite (SFRC) core with/without custom-made fiber posts and without overlays. Six groups had similar post-core foundations as described above but with either direct PFC (B1–B3) or indirect CAD/CAM (C1–C3) overlays. Fatigue survival was tested for all restorations using a cyclic loading machine until fracture occurred or 50,000 cycles were completed. Kaplan-Meyer survival analysis was conducted, followed by pairwise post hoc comparisons.

Results

None of the restored teeth survived all 50,000. Application of flowable SFRC as luting-core material with fiber post and CAD/CAD overlays (Group C3) showed superior performance regarding fatigue survival (p < 0.05) to all the other groups. Flowable SFRC with fiber post and direct overlay (Group B3) showed superior survival compared to all other direct techniques (p < 0.05), except for the same post-core foundation but without cuspal coverage (Group A3).

Conclusions

Custom-made fiber post and SFRC as post luting core material with or without cuspal coverage performed well in terms of fatigue resistance and survival when used for the restoration of ET premolars.

Clinical relevance

The fatigue survival of direct and indirect cuspal coverage restorations in ET MOD premolars is highly dependent on whether the core build-up is fiber-reinforced or not. The combination of short and long fibers in the form of individualized post-cores seems to offer a favorable solution in this situation.

Compliance of randomized controlled trials in posterior restorations with the CONSORT statement: a systematic review of methodology

OBJECTIVES

This study aims to investigate the compliance of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in posterior restorations with the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials Statement (CONSORT) statement and to analyze the risk of bias (RoB) of these studies.

METHODS

A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS/BBO, and Cochrane Library. Only RCTs published in peer-reviewed journals were included. The compliance with the CONSORT was evaluated in a 0-2 scale where 0 = no description, 1 = poor description and 2 = adequate description. Descriptive analyses of the CONSORT mean score by journal, country, and RoB were performed. The RoB in RCTs was evaluated by using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool version 1.0.

RESULTS

A total of 15,476 studies were identified after duplicates removal. O only 202 meet the eligibility criteria, among which 31 were follow-up studies. Concerning the overall RoB, only 29 out of 171 were classified as low risk of bias. The overall mean CONSORT score was 19 ± 5.4 points, which means compliance of approximately 59%. Significant differences among countries, publication period, and RoB were observed (p < 0.001). The journal's impact factor was not correlated with the overall CONSORT score (p = 0.36).

CONCLUSIONS

The adherence of RCTs conducted in posterior restorations to the CONSORT Statement is still low. In addition, most studies were classified as at unclear risk of bias. These results call up an urgent need for improvement.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Most RCTs conducted in posterior teeth have poor reporting and are mainly classified as having an unclear risk of bias.

Characterization of restorative short-fiber reinforced dental composites

The aim was to evaluate and compare certain physical properties including surface-wear of five commercial short fiber-reinforced composites (SFRCs; Alert, NovaPro-Flow, NovaPro-Fill, everX Flow and everX Posterior). The following properties were examined according to ISO: flexural strength, flexural modulus, fracture toughness, water sorption. Degree of conversion was determined by FTIR-spectrometry. A wear test was conducted with 15,000 chewing-cycles using a chewing-simulator. Polymerization shrinkage-stress was measured using tensilometer. SEM was used to evaluate the microstructure of SFRCs. everX Flow exhibited the highest fracture toughness (2.8 MPa m^1/2) and the lowest wear depth (20.4 µm) values (p<0.05) among the SFRCs tested. NovaPro Fill (141.5 MPa) and everX Flow (147 MPa) presented the highest flexural strength values (p<0.05). everX Flow showed the highest shrinkage-stress value (5.3 MPa) while other SFRCs had comparable values. The use of SFRCs in dentistry can be advantageous, but special attention should be given to the selection of the materials.

The effect of two composite placement techniques on fracture resistance of MOD restorations with various resin composites

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the effect of two restorative placement techniques, centripetal incremental technique (CIT) and bulk-fill technique (BT) on the fracture resistance of Class II MOD restorations with various resin composites in molar teeth.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Fifty-six extracted, caries free third molars were prepared with MOD preparations and restored with resin composites. The specimens were divided into two groups by placement technique, centripetal incremental technique (CIT) and bulk-fill technique (BT). Each group was subdivided into four groups according to resin composite: hybrid (Aelite LS), nano-hybrid (Virtuoso Universal), bulk fill (Filtek One Bulk Fill) and the micro-hybrid (Herculite XRV) as the control.

RESULTS

Two-way analysis of variance test (ANOVA) followed by the multiple comparison procedure, Student-Newman-Keuls Method showed no a statistically significant difference between placement techniques and fracture resistance of Class II resin composite restorations (P > 0.05). Herculite XRV resisted a significantly higher load before fracture than the other three materials at a 0.05 level of significance, while Virtuoso Universal scored the lowest load.

CONCLUSIONS

There was no significant effect of the two placement techniques on the fracture resistance of Class II resin composite restorations CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Resin composite restorations in Class II MODs using a simplified bulk fill placement technique showed no significant difference in fracture resistance with the centripetal technique in molar teeth.

Glass Fiber Reinforced Composite Orthodontic Retainer: In Vitro Effect of Tooth Brushing on the Surface Wear and Mechanical Properties

Fiber reinforced composites (FRCs) are metal free materials that have many applications in dentistry. In clinical orthodontics, they are used as retainers after active treatment in order to avoid relapse. However, although the modulus of the elasticity of FRCs is low, the rigidity of the material in the form of a relatively thick retainer with a surface cover of a flowable resin composite is known to have higher structural rigidity than stainless steel splints. The aim of the present study is to measure load and bending stress of stainless steel wires, as well as flowable resin composite covered and spot-bonded FRC retainer materials after tooth brushing. These materials were tested with a three point bending test for three different conditions: no brushing, 26 min of brushing, and 60 min of brushing. SEM images were taken before and after different times of tooth brushing. Results showed that stainless steel was not significantly affected by tooth brushing. On the other hand, a significant reduction of values at maximum load at fracture was reported for both FRC groups, and uncovered FRCs were most affected. Concerning maximum bending stress, no significant reduction by pretreatment conditions was reported for the materials tested. SEM images showed no evident wear for stainless steel. Flowable resin composite covered FRCs showed some signs of composite wear, whereas spot-bonded FRCs, i.e., without the surface cover of a flowable resin composite, showed signs of wear on the FRC and exposed glass fibers from the FRC’s polymer matrix. Because of the significant changes of the reduction of maximum load values and the wear for spot-bonded FRCs, this technique needs further in vitro and in vivo tests before it can be performed routinely in clinical practice.

Direct bilayered biomimetic composite restoration: The effect of a cusp-supporting short fiber-reinforced base design on the chewing fracture resistance and failure mode of molars with or without endodontic treatment

The aim of this study was to assess the chewing fracture resistance of compromised molars restored with direct composite resin (CR) restorations, with and without a short-fiber reinforcing (short-FRC) base. Wide extension of MOD cavities with removed palatal cusps preparations were simulated on 48 extracted maxillary molars. Five groups (n = 12) were designed: 1. control (intact teeth), 2. non-endodontically treated and 3. endodontically treated teeth with direct CR restorations (GC-Posterior), and 4. non-endodontically treated and 5. endodontically treated teeth with direct biomimetic bilayered restorations. Groups 4 and 5 included an anatomically shaped short-FRC base (everX Posterior), covered with a 2 mm CR layer (GC-Posterior). Restorations were subjected to chewing in water (1.5 Hz), with load of 85 N. Specimens were loaded until fracture or to a maximum of 120 000 cycles. Restorations that survived the chewing cycle were submitted to static load test (post-chewing test). The data were statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA (p = 0.05) and fracture types with the chi-square test (p = 0.05). Fractures were classified into reparable, possibly reparable or non-reparable. All specimens survived the chewing cycle. The chewing fracture resistance of the direct biomimetic restorations prepared on non-endodontically treated teeth (2889 N) was statistically significantly higher than the direct CR counterparts (1966 N) (p = 0.00015), which was not the case for the groups with endodontically treated teeth (p = 0.257). Inclusion of a short-FRC base also influenced the fracture type resulting in most reparable fractures (67-75% versus 25% for biomimetic and CR groups respectively) (p = 0.054). Anatomically shaped i.e. a cusp-supporting design made of short-FRC base (everX Posterior) improved the chewing fracture resistance and fracture manner of compromised molars regardless of whether they were endodontically treated or not.

Fracture resistance and marginal gap formation of post-core restorations: influence of different fiber-reinforced composites

OBJECTIVES

The aim was to explore the fracture behavior and marginal gap within the root canal of endodontically treated (ET) premolars restored with different fiber-reinforced post-core composites (FRCs). Further aim was to evaluate the composite curing at different depths in the canal.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eighty-seven intact upper premolars were collected and randomly divided into six groups. After endodontic procedure, standard MOD cavities were prepared and restored with their respective fiber-reinforced post-core materials: group 1: prefabricated unidirectional FRC-post + conventional composite core; group 2: prefabricated unidirectional FRC-post + short fiber composite (SFRC) core; group 3: individually formed unidirectional FRC-post + conventional composite core; group 4: randomly oriented SFRC directly layered as post and core; group 5: individually formed unidirectional FRC + randomly oriented SFRC as post and core. After restorations were completed, teeth (n = 3/group) were sectioned and then stained. Specimens were viewed under a stereo microscope and the percentage of microgaps within the root canal was calculated. Fracture load was measured using universal testing machine.

RESULTS

SFRC application in the root canal (groups 4 and 5) showed significantly higher fracture load (876.7 N) compared to the other tested groups (512-613 N) (p < 0.05). Post/core restorations made from prefabricated FRC-post (group 1) exhibited the highest number of microgaps (35.1%) at the examined interphase in the root canal.

CONCLUSIONS

The restoration of ET premolars with the use of SFRC as post-core material displayed promising performance in matter of microgap and load-bearing capacity.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Fracture resistance of ET premolar restored by bilayered composite restoration that includes both SFRC as post-core material and surface conventional resin seems to be beneficial.

Characterization of a new fiber-reinforced flowable composite

This study aimed to evaluate certain physical properties including surface wear of a new experimental short fiber-reinforced flowable resin composite (SFRC) in comparison with different commercial flowable bulk fill resin composites (SDR, Tetric EvoFlow Bulk Fill, Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable and Estelite Bulk Fill Flow). The following properties were examined according to ISO standard: flexural strength, flexural modulus, fracture toughness, water sorption, volumetric shrinkage, and depth of cure. Degree of conversion (DC%) was determined by FTIR spectrometry. A wear test was conducted with 15000 chewing cycles using a dual-axis chewing simulator. Wear depth was measured by a three-dimensional (3D) noncontact optical profilometer. Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the microstructure of SFRC. Data were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance ANOVA (p = 0.05). SFRC exhibited the highest fracture toughness (2.8 MPa m^1/2) and flexural strength (146.5 MPa) values (p < 0.05) and the greatest depth of cure (5 mm) and lowest wear depth (18.2 µm) among the flowable bulk fill materials tested. SDR showed the lowest volumetric shrinkage percentage (2.9%), while the other resin composites had comparable volumetric shrinkage values (p > 0.05). The new short fiber-reinforced flowable resin composite differed significantly in its measured fracture toughness compared to the tested flowable bulk fill resin composites.

Influence of preheating and post-curing on a novel fiber-reinforced composite post material

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of preheating and post-curing methods on diametral tensile strength (DTS), flexural strength (FS), knoop microhardness (KHN), and degree of conversion (DC) of an experimental fiber-reinforced composite (FRC). Specimens (30 wt% of 3-mm-short E-glass fiber, 22.5 wt% of methacrylated-based resin and 47.5 wt% of filler particles) were subjected to: P - photocuring at 1500 mW/cm2 for 40 s (control); P/M - photocuring and microwave post-curing (540W/5 minutes); P/A - photocuring and autoclave post-curing (120°C/15 minutes); PH-P - preheating (60°C) and photocuring; PH-P/M - preheating, photocuring and microwave post-curing; and PH-P/A - preheating, photocuring and autoclave post-curing. Specimens for DTS (Ø 3 x 6 mm) and FS (25 x 2 x 2 mm) were tested at Instron 5965. KHN employed a 50g load for 30s. DC was measured using FTIR spectroscopy. Statistical analysis employed: factorial analysis, normality test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD test, independent T-test and the Dunnett test. Interaction between factors was not significant (P>0.05). Preheating promoted significantly higher values of FS and KHN (p = 0.0001). Post-curing promoted significantly higher values for KHN (p = 0.0001). For DTS (p = 0.066) and DC (p= 0.724) no statistical difference was found between groups. SEM images showed that preheating promoted better interaction between glass fibers and resin matrix. Preheating increased FS, KHN and DTS, and post-curing increased KHN. DC was not affected by both methods. Preheating and post-curing methods can be used to improve some mechanical properties of FRCs' but degree of conversion remains unaffected.

Original and Repair Bulk Fracture Resistance of Particle Filler and Short Fiber-Reinforced Composites

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate the original (OR) and repair (RR) fracture resistance of a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN)-based short fiber-reinforced composite compared to dimethacrylate-based composite materials by means of the V-notch test.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Circular specimens (5×2 mm) with a centrally machined 90° V-shaped notch were prepared. Four bulk fill (Filtek Bulk Fill, Venus Bulk Fill, TetricEvo Ceram Bulk Fill, SDR), three microfilled hybrid (GC-Anterior, GC-Posterior, Z250), one nanofilled (SupremeXTE), and two short fiber-reinforced (Alert, everX Posterior) composites were selected. EverX Posterior was the semi-IPN material. Specimens (n=12/group) were either dry or water stored for 7 and 30 days, respectively, at 37°C and then loaded in two-point load until fracture. One-half of each tested specimen was used for the repair procedure. Repairing surfaces were diamond-bur ground, etched, and treated with silane containing universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal) before repair.

RESULTS

Three-way analysis of variance revealed a significant statistical difference between the groups ( p<0.05). The fracture resistance of dry-stored groups was greater than that of water-stored groups. The highest OR was observed for dry-stored Alert (23.4 N/mm), which significantly deteriorated in water (17.4 N/mm) ( p<0.05). The highest RR was observed for everX Posterior (20.0 N/mm), which did not deteriorate in water significantly (19.0 N/mm) ( p>0.05). The everX Posterior preserved the specimens' integrity at the final fracture load (ductile fracture), whereas all other materials fractured into two halves at the interface (adhesive failure).

CONCLUSIONS

The only material that provided enhanced repair strength that was close to the original cohesive strength of the material was everX Posterior. The endurance of repaired restorations can be improved by using semi-IPN-based filling material.

An overview of development and status of fiber-reinforced composites as dental and medical biomaterials

Fibr-reinforced composites (FRC) have been used successfully for decades in many fields of science and engineering applications. Benefits of FRCs relate to physical properties of FRCs and versatile production methods, which can be utilized. Conventional hand lamination of prefabricated FRC prepregs is utilized still most commonly in fabrication of dental FRC devices but CAD-CAM systems are to be come for use in certain production steps of dental constructions and medical FRC implants. Although metals, ceramics and particulate filler resin composites have successfully been used as dental and medical biomaterials for decades, devices made out of these materials do not meet all clinical requirements. Only little attention has been paid to FRCs as dental materials and majority of the research in dental field has been focusing on particulate filler resin composites and in medical biomaterial research to biodegradable polymers. This is paradoxical because FRCs can potentially resolve many of the problems related to traditional isotropic dental and medical materials. This overview reviews the rationale and status of using biostable glass FRC in applications from restorative and prosthetic dentistry to cranial surgery. The overview highlights also the critical material based factors and clinical requirement for the succesfull use of FRCs in dental reconstructions.

Mechanical properties and fracture behavior of flowable fiber reinforced composite restorations

OBJECTIVE

The aim was to evaluate the effect of short glass-fiber/filler particles proportion on fracture toughness (FT) and flexural strength (FS) of an experimental flowable fiber-reinforced composite (Exp-SFRC) with two methacrylate resin formulations. In addition, we wanted to investigate how the fracture-behavior of composite restorations affected by FT values of SFRC-substructure.

METHODS

Exp-SFRC was prepared by mixing 50wt% of dimethacrylate based resin matrix (bisGMA or UDMA based) to 50wt% of various weight fractions of glass-fiber/particulate filler (0:50, 10:40, 20:30, 30:20, 40:10, 50:0wt%, respectively). FT and FS were determined for each experimental material following standards. Specimens (n=8) were dry stored (37°C for 2 days) before they were tested. Four groups of posterior composite crowns (n=6) composed of different Exp-SFRCs as substructure and surface layer of commercial particulate filler composite were fabricated. Crowns were statically loaded until fracture. Failure modes were visually examined. The results were statistically analysed using ANOVA followed by post hoc Tukey's test.

RESULTS

ANOVA revealed that ratio of glass-fiber/particulate filler had significant effect (p<0.05) on tested mechanical properties of the Exp-SFRC with both monomer systems. Exp-SFRC (50wt%) had significantly higher FT (2.6MPam^1/2) and FS (175.5MPa) (p<0.05) compared to non-reinforced material (1.3MPam^1/2, 123MPa). Failure mode analysis of crown restorations revealed that FT value of the substructure directly influenced the failure mode.

SIGNIFICANCE

This study shows that short glass-fibers can significantly reinforce flowable composite resin and the FT value of SFRC-substructure has prior importance, as it influences the crack arresting mechanism.

Optimization of large MOD restorations: Composite resin inlays vs. short fiber-reinforced direct restorations

OBJECTIVE

To compare mechanical performance and enamel-crack propensity of direct, semi-direct, and CAD/CAM approaches for large MOD composite-resin restorations.

METHODS

45 extracted maxillary molars underwent standardized slot-type preparation (5-mm depth and bucco-palatal width) including immediate dentin sealing (Optibond FL) for the inlays (30 teeth). Short-fiber reinforced composite-resin (EverX Posterior covered by Gradia Direct Posterior) was used for the direct approach, Gradia Direct Posterior for the semi-direct, and Cerasmart composite resin blocks for CAD/CAM inlays. All inlays were adhesively luted with light-curing composite-resin (preheated Gradia Direct Posterior). Shrinkage-induced enamel cracks were tracked by transillumination photography. Cyclic axial isometric chewing (5-Hz) was simulated, starting with a load of 200N (5000 cycles), followed by stages of 400, 600, 800, 1000, 1200, and 1400N (maximum 30,000 cycles each) until fracture or to a maximum of 185,000 cycles. Survived specimens were subjected to cyclic-load-to-failure test at 30-degree angle on the palatal cusp.

RESULTS

Only small shrinkage-induced cracks were found in 47% of the direct restorations compared to 7% and 13% of semi-direct and CAD/CAM inlays, respectively. Survival to accelerated fatigue was similar for all three groups (Kaplan-Meier p>.05) and ranged between 87% (direct) and 93% (semi-direct and CAD/CAM). Cyclic-load-to-failure tests did not yield significant differences either (Life Table analysis, p>.05) with median values of 1675N for CAD/CAM inlays, 1775N for fiber-reinforced direct restorations and 1900N for semi-direct inlays.

SIGNIFICANCE

All three restorative techniques yielded excellent mechanical performance above physiological masticatory loads. Direct restorations performed as good as inlays when a short-fiber reinforced composite-resin base was used.

Durability of a low shrinkage TEGDMA/HEMA-free resin composite system in Class II restorations. A 6-year follow up

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this randomized controlled prospective trial was to evaluate the durability of a low shrinkage and TEGDMA/HEMA-free resin composite system in posterior restorations in a 6-year follow up.

METHODS

139 Class II restorations were placed in 67 patients with a mean age of 53 years (range 29-82). Each participant received at random two, as similar as possible, Class II restorations. In the first cavity of each pair the TEGDMA/HEMA-free resin composite system was placed with its 3-step etch-and-rinse adhesive (cmf-els). In the second cavity a 1-step HEMA-free self-etch adhesive was used (AdheSe One F). The restorations were evaluated using slightly modified USPHS criteria at baseline and then yearly during 6 years. Caries risk and parafunctional habits of the participants were estimated.

RESULTS

Three molar teeth showed mild post-operative sensitivity during 3 weeks for temperature changes and occlusal forces. After 6 years, 134 Class II restorations were evaluated. Twenty-one restorations, 8 cmf-els (11.4%) and 13 ASE-els (20%) failed during the 6 years (p<0.0001). The annual failure rates were 1.9% and 3.3%, respectively. The main reasons for failure were fracture followed by recurrent caries. Most fractures and all caries lesions were found in high risk participants.

SIGNIFICANCE

The Class II resin composite restorations performed with the new TEGDMA/HEMA-free low shrinkage resin composite system showed good durability over six years.

Restoration Survival: Revisiting Patients' Risk Factors Through a Systematic Literature Review

A literature review was conducted to investigate the influence of patient-related factors on restoration survival in posterior permanent teeth as well as to report the methods used to collect these factors. The selection of articles on longitudinal clinical studies investigating the survival of posterior restorations (except full crowns and temporary fillings) and including patient-related factors was performed by applying predefined criteria. The review was organized into two parts, the first describing how patient factors were assessed in the studies (n=45) and the second presenting the statistical significance (n=27) and size of the effect (n=11) of these factors on restoration survival. Patient-related factors mentioned in the studies included age; gender; caries risk; caries activity/severity; decayed, missing, filled teeth; number of restorations; oral hygiene; and bruxism, among others. Sixteen studies included the patient age or age range in the analysis, which was found to be significant in 47% of the studies. Regarding gender, four of 17 reports found a significant effect on survival, showing more failures for men in three studies. The caries risk profile or related variables were included in the analysis of 15 studies, and a significant effect on survival was reported for high-caries-risk individuals (or related variables) in 67% of these studies. Bruxism was also found to influence restoration survival in three of six studies where this variable was investigated. Some issues were found regarding the reporting of methods used to classify patients according to risk and were thoroughly discussed. In view of the information gathered in this review, the assessment of patient factors along with other variables should become part of clinical studies investigating restoration survival, since several of these factors were shown to influence the failure of restorations, regardless of the material type.

Mechanical and structural characterization of discontinuous fiber-reinforced dental resin composite

OBJECTIVES

This study evaluated several fiber- and matrix related factors and investigated different mechanical properties of discontinuous i.e. short fiber-reinforced composite (SFRC) (everX Posterior, eXP). These were compared with three conventional composites, microfilled G-ænial Anterior (GA), nanofilled Supreme XTE (SXTE) and bulk-fill Filtek Bulk-Fill (FBF).

METHODS

Fracture toughness (KIC), flexural strength (FS), flexural modulus (FM), compressive strength (CS), diametral tensile strength (DTS), apparent horizontal shear strength (AHSS) and fracture work (Wf) were determined for each composite (n=8) stored dry or in water. SEM analysis of the fiber diameter (df) (n=6) and orientation (n=6) were performed. The theoretical critical fiber length (lfc) and the aspect ratio (l/d) of SFRC were calculated and the volume fraction of discontinuous fibers (Vf%) and the fiber length (lf) of SFRC were evaluated. The results were statistically analyzed with two-way ANOVA (α=0.05).

RESULTS

The mechanical properties of SFRC (eXP) were generally superior (p<0.05) compared with conventional composites. GA had the highest FM (p>0.05), whereas FBF had the highest AHSS (p<0.05). The fiber related properties Vf%, l/d, lf, lfc and df of eXP were 7.2%, 18-112, 0.3-1.9mm, 0.85-1.09mm and 17μm respectively. SEM results suggested an explanation to several toughening mechanisms provided by the discontinuous fibers, which were shown to arrest crack propagation and enable a ductile fracture. Water exposure weakened the mechanical properties regardless of material type. Wf was unaffected by the water storage.

CONCLUSION

The properties of this high aspect ratio SFRC were dependent on the fiber geometry (length and orientation) and matrix ductility.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The simultaneous actions of the toughening mechanisms provided by the short fibers accounted for the enhanced toughness of this SFRC, which toughness value matched the toughness of dentin. Hence, it could yield an inherently uniform distribution of stresses to the hard biological tissues.

Mechanical properties of fiber reinforced restorative composite with two distinguished fiber length distribution

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to investigate the reinforcing effect of discontinuous glass fiber fillers with different length scales on fracture toughness and flexural properties of dental composite.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Experimental fiber reinforced composite (Exp-FRC) was prepared by mixing 27wt% of discontinuous E-glass fibers having two different length scales (micrometer and millimeter) with various weight ratios (1:1, 2:1, 1:0 respectively) to the 23wt% of dimethacrylate based resin matrix and then 50wt% of silane treated silica filler were added gradually using high speed mixing machine. As control, commercial FRC and conventional posterior composites were used (everX Posterior, Alert, and Filtek Superme). Fracture toughness, work of fracture, flexural strength, and flexural modulus were determined for each composite material following ISO standards. The specimens (n=6) were dry stored (37°C for 2 days) before they were tested. Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate the microstructure of the experimental FRC composites. The results were statistically analyzed using ANOVA followed by post-hoc Tukey׳s test. Level of significance was set at 0.05.

RESULTS

ANOVA revealed that experimental composites reinforced with different fiber length scales (hybrid Exp-FRC) had statistically significantly higher mechanical performance of fracture toughness (4.7MPam(1/2)) and flexural strength (155MPa) (p<0.05) compared to other tested composites.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of different length scales of discontinues fiber fillers (hybrid) with polymer matrix yielded improved mechanical performance compared to commercial FRC and conventional posterior composites.

A randomized controlled 27 years follow up of three resin composites in Class II restorations

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the durability of three conventional resin composites in Class II restorations during 27 years.

METHODS

Thirty participants, 25 female and 5 male (mean age 38.2 years, range 25-63), received at least three (one set) as similar as possible Class II restorations of moderate size. The three cavities were chosen at random to be restored with a chemical-cured (Clearfil Posterior) and two visible light-cured resin composites (Adaptic II, Occlusin). A chemical-cured enamel bonding agent (Clearfil New Bond) was applied after Ca(OH)2 covering of dentin and enamel etch. Marginal sealing of the restorations was performed after finishing. One operator placed 99 restorations (33 sets). Evaluation was performed with slightly modified USPHS criteria at baseline, 2, 3, 10 and 27 years.

RESULTS

Postoperative sensitivity was observed in 5 patients. Three participants with 11 restorations (11%) could not be evaluated at the 27 year recall. Thirty-seven restorations failed (13 AII, 10 CP and 14 O). The overall success rate after 27 years was 56.5% (AII 55.2%, CP 63.0%, O 51.7%; p=0.70), with an annual failure rate of 1.6%. The main reason for failure was secondary caries (54.1%), followed by occlusal wear (21.6%) and material fracture (18.9%). Non-acceptable color match was seen in 24 (28.3%) of the restorations (AII 2, CP 16, O 6). Cox regression-analysis showed significant influence of the covariates tooth type, caries risk, and bruxing activity of the participants.

CONCLUSIONS

Class II restorations of the three conventional resin composites showed an acceptable success rate during the 27 year evaluation.

A randomized controlled 30 years follow up of three conventional resin composites in Class II restorations

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this 30 year randomized controlled study was to evaluate, by intraindividual comparisons, the durability of three conventional resin composites in Class II restorations.

METHODS

Each of 30 participants, 21 female and 9 male (mean age 30 years, range 20-43), received at least three (one set) as similar as possible Class II restorations of moderate size. After cavity preparation, the three cavities were chosen at random to be restored with two chemical-cured (P10, Miradapt) and one light-cured resin composite (P30). A chemical-cured enamel bonding agent was applied after etching of the enamel. The chemical-cured resin composites were placed in bulk and the light-cured in increments. One operator placed 99 restorations (33 sets). The restorations were evaluated with slightly modified USPHS criteria at baseline, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 years. Statistical analyses were performed by the Kaplan-Meier, log-rank test and Cox regression analyses.

RESULTS

After 30 years, 5 participants with 15 restorations (15%) could not be evaluated during the whole evaluation. Seven participants were considered as caries risk and eight participants as having active parafunctional habits. Postoperative sensitivity was observed in 24 teeth. In total 28 restorations, 9 P10, 12 P30 and 7 Miradapt restorations failed during the 30 years. The main reasons for failure were secondary caries (39.2%) and material fracture (35.7%). Sixty-four percent of the secondary caries lesions were found in high caries risk participants and 70% of the material fractures occurred in participants with active parafunctional habits. The overall success rate at 30 years was 63%, with an annual failure rate of 1.1%. 68-81% of the restorations showed non-acceptable color match. No statistical significant difference in survival rate was found between the three resin composites (p=0.45). The variables tooth type, cavity size, age, and gender of the participants did not significantly affect the probability of failure.

SIGNIFICANCE

The three conventional resin composites showed good clinical performance during the 30 year evaluation. The chemical cured resin composites showed better performance than the light-cured composite.

Survival of direct resin restorations in posterior teeth within a 19-year period (1996-2015): A meta-analysis of prospective studies

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to analyze the survival of posterior composite restorations published within the last 19 years (1996-2015).

METHODS

In this study only prospective, clinical trials with specification of the failure rate according to Class I/II composite fillings were included. Studies were analyzed according to the observation period (all studies vs. short-term vs. long-term studies). Retrospective studies and/or open laminate studies, tunnel restorations and Class V restorations were excluded. The following variables possibly influencing the failure rate were extracted from the studies: observation period, recall rate, average age of patients, number of patients, ratio of Class I/II fillings, number of restorations, ratio of premolars/molars, operator, method of isolation, bonding generation and filler size.

RESULTS

A total of 88 studies were included for statistical analysis. The observation period of the studies varied between 1 and 17 years, while most of the studies did not last longer than 5 years. Fracture of the restorations, secondary caries and marginal gap are the main causes for failure in the first 5 years (in descending order), while fracture and secondary caries are similarly distributed in long-term studies. Variables of investigation differed greatly in significance according to the respective observation period. The observation period, the recall rate, the ratio of Class I/II fillings and the number of restorations and patients had a significant influence on the overall failure rate when including all studies (short- and long-term). A linear correlation between the observation period and the failure rate was observed. In long-term studies these variables were not significant any longer. No significant difference in the failure rates between the materials per study was observed. The most common commercial composites investigated were: Tetric Ceram, Surefil, Filtek Supreme (incl. XT), Filtek Z250. The mean annual failure rate was 1.46% (±1.74%) for short-term studies and 1.97% (±1.53) for long-term studies. There is still a big need for clinical studies lasting longer than 5 years, as failure rates of composite restorations in posterior teeth increases with longer observation periods.

SIGNIFICANCE

A decreasing failure rate with an increasing recall rate as observed in our study suggests a patient selection in regard to availability and dental awareness. Internationally standardized evaluation criteria are mandatory in order to allow comparisons of the outcomes of clinical studies.

Effect of Desensitizing Agents on the Bond Strength of Mild and Strong Self-etching Adhesives

BACKGROUND

Desensitizing agents are used, almost as routine practice, in many adhesive restorative procedures. There is still debate as to their effect in dentin bonding, particularly with self-etching adhesives. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different desensitizing agents on the bond strength of mild and strong self-etching adhesive systems to dentin.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

One hundred twenty recently extracted, noncarious human molars were used to obtain superficial dentin substrate for bonding. No desensitizer was used in the control groups. The experimental groups were pretreated with Gluma Desensitizer, MicroPrime B, and Dentin Desensitizer immediately prior to bonding with self-etching adhesives Optibond XTR, Xeno IV, and iBond. A bonding jig was used to fabricate composite cylinders, which were stored for either 24 hours or three months, after which the shear bond strength (SBS) was evaluated using a notched-edge testing device at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Failure mode distribution was also evaluated at 24 hours and three months. A two-way analysis of variance, Tukey test, and Student t-test, with a significance level of p<0.05, were used for data analysis.

RESULTS

At 24 hours, there was no significant difference in SBS when the same adhesive was used with any of the experimental desensitizing agents compared with the control group without desensitizer. However, at three months, Dentin Desensitizer bonded with Optibond XTR demonstrated significantly lower SBS (p<0.001), while Gluma bonded with iBond showed significantly higher SBS values (p=0.034) relative to their corresponding control group. Only MicroPrime B bonded with Xeno IV and iBond with no desensitizer demonstrated a significant reduction in SBS after three months (p=0.034 and p=0.002, respectively). The most prevalent type of failure was adhesive.

CONCLUSION

Desensitizing agents can be used in combination with self-etching adhesives to control hypersensitivity without adversely affecting their bond strength to dentin.

Longevity of posterior composite restorations: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The aim of this meta-analysis, based on individual participant data from several studies, was to investigate the influence of patient-, materials-, and tooth-related variables on the survival of posterior resin composite restorations. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we conducted a search resulting in 12 longitudinal studies of direct posterior resin composite restorations with at least 5 years' follow-up. Original datasets were still available, including placement/failure/censoring of restorations, restored surfaces, materials used, reasons for clinical failure, and caries-risk status. A database including all restorations was constructed, and a multivariate Cox regression method was used to analyze variables of interest [patient (age; gender; caries-risk status), jaw (upper; lower), number of restored surfaces, resin composite and adhesive materials, and use of glass-ionomer cement as base/liner (present or absent)]. The hazard ratios with respective 95% confidence intervals were determined, and annual failure rates were calculated for subgroups. Of all restorations, 2,816 (2,585 Class II and 231 Class I) were included in the analysis, of which 569 failed during the observation period. Main reasons for failure were caries and fracture. The regression analyses showed a significantly higher risk of failure for restorations in high-caries-risk individuals and those with a higher number of restored surfaces.

Effect of glass fiber incorporation on flexural properties of experimental composites

This study evaluated the effect of fiber addiction in flexural properties of 30 wt% silica filled BisGMA resin (FR) or unfilled Bis-GMA (UR). Ten groups were created (N = 10) varying the resin (FR or UR) and quantity of glass fibers (wt%: 0, 10, 15, 20, and 30). Samples (10 × 2 × 1 mm) were submitted to flexural strength test following SEM examination. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, Tukey, and Student t-test (α = 0.05). Results for flexural strength (MPa) were FR-groups: 0% (442.7 ± 140.6)^C, 10% (772.8 ± 446.3)^ABC, 15% (854.7 ± 297.3)^AB, 20% (863.4 ± 418.0)^A, 30% (459.5 ± 140.5)^BC; UR-groups: 0% (187.7 ± 120.3)^B, 10% (795.4 ± 688.1)^B, 15% (1999.9 ± 1258.6)^A, 20% (1911.5 ± 596.8)^A, and 30% (2090.6 ± 656.7)^A, and for flexural modulus (GPa) FR-groups: 0% (2065.63 ± 882.15)^B, 10% (4479.06 ± 3019.82)^AB, 15% (5694.89 ± 2790.3)^A, 20% (6042.11 ± 3392.13)^A, and 30% (2495.67 ± 1345.86)^B; UR-groups: 0% (1090.08 ± 708.81)^C, 10% (7032.13 ± 7864.53)^BC, 15% (19331.57 ± 16759.12)^AB, 20% (15726.03 ± 8035.09)^AB, and 30% (29364.37 ± 13928.96)^A. Fiber addiction in BisGMA resin increases flexural properties, and the interaction between resin and fibers seems better in the absence of inorganic fillers increasing flexural properties.

Effect of Home Bleaching on Microleakage of Fiber-reinforced and Particle-filled Composite Resins

Background and aims. Bleaching may exert some negative effects on existing composite resin restorations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of home bleaching on microleakage of fiber-reinforced and particle-filled composite resins.

Materials and methods. Ninety class V cavities (1.5×2×3 mm) were prepared on the buccal surfaces of 90 bovine teeth. The teeth were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=15) and restored as follows: Groups 1 and 2 with Z100, groups 3 and 4 with Z250, and groups 5 and 6 with Nulite F composite resins. All the specimens were thermocycled. Groups 1, 3 and 5 were selected as control groups (without bleaching) and the experimental groups 2, 4 and 6 were bleached with 22% carbamide peroxide gel. All the samples were immersed in 2% basic fuchsin dye for 24 hours and then sectioned longitudinally. Dye penetration was evaluated under a stereomicroscope (×25), at both the gingival and incisal margins. Data were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests (a=0.05).

Results. Statistical analyses revealed that bleaching gel increased microleakage only at gingival margins with Z250 (P=0.007). Moreover, the control groups showed a statistically significant difference in microleakage at their gingival margins. Nulite F had the maximum microleakage while Z250 showed the minimum (P=0.006).

Conclusion. Microleakage of home-bleached restorations might be related to the type of composite resin used.

Short fiber reinforced composite: a new alternative for direct onlay restorations

Objectives:

To determine the static load-bearing capacity of direct composite onlay restorations made of novel filling composite resin system which combines short fiber-reinforced composite resin (FC) and conventional particulate filler composite resin (PFC).

Methods:

Three groups of onlay restorations were fabricated (n = 8/group); Group A: made from conventional particulate filler composite resin (Z250, 3M-ESPE, USA, control), Group B: made from short fiber-reinforced composite resin (EverX posterior, StickTeck Ltd, member of GC group, Turku, Finland) as substructure with 1 mm surface layer of PFC, Group C: made from FC composite resin. The specimens were incrementally polymerized with a hand-light curing unit for 80 s before they were statically loaded with two different sizes (3 & 6 mm) of steel ball until fracture. Failure modes were visually examined. Data were analyzed using ANOVA (p = 0.05).

Results:

ANOVA revealed that onlay restorations made from FC composite resin had statistically significantly higher load-bearing capacity (1733 N) ( p < 0.05) than the control PFC composite resin (1081 N). Onlays made of FC composite resin with a surface layer of PFC gave force values of 1405 N which was statistically higher than control group ( p < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found in the load-bearing capacity between groups loaded by different ball sizes

Significance:

Onlay restorations combining base of short fiber reinforced composite resin as substructure and surface layer of conventional composite resin displayed promising performance in high load bearing areas.

Patient Risk Factors’ Influence on Survival of Posterior Composites

This practice-based retrospective study evaluated the survival of resin composite restorations in posterior teeth, focusing on the influence of potential patient risk factors. In total, 306 posterior composite restorations placed in 44 adult patients were investigated after 10 to 18 yrs. The history of each restoration was extracted from the dental records, and a clinical evaluation was performed with those still in situ. The patient risk status was assessed for caries and “occlusal-stress” (bruxism-related). Statistical analysis was performed by the Kaplan–Meier method and Cox-regression multivariate analysis. In total, 30% of the restorations failed, of which 82% were found in patients with 1 or 2 risk factors. Secondary caries was the main reason of failure within caries-risk patients, whereas fracture was the main reason in “occlusal-stress-risk” patients. The patient variables gender and age did not significantly affect survival, but risk did ( p < .001). Tooth type ( p < .001), arch ( p = .013), and pulpal vitality ( p = .003) significantly affected restoration survival. Within the limits of this retrospective evaluation, the survival of restorations is affected by patient risk factors, which should be included in survival analyses of restorations.

Clinical performance of ormocer, nanofilled, and nanoceramic resin composites in Class I and Class II restorations: a three-year evaluation

PURPOSE

This prospective long-term clinical trial evaluated and compared the three-year clinical performance of an ormocer, a nanofilled, and a nanoceramic resin composite with that of a microhybrid composite placed in Class I and Class II cavities.

METHODS

Forty patients, each with four Class I and II restorations under occlusion, were enrolled in this study. A total of 160 restorations were placed, 25% for each material, as follows: an ormocer-based composite, Admira; a nanofilled resin composite, Filtek Supreme XT; a nanoceramic resin composite, Ceram X; and a microhybrid resin composite, Tetric Ceram. A single operator placed all restorations according to the manufacturers' instructions. Immediately after placement the restorations were finished/polished. Clinical evaluation was performed at baseline and at yearly intervals after placement by two other independent examiners using modified US Public Health Service (USPHS) criteria. The changes in the USPHS parameters during the three-year period were analyzed with the Friedman test. Comparison of the baseline scores with those at the recall visits was made using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.

RESULTS

All materials showed only minor changes, and no differences were detected between their performance at baseline and after three years. Only two ormocer, one nanofilled, and one microhybrid restorations in molars failed because of loss of retention. Regarding the clinical performance, there were no statistically significant differences among the materials used (p>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The ormocer, nanofilled, and nanoceramic composites provided acceptable clinical performance over a three-year period.

Fracture resistance of premolars restored by various types and placement techniques of resin composites

To verify the fracture resistance of premolars with mesioocclusodistal preparations restored by different resin composites and placement techniques. Sixty premolars were randomly divided into two groups based on type of composite resin: Filtek P60 or Nulite F, and then each group was separated into three subgroups: bulk, centripetal, and fiber insert according to the type of placement method (n = 10). Single-bond adhesive system was used as composite bonding according to the manufacturer's instructions. Specimens were restored in Groups 1, 2, and 3 with Filtek P60 and in Groups 4, 5, and 6 with Nulite F. After being stored 24 hours at 37°C, a 4 mm diameter steel sphere in a universal testing machine was applied on tooth buccal and lingual cusps at a cross-head speed of 5 mm/min until fracture occurred. Groups 3 and 6 showed higher fracture resistance than Groups 1, 2, 4, and 5. Among the placement techniques, the fiber insert method had a significant effect, but the type of composite was ineffective. The insertion technique in contrast to the type of material had a significant influence on the fracture resistance of premolar teeth.

Preliminary clinical evaluation of short fiber-reinforced composite resin in posterior teeth: 12-months report

This preliminary clinical trial evaluated 12 month clinical performance of novel filling composite resin system which combines short fiber-reinforced composite resin and conventional particulate filler composite resin in high stress bearing applications. A total of 37 class I and II restorations (compound and complex type) were placed in 6 premolars and 31 molars. The restorations were reviewed clinically at 6 months (baseline) and 12 months using modified USPHS codes change criteria for marginal adaptation, post-operative sensitivity, pulpal pain and secondary caries criteria. Photographs and x-rays were obtained for restorative analysis. Results of 12 months evaluation showed 5 restorations having little marginal leakage (B score) and 1 patient had minor pulpal symptom and post-operative sensitivity (B score). No secondary caries or bulk fracture was detected. The majority of restorations exhibited A scores of the evaluated criteria. After 12 months, restorations combining base of short fiber reinforced composite resin as substructure and surface layer of hybrid composite resin displayed promising performance in high load bearing areas.

Clinical performance of a nanofilled resin composite with and without an intermediary layer of flowable composite: a 2-year evaluation

The objective of this prospective clinical follow-up was to evaluate the 2-year clinical performance of a nanofilled resin composite in class II restorations. The restorations were made with and without intermediary layer of a nanofilled flowable resin composite studied in an intraindividual comparison. Each participant received at least two, as similar as possible, class II restorations of the nanofilled resin composite. One restoration of each pair (54) was chosen at random to be restored with an intermediary layer with flowable nanofilled resin composite. The other was restored without. The restorations were evaluated with slightly modified US Public Health Services criteria at baseline, 1, and 2 years. Ninety-two restorations, 46 pairs, were evaluated at 2 years. A prediction of the caries risk showed that 22 of the evaluated 48 patients were considered as high-risk patients. Two failures were observed, one in each group, resulting in a 2.2% failure rate. No statistical difference was seen between the restorations restored with and without layer of flowable resin composite. The nanofilled resin composite showed very good surface characteristics and color match, which did not change significantly during the follow-up period. The nanofilled resin composite showed a good clinical performance with a 2.2% failure rate after 2 years. No differences were observed between the restorations with and without the nanofilled flowable resin intermediary layer.

Clinical performance of a hybrid resin composite with and without an intermediate layer of flowable resin composite: a 7-year evaluation

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this prospective clinical follow up was to evaluate the long term clinical performance of a hybrid resin composite in Class II restorations with and without intermediate layer of flowable resin composite.

METHODS

Each participant received at least two, as similar as possible, Class II restorations of the hybrid resin composite. One resin composite restoration of each pair (59) was chosen at random to be restored with an intermediary layer with flowable resin composite. The other was restored without. The 118 restorations were evaluated using slightly modified USPHS criteria at baseline and then yearly during 7 years.

RESULTS

Four drop outs were registered during the 7-year follow up (2 with and 2 without flowable) restorations. A prediction of the caries risk showed that 18 of the evaluated 46 patients were considered as high risk patients. Seventeen failures were observed, 8 in restorations with and 9 in restorations without an intermediate layer of flowable resin composite, resulting in a 14.9% failure rate after 7 years. The main reasons for failure were: fracture of resin composite (8), secondary caries (4) and cusp fracture (3). No statistical difference was seen between restorations restored with and without flowable layer.

CONCLUSION

The hybrid resin composite showed a good clinical performance during the 7-year evaluation. The use of flowable resin composite as an intermediate layer did not result in improved effectiveness of the Class II restorations.

12-year Survival of Composite vs. Amalgam Restorations

Information about the long-term clinical survival of large amalgam and composite restorations is still lacking. This retrospective study compares the longevity of three- and four-/five-surface amalgam and composite restorations relative to patients’ caries risk. Patient records from a general practice were used for data collection. We evaluated 1949 large class II restorations (1202 amalgam/747 composite). Dates of placement, replacement, and failure were recorded, and caries risk of patients was assessed. Survival was calculated from Kaplan-Meier statistics. After 12 years, 293 amalgam and 114 composite restorations had failed. Large composite restorations showed a higher survival in the combined population and in the low-risk group. For three-surface restorations in high-risk patients, amalgam showed better survival.