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Elnawawy MSA, Gharote H, Pullishery F, Al Wakeb R, Abuzenada B. Effect of Various Vital Bleaching Systems on Clinical Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction. Cureus 2024; 16:e65648. [PMID: 39205783 PMCID: PMC11351963 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.65648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the clinical behavior of different bleaching products - the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), carbamide peroxide (CP), and titanium dioxide bleaching systems. Methods Three bleaching systems with different concentrations (H2O2 15%, 38%, CP 15%, 35%, and titanium dioxide 20% H2O2) were used. Sixty participants with discolored teeth were enrolled and equally divided into six groups. Each group was rendered the assigned bleaching protocol against the control group, which received plain dentifrice polishing. Each case was evaluated immediately, two weeks, three months, six months, and one year after the bleaching treatment. The clinical evaluation was made for color change by (shade guide and digital images with L*a*b* parameters), tooth sensitivity, gingival irritation, and participants' satisfaction. Results All bleaching systems showed color improvement after bleaching regimens with significant effect showed by in-office titanium dioxide 20% H2O2 followed by 38% H2O2 with Δ=10.26 and Δ=6.52, respectively, when compared to other bleaching techniques. Higher sensitivity was recorded in group III with 50% of the participants reporting postoperative sensitivity. Higher gingival irritation was recorded in group IV (15% CP) where 60% of the patients reported gingival irritation. Thirty-five of the 60 participants (58.5%) recorded that the treatment whitened their teeth "moderately" and "a lot" while seven participants recorded "a slight" difference. There was a highly significant difference in participants' satisfaction between all bleaching groups (p < 0.05). Conclusion It is evident that there is a development of dental sensitivity and gingival irritation irrespective of the bleaching system used. The color assessment showed that the desired result can be achieved with variable levels of patient satisfaction with excellent overall results with the titanium dioxide system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Samir A Elnawawy
- Clinical Sciences Department, General Dentistry Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, SAU
- Conservative Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, EGY
| | - Harshkant Gharote
- Clinical Sciences Department, General Dentistry Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Fawaz Pullishery
- Dental Public Health and Research Department, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Rehab Al Wakeb
- Clinical Sciences Department, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah, SAU
| | - Basem Abuzenada
- Restorative Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
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Ps S, Karumaran CS, R S A, Manuel CE, V JC, Stalin R. An In Vitro Study on the Effects of Hydrogen Peroxide-Based Bleaching Agents on Enamel: Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) With Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) Evaluation. Cureus 2024; 16:e58318. [PMID: 38752025 PMCID: PMC11095582 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim and objective The aim of the present in vitro study is to evaluate the morphological and elemental alterations in enamel following bleaching with hydrogen peroxide-based bleaching agents of different concentrations and pH values when exposed to different treatment times. Materials and method Twenty extracted maxillary central incisors were selected for the study. Tooth samples were prepared by sectioning the tooth cervico-incisally into two halves. The teeth were divided into different groups based on the bleaching protocol and bleaching agent applied: Group IA, Group IB, Group IIA, and Group IIB. Group IA received a 35% hydrogen peroxide-based bleaching agent of pH 6 for 10 minutes with light application. Group IB received a 35% hydrogen peroxide-based bleaching agent of pH 6 for 30 minutes with light activation. Group IIA received a 40% hydrogen peroxide-based bleaching agent of pH 8.5 for 10 minutes with chemical activation. Group IIB received a 40% hydrogen peroxide-based bleaching agent of pH 8.5 for 30 minutes with chemical activation. The morphology of the enamel before and after the application of the bleaching agent was evaluated using field emission scanning electron microscopy. The elemental analysis of enamel between the control and test samples was done with the help of energy dispersive spectroscopy. Results Paired t-test was used to analyze the data obtained from the study. The test samples showed erosive alterations in enamel surface morphology and also a decrease in the concentration of minerals when compared to the corresponding control groups. Conclusions The present study evidences the erosive potential of hydrogen peroxide-based bleaching agents. It can be concluded that bleaching agents containing high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide with acidic pH can cause mineral loss and surface erosion of enamel which is extremely detrimental to the tooth integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreelakshmi Ps
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Chettinad Dental College and Research Institute, Chennai, IND
| | | | - Arjun R S
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Jaya Prakash (J P) Dental Specialists, Thiruvananthapuram, IND
| | | | - Jevina Christy V
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Rajas Dental College and Hospital, Tirunelveli, IND
| | - Roselin Stalin
- Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Thai Moogambigai Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, IND
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Manzoli TM, Costa JLDSG, Besegato JF, Zaniboni JF, Galvani LD, Dantas AAR, Kuga MC. Microstructural effect of different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide photoactivated with LED/laser. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103613. [PMID: 37201771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (HP) photoactivated with LED/laser sources is recurrent; however, their influence on tooth structure is not yet fully elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the pH, microhardness and surface roughness of different bleaching protocols photoactivated with LED/laser. METHODS Forty bovine incisors were sectioned (7×7×2mm) and randomized into four groups for analysis of pH (n=5), microhardness and roughness (n=10): HP35, HP6_L, HP15_L, HP35_L. The pH analysis was performed in the initial and final minute of the bleaching protocol. Microhardness and roughness were evaluated before and 7 days after the last bleaching session. Results were obtained from two-way ANOVA for repeated measures and Bonferroni post-test at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS HP6_L showed higher pH and greater stability between the initial and final evaluations, while the other groups showed similar pH with reduced values in the intragroup evaluation. No differences between groups in microhardness and roughness evaluations were observed. CONCLUSIONS Although HP6_L showed higher alkalinity and pH stability, none of the protocols reduced the microhardness and surface roughness of bovine enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiane Miranda Manzoli
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - Joatan Lucas de Sousa Gomes Costa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - João Felipe Besegato
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Joissi Ferrari Zaniboni
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - Lucas David Galvani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - Andréa Abi Rached Dantas
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - Milton Carlos Kuga
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
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Chaiwat A, Chunhacheevachaloke E, Kidkhunthod P, Pakawanit P, Ajcharanukul O. Enamel Remineralization and Crystallization after Fluoride Iontophoresis. J Dent Res 2023; 102:402-411. [PMID: 36546596 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221138513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Early caries lesions consist of noncavitated subsurface demineralization caused by the dissolution of hydroxyapatite from the surface to the subsurface area of the enamel. Such lesions cannot be remineralized effectively by the conventional treatment. Thus, there is a need for a noninvasive technique capable of delivering the remineralizing agent to subsurface sites. For this purpose, fluoride iontophoresis (IP) using weak currents has been investigated with some conflicting results and no information on the crystal structure and composition. Because enamel remineralization involves the role of fluid from dentin, the presence of enamel fluid is necessary to determine the repair associated with the physiological condition. This study aimed to investigate structural and compositional characteristics, including the remineralizing effect of 5% sodium fluoride (NaF) IP with different polarities, cathodal iontophoresis (CIP), and anodal iontophoresis (AIP) for the treatment of natural enamel caries under simulated pulpal pressure. A bulk measurement of the crystal structure inside the lesion was first determined using calcium (Ca) K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. IP with both polarities significantly promoted subsurface remineralization. The CIP generated a significant increase in the Ca/phosphorus ratio, and fluoride at the surface lesion significantly correlated with higher mineral density (MD) and more strengthening crystal structure of the lesion volume, while the lesion's MD and other impurities at the lesion surface, mostly the carbonate ions, affected the significant increase in MD with the unchanged structure of the lesion volume after AIP. The CIP of NaF is an ideal method for rapid enamel remineralization and recrystallization of fluoroapatite/fluorohydroxyapatite.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Chaiwat
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - E Chunhacheevachaloke
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - P Kidkhunthod
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization) Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - P Pakawanit
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization) Muang District, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
| | - O Ajcharanukul
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Favoreto MW, de Souza Carneiro T, Forville H, Burey A, Simas Dreweck FD, Loguercio AD, Reis A. Use of calcium-containing bioactive desensitizers in dental bleaching: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Dent Assoc 2023; 154:245-259.e12. [PMID: 36717350 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Topical application of calcium-containing bioactive desensitizers (CBs) has been used to minimize bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity (TS). This study answered the research question "Is the risk of TS lower when CBs are used with dental bleaching in adults compared with bleaching without desensitizers?" TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED The authors included randomized clinical trials comparing topical CB application with a placebo or no intervention during bleaching. Searches for eligible articles were performed in MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane Library, Brazilian Library in Dentistry, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and gray literature without language and date restrictions and updated in September 2022. The risk of bias was evaluated using Risk of Bias Version 2.0. The authors conducted meta-analyses with the random-effects model. The authors assessed heterogeneity with the Cochrane Q test, I2 statistics, and prediction interval. The authors used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach to assess the certainty of the evidence. RESULTS After database screening, 22 studies remained, with most at high risk of bias. No difference in the risk of TS was detected (risk ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.90 to 1.01; P = .08, low certainty). In a visual analog scale, the intensity of TS (mean difference, -0.98; 95% CI, -1.36 to -0.60; P < .0001, very low certainty) was lower for the CB group. The color change was unaffected (P > .08). PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Although topical CB dental bleaching did not reduce the risk of TS and color change, these agents slightly reduced the TS intensity, but the certainty of the evidence is very low.
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Müller-Heupt LK, Wiesmann-Imilowski N, Kaya S, Schumann S, Steiger M, Bjelopavlovic M, Deschner J, Al-Nawas B, Lehmann KM. Effectiveness and Safety of Over-the-Counter Tooth-Whitening Agents Compared to Hydrogen Peroxide In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031956. [PMID: 36768279 PMCID: PMC9915942 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) This study investigated the whitening effect, cytotoxicity and enamel surface alterations induced by different over-the-counter (OTC) bleaching agents in comparison to hydrogen peroxide. (2) Human teeth (n = 60) were randomly assigned into 6 groups (n = 10), stained with coffee solution for 7 d, followed by a whitening period of 7 d with either placebo, bromelain, sodium bicarbonate, sodium chlorite, PAP or hydrogen peroxide. Color measurements were performed with a spectrophotometer. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) were taken to assess the enamel structure. Cytotoxicity of the tested substances was assessed based on the cell viability of primary human fibroblasts. (3) The application of all whitening gels resulted in a greater color difference of the enamel (ΔE) in comparison to the negative control. Hydrogen peroxide caused the greatest color difference. Bromelain and PAP treatment showed no enamel surface changes, in contrast to hydrogen peroxide treatment, which showed very mild interprismatic dissolution. Bromelain was the only non-cytotoxic agent. (4) The maximum effect achieved by all OTC bleaching agents was the removal of stains, whereas hydrogen peroxide was capable of further whitening the teeth. Bromelain treatment was neither cytotoxic, nor resulted in enamel surface alterations, and its whitening effect was less, yet still effective, compared to hydrogen peroxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Katharina Müller-Heupt
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6131-17-5086
| | - Nadine Wiesmann-Imilowski
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebahat Kaya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sven Schumann
- Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Steiger
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Monika Bjelopavlovic
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bilal Al-Nawas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl Martin Lehmann
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Bizreh Y, Milly H. Effect of bioactive glass paste on efficacy and post-operative sensitivity associated with at-home bleaching using 20% carbamide peroxide: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:194. [PMID: 36195927 PMCID: PMC9531444 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00826-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of bioactive glass (BAG) 45S5 paste on colour change and tooth sensitivity (TS) when used in combination with 20% carbamide peroxide (CP) during at-home vital tooth bleaching. Methods Twenty-four patients were selected and assigned into two experimental groups (n = 12) in a double-blind study design. Each patient received 20% CP followed by the application of either BAG paste or non-active placebo paste. The shade evaluation was performed using a digital spectrophotometer based on the CIE L*a*b* colour space system at different time points and the overall colour changes ΔE were calculated. TS was evaluated using visual analogue scale (VAS). The values of ΔE and TS were statistically analysed using paired t-test. The level of statistical significance was established at p = 0.05. Results The overall colour changes (ΔE) between baseline and each time point showed no significant differences between BAG and placebo groups (p > 0.05). The use of BAG paste significantly decreased TS reported by the participants. Conclusions The association of BAG paste with at-home bleaching treatment presents a promising method as it decreased TS and did not deteriorate bleaching efficacy. Trial registration This study was approved and registered in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR) under Registration number: ACTRN12621001334897.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazan Bizreh
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Damascus University, Mazah, Damascus, Syria
| | - Hussam Milly
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Damascus University, Mazah, Damascus, Syria.
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Ribeiro R, de Oliveira Duque CC, Ortecho-Zuta U, Leite ML, Hebling J, Soares DG, de Souza Costa CA. Influence of Manganese Oxide on the Esthetic Efficacy and Toxicity Caused by Conventional In-office Tooth Bleaching Therapy. Oper Dent 2022; 47:425-436. [PMID: 35917237 DOI: 10.2341/20-257-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the esthetic efficacy, cytotoxicity, and kinetics of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) present in a commercial bleaching gel with 35% H2O2 (BG35%) chemically activated with manganese oxide (MnO2). METHODS AND MATERIALS After incorporating 2 mg/mL, 6 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL of MnO2 into BG35%, the stability of pH and temperature of the products were analyzed. To assess the esthetic efficacy (ΔE and ΔWI), the BG35%s with MnO2 were applied for 45 minutes on enamel/dentin discs (DiE/D). BG35% or no treatment were used as positive (PC) and negative (NC) controls, respectively. To analyze the cell viability (CV) and oxidative stress (OXS), the same bleaching protocols were performed on DiE/D adapted to artificial pulp chambers. The extracts (culture medium + gel components that diffused through the discs) were applied to pulp cells and submitted to H2O2 quantification. BG35% with MnO2 that showed the best results was evaluated relative to kinetic decomposition of H2O2, with consequent generation of free radicals (FR) and hydroxyl radicals (OH•). The data were submitted to the one-way analysis of variance complemented by Tukey post-test (α=0.05). Data on kinetics of H2O2 decomposition were submitted to the Student's-t test (α=0.05). RESULTS All the BG35%s with MnO2 showed stability of pH and temperature, and the gel with 10 mg/mL of this activator had an esthetic efficacy 31% higher than that of the PC (p<0.05). Reduction in OXS and trans-amelodentinal diffusion of H2O2 occurred when all the BG35%s with MnO2 were used. The addition of 6 and 10 mg/mL of MnO2 to BG35% increased the CV in comparison with PC, confirmed by the cell morphology analysis. An increase in FR and OH• formation was observed when 10 mg/mL of MnO2 was added to BG35%. CONCLUSION Catalysis of BG35% with MnO2 minimized the trans-amelodentinal diffusion of H2O2 and toxicity of the product to pulp cells. BG35% containing 10 mg/mL of MnO2 potentiated the decomposition of H2O2, enhancing the generation of FR and OH•, as well as the efficacy of the in-office tooth therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Ribeiro
- Rafael Antonio de Oliveira Ribeiro, PhD student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. ORCID: 0000-0001-8100-3294
| | - C C de Oliveira Duque
- Carla Caroline de Oliveira Duque, PhD, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Univ Estadual Paulista -UNESP, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. ORCID 0000-0002-5898-4132
| | - U Ortecho-Zuta
- Uxua Ortecho Zuta, PhD student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Univ Estadual Paulista -UNESP, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. ORCID 0000-0002-2922-3609
| | - M L Leite
- Maria Luísa Leite, PhD student, Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Univ Estadual Paulista -UNESP, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. ORCID 0000-0001-6650-3637
| | - J Hebling
- Josimeri Hebling, professor, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. ORCID 0000-0002-2846-2325
| | - D G Soares
- Diana Gabriela Soares, professor, Department of Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Univ de São Paulo - USP, Bauru, Bauru School of Dentistry, Bauru, SP, Brazil. ORCID 0000-0002-1485-6104
| | - C A de Souza Costa
- *Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa, professor, Department of Physiology and Pathology, Univ Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara School of Dentistry, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. ORCID 0000-0002-7455-6867
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Costa JLDSG, Besegato JF, Zaniboni JF, Galvani LD, Kuga MC. Effects of tooth bleaching protocols with violet LED and hydrogen peroxide on enamel properties. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 38:102733. [PMID: 35065278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study evaluated the color change, enamel surface roughness and microhardness after different tooth bleaching protocols, using hydrogen peroxide (HP) and/or violet LED. METHODS Forty bovine specimens (7 × 7 × 2 mm) were randomly distributed into 4 groups: 35% HP, 6% HP, 6% HP + violet LED and violet LED alone. First, the specimens were stained with black tea and then submitted to two bleaching sessions of 30 min with an interval of 7 days. Color change (∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b* and ∆E00) after 24 h of each session and 1 week after the last session was evaluated. Enamel roughness and microhardness were evaluated immediately before the sessions, 24 h and 1 week after the last session. Data were evaluated by ANOVA for repeated measures and Bonferroni post-test or Kruskall-Wallis and Dunn tests (α = 0.05). Representative specimens from each group were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS 6% HP + violet LED and 35% HP showed the highest color change, while violet LED alone had the lowest results. Enamel roughness analyses showed that 6% HP + violet LED and 35% HP showed changes after two bleaching sessions. No differences were observed regarding enamel microhardness. CONCLUSIONS The use of 6% HP + violet LED showed enhanced bleaching efficacy compared to 35% HP. However, violet LED used alone exhibited the lowest color change. 6% HP + violet LED and 35% HP promoted changes on enamel roughness, while no microhardness changes was observed for any group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joatan Lucas de Sousa Gomes Costa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 1680 Humaitá Street, 3rd floor - Centro, Mail Box: 331, Araraquara, SP, Zip Code 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - João Felipe Besegato
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 1680 Humaitá Street, 3rd floor - Centro, Mail Box: 331, Araraquara, SP, Zip Code 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - Joissi Ferrari Zaniboni
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 1680 Humaitá Street, 3rd floor - Centro, Mail Box: 331, Araraquara, SP, Zip Code 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - Lucas David Galvani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 1680 Humaitá Street, 3rd floor - Centro, Mail Box: 331, Araraquara, SP, Zip Code 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - Milton Carlos Kuga
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 1680 Humaitá Street, 3rd floor - Centro, Mail Box: 331, Araraquara, SP, Zip Code 14801-903, Brazil.
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10
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Júnior NAN, Nunes GP, Gruba AS, Danelon M, da Silva LMAV, de Farias Batista G, Briso ALF, Delbem ACB. Evaluation of bleaching efficacy, microhardness, and trans-amelodentinal diffusion of a novel bleaching agent for an in-office technique containing hexametaphosphate and fluoride. Clin Oral Investig 2022; 26:5071-5078. [PMID: 35403911 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-022-04480-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated in vitro the effects of calcium gluconate (CaGlu), sodium fluoride (NaF), sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP), and NaF/TMP added to a 35% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bleaching gel on the color change, enamel hardness, and trans-amelodentinal diffusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enamel discs/bovine dentin (n = 150) were divided according to the bleaching gel: 35% H2O2 (H2O2); 35% H2O2 + 0.1% NaF (H2O2/NaF); 35% H2O2 + 1% HMP (H2O2/HMP); 35% H2O2 + 0.1% NaF + 1% HMP (H2O2/NaF/HMP), and 35% H2O2 + 2% CaGlu (H2O2/Caglu). The bleaching gels were applied three times (40 min/session) at 7-day intervals between each application. Then, color alteration (ΔE), whitening index (ΔWID), percentage of surface hardness loss (% SH), cross-sectional hardness (ΔKHN), and trans-amelodentinal diffusion were determined. Data were submitted for analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test (p < 0.05). RESULTS All bleaching gels showed significant color changes after treatment (p < 0.001). ΔE and ΔWID were similar among the evaluated gels. Mineral loss (% SH and ΔKHN) and trans-amelodentinal diffusion of hydrogen peroxide were lower for H2O2/NaF/HMP; the H2O2/CaGlu group presented the highest values about the other groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION It is possible to conclude that the addition of NaF/HMP to the in-office bleaching agent did not interfere with the bleaching efficacy and reduced enamel demineralization and H2O2 diffusion. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The association of NaF/HMP to the bleaching gel can be used as a novel approach for minimizing the adverse effects of H2O2 by-products and with similar clinical efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilson Antônio Nunes Júnior
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Pereira Nunes
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Amanda Scarpin Gruba
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Marcelle Danelon
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Lívia Maria Alves Valentim da Silva
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Gabriella de Farias Batista
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Fraga Briso
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil
| | - Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Araçatuba School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Rua José Bonifácio 1193, Araçatuba, SP, 16015-050, Brazil.
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11
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Ribeiro MES, Lopes RM, Aranha ACC, Medeiros IS, Lima RR, Souza Júnior MHSE, Loretto SC. Is prolonged bleaching more harmful to dental enamel than daily dietary and hygienic oral habits? Braz Oral Res 2021; 35:e113. [PMID: 34816901 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ultrastructural and mechanical properties of enamel surface were evaluated after prolonged bleaching treatments with 10% carbamide peroxide in the presence or absence of orange juice (erosive challenge) and toothbrushing (abrasive challenge). In total, 145 incisor bovine teeth were used in this study. Twenty-five samples were prepared for the ultrastructural evaluations, and 120 samples were prepared for microhardness and roughness tests. These 120 samples were divided into eight experimental groups (n = 15): G1- artificial saliva; G2- abrasion; G3- erosion; G4- dental bleaching; G5- erosion + abrasion; G6- bleaching + abrasion; G7- bleaching + erosion; and G8- bleaching + erosion + abrasion. All groups were tested at T0 (before treatment), T1 (14 days), T2 (21 days), and T3 (28 days). Two-way analysis of variance for repeated measures and the post hoc Sidak tests (p ≤ 0.05) were used. The roughness evaluation demonstrated an increase in damage for all experimental groups with an increase in the time period. For microhardness, the groups exposed to artificial saliva (AS) and abrasive challenge did not show any differences at any time points, while the other groups showed a decrease in microhardness from T0 to T3. Ultrastructural evaluation showed different surface alterations in response to the treatments. Despite prolonged bleaching periods, the procedure caused lesser enamel surface alterations than exposure to orange juice alone or in combination with brushing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Eliane Soares Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA, School of Dentistry, Dental Materials Laboratory, Belém - PA, Brazil
| | - Raquel Marianna Lopes
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Cecília Corrêa Aranha
- Universidade de São Paulo - USP, School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Studart Medeiros
- Universidade de São Paulo, School of Dentistry, Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA, Institute of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Belém - PA, Brazil
| | | | - Sandro Cordeiro Loretto
- Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA, School of Dentistry, Dental Materials Laboratory, Belém - PA, Brazil
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Effects of Cold-Light Bleaching on Enamel Surface and Adhesion of Streptococcus mutans. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:3766641. [PMID: 34471637 PMCID: PMC8405299 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3766641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tooth bleaching is becoming increasingly popular among patients with tooth staining, but the safety of bleaching agents on tooth structure has been questioned. Primarily thriving on the biofilm formation on enamel surface, Streptococcus mutans has been recognized as a major cariogenic bacterial species. The present study is aimed at investigating how cold-light bleaching would change enamel roughness and adhesion of Streptococcus mutans. Human premolars were divided into 72 enamel slices and allocated into 3 groups: (1) control, (2) cold-light bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide (Beyond™), and (3) 35% hydrogen peroxide (Beyond™) alone. Biofilms of Streptococcus mutans were cultivated on enamel slices in 5% CO2 (v/v) at 37°C for 1 day or 3 days. Enamel surfaces and biofilms were observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was applied to quantify the roughness of enamel surface, and the amounts of biofilms were measured by optical density of scattered biofilm and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Cold-light bleaching significantly increased (p < 0.05) surface roughness of enamel compared to controls, but significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) adhesion of Streptococcus mutans on enamel in the bacterial cultures of both 1 day and 3 days. In conclusion, cold-light bleaching could roughen enamel surface but inhibit Streptococcus mutans adhesion at the preliminary stage after the bleaching treatment.
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Costa JLDSG, Besegato JF, Zaniboni JF, Kuga MC. LED/laser photoactivation enhances the whitening efficacy of low concentration hydrogen peroxide without microstructural enamel changes. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 36:102511. [PMID: 34469795 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association of low concentration hydrogen peroxide (HP) and a light source has been widely used to achieve efficient bleaching. We investigated the colorimetric and microstructural changes of bovine enamel bleached with 6% HP associated or not with a hybrid light source system of violet light and laser (LED/laser). METHODS Twenty bovine crowns were used to obtain specimens of 7 × 7 × 2 mm. Then, they were randomized in two groups (n=10): 6% HP and 6% HP + LED/laser. After staining with dark tea solution, three bleaching sessions were performed. Colorimetric evaluation (∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b*, ∆E00 [CIEDE2000] and WID) after 24 hours of each session and 7 days after the final bleaching session was performed. Enamel Vickers microhardness at baseline, 24 hours and 7 days after the last bleaching session were also evaluated. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test was used at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS 6% HP and 6% + HP LED/laser showed satisfactory bleaching results. The group photoactivated showed higher WID values (p<0.05). Differences between groups were observed for ∆E00, ∆L* and ∆a* (p<0.05), except for ∆b* (p>0.05). Intra-group differences were also found (p<0.05). Regarding microhardness, no inter or intra-group differences were observed (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS The photoactivation with LED/laser enhanced the whitening efficacy of 6% HP compared to the group without photoactivation. Thus, the LED/laser activation appears to be a good option when using low concentration HP-based agents. In addition, both bleaching protocols did not cause changes on enamel microhardness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joatan Lucas de Sousa Gomes Costa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 3rd floor, Humaitá Street, 1680 - Centro, Mail Box: 331, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - João Felipe Besegato
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 3rd floor, Humaitá Street, 1680 - Centro, Mail Box: 331, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - Joissi Ferrari Zaniboni
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 3rd floor, Humaitá Street, 1680 - Centro, Mail Box: 331, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - Milton Carlos Kuga
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, 3rd floor, Humaitá Street, 1680 - Centro, Mail Box: 331, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
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14
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Vlasova N, Samusenkov V, Novikova I, Nikolenko D, Nikolashvili N, Knyazeva M. Influence of Professional Teeth Whitening on Oral Hygiene: Long-term Results. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2021; 11:408-413. [PMID: 34430502 PMCID: PMC8352057 DOI: 10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_71_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: The aim of this article is to estimate the long-term influence of professional dental bleaching on quality of oral hygiene (year after procedure). Materials and Methods: A randomized controlled prospective clinical repeated study was carried out 6 months after the previous one, i.e., 1 year after the oral hygiene procedure, among 60 patients divided into two groups. In the first group, professional oral hygiene and bleaching using 25% hydrogen peroxide were performed. In the second group only, oral hygiene was performed. Dynamics of hygienic index of Quigley-Hein modified by S. Turesky was estimated. Results: In the first group, the average value of the hygienic index of Quigley-Hein modified by S. Turesky was significantly lower a year after procedure than before (1.33±0.09 and 2.34±0.14, respectively). In the second group, this index exceeded 2.45 and nearly returned to the initiated level (2.45±0.07 and 2.44±0.08, respectively). Patients underwent professional teeth whitening in the long-term period, and the level of oral hygiene was significantly higher than that in the control group. Conclusion: Professional dental bleaching has good long-term influence on the level of oral hygiene and serves as a significant motivation factor for maintaining health of oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Vlasova
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Vadim Samusenkov
- Prosthetic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Novikova
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Denis Nikolenko
- Prosthetic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Nikita Nikolashvili
- Prosthetic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marina Knyazeva
- Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
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15
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Costa JLDSG, Besegato JF, Kuga MC. Bleaching and microstructural effects of low concentration hydrogen peroxide photoactivated with LED/laser system on bovine enamel. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2021; 35:102352. [PMID: 34051345 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2021.102352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tooth whitening protocols with low concentration hydrogen peroxide (HP) appear to minimize the microstructural effect on teeth. In addition, light sources have been used to enhance bleaching efficiency. This study evaluated the color change and microhardness of a protocol with 6% HP photoactivated by LED/laser in comparison with 35% HP. METHODS Twenty bovine incisors were randomized in two groups: 6% HP + LED/laser and 35% HP (n=10). Teeth were submitted to staining using dark tea. Three whitening sessions were carried out according to the manufacturer's instructions. Enamel microhardness (VHN) and color change evaluation (∆L*, ∆a*, ∆b*, ∆E00 [CIEDE2000], and WID) before 24 hours and 7 days after the last whitening session were performed. Two-way repeated ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test was used (α = 0.05). RESULTS Both groups showed perceptible color changes, being more pronounce for 35% HP. Differences were observed for ∆a*, ∆b* and ∆E00 (p≤0.027), except for ∆L* (p>0.05). Differences were also found in the comparison among the evaluation times within the same group (p≤0.027), except for ∆a* results (p>0.05). WID showed that 35% HP exhibited high whiteness values. Regarding microhardness, the groups did not show significant differences (p>0.05). However, 35% HP showed decreased values after 7 days of the last whitening session compared to the baseline (p≤0.027). CONCLUSIONS 6% HP + LED/laser promoted perceptible color change, but not comparable with 35% HP. No differences on enamel microhardness were observed between the whitening protocols. However, 35% HP showed decreased hardness after 7 days of whitening compared to baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joatan Lucas de Sousa Gomes Costa
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - João Felipe Besegato
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
| | - Milton Carlos Kuga
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, São Paulo 14801-903, Brazil.
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Besegato JF, Silva AM, de Almeida ENM, Rastelli ANDS, Takahashi R, Dezan-Garbelini CC, Hoeppner MG. Microstructural effect of a laser-activated bleaching agent containing titanium dioxide on human enamel. J Conserv Dent 2021; 23:558-562. [PMID: 34083909 PMCID: PMC8095693 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_312_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a laser-activated bleaching agent containing titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on enamel roughness and hardness. Materials and Methods: Twenty human premolars were randomized into two groups according to the bleaching treatments performed: HP – 35% hydrogen peroxide and HP + TiO2 – 30% hydrogen peroxide containing TiO2 light-activated by diode laser (980 nm). It was performed two bleaching sessions with an interval of 7 days. Microhardness and roughness of the enamel were assessed at three times: T0 – Before 1st appointment, T1 – after 2nd appointment, and T2–7 days after 2nd appointment. Results: The HP + TiO2 did not cause changes on enamel roughness and hardness and presented the same effects of the HP. Conclusions: Both bleaching agents showed no difference between them. Then, it is possible to conclude that both are viable for clinical use during in-office dental bleaching technique regarding the microstructural changes that they might cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Felipe Besegato
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Aryvelto Miranda Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Eran Nair Mesquita de Almeida
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Takahashi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Paediatric Dentistry, State University of Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Márcio Grama Hoeppner
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Londrina - UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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17
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Manno SHC, Manno FAM, Tian L, Khan MS, Ahmed I, Liu Y, Li VWT, Xu S, Xie F, Hung TF, Ma V, Cho W, Aldape B, Cheng SH, Lau C. Spectroscopic and microscopic examination of teeth exposed to green tea at different temperatures. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244542. [PMID: 33378409 PMCID: PMC7773275 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea is a popular beverage consumed at different temperatures. The effect of tea on teeth at different temperatures has not been studied previously. The present study used an in vitro green tea immersed tooth model at different tea temperatures (hot and cold) compared to an in vivo tea administration model allowing rats to drink tea over the course of a week. The elements present in tea leaves were identified by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and compared to the elements in teeth (enamel surface) using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). Here, LIBS demonstrated in vivo and in vitro green tea treatments resulted in a significant increase in the mineral elements found in enamel. For the in vitro assessment, elements in enamel varied based on cold-tea and hot-tea treatment; however, hot water reduced the elements in enamel. Atomic force microscopy found the in vivo tea group had a higher roughness average (RA) compared with the in vivo water group. Cold tea and hot tea in vitro groups demonstrated lower RA than in vitro water controls. Scanning electron microscopy found hot water induced cracks more than 1.3μm in enamel while cold tea and hot tea promoted the adhering of extrinsic matter to teeth. Overall, teeth treated to high temperature lost the mineral phase leading to demineralization. Our results indicate that green tea protects enamel, but its protective action in dental structures is enhanced at cold temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinai H. C. Manno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Francis A. M. Manno
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Muhammad S. Khan
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Irfan Ahmed
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Sukkur IBA University, Sukkur, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Yuanchao Liu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vincent W. T. Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shisan Xu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fangjing Xie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tak Fu Hung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Victor Ma
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - William Cho
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Beatriz Aldape
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Portal de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Shuk Han Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Condon Lau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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18
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Kury M, Moura Antonialli F, S. Soares LE, Pereira Machado Tabchoury C, Giannini M, Esteban Florez FL, Cavalli V. Effects of violet radiation and nonthermal atmospheric plasma on the mineral contents of enamel during in-office dental bleaching. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101848. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Alkahtani R, Stone S, German M, Waterhouse P. A review on dental whitening. J Dent 2020; 100:103423. [PMID: 32615235 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide a narrative review on vital dental whitening chemistry, toxicity and safety, vital dental whitening techniques, whitening systems, potential side effects of whitening and cyclic whitening using products with a range of concentrations and pH values. In addition, new developments and recommendations in the field of vital dental whitening will be presented to help clinicians understand the whitening process, its advantages, limitations, and the impact of whitening concentration and pH on enamel providing guidance in tailoring whitening treatments. DATA Data were gathered using the following keywords: dental whitening, roughness, hardness, sensitivity, hydrogen peroxide, whitening pH, whitening concentration, whitening chemistry, colour, and toxicity. SOURCES An electronic search was performed using PubMed and Scopus databases. Bibliographic material from papers reviewed was then used to find other relevant publications. CONCLUSIONS The effectiveness of vital dental whitening depends on many factors, such as the concentration/pH of the whitening agent, application duration, chemical additives, and re-mineralising agents used. Developing new whitening products and technologies such as nano-additives and alternative carrier systems is showing promising results, and might prove efficient in maximising whitening benefits by accelerating the whitening reaction and/or minimising expected reversible/irreversible enamel structural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan Alkahtani
- College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4BW, United Kingdom.
| | - Simon Stone
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4BW, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew German
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4BW, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Waterhouse
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Tyne and Wear, NE2 4BW, United Kingdom
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Effect of ammonium acryloyldimethyltaurate copolymer on the physical and chemical properties of bleached dental enamel. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:2701-2711. [PMID: 31797171 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the effect of bioadhesive polymer, Aristoflex® AVC, on enamel physical and chemical properties. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bovine enamel blocks were divided into CP 10% with carbopol-Whiteness Perfect® (WP-FGM), CP 10% with Aristoflex (A + CP 10%), CP 10% with carbopol (C + CP 10%), Aristoflex (A), carbopol (C), carbamide peroxide 10% (CP 10%) and control (no treatment). The treatment was performed for 4 h during 14 days. The colour (ΔE, ΔL*, Δa* and Δb*), profilometry (Ra) and surface microhardness (KHN) were performed before and after the bleaching treatment. The concentrations of Ca and P were performed on the 1st, 3rd, 7th and 14th days by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry for the groups WP, A + CP 10%, C + CP 10%, A, C and CP 10% (control without thickener) and the morphology by scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS All groups with CP 10%, regardless of polymer, differing statistically to ΔE, ΔL*, Δa* and Δb* compared to control group. The group A + CP 10% maintained low values of roughness and microhardness after bleaching. Higher concentration of Ca and P was found in the 1st day of treatment for the WP group compared to the groups A + CP 10% and C + CP 10%. CONCLUSION The 10% CP associated with the bioadhesive polymer Aristoflex® AVC was effective on the bleaching treatment without changing the physical properties of the dental enamel. Also, this experimental gel caused less mineral loss than the group CP 10% with carbopol (WP-FGM). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Because the change of Carbopol by Aristoflex, a bioadhesive polymer, does not interfere with the effectiveness of bleaching treatment, it is a promising agent associated to carbamide to maintain the physical properties of enamel after bleaching.
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Silva BG, Gouveia THN, da Silva MDAP, Ambrosano GMB, Aguiar FHB, Lima DANL. Evaluation of home bleaching gel modified by different thickeners on the physical properties of enamel: An in situ study. Eur J Dent 2019; 12:523-527. [PMID: 30369797 PMCID: PMC6178682 DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_352_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This in situ study evaluated the influence of 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) in combination with different thickeners on physical characteristics of enamel. Materials and Methods: Eighty-four bovine blocks of enamel and dentin (4 mm × 4 mm × 2.5 mm) were divided into seven groups (n = 12), fixed in palatal intraoral devices, and submitted to different treatments: CP + carbopol (FGM), CP + carbopol + glycerin (ultradent), CP + natrosol (experimental gel), carbopol, carbopol + glycerin, and natrosol, without treatment (control group). The physical properties tested were color (ΔE), roughness (Ra), and Knoop microhardness (KHN). Statistical Analysis Used: Data were submitted to ANOVA, Tukey's, and Dunnett's tests (α = 0.05). Results: all groups presented significant color variation, except carbopol. For microhardness, all bleached groups did not differ from control. Roughness increased in all bleached groups when compared to the control group, but CP + natrosol presented statistical lower results than CP + carbopol. Conclusion: Replacement of carbopol by natrosol caused less change on roughness surface, at the same time yielding an effective whitening result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Guerra Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Thayla Helle Nunes Gouveia
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo de Assumpção Pereira da Silva
- Paulista Central University Center, Institute of Physics of Sao Carlos, IFSC/USP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.,Paulista Central University Center, UNICEP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Hauss Monteiro DD, Valentim PT, Elias DC, Moreira AN, Machado Cornacchia TP, Magalhães CS. Effect of surface treatments on staining and roughness of bleached enamel. Indian J Dent Res 2019; 30:393-398. [PMID: 31397414 DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_233_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objectives were to evaluate the effect of surface treatments and waiting time before contact with dye on bleached enamel staining and surface treatments on roughness. Methods One hundred bleached teeth were randomly assigned to G1 artificial saliva, G2 2% sodium fluoride (Flugel, Nova DFL), G3 casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride paste (MI Paste Plus, GC America), G4 rinse for bleached color maintenance (Keep White Rinse, DMC), and G5 polishing with impregnated disks (SuperBuff Disk, Shofu). Fifty specimens were immersed in coffee immediately after treatment; the others 1 h after. Color difference (ΔE) was evaluated with a spectrophotometer (Vita EasyShade) and roughness (Ra, Rq) with an optical profilometer (NewView 7300). Effects were analyzed with two-way ANOVA, Friedman, and Kruskal-Wallis test (P < 0.05). Results Surface treatments (P = 0.878), waiting time (P = 0.105), and interaction (P = 0.145) were not significant to bleached color maintenance. Roughness was different among the evaluation time points (2nd evaluation >1st evaluation >3rd evaluation) (P < 0.001); not among surface treatments (G1, G2, G3, G4, G5) (P > 0.05). Conclusions Surface treatments were similar to saliva for bleached enamel color maintenance. Immediate or 1-h postponed contact with coffee did not affect bleached enamel color. Bleaching increased enamel roughness; surface treatments and artificial saliva decreased it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Drummond Hauss Monteiro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pablo Thiago Valentim
- Department of Physics, Exact Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais; National Institute of Science and Technology of Nanodevices Semiconductors, Brazil
| | - Daniel Cunha Elias
- Department of Physics, Exact Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Allyson Nogueira Moreira
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudia Silami Magalhães
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Barbosa JG, Benetti F, de Oliveira Gallinari M, Carminatti M, da Silva ABD, Lopes INI, Briso ALF, Cintra LTA. Bleaching gel mixed with MI Paste Plus reduces penetration of H 2O 2 and damage to pulp tissue and maintains bleaching effectiveness. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:1299-1309. [PMID: 31302769 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES MI Paste Plus remineralizer (Rem) strengthens dental structures after bleaching. We investigated the effect of Rem on the penetration of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), bleaching effectiveness, and pulp inflammation after bleaching. MATERIALS AND METHODS Bovine disks were grouped as follows (n = 10): control (untreated), bleached (Ble; 35% H2O2, 30 min), Ble-Rem (H2O2 followed by Rem, 30 min), Rem-Ble (Rem followed by H2O2), Rem-Ble-Rem (Rem before and after H2O2), and Ble+Rem (mixture of Rem with H2O2, 1:1, 30 min). The penetration of H2O2 was quantified and bleaching efficacy was analyzed. Upper rat molars (n = 10) received the same treatments at random. The rats were euthanized after two days and 30 days, and their jaws were removed for histological analysis. Statistical tests were performed (P < 0.05). RESULTS The bleached groups, except Ble+Rem (P > 0.05), showed significant H2O2 penetration compared with control (P < 0.05). Color alteration analysis showed that ΔL and ΔE were significantly higher in the bleached groups than those in control (P < 0.05); the Δb of the bleached groups differed from that of control at 24 h (P < 0.05). At two days, necrosis or inflammation was observed in the bleached groups compared with control (P < 0.05), except Ble+Rem, which was similar to control (P > 0.05). At 30 days, tertiary dentin formation was significant in the bleached groups (P < 0.05), except Ble+Rem (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The mixture of MI Paste Plus and bleaching gel reduces H2O2 penetration and pulp damage and maintains bleaching effectiveness. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Because bleaching can damage dental tissues, we studied a new bleaching protocol that reduces damage to the pulp tissue while maintaining bleaching efficiency: a single application of 30 min of MI Paste Plus mixed with 35% H2O2 bleaching gel (1:1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Galbiati Barbosa
- Department of Endodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Francine Benetti
- Department of Endodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
- Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, UFMG - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Marina Carminatti
- Department of Endodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Anna Beatriz Dias da Silva
- Department of Endodontics, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - André Luiz Fraga Briso
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo State University (Unesp), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
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24
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Acuña ED, Parreiras SO, Favoreto MW, Cruz GP, Gomes A, Borges CPF, Loguercio AD, Reis A. In-office bleaching with a commercial 40% hydrogen peroxide gel modified to have different pHs: Color change, surface morphology, and penetration of hydrogen peroxide into the pulp chamber. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2019; 34:322-327. [PMID: 30790402 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In-office bleaching gels are usually marketed in different pHs. This study is aimed at evaluating the efficacy, enamel surface morphology and concentration of hydrogen peroxide (HP) in the pulp chamber of teeth bleached with 40% HP with different pHs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty premolars were randomly divided according to bleaching gel pH: 5.1, 6.3, 7.0, and control (no bleaching). Teeth were prepared, an acetate buffer was placed in the pulp chamber and teeth were bleached with two 20-minutes applications. The amount of HP was determined on a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Color change was assessed by using a digital spectrophotometer before and 1 week after bleaching treatment. Five additional premolars were divided into four parts, assigned to the same groups above for analysis under scanning electron microscope. Data were subjected to anova and Tukey's tests (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS The group pH 5.1 showed the highest HP diffusion in the pulp chamber (P < .001). No significant difference was detected in color change (P = .51). All groups presented the same pattern of enamel demineralization. CONCLUSIONS The bleaching agent with pH 5.1 presented the highest HP amounts in the pulp chamber, but color change and enamel morphology were similar among groups. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Regardless of the pH, the bleaching effect can be observed in teeth submitted to high concentrations of HP, but a higher permeability of HP was found in the pulp chamber of teeth bleached with more acidic bleaching agents. Based on that, we suggest the use of alkaline gels for in-office bleaching to minimize damage to the pulpal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Acuña
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná - Brazil
| | - Sibelli O Parreiras
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná - Brazil
| | - Michael W Favoreto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná - Brazil
| | - Gustavo P Cruz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná - Brazil
| | - Anderson Gomes
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry State University of Ponta Grossa, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná - Brazil
| | - Christiane P F Borges
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná - Brazil
| | - Alessandro D Loguercio
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná - Brazil
| | - Alessandra Reis
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Uvaranas, Ponta Grossa, Paraná - Brazil
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25
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Hortkoff D, Bittencourt BF, Nadal JM, Gomes OM, Rezende M, de Almeida Farhat PB. Clinical Study of Bleaching Gel Storage Temperature on Tooth Color and Sensitivity. Oper Dent 2019; 44:459-468. [PMID: 30702403 DOI: 10.2341/17-302-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this triple-blind, split-mouth, randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the bleaching efficacy and tooth sensitivity of an in-office bleaching agent submitted to different storage temperatures (room temperature at 21.04°C±3.13°C or refrigeration at 5°C). METHODS AND MATERIALS Thirty volunteers were selected who had central incisors with color A2 or higher. The volunteers' maxillary hemi-arches received either the bleaching treatment with room temperature or refrigerated storage temperatures (two sessions of 3×15 minutes, one-week interval). Color variation was evaluated by subjective (Vita Classic and Vita Bleachedguide) and objective methods (Vita Easyshade spectrophotometer). Tooth sensitivity was evaluated with the visual analog scale (0-10) and the numerical rating scale (five points). The consistency of bleaching gels was evaluated by flow test, and pH was measured, both in triplicate. Color variation (SGU) and ΔE were analyzed by paired t-test (α=0.05). The absolute risk of pain was assessed by McNemar test (α=0.05), data from the numerical rating scale by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (α=0.05), and visual analog scale by paired t-test. Comparison between the times within each group was analyzed by Friedman test. Gel consistency and pH were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post-test. RESULTS Regarding the absolute risk of tooth sensitivity, no significant difference was observed between the groups. The relative risk for tooth sensitivity was 1.13 (95%, confidence interval 0.70-1.82). Both tooth sensitivity scales were statistically similar. The results of the subjective evaluation (Vita Classic: p=0.73, Vita Bleachedguide: p=1.00) and the objective evaluation (p=1.00) of bleaching efficacy corresponded to the hypothesis of equality between groups after bleaching. Both pH values were around 7, and for the consistency test, there were significant differences between the groups (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS Storage temperature of the analyzed in-office bleaching agent had no influence on tooth color effectiveness and tooth sensitivity.
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26
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Sanz-Sánchez I, Oteo-Calatayud J, Serrano J, Martín C, Herrera D. Changes in plaque and gingivitis levels after tooth bleaching: A systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg 2019; 17:117-129. [PMID: 30609262 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The primary aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effect of external tooth-bleaching products on plaque indices and to compare it to a placebo or a negative control. METHODS A protocol was developed aimed to answer the next focused question: What is the effect of tooth bleaching compared to no treatment or a placebo, in subjects without periodontitis aged ≥18 years in the levels of plaque and gingivitis? Two electronic databases were used as sources in the search for studies satisfying the inclusion criteria: (a) The National Library of Medicine (MEDLINE via PubMed); (b) Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. RESULTS Only randomized controlled trials were included. The initial search found 382 potential publications. Seven of them were finally included, and six were used in the meta-analyses. The use of bleaching products showed higher reductions in plaque (n = 6; standardized mean difference [SMD] = 0.47; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.06, 0.88; P < 0.001) and gingivitis indices (n = 4; SMD = 0.47; 95% CI = 0.22, 0.73; P < 0.001), when compared to a control group (no treatment or placebo). CONCLUSIONS External tooth bleaching is associated with statistically significant short-term reductions in plaque and gingivitis indices. However, no data were available to evaluate long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Sanz-Sánchez
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Oteo-Calatayud
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Prosthesis, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Serrano
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Conchita Martín
- Department of Dental Clinical Specialties, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Herrera
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Eskelsen E, Catelan A, Hernades NMAP, Soares LES, Cavalcanti AN, Aguiar FHB, Liporoni PCS. Physicochemical changes in enamel submitted to pH cycling and bleaching treatment. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2018; 10:281-286. [PMID: 30588123 PMCID: PMC6296191 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s184683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The purpose of this study was to assess the hardness, mineral content, surface roughness, and micromorphology of sound and slightly demineralized enamels, before and after bleaching procedure using 10% carbamide peroxide. Methods Sixty bovine dental blocks were randomly divided into the following two groups: 30 slabs were submitted to three cycles of pH and 30 slabs were noncycled. Hardness (n=10) was measured using the microhardness tester with Knoop indenter under a 50 g load for 5 seconds. The calcium/phosphate (Ca/P) ratio (n=10) was obtained using a micro-energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (μ-EDXRF) spectrometer. The measurement of roughness average (n=10) was performed using a surface roughness tester. Specimens were bleached 6 hours/day during 21 days, and then, physicochemical properties were re-evaluated. Two additional specimens were carried out to evaluate surface micromorphology using the scanning electron microscopy. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). Results Sound and slightly demineralized enamels showed no difference in Ca/P ratio after dental bleaching according to the μ-EDXRF analysis, but the Ca/P ratio decreased after bleaching for slightly demineralized enamel. Bleaching treatment decreased the hardness and increased the surface roughness, causing micromorphology alterations. Conclusion Therefore, bleaching procedure promoted change in bovine enamel surface and increased the demineralization of slightly demineralized enamel but not affected the mineral content of sound enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evania Eskelsen
- Department of Dentistry, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | - Anderson Catelan
- Department of Dentistry, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, São Paulo, Brazil,
| | | | - Luís Eduardo Silva Soares
- Laboratory of Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy, Research and Development Institute, University of Vale do Paraíba, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Nóbrega Cavalcanti
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Medicine and Public Health of Bahia and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Flávio Henrique Baggio Aguiar
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil,
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28
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Pinto A, Bridi EC, Amaral F, França F, Turssi CP, Pérez CA, Martinez EF, Flório FM, Basting RT. Enamel Mineral Content Changes After Bleaching With High and Low Hydrogen Peroxide Concentrations: Colorimetric Spectrophotometry and Total Reflection X-ray Fluorescence Analyses. Oper Dent 2018; 42:308-318. [PMID: 28467252 DOI: 10.2341/16-032-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) content in enamel bleached with high and low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (HP) using Total Reflection X-Ray Fluorescence (TXRF) and colorimetric spectrophotometry (SPEC). Forty-eight sound human third molars were used. Their roots were embedded in polystyrene resin and immersed for seven days in an artificial saliva solution. Then they were distributed into six groups to receive the bleaching treatments. The agents of high HP concentration (for in-office use) evaluated were Whiteness HP Maxx/FGM (35% HP), Whiteness HP Blue/FGM (35% HP, 2% calcium gluconate), Pola Office+/SDI (37.5% HP, 5% potassium nitrate), and Opalescence Boost/Ultradent (38% HP, 1.1% ion fluoride, 3% potassium nitrate); these agents were applied to enamel in three sessions. The agents of low HP concentration (for home use) evaluated were Pola Day/SDI (9.5% HP) and White Class 10%/FGM (10% HP, potassium nitrate, calcium, fluoride), and these agents were applied for 14 days. Enamel microbiopsies were evaluated by TXRF and SPEC analysis before the bleaching treatment (baseline), during the treatment, and 14 days after the end of the treatment. For TXRF, the Kruskal-Wallis test showed that Ca and P were not influenced by agent (p>0.05). For SPEC, Pola Office+, Opalescence Boost, Pola Day, and White Class 10% caused a decrease of Ca over time; there was a significant decrease of P over time to Pola Office+ and White Class 10%. The Spearman test showed no correlation between the Ca (p=0.987; r2=-0.020) and P (p=0.728, r2=0.038) obtained by SPEC and TXRF. For TXRF and SPEC, changes in Ca and P during bleaching occurred independently of the HP concentration used.
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29
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Llena C, Esteve I, Forner L. Effects of in-office bleaching on human enamel and dentin. Morphological and mineral changes. Ann Anat 2018. [PMID: 29522885 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of HP-based products upon dental enamel and dentin are inconclusive. AIM To evaluate changes in micromorphology and composition of calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) in enamel and dentin after the application of 37.5% hydrogen peroxide (HP) and 35% carbamide peroxide (CP) METHODS: Crowns of 20 human teeth were divided in two halves. One half was used as control specimen and the other as experimental specimen. The control specimens were kept in artificial saliva, and the experimental specimens were divided into four groups (n=5 each): group 1 (enamel HP for 45min); group 2 (dentin HP for 45min); group 3 (enamel CP for 90min); and group 4 (dentin CP for 90min). The morphological changes were evaluated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), while the changes in the composition of Ca and P were assessed using environmental scanning electron microscopy combined with a microanalysis system (ESEM+EDX). The results within each group and between groups were compared using the Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney U-test, respectively (p<0.05). RESULTS Similar morphological changes in the enamel and no changes in dentin were assessed with both products. Ca and P decreased in enamel and dentin, without significant differences between them or with respect to their control specimens (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS When bleaching products with a neutral pH are used in clinical practice, both, the concentration and the application time should be taken into account in order to avoid possible structural and mineral changes in enamel and dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Llena
- Department of Stomatology, Universitat de València, Clínica Odontológica, C. Gascó Oliag, 1, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Irene Esteve
- Department of Stomatology, Universitat de València, Clínica Odontológica, C. Gascó Oliag, 1, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Leopoldo Forner
- Department of Stomatology, Universitat de València, Clínica Odontológica, C. Gascó Oliag, 1, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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30
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Llena C, Esteve I, Forner L. Effect of Hydrogen and Carbamide Peroxide in Bleaching, Enamel Morphology, and Mineral Composition: In vitro Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017; 18:576-582. [PMID: 28713111 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to evaluate the bleaching effect, morphological changes, and variations in calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) in the enamel with hydrogen peroxide (HP) and carbamide peroxide (CP) after the use of different application regimens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four groups of five teeth were randomly assigned, according to the treatment protocol: HP 37.5% applied for 30 or 60 minutes (HP30, HP60), CP 16% applied for 14 or 28 hours (CP14, CP28). Changes in dental color were evaluated, according to the following formula: ΔE = [(La-Lb)2+(aa-ab)2 + (ba-bb)2]1/2. Enamel morphology and Ca and P compositions were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscope and environmental scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS ΔE HP30 was significantly greater than CP14 (10.37 ± 2.65/8.56 ± 1.40), but not between HP60 and CP28. HP60 shows greater morphological changes than HP30. No morphological changes were observed in the groups treated with CP. The reduction in Ca and P was significantly greater in HP60 than in CP28 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Both formulations improved tooth color; HP produced morphological changes and Ca and P a gradual decrease, while CP produced no morphological changes, and the decrease in mineral component was smaller. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE CP 16% applied during 2 weeks could be equally effective and safer for tooth whitening than to administer two treatment sessions with HP 37.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Llena
- Department of Stomatology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia Spain, Phone: +34963864175, e-mail:
| | - Irene Esteve
- Department of Stomatology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia Spain
| | - Leopoldo Forner
- Department of Stomatology, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia Spain
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Sa Y, Feng X, Lei C, Yu Y, Jiang T, Wang Y. Evaluation of the effectiveness of micro-Raman spectroscopy in monitoring the mineral contents change of human enamel in vitro. Lasers Med Sci 2017; 32:985-991. [PMID: 28365815 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-017-2197-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the efficacy of micro-Raman spectroscopy on detecting mineral content change during the demineralization and de/remineralization cycling process. The enamel samples (n = 55) were randomly divided into three groups and separately treated with demineralization solution (n = 20), de/remineralization cycling solution (n = 30), and distilled water (n = 5). Micro-Raman spectroscopy, microhardness (MHS), and the released calcium ions concentration were performed before and after treatment, respectively. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a post hoc Tukey test was used to analyze the results. The Spearman correlation coefficients among the parameters of Raman relative intensity decrease (RRID%), the percentage of MHS loss (PML), and the released calcium ions concentration were also analyzed. In demineralization group, RRID%, PML, and released calcium ions concentration were highly correlated with each other (r = 0.979, p < 0.001; r = 0.984, p < 0.001; and r = 0.983, p < 0.001, respectively). While for the de/remineralization cycling group, there also existed a high correlation between RRID% and PML (r = 0.987, p < 0.001). In conclusion, micro-Raman spectroscopy could effectively monitor the mineral content change, and its efficacy was validated by the measurement of released calcium ions concentration and MHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sa
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China.,Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Feng
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Lei
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Yu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China.,Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Nankai University, 75 Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yining Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Prosthodontics, Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan, 430079, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Henn-Donassollo S, Fabris C, Gagiolla M, Kerber Í, Caetano V, Carboni V, Salas MMS, Donassollo TA, Demarco FF. In Situ and In Vitro Effects of Two Bleaching Treatments on Human Enamel Hardness. Braz Dent J 2017; 27:56-9. [PMID: 27007347 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201600385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro and in situ the effects of two bleaching treatments on human enamel surface microhardness. Sixty enamel slabs from recently extracted thirty molars were used. The specimens were polished with sandpapers under water-cooling. The enamel samples were randomly divided in four groups, treated with 10% hydrogen peroxide (HP) or Whitening Strips (WS) containing 10% hydrogen peroxide and using two conditions: in vitro or in situ model. For in situ condition, six volunteers wore an intra-oral appliance containing enamel slabs, while for in vitro condition the specimens were kept in deionized water after the bleaching protocols. The bleaching treatments were applied one-hour daily for 14 days. Similar amounts of bleaching agents were used in both conditions. Before and after bleaching treatments, microhardness was measured. Statistical analysis (ANOVA and Tukey test) showed that in the in situ condition there was no statistically significant microhardness reduction in the bleached enamel (p>0.05). Significant decrease in hardness was observed for enamel slabs bleached with both treatments in the in vitro condition (p<0.05). Regarding the bleaching agents, in situ results showed no difference between HP and WS, while in vitro WS produced the lowest hardness value. It could be concluded that there was no deleterious effect on enamel produced by any of the bleaching protocols used in the in situ model. The reduction of hardness was only observed in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristiane Fabris
- Faculdade Especializada na Área de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Morgana Gagiolla
- Faculdade Especializada na Área de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Ícaro Kerber
- Faculdade Especializada na Área de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Vinícius Caetano
- Faculdade Especializada na Área de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitor Carboni
- Faculdade Especializada na Área de Saúde do Rio Grande do Sul, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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Soares AF, Bombonatti JFS, Alencar MS, Consolmagno EC, Honório HM, Mondelli RFL. Influence of pH, bleaching agents, and acid etching on surface wear of bovine enamel. J Appl Oral Sci 2016; 24:24-30. [PMID: 27008254 PMCID: PMC4775006 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720150281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of new materials for tooth bleaching justifies the need for studies to evaluate the changes in the enamel surface caused by different bleaching protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Flávia Soares
- Departamento de Dentística, Endodontia e Materiais Odontológicos, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Juliana Fraga Soares Bombonatti
- Departamento de Dentística, Endodontia e Materiais Odontológicos, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Marina Studart Alencar
- Departamento de Dentística, Endodontia e Materiais Odontológicos, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Elaine Cristina Consolmagno
- Departamento de Dentística, Endodontia e Materiais Odontológicos, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Heitor Marques Honório
- Departamento de Odontopediatria, Ortodontia e Saúde Coletiva, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil
| | - Rafael Francisco Lia Mondelli
- Departamento de Odontopediatria, Ortodontia e Saúde Coletiva, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brasil
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Toothbrushing abrasion susceptibility of enamel and dentin bleached with calcium-supplemented hydrogen peroxide gel. J Dent 2016; 49:54-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Yu D, Gao S, Min J, Zhang Q, Gao S, Yu H. Nanotribological and Nanomechanical Properties Changes of Tooth After Bleaching and Remineralization in Wet Environment. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2015; 10:463. [PMID: 26625887 PMCID: PMC4666889 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-015-1167-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Teeth bleaching cases had increased with people's desire for oral aesthetic; however, bleached teeth would still undertake chewing actions and remineralizing process in saliva. Nanotribological and nanomechanical properties are proper displays for dental performance of bleached teeth. The purpose of the research was to reveal the effect of bleaching and remineralization on the nanotribological and nanomechanical properties of teeth in wet environment. The specimens were divided into four groups according to the bleaching products used: 12 % hydrogen peroxide (HP) (12HP group); 15 % carbamide peroxide (CP) (15CP group); 35 % CP (35CP group); and artificial saliva (control group). The nanotribological and nanomechanical property changes of tooth enamel after bleaching and remineralization were evaluated respectively by nanoscratch and nanoindentation tests in wet environment, imitating the wet oral environment. The morphology changes were evaluated by statistical parametric mapping (SPM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After bleaching, 12HP group and 15CP group showed increased scratch depth with more pile ups on the scratch edges, decreased nanohardness, and corroded surface appearance. While the 35CP group showed an increase in nanoscratch depth, no change in nanohardness and surface appearance was observed. The control group showed no change in these measurements. After remineralization, the three bleaching groups showed decreased nanoscratch depth and no change of nanohardness compared with the bleached teeth. And the control group showed no changes in nanotribological and nanomechanical properties. The nanotribological and nanomechanical properties of the 12HP group and 15CP group were affected by bleaching, but the nanotribological properties recovered partly and the nanomechanical properties got no change after 1 week of remineralization. As for the 35CP group, the nanotribological properties were influenced and the nanomechanical properties were not affected. These results remind us of taking actions to protect our teeth during bleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Min
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Effect of different storage conditions on the physical properties of bleached enamel: An in vitro vs. in situ study. J Dent 2015; 43:1154-1161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Sağlam BC, Koçak MM, Koçak S, Türker SA, Arslan D. Comparison of Nd:YAG and Diode Laser Irradiation During Intracoronal Bleaching with Sodium Perborate: Color and Raman Spectroscopy Analysis. Photomed Laser Surg 2015; 33:77-81. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2014.3845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Baran Can Sağlam
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Murat Koçak
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Sibel Koçak
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Sevinç Aktemur Türker
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Bülent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Dilara Arslan
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Endodontics, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Lima DANL, Aguiar FHB, Pini NIP, Soares LES, Martin AA, Liporoni PCS, Ambrosano GMB, Lovadino JR. In vitro effects of hydrogen peroxide combined with different activators for the in-office bleaching technique on enamel. Acta Odontol Scand 2015; 73:516-21. [PMID: 25626117 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2014.997793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the alteration of human enamel bleached with high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide associated with different activators. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty enamel/dentin blocks (4 × 4 mm) were obtained from human third molars and randomized divided according to the bleaching procedure (n = 10): G1 = 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP - Whiteness HP Maxx); G2 = HP + Halogen lamp (HL); G3 = HP + 7% sodium bicarbonate (SB); G4 = HP + 20% sodium hydroxide (SH); and G5 = 38% hydrogen peroxide (OXB - Opalescence Xtra Boost). The bleaching treatments were performed in three sessions with a 7-day interval between them. The enamel content, before (baseline) and after bleaching, was determined using an FT-Raman spectrometer and was based on the concentration of phosphate, carbonate, and organic matrix. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA for repeated measures and Tukey's test. RESULTS The results showed no significant differences between time of analysis (p = 0.5175) for most treatments and peak areas analyzed; and among bleaching treatments (p = 0.4184). The comparisons during and after bleaching revealed a significant difference in the HP group for the peak areas of carbonate and organic matrix, and for the organic matrix in OXB and HP+SH groups. Tukey's analysis determined that the difference, peak areas, and the interaction among treatment, time and peak was statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The association of activators with hydrogen peroxide was effective in the alteration of enamel, mainly with regards to the organic matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Alves Nunes Leite Lima
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas - FOP/Unicamp , Piracicaba, SP , Brazil
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39
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Effect of 30 % hydrogen peroxide on mineral chemical composition and surface morphology of bovine enamel. Odontology 2014; 104:44-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-014-0189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Peskersoy C, Tetik A, Ozturk VO, Gokay N. Spectrophotometric and computerized evaluation of tooth bleaching employing 10 different home-bleaching procedures: In-vitro study. Eur J Dent 2014; 8:538-545. [PMID: 25512738 PMCID: PMC4253113 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.143639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this in-vitro study was to evaluate the efficacy of bleaching products, determine the applicability and validation of the measurement methods. Materials and Methods: Freshly extracted 110 human incisor teeth were stained with whole blood and hemolysate solution prior to the application of 10 different home-bleaching products. Spectrophotometric measurements of the tooth shades were performed for each specimen before and after bleaching at the 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 14 days. Differences in lightness (Δl), chroma (Δc), hue (Δh) values and shade changes were measured to evaluate process. Computerized digital imaging analyses to determine the color changes were performed with Photoshop CS4 software (Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA). Statistical analyses were performed with analysis of variance, Scheffe and Tukey tests. Results: In all of the test groups regardless of the material used, a significant increase in lightness and hue, and decrease of chroma were observed, as compared to the control group. After recommended bleaching applications, Δl and Δh values respectively increased in group Zaris White and Brite (ZWB) and group Pola Night and Δc values showed significant decrease in groups ZWB and Rembrandt REM3 (P < 0.05). At the end of the procedure both spectrophotometric and digital imaging analysis showed ZWB was the most effective product among the others while Yotuel and Happy Smile were the least (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Home-bleaching systems showed slower but almost permanent bleaching effect likewise office-based methods. Both software and spectrophotometric analyses have advantages such as evaluating the results objectively and numerically, also treatment outcomes could be preserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Peskersoy
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Ayhan Tetik
- Department of Oral and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkiye
| | - Veli Ozgen Ozturk
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkiye
| | - Necmi Gokay
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkiye
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Sa Y, Liang S, Ma X, Lu S, Wang Z, Jiang T, Wang Y. Compositional, structural and mechanical comparisons of normal enamel and hypomaturation enamel. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:5169-5177. [PMID: 25172537 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypomaturation amelogenesis imperfecta is a hereditary disorder of the enamel that severely influences the function, aesthetics and psychosocial well-being of patients. In this study, we performed a thorough comparison of normal and hypomaturation enamel through a series of systematical tests on human permanent molars to understand the biomineralization process during pathological amelogenesis. The results of microcomputed tomography, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, Raman spectroscopy, microzone X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, energy diffraction spectrum and Vickers microhardness testing together show dramatic contrasts between hypomaturation enamel and normal enamel in terms of their hierarchical structures, spectral features, crystallographic characteristics, thermodynamic behavior, mineral distribution and mechanical property. Our current study highlights the importance of the organic matrix during the amelogenesis process. It is found that the retention of the organic matrix will influence the quantity, quality and distribution of mineral crystals, which will further demolish the hierarchical architecture of the enamel and affect the related mechanical property. In addition, the high carbonate content in hypomaturation enamel influences the crystallinity, crystal size and solubility of hydroxyapatite crystals. These results deepen our understanding of hypomaturation enamel biomineralization during amelogenesis, explain the clinical manifestations of hypomaturation enamel, provide fundamental evidence to help dentists choose optimal therapeutic strategies and lead to improved biofabrication and gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Sa
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Ma
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Steven Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zhejun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yining Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China.
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Torres CRG, Crastechini E, Feitosa FA, Pucci CR, Borges AB. Influence of pH on the Effectiveness of Hydrogen Peroxide Whitening. Oper Dent 2014; 39:E261-8. [DOI: 10.2341/13-214-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
Objective
To evaluate the influence of pH on the bleaching effect of hydrogen peroxide on chromogen agents.
Method
Hydrogen peroxide 50% was mixed with red wine or with an alcoholic solution of tobacco in glass cuvettes, resulting in final peroxide concentrations of 16.97% and 21.12%, respectively. The pH of this mixture was measured and adjusted with 3.3 M HCl solution or 2.5 M NaOH solution to obtain the final pH values of 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0. After mixing, the color of these solutions was evaluated in a reflectance spectrophotometer; readings were repeated after 10 minutes for the wine solution and 20 minutes for the tobacco solution. Ten samples were prepared for each solution at each pH. Color changes (Delta E) were calculated. The data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance one-way and Tukey tests, with a significance level of 5%.
Results
There were significant differences among the different pH values for the wine and tobacco solutions (p=0.0001). The Tukey test showed that for both solutions, pH 9.0 resulted in a significantly greater bleaching effect than the other values tested.
Conclusion
The efficacy of hydrogen peroxide bleaching is directly proportional to the increase in its pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- CRG Torres
- *Carlos R G Torres, DDS, PhD, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - E Crastechini
- Erica Crastechini, DDS, MS, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - FA Feitosa
- Fernanda Alves Feitosa, DDS, MS, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - CR Pucci
- Cesar Rogério Pucci, DDS, MS, PhD, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - AB Borges
- Alessandra Bühler Borges, DDS, MS, PhD, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, Institute of Science and Technology, Department of Restorative Dentistry, São Paulo, Brazil
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43
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Alexandrino L, Gomes Y, Alves E, Costi H, Rogez H, Silva C. Effects of a bleaching agent with calcium on bovine enamel. Eur J Dent 2014; 8:320-325. [PMID: 25202210 PMCID: PMC4144128 DOI: 10.4103/1305-7456.137634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This in vitro study analyzed the effects of a bleaching treatment containing 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) with or without calcium on bovine enamel, using the Knoop hardness number (KHN), tristimulus colorimetry (TC), and scanning electron microscopy. Materials and Methods: Forty-five specimens were randomly divided into groups (n = 5), which included artificial saliva (negative control [NC]), 35% HP (positive control [PC]), and 35% HP Blue Calcium (HP Blue). The specimens were subjected to three bleaching sessions. During the sessions, the specimens were immersed in artificial saliva at 37°C. Before and after bleaching, KHN tests were conducted using a force of 25 gf for 5 s. TC was performed using the CIE-L*a*b* system and readouts were obtained at the following 4 time points: Before the bleaching treatment; after the first session, the second session, and the third session. The specimens were dehydrated and coated with gold, and the photomicrographs were analyzed in a double-blind manner with a LEO microscope. Results: Using one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's test (P < 0.05), a statistically significant difference was identified between the initial and final mean KHNs of the NC and PC groups, while the initial and final mean KHNs were not significantly different in the HP Blue group. The final mean values of ΔE, ΔL, and Δb of the PC and HP Blue groups were significantly higher than the initial values (P < 0.01 for both). The photomicrographs revealed no differences among the groups. Conclusions: Therefore, treatment with HP Blue prevented changes in the KHN without reducing the efficacy of bleaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Alexandrino
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Yasmin Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Eliane Alves
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Hilton Costi
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, Museum Emilio Goeldi, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Hervé Rogez
- Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Pará, and Centre for Agro-food Valorization of Amazonian Bioactive Compounds, Belem, Para, Brazil
| | - Cecy Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Pará, Belem, Para, Brazil
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Nascimento WC, Gomes YDSBDL, Alexandrino LD, Costi HT, Silva JOC, Silva CM. Influence of fluoride concentration and pH Value of 35% hydrogen peroxide on the hardness, roughness and morphology of bovine enamel. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014; 15:392-8. [PMID: 25576101 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effects of different sodium fuoride (NaF) concentrations and pH values on the Knoop hardness (KHN), surface roughness (SR), and morphology of bovine incisors bleached with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP). MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-five bovine incisors were fragmented (5 mm(2) × 2 mm) and distributed in 5 groups: Control (unbleached), Low NaF/Acidic (35% HP + 1.3% NaF, pH 5.5), Low NaF/Neutral (35% HP + 1.3% NaF, pH 7.0), High NaF/ Acidic (35% HP + 2% NaF, pH 5.5), and High NaF/Neutral (35% HP + 2% NaF, pH 7.0). KHN analysis was performed with a microhardness tester under a load of 25 gf for 5 seconds. The average SR was obtained with a rugosimeter. KHN and SR were analyzed before and after treatments. For morphological analysis, specimens were dehydrated and gold-sputtered, and scanning electron micrographs were obtained and analyzed by 3 examiners with a double-blinded technique. KHN and SR results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05). RESULTS Only the Low NaF/Acidic and Low NaF/Neutral groups showed significant differences between the initial and final KHN values. All bleached groups presented significant differences between the initial and final SR values. Among the bleached groups, the least and most morphological changes were shown by the High NaF/Neutral and the Low NaF/Acidic group, respectively. CONCLUSION Treatment with 35% HP and 2% NaF at pH 7.0 promoted the least changes in morphology, hardness and roughness among the bleached groups. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE In-office bleaching with high-concentration HP and 2% NaF at neutral pH promoted the least changes in enamel hardness, SR, and morphology compared to other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cecy Martins Silva
- PhD, Department of Dental Materials, Federal University of Paré, Paré, Brazil
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45
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Soares DG, Basso FG, Hebling J, de Souza Costa CA. Concentrations of and application protocols for hydrogen peroxide bleaching gels: Effects on pulp cell viability and whitening efficacy. J Dent 2014; 42:185-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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46
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Ablal M, Adeyemi A, Jarad F. The whitening effect of chlorine dioxide—An in vitro study. J Dent 2013; 41 Suppl 5:e76-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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47
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A clinical study comparing the efficacy of light activated in-surgery whitening versus in-surgery whitening without light activation. J Dent 2013; 41 Suppl 5:e3-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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48
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Liang S, Sa Y, Jiang T, Ma X, Xing W, Wang Z, Wang Y. In vitro evaluation of halogen light-activated vs chemically activated in-office bleaching systems. Acta Odontol Scand 2013; 71:1149-55. [PMID: 23294115 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2012.757355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the tooth whitening efficacy, temperature and HP concentration changes induced by halogen light-activated and chemically activated in-office bleaching systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four extracted premolars were randomly divided into two groups (n = 12): Group BL (35% HP with halogen light activation) and Group OP (38% HP with chemical activation). Tooth color was measured by a spectrophotometer according to the CIE L*a*b* color space system. Temperatures of bleaching gels and pulp chambers during the bleaching process were monitored and recorded by a digital multimeter with K-type thermocouple. HP concentrations were tested before and after treatments by iodometry. ANOVA and paired t-test were used for statistical analyses at the significance of p < 0.05. RESULTS Tooth whitening resulted in the increase of ΔL* and ΔE and reduction of Δb*. Paired t-tests revealed groups BL had greater ΔE than group OP, however, there was no statistically significant difference in ΔE between them after 3 weeks post-treatment. Maximal temperature rise (ΔT) was found only in group BL, showing the increment of 2.55 and 2.02°C for bleaching gels and pulp chambers, respectively. HP concentrations were higher than baseline values for group OP (p < 0.001) rather than group BL. CONCLUSIONS Halogen light and chemically activated in-office bleaching systems were both effective for tooth whitening, but halogen light activation could improve the immediate whitening effect. In contrast, chemical activation was a more conservative method due to the little temperature rise in pulp chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Liang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR, China
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