1
|
Ellithy MS, Abdelrahman MH, Afifi RR. Comparative clinical evaluation between self-adhesive and conventional bulk-fill composites in class II cavities: A 1-year randomized controlled clinical study. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024; 36:1311-1325. [PMID: 38655672 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This randomized controlled clinical trial compared the clinical efficacy of self-adhesive bulk-fill Surefil One with a traditional bulk-fill composite in class II restorations. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-four direct class II composite restorations were categorized into two groups. Group I, control group (n = 32): cavities were restored by Filtek One bulk-fill composite with Scotchbond Universal (SBU) adhesive in self-etch mode, Group II, test group (n = 32): cavities were restored by Surefil One self-adhesive bulk-fill composite. The study involved a follow-up period of 1 year, during which restorations were assessed at baseline (BL), 6 months, and 12 months using Federation Dentaire Internationale (FDI) criteria. Data analysis was performed using nonparametric tests. A comparison of restoration characteristics was performed utilizing the chi-square test (X2). The significance level was set at 0.05. RESULTS Filtek One and Surefil One bulk-fill composites revealed clinically acceptable FDI scores over 12-month recalls. Thirty-two patients (64 restorations) were available for all follow-up visits; 100% of the restorations survived. For esthetic properties, Filtek One was far better than Surefil One at all time points. However, in terms of functional and biological properties, both restorations demonstrated comparable performances. CONCLUSIONS Filtek One bulk-fill restorations were superior in terms of surface luster, surface staining, color match, and translucency, but Surefil One restorations performed well and were similar to Filtek One restorations; however, additional advancements and research are needed to obtain better esthetics. Furthermore, longitudinal studies with extended follow-up periods are needed to assess the clinical potential of both materials. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Both Filtek One and Surefil One met the FDI criteria, with Filtek One demonstrating superior esthetic and functional qualities and similar performance regarding biological criteria. Both innovative restorative materials show potential for clinical use. Trial registered on ClinicalTrials.gov under registration number; NCT06120868:07/11/2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S Ellithy
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Abdelrahman
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Rania R Afifi
- Conservative Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiao S, Sun G, Huang S, Lin C, Li Y. Nanoarchitectonics-Based Materials as a Promising Strategy in the Treatment of Endodontic Infections. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:759. [PMID: 38931881 PMCID: PMC11207628 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Endodontic infections arise from the interactive activities of microbial communities colonizing in the intricate root canal system. The present study aims to update the latest knowledge of nanomaterials, their antimicrobial mechanisms, and their applications in endodontics. A detailed literature review of the current knowledge of nanomaterials used in endodontic applications was performed using the PubMed database. Antimicrobial nanomaterials with a small size, large specific surface area, and high chemical activity are introduced to act as irrigants, photosensitizer delivery systems, and medicaments, or to modify sealers. The application of nanomaterials in the endodontic field could enhance antimicrobial efficiency, increase dentin tubule penetration, and improve treatment outcomes. This study supports the potential of nanomaterials as a promising strategy in treating endodontic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suli Xiao
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361003, China;
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Guanwen Sun
- Department of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Xiamen 361018, China;
| | - Shan Huang
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361003, China;
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Yijun Li
- Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital of Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361003, China;
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Stomatological Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Xiamen 361003, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thammasitboon K, Teanpaisan R, Pahumunto N. Prevalence and virulence factors of haemolytic Enterococcus faecalis isolated from root filled teeth associated with periradicular lesions: A laboratory investigation in Thailand. Int Endod J 2024; 57:769-783. [PMID: 38483342 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
AIM Previous endodontic research has provided limited understanding of the prevalence and roles of haemolytic and non-haemolytic Enterococcus faecalis strains in root filled teeth. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of these strains in root filled teeth with periradicular lesions and investigate their associated virulence factors. METHODOLOGY A total of 36 root canal samples were collected from 36 subjects. The prevalence of E. faecalis was determined using culture and PCR methods. Antibiotic susceptibility of haemolytic and non-haemolytic E. faecalis strains was assessed using the broth dilution assay. The cytokine stimulation in periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and neutrophil migration were evaluated using real-time PCR and migration assay, respectively. Cell invasion ability of the strains was assessed using a cell culture model. Additionally, the virulence gene expression of the haemolytic and non-haemolytic strains was investigated using real-time PCR. The Mann-Whitney U and Spearman's ρ tests were used to examine the significant difference between the two strains and to analyse the correlation between phenotype and gene expression, respectively. RESULTS Enterococcus faecalis was detected in 33.3% and 88.9% of samples by culture and real-time PCR, respectively. Haemolytic strains were found in 36.4% of subjects. Non-haemolytic strains exhibited susceptibility to erythromycin and varying susceptibility to tetracycline, while all haemolytic strains were resistant to both antibiotics. Haemolytic strains significantly upregulated the expression of IL-8, OPG and RANKL in PDL cells (p < .05). Notably, the fold increases in these genes were higher: IL-8 (556.1 ± 82.9 vs. 249.6 ± 81.8), OPG (2.2 ± 0.5 vs. 1.3 ± 0.2) and RANKL (1.8 ± 0.3 vs. 1.2 ± 0.1). Furthermore, haemolytic strains had a greater effect on neutrophil migration (68.7 ± 15.2% vs. 46.9 ± 11.4%) and demonstrated a higher level of internalization into oral keratinocyte cells (68.6 ± 0.4% vs. 33.8 ± 0.5%) (p < .05). They also showed enhanced expression of virulence genes associated with haemolysin, surface proteins, collagen-binding and aggregation substances. Gelatinase activity was only detectable in non-haemolytic strains. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that haemolytic strains E. faecalis possessed enhanced abilities in host invasion and a higher abundance of virulence factors, suggesting their potential contribution to more severe disease manifestations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kewalin Thammasitboon
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Research Center of Excellence for Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Rawee Teanpaisan
- Research Center of Excellence for Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| | - Nuntiya Pahumunto
- Research Center of Excellence for Oral Health, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
- Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu J, Wu H, Qiu J, Yang S, Xiang D, Zhang X, Kuang J, Xiao M, Yu Q, Cheng X. Novel bioactive nanospheres show effective antibacterial effect against multiple endodontic pathogens. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28266. [PMID: 38560113 PMCID: PMC10979287 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim The current study evaluated the antibacterial activity of a newly developed quaternary ammonium polymethacrylate (QAPM)-containing bioactive glasses (BGs) via a two-step method by our group, namely BGs-HAEMB, and explored its cytotoxicity and biocompatibility. Methods The antibacterial effects of the BGs-HAEMB against planktonic bacteria, bacterial biofilm formation, and experimental root canal biofilms of persistent pathogens (Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus sanguis and Porphyromonas endodontalis) associated with endodontic infection were evaluated in vitro by agar diffusion tests, direct contact tests and live/dead staining. The cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of BGs-HAEMB were evaluated by CCK-8 assays in vitro and a skin implantation model in vivo. Results Compared to three clinically used endodontic sealers (Endofill, AH Plus, and iRoot SP), BGs-HAEMB exhibited the relatively strongest antibacterial effect against E. faecalis, S. sanguis and P. endodontalis after sitting for 14 and 28 days (P < 0.01). SEM images and CLSM images also showed that for each tested bacteria, BGs-HAEMB killed the most microorganism among all the experimental groups, regardless of treatment for 7 days or 28 days (P < 0.05). Besides, the BGs-HAEMB-treated groups showed a relatively low cytotoxicity (RGRs ranging from 88.6% to 102.9%) after 1, 3, and 7 days of exposure. Meanwhile, after 28 days of implantation, the inflammatory grade in BGs-HAEMB treated group was assessed as Grade I, in which the average numbers of inflammatory cells (6.7 ± 2.1) were less than 25. Conclusions BGs-HAEMB exerted a long-term and stable antibacterial effect. The remarkable biocompatibility of BGs-HAEMB in vitro and in vivo confirmed its possible clinical application as a potential alternative in the development of the next generation of endodontic sealers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
- Department of Stomatology, Huangshan City People's Hospital, Huangshan, 245000, Anhui, PR China
| | - Haoze Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Sirui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Doudou Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Jinxin Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Min Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Qing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiaogang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 145 West Chang-le Road, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mariano LSS, Nakamura-Silva R, Macedo LMDD, Oliveira-Silva MD, Goulart RDS, Pelisson M, Vespero EC, Silva-Sousa YTC, Pitondo-Silva A. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from primary endodontic infections. Braz Oral Res 2024; 38:e024. [PMID: 38597544 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2024.vol38.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify and characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria found in primary endodontic infections in the teeth of patients treated at the Dental Clinic of the University of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. From September to December 2019, samples were obtained from 21 patients with primary endodontic infections. The collections were carried out in triplicate using paper cones placed close to the total length of the root canal. Bacterial isolation was performed in Brain Heart Infusion agar, Blood agar, and other selective culture media cultured at 37°C for up to 48 h under aerobiosis and microaerophilic conditions. The bacterial species were identified using the Vitek 2 automated system. The disk diffusion method on agar Müeller-Hinton was used to assess antimicrobial susceptibility with the recommended antimicrobials for each identified bacterial species. A total of 49 antibiotics were evaluated. Fifteen of the 21 samples collected showed bacterial growth, and 17 bacterial isolates were found. There were 10 different bacterial species identified: Enterococcus faecalis (four isolates), Streptococcus mitis/oralis (three isolates), Streptococcus anginosus (three isolates) being the most common, followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus alactolyticus, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella variicola, and Providencia rettgeri (one isolate of each species). The analysis demonstrated significant susceptibility to most of the tested antibiotics. However, some Enterococcus isolates resisted the antibiotic's erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline. A Staphylococcus epidermidis isolate was characterized as multidrug-resistant. Five Streptococcus isolates were non-susceptible to all antibiotics tested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Nakamura-Silva
- Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana de Oliveira-Silva
- Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rafael da Silva Goulart
- Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marsileni Pelisson
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Eliana Carolina Vespero
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - André Pitondo-Silva
- Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Barbosa-Ribeiro M, Gomes BPFA, Arruda-Vasconcelos R, Monteiro IDA, Costa MJF, Sette-de-Souza PH. Antibiotic Resistance Profile of Clinical Strains of Enterococci from Secondary/Persistent Endodontic Infections: What do We Know? A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies. J Endod 2024; 50:299-309. [PMID: 38171449 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enterococcus faecalis is the most common enterococcal species associated with infective endocarditis and 1 of the most commonly detected bacteria in cases of secondary/persistent endodontic infection (SPEI). Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health concern. This review aimed to answer the following research question: "Is there a change in the antibiotic resistance profile in clinical strains of E. faecalis over the years?". P (population) - patients with SPEI, I (intervention) -endodontic retreatment, C (comparison) -not included, O (outcome) - profile of Enterococci resistance and susceptibility to systemic antibiotics used. METHODS Two authors independently performed study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment. The literature search was conducted using the following electronic databases: PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Medline. Clinical studies in which Enterococci strains were isolated to assess their antimicrobial resistance were included. RESULTS Eleven clinical trials were included. Overall, E. faecalis isolated from teeth with SPEI presented an intermediate resistance to 16 antibiotics. In recent years, E. faecalis showed a little resistance to amoxicillin (without clavulanate) and benzylpenicillin. Erythromycin and rifampicin presented an increase in the intermediate-resistance status between the first and the last studies. E. faecium presented intermediate-resistance results. CONCLUSION The most effective drugs remain the combination of amoxicillin and clavulanate, followed by amoxicillin and benzylpenicillin. In patients allergic to penicillin derivatives, moxifloxacin and azithromycin may be indicated with caution. The antibiotics with the highest pattern of resistance against E. faecalis are clindamycin, gentamicin, metronidazole, and rifampicin and are therefore, contraindicated in cases of SPEI. Very few clinical studies using a microbiological approach in teeth with endodontic failure have been carried out to improve the efficacy of prophylactic regimens. However, as bacteria periodically develop resistance to the main drugs used, regular studies should be carried out on the action of these drugs in infection control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Arruda-Vasconcelos
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil; São Leopoldo Mandic School of Dentistry, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Dentistry, Nossa Senhora do Patrocínio University Center, Itu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Pedro Henrique Sette-de-Souza
- School of Dentistry, Universidade de Pernambuco - Arcoverde, Pernambuco, Brazil; Graduate Program in Health and Socioambiental Development, Universidade de Pernambuco - Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ben Yahia H, Trabelsi I, Arous F, García-Vela S, Torres C, Ben Slama K. Detection of linezolid and vancomycin resistant Enterococcus isolates collected from healthy chicken caecum. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae027. [PMID: 38317636 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
AIM The poultry industry represents an important economic sector in Tunisia. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypes and virulence factors of enterococci collected from chicken caecum in Tunisia. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-nine composite chicken caecum samples were recovered in 49 different Tunisian farms (December 2019-March 2020). Each composite sample corresponds to six individual caecum from each farm. Composite samples were plated on Slanetz-Bartley agar both supplemented (SB-Van) and not supplemented (SB) with vancomycin and isolates were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight. Antibiotic resistance and virulence genes were tested by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and sequencing and multilocus-sequence-typing of selected enterococci was performed. One hundred sixty seven enterococci of six different species were recovered. Acquired linezolid resistance was detected in 6 enterococci of 4/49 samples (8.1%): (A) four optrA-carrying Enterococcus faecalis isolates assigned to ST792, ST478, and ST968 lineages; (B) two poxtA-carrying Enterococcus faecium assigned to ST2315 and new ST2330. Plasmid typing highlighted the presence of the rep10, rep14, rep7, rep8, and pLG1 in these strains. One vancomycin-resistant E. faecium isolate (typed as ST1091) with vanA gene (included in Tn1546) was detected in SB-Van plates. The gelE, agg, esp, and hyl virulence genes were found in linezolid- and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. High resistance rates were identified in the enterococci recovered in SB plates: tetracycline [74.8%, tet(M) and tet(L) genes], erythromycin [65.9%, erm(B)], and gentamicin [37.1%, aac(6')-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia]. CONCLUSION The detection of emerging mechanisms of resistance related to linezolid and vancomycin in the fecal enterococci of poultry farms has public health implications, and further surveillance should be carried out to control their dissemination by the food chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Houssem Ben Yahia
- Laboratoire Bioressources, Environnement et Biotechnologie (LR22ES04), Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Islem Trabelsi
- Laboratoire Bioressources, Environnement et Biotechnologie (LR22ES04), Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Fatma Arous
- Laboratoire Bioressources, Environnement et Biotechnologie (LR22ES04), Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisie
| | - Sara García-Vela
- Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
- Department of Food Science, University of Laval, QC G1V 0A6 Quebec, Canada
| | - Carmen Torres
- Area de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Karim Ben Slama
- Laboratoire Bioressources, Environnement et Biotechnologie (LR22ES04), Institut Supérieur des Sciences Biologiques Appliquées de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisie
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zeng C, Hu P, Egan CP, Bergeron BE, Tay F, Ma J. Bacteria debridement efficacy of two sonic root canal irrigant activation systems. J Dent 2024; 140:104770. [PMID: 37923053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the bacteria debridement efficacy of two generations of sonic root canal irrigant activation systems: EndoActivator (Dentsply Sirona), the first generation, and SmartLite Pro EndoActivator, the second generation. METHODS Instrumented, autoclaved, single-rooted human premolars were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC-29212) for 21 days. The bacteria biofilm-containing teeth were randomly divided into 5 groups (N=8): Group 1: Syringe-side-vented needle (S-N) delivery of saline for 1 min; Group 2: S-N delivery of 2% NaOCl for 1 min; Group 3: S-N delivery of 2% NaOCl for 5 min; Group 4: EndoActivator activation of 2% NaOCl for 1 min; Group 5: SmartLite Pro EndoActivator activation of 2% NaOCl for 1 min. The teeth were evaluated for bacterial reduction using CFU counts, and the percentages of dead bacteria within the dentinal tubules using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS Activation of NaOCl with EndoActivator or SmartLite Pro EndoActivator significantly reduced the overall intracanal bacterial load, compared with S-N irrigant delivery (P<0.05), with no significant difference between the two agitation devices (P>0.05). Nevertheless, S-N delivery of 2% NaOCl for 5 min produced better bacteria debridement than either sonic agitation system. Different degrees of bacteria kill were identified in the coronal-middle portions and apical portion of the canal space. CONCLUSION Delivery time of NaOCl affects the efficacy of bacteria disinfection. Activation for 1 min with the EndoActivator or SmartLite Pro EndoActivator demonstrated comparable canal wall biofilm and intracanal bacteria reduction efficacy when 2% NaOCl was used as irrigant for disinfecting E. faecalis in single-rooted teeth. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although the sonic root canal irrigant activation devices investigated do not completely eliminate live bacteria biofilms from the canal space, they help reduce bacteria load during irrigant activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zeng
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Pei Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Colin P Egan
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Brian E Bergeron
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Franklin Tay
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Jingzhi Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Asnaashari M, Veshveshadi O, Aslani F, Hakimiha N. Evaluation the antibacterial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite in combination with two different photodynamic therapy protocols against Enterococcus Faecalis in Infected root canals: An in-vitro experiment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 43:103722. [PMID: 37487810 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an antimicrobial approach that can be used as an adjunctive safe technique for root canal disinfection. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of PDT with indocyanine green and toluidine blue in combination with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) in compared with NaOCl alone against Enterococcus faecalis in infected root canals. METHODS Sixty five root canals of sound human premolars were collected. First, the teeth were sterilized, then 60 root canals were inoculated with the E. faecalis, and 5 samples served as negative control remained uncontaminated. The contaminated root canals were randomly assigned into 4 experimental groups (n=15): (1) NaOCl, (2) NaOCl+ PDT-1 (toluidine blue + 630nm LED), (3) NaOCl+ PDT-2 (indocyanine green + 808nm diode laser), and (4): positive control (no treatment). Then, the colony-forming units (CFU/mL) of E. faecalis were calculated in all the groups. Moreover, 5 samples from each group were examined under a scanning electron microscope. The data were analyzed by independent T-test and the Mann-Whitney U test at the significance level of 0.05. RESULTS The CFU count was significantly lower in the indocyanine green-PDT group in comparison with other groups (p˂0.05). The mean of CFU in the positive control group was significantly higher than the other groups (p˂0.05). No significant difference was detected between NaOCl and toluidine blue -PDT group (p=1.00). CONCLUSION Indocyanine green- PDT improved the antibacterial effects of NaOCl against E. faecalis, while toluidine blue - mediated PDT had no significant additional effect on NaOCl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asnaashari
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Endodontic Department, Dental school, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Neda Hakimiha
- Laser Application in Medical Sciences Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ardila CM, Bedoya-García JA, González-Arroyave D. Antimicrobial resistance in patients with endodontic infections: A systematic scoping review of observational studies. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49:386-395. [PMID: 36054305 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and proportions of antimicrobial-resistant species in patients with endodontic infections. A systematic scoping review of scientific evidence was accomplished involving different databases. Nine investigations were selected including 651 patients. Enterococcus faecalis was resistant to tetracycline (30%-70%), clindamycin (100%), erythromycin (10%-20%), ampicillin (9%) and azithromycin (60%). On the contrary, Prevotella spp., Fusobacterium spp., Peptostreptococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. were resistant to penicillin, tetracycline, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, metronidazole and clindamycin in different proportions. Fusobacterium nucleatum showed high resistance to amoxicillin, amoxicillin plus clavulanate and erythromycin. Prevotella oralis presented a predisposition to augment its resistance to clindamycin over time. Tanerella forsythia exhibited resistance to ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. Lactococcus lactis presented robust resistance to cephalosporins, metronidazole, penicillin, amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. It was observed high levels of resistance to antimicrobials that have been utilised in the local and systemic treatment of oral cavity infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos-M Ardila
- Universidad de Antioquia U de A, Medellín, Colombia
- Biomedical Stomatology Research Group, Universidad de Antioquia U de A, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wu Q, Wang Y, Zhang X, Gu X, He H, Jin X. Pyogranulomatous dermatitis with Enterococcus faecalis in a spotted seal (Phoca larga). Vet Med Sci 2023; 9:985-991. [PMID: 36253881 PMCID: PMC10029880 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous infections are important diseases in captive and free-ranging pinnipeds and are associated with various causative agents. Some special agents, such as fungi, morbillivirus and mycobacteria, can cause cutaneous specific granulomatous inflammation. OBJECTIVES To identity the cause of chronic dermatitis in a spotted seal in an aquarium. METHODS Herein, we analyze the clinical history and cutaneous samples of the spotted seal through differential diagnosis (histopathology, microorganism culture, special histochemical staining methods, PCR), and antibiotic susceptibility test. RESULTS This is a rare pyogranulomatous dermatitis case caused by E. faecalis in a captive adult male spotted seal (Phoca largha) in an aquarium. CONCLUSIONS We provide a meaningful approach to the diagnosis and treatment of bacterial dermatitis in pinnipeds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxing Wu
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | | | - Xinke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | | | - Hongxuan He
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelin Jin
- Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Shaanxi Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Vázquez-Ramos VR, Pérez-Serrano RM, García-Solís P, Solís-Sainz JC, Espinosa-Cristóbal LF, Castro-Ruíz JE, Domínguez-Pérez RA. Root canal microbiota as an augmented reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. J Appl Oral Sci 2023; 30:e20220362. [PMID: 36753071 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2022-0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health problem. Root canal microbiota associated with apical periodontitis represents a well-known reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). However, the effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in this reservoir is unknown. This study aimed to establish if root canal microbiota associated with apical periodontitis in T2DM patients is an augmented reservoir by identifying the prevalence of nine common ARGs and comparing it with the prevalence in nondiabetic patients. METHODOLOGY This cross-sectional study included two groups: A T2DM group conformed of 20 patients with at least ten years of living with T2DM and a control group of 30 nondiabetic participants. Premolar or molar teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis were included. A sample was collected from each root canal before endodontic treatment. DNA was extracted, and ARGs were identified by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS tetW and tetM genes were the most frequent (93.3 and 91.6%, respectively), while ermA was the least frequent (8.3%) in the total population. The distribution of the ARGs was similar in both groups, but a significant difference (p<0.005) was present in ermB, ermC, cfxA, and tetQ genes, being more frequent in the T2DM group. A total of eighty percent of the T2DM patients presented a minimum of four ARGs, while 76.6% of the control group presented a maximum of three. CONCLUSIONS Root canal microbiota associated with apical periodontitis in T2DM patients carries more ARGs. Therefore, this pathological niche could be considered an augmented reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Rafael Vázquez-Ramos
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Investigación Odontológica Multidisciplinaria, Santiago de Querétaro, México
| | - Rosa Martha Pérez-Serrano
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Investigación Odontológica Multidisciplinaria, Santiago de Querétaro, México
| | - Pablo García-Solís
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Investigación Biomédica, Santiago de Querétaro, México
| | - Juan Carlos Solís-Sainz
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Investigación Biomédica, Santiago de Querétaro, México
| | - León Francisco Espinosa-Cristóbal
- Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Programa de Maestría en Ciencias Odontológicas, Departamento de Estomatología, Ciudad Juárez, México
| | - Jesús Eduardo Castro-Ruíz
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Investigación Odontológica Multidisciplinaria, Santiago de Querétaro, México
| | - Rubén Abraham Domínguez-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Facultad de Medicina, Laboratorio de Investigación Odontológica Multidisciplinaria, Santiago de Querétaro, México
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Anwar R, Hajardhini P. Antibacterial Activity of Gallic Acid from the Leaves of Altingia excelsa Noronha to Enterococcus faecalis. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2022.10340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM : The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial compound of Altingia excelsa leaves to inhibit the growth of Entrococcus faecalis.
METHODS : The study was true experimental laboratory design. Separating the ethyl acetate extract via their compounds using various chromatographic techniques. Four extracts from A. excelsa leaves was obtained by the maceration method. The highest inhibitory effect was then continued to be isolated until one compound was obtained. Therefore, additional assay to determine chemical structure of compounds was done using UV spectra, infrared (IR), core magnetic resonance (NMR), and comparison with spectra data from the literature. The data were analyzed by ANACOVA assay.
RESULTS : The highest inhibitory effect was the ethyl acetate extract. The chemical structure of compound 1 was identified as an acidic compound 3,4,5 -trihydroxy benzoate, namely as the gallic acid which had inhibitory effect against Enterococcus faecalis. Antibacterial test against Enterococcus faecalis was done to determine inhibitory effect by its compound and MIC values showed of 12.25 µg/mL.
CONCLUSION : Gallic acid as the compound of Altingia excelsa leaves had a strong inhibitory effect to Enterococcus faecalis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tan HC, Cheung GSP, Chang JWW, Zhang C, Lee AHC. Enterococcus faecalis Shields Porphyromonas gingivalis in Dual-Species Biofilm in Oxic Condition. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10091729. [PMID: 36144331 PMCID: PMC9505435 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10091729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To develop a reproducible biofilm model consisting of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) and to evaluate the interaction between the two bacterial species. Methodology: E. faecalis and P. gingivalis were grown in mono-culture, sequential, and co-culture models for 96 h in a 96-well polystyrene microtiter plate under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions separately. The viability of the two bacterial species in the biofilms was quantified by polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Biofilm thickness and protein contents were measured using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to analyze cell viability and biofilm thickness among different culture models cultivated under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Different culture models tested did not show any significant difference between the viable cell counts of both E. faecalis and P. gingivalis cultivated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions (p > 0.05). Biofilm was significantly thicker (p < 0.05) in the co-culture models compared to the mono-culture and sequential models. Protein contents in the biofilms were more pronounced when both bacterial species were co-cultured under aerobic conditions. Conclusions: E. faecalis appeared to shield P. gingivalis and support its continued growth in oxic (aerobic) conditions. The co-culture model of E. faecalis and P. gingivalis produced a significantly thicker biofilm irrespective of the presence or absence of oxygen, while increased protein contents were only observed in the presence of oxygen.
Collapse
|
15
|
Brooks L, Narvekar U, McDonald A, Mullany P. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in the oral cavity and mobile genetic elements that disseminate antimicrobial resistance: A systematic review. Mol Oral Microbiol 2022; 37:133-153. [DOI: 10.1111/omi.12375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Brooks
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute University College London 47–49 Huntley St London WC1E 6DG UK
| | - Unnati Narvekar
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute University College London 47–49 Huntley St London WC1E 6DG UK
| | - Ailbhe McDonald
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute University College London 47–49 Huntley St London WC1E 6DG UK
| | - Peter Mullany
- UCL Eastman Dental Institute University College London 47–49 Huntley St London WC1E 6DG UK
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Phenotypic Adaptation to Antiseptics and Effects on Biofilm Formation Capacity and Antibiotic Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Early Colonizers in Dental Plaque. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11050688. [PMID: 35625332 PMCID: PMC9137571 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11050688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the wide-spread use of antiseptics in dental practice and oral care products, there is little public awareness of potential risks associated with antiseptic resistance and potentially concomitant cross-resistance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate potential phenotypic adaptation in 177 clinical isolates of early colonizers of dental plaque (Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Rothia and Veillonella spp.) upon repeated exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) or cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) over 10 passages using a modified microdilution method. Stability of phenotypic adaptation was re-evaluated after culture in antiseptic-free nutrient broth for 24 or 72 h. Strains showing 8-fold minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)-increase were further examined regarding their biofilm formation capacity, phenotypic antibiotic resistance and presence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Eight-fold MIC-increases to CHX were detected in four Streptococcus isolates. These strains mostly exhibited significantly increased biofilm formation capacity compared to their respective wild-type strains. Phenotypic antibiotic resistance was detected to tetracycline and erythromycin, consistent with the detected ARGs. In conclusion, this study shows that clinical isolates of early colonizers of dental plaque can phenotypically adapt toward antiseptics such as CHX upon repeated exposure. The underlying mechanisms at genomic and transcriptomic levels need to be investigated in future studies.
Collapse
|
17
|
Fatoba DO, Amoako DG, Akebe ALK, Ismail A, Essack SY. Genomic analysis of antibiotic-resistant Enterococcus spp. reveals novel enterococci strains and the spread of plasmid-borne Tet(M), Tet(L) and Erm(B) genes from chicken litter to agricultural soil in South Africa. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 302:114101. [PMID: 34800768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Manure from food animals exposed to antibiotics is often used as soil fertiliser, potentially releasing antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) with diverse antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) into the soil. To determine the impact of chicken litter application on the soil resistome, Enterococcus spp. isolated from chicken litter and soil samples collected before and after the soil amendment were characterised, using whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics tools. Nineteen Enterococcus spp. isolates from the three sources were sequenced on Illumina Miseq platform to ascertain the isolates' resistome, mobilome, virulome, clonality, and phylogenomic relationships. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis revealed eight novel sequence types (STs) (ST1700, ST1752, ST1753, ST1754, ST1755, ST1756, ST1004, and ST1006). The isolates harboured multiple resistance genes including those conferring resistance to inter alia macrolides-lincosamide-streptogramin (erm(B), lnu(B), lnu(G), lsaA, lsaE, eat(A), msr(C)), tetracycline (tet(M), tet(L), tet(S)), aminoglycosides (aac(6')-Ii, aac(6')-Iih, ant(6)-Ia, aph(3')-III, ant(9)-Ia), fluoroquinolones (efmA, and emeA), vancomycin (VanC {VanC-2, VanXY, VanXYC-3, VanXYC-4, VanRC}), and chloramphenicol (cat). The litter-amended soil harboured new ARB (particularly E. faecium) and ARGs (ant(6)-Ia, aac(6')-Ii, aph(3')-III), lnu(G), msr(C), and eat(A), efmA) that were not previously detected in the soil. The identified ARGs were associated with diverse mobile genetic elements (MGEs) such as insertion sequences (IS6, ISL3, IS256, IS30), transposons (Tn3 and Tn916) and plasmids (repUS43, repUS1, rep9b, and rep 22). Twenty-eight virulence genes encoding adherence/biofilm formation (ebpA, ebpB, ebpC), antiphagocytosis (elrA) and bacterial sex pheromones (Ccf10, cOB1, cad, and camE), were detected in the genomes of the isolates. Phylogenomic analysis revealed a close relationship between a few isolates from litter-amended soil and the chicken litter isolates. The differences in the ARG and ARB profiles in the soil before and after the litter amendment and their association with diverse MGEs indicate the mobilisation and transmission of ARGs and ARB from the litter to the soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorcas Oladayo Fatoba
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Daniel Gyamfi Amoako
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa; Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abia Luther King Akebe
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Arshad Ismail
- Sequencing Core Facility, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sabiha Y Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Anwar S, Sivalingam B, Vijayakumar N, Vivek K, K. Perumal L, Prabha E. An In Vitro comparison of the effect of wound irrigating solution (0.01% hypochlorous acid) and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite against enterococcus faecalis. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2022; 14:S796-S801. [PMID: 36110823 PMCID: PMC9469257 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_172_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial activity of normal saline, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, and 0.01% hypochlorous acid against Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial activity was assayed by Kirby–Bauer cup-well agar diffusion method. Three cup-wells were bored in each petriplate and were filled with 50 μl of each of the respective test agents. Culture plates were placed in an incubator at 37°C and after 24 hours, the size of the magnification inhibition zone was quantified with a caliper and recorded in respective tables. The experiment was reiterated ten times for each reagent, and the diameter of the magnification inhibition zones caused by the irrigation solutions was recorded. The antimicrobial activity of the three test solutions was determined. Results: The antibacterial property of the three groups was compared by utilizing ANOVA test. The association was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.000). The antibacterial property between 2.5% NaOCl and 0.01% HOCl was further compared with independent t test. This association was however not statistically significant (P = 0.02).
Collapse
|
19
|
Vatankhah M, Khosravi K, Zargar N, Shirvani A, Nekoofar MH, Dianat O. Antibacterial efficacy of antibiotic pastes versus calcium hydroxide intracanal dressing: A systematic review and meta-analysis of ex vivo studies. J Conserv Dent 2022; 25:463-480. [PMID: 36506621 PMCID: PMC9733540 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_183_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conflicting findings on the potency of antibiotic pastes versus calcium hydroxide (CH) have been evident in the literature. Aims To compare the antibacterial efficacy of single antibiotic paste (SAP), double antibiotic paste (DAP), triple antibiotic paste (TAP), and modified TAP (mTAP) with CH on bacterial biofilms. Methods PubMed, Scopus, and Embase were comprehensively searched until August 23, 2021. The study protocol was registered in the PROSPERO. Ex vivo studies performed on Enterococcus faecalis or polymicrobial biofilms incubated on human/bovine dentin were selected. The quality of the studies was assessed using a customized quality assessment tool. Standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated for the meta-analysis. Meta-regression models were used to identify the sources of heterogeneity and to compare the efficacy of pastes. Results The qualitative and quantitative synthesis included 40 and 23 papers, respectively, out of 1421 search results. TAP (SMD = -3.82; CI, -5.44 to -2.21; P < 0.001) and SAPs (SMD = -2.38; CI, -2.81 to - 1.94; P < 0.001) had significantly higher antibacterial efficacy compared to the CH on E. faecalis biofilm. However, no significant difference was found between the efficacy of DAP (SMD = -2.74; CI, -5.56-0.07; P = 0.06) or mTAP (SMD = -0.28; CI, -0.82-0.26; P = 0.31) and CH. Meta-regression model on E. faecalis showed that SAPs have similar efficacy compared to TAP and significantly better efficacy than DAP. On dual-species (SMD = 0.15; CI, -1.00-1.29; P = 0.80) or multi-species (SMD = 0.23; CI, -0.08-0.55; P = 0.15) biofilms, DAP and CH had similar efficacy. Conclusions Ex vivo evidence showed that antibiotic pastes were either superior or equal to CH. The studied SAPs had considerably higher or similar antibacterial effectiveness compared to DAP, CH, and TAP. Hence, combined antibiotic therapy was not necessarily required for root canal disinfection ex vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Vatankhah
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kamyar Khosravi
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Zargar
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Shirvani
- Iranian Center for Endodontic Research, Research Institute of Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Omid Dianat
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA,Address for correspondence: Dr. Omid Dianat, Division of Endodontics, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 650 West Baltimore Street, 4th Floor, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Theodoro LH, Marcantonio RAC, Wainwright M, Garcia VG. LASER in periodontal treatment: is it an effective treatment or science fiction? Braz Oral Res 2021; 35:e099. [PMID: 34586213 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2021.vol35.0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several studies that evaluate the use of lasers in periodontal treatment in non-surgical or surgical therapy. However, while several studies showed clinically beneficial effects of some lasers in periodontal treatment, there are few clinical reports of additional advantages of lasers as adjunctive treatments in periodontology. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate and critically analyze the level of scientific evidence of effects of low-level lasers and high-power lasers in periodontology. A narrative review of the studies was carried out in each topic and type of laser or periodontal treatment. In nonsurgical periodontal therapy the results showed that there is an additional clinical benefit when using a diode laser (DL) associated with scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with moderate to severe periodontitis. The Er:YAG laser seems to be the most suitable for nonsurgical periodontal therapy and promotes the same clinical effects as conventional therapy. In periodontal surgery vaporization of the gingival or mucosal tissue can be carried out with DL, CO2, Nd:YAG, Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers. Photobiomodulation (PBM), mediated by low-level lasers associated with non-surgical periodontal therapy, promotes additional benefits in the short term and accelerates the bone and gingival tissue repair process and also reduces postoperative symptoms of periodontal surgery. The effect of antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy is relevant in the initial reevaluation periods. Studies have shown controversial results of the use of lasers in periodontics, and this fact may be due to the lack of standard parameters of irradiation in each clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Helena Theodoro
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, School of Dentistry, Department of Diagnostic and Surgery, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Mark Wainwright
- Liverpool John Moores University, School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool, UK
| | - Valdir Gouveia Garcia
- Latin American Institute of Dental Research and Education - Ilapeo, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Manuel RP, Tania GG, Rafael SP, Antonio PE, José BM, Asteria LÁ, Pablo CB, Alejandro LP, Pablo ÁN, Benjamín MB. In Vitro Development of a New Sponge-Based Delivery System for Intracanal Antimicrobial Administration in Endodontic Treatment. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10122725. [PMID: 34205509 PMCID: PMC8233951 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10122725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro performance of collagen-based sponges as a drug delivery system for intracanal antimicrobial administration. Four groups of loaded collagen-based sponges (A, 0.3% w/v amoxicillin trihydrate: potassium clavulanate (4:1); B, 0.03% w/v chlorhexidine gluconate [CHX]; C, 0.3% w/v amoxicillin trihydrate: potassium clavulanate (4:1) and 0.03% w/v CHX; D, 1% w/v amoxicillin trihydrate: potassium clavulanate (4:1) and 0.03% w/v CHX) were designed. Release kinetics were tested in vitro on cultures in Petri dishes, and the effect on bacterial biofilms was studied ex vivo on 114 extracted human single-rooted teeth. Biofilm formation was tested by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Collagen sponges containing amoxicillin and chlorhexidine showed a time-sustained antimicrobial effect in vitro and were also able to destroy mature biofilms ex vivo. This datum was validated by means of SEM-based study of E. faecalis and S. aureus biofilms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruíz-Piñón Manuel
- Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.-P.M.); (S.-P.R.); (P.-E.A.); (C.-B.P.); (L.-P.A.); (Á.-N.P.); (M.-B.B.)
| | - Gancedo-Gancedo Tania
- Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.-P.M.); (S.-P.R.); (P.-E.A.); (C.-B.P.); (L.-P.A.); (Á.-N.P.); (M.-B.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Seoane-Prado Rafael
- Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.-P.M.); (S.-P.R.); (P.-E.A.); (C.-B.P.); (L.-P.A.); (Á.-N.P.); (M.-B.B.)
| | - Pérez-Estévez Antonio
- Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.-P.M.); (S.-P.R.); (P.-E.A.); (C.-B.P.); (L.-P.A.); (Á.-N.P.); (M.-B.B.)
| | - Blanco-Méndez José
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain;
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
- Paraquasil Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Luzardo-Álvarez Asteria
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
- Paraquasil Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Castelo-Baz Pablo
- Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.-P.M.); (S.-P.R.); (P.-E.A.); (C.-B.P.); (L.-P.A.); (Á.-N.P.); (M.-B.B.)
| | - Lorenzo-Pouso Alejandro
- Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.-P.M.); (S.-P.R.); (P.-E.A.); (C.-B.P.); (L.-P.A.); (Á.-N.P.); (M.-B.B.)
| | - Álvarez-Novoa Pablo
- Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.-P.M.); (S.-P.R.); (P.-E.A.); (C.-B.P.); (L.-P.A.); (Á.-N.P.); (M.-B.B.)
| | - Martín-Biedma Benjamín
- Faculty of Medicine and Odontology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (R.-P.M.); (S.-P.R.); (P.-E.A.); (C.-B.P.); (L.-P.A.); (Á.-N.P.); (M.-B.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Cieplik F, Scholz KJ, Anthony JC, Tabenski I, Ettenberger S, Hiller KA, Buchalla W, Federlin M. One-year results of a novel self-adhesive bulk-fill restorative and a conventional bulk-fill composite in class II cavities-a randomized clinical split-mouth study. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:449-461. [PMID: 34129074 PMCID: PMC8791912 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04019-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Objectives In the context of the phase-down of amalgam, development of easily applicable, permanent restorative materials is of high clinical interest. Aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of a novel, tooth-colored, self-adhesive bulk-fill restorative (SABF, 3M Oral Care) and a conventional bulk-fill composite (Filtek One, 3M Oral Care; FOBF) for restoring class II cavities. The null-hypothesis tested was that both materials perform similar regarding clinical performance. Materials and methods In this randomized split-mouth study, 30 patients received one SABF and one FOBF restoration each. Scotchbond Universal (3M Oral Care) was used as adhesive for FOBF (self-etch mode), while SABF was applied directly without adhesive. Restorations were evaluated by two blinded examiners at baseline, 6 months and 12 months employing FDI criteria. Non-parametric statistical analyses and χ2-tests (α = 0.05) were applied. Results Thirty patients (60 restorations) were available for the 6- and 12-month recalls exhibiting 100% restoration survival. All restorations revealed clinically acceptable FDI scores at all time points and for all criteria. Only regarding esthetic properties, FOBF performed significantly better than SABF regarding surface lustre (A1) and color match and translucency (A3) at all time points and marginal staining (A2b) at 12 months. Conclusions The null-hypothesis could not be rejected. Both materials performed similarly regarding clinical performance within the first year of clinical service. SABF exhibited slightly inferior, but clinically fully acceptable esthetic properties as compared to FOBF. Clinical relevance Within the limitations of this study, the self-adhesive bulk-fill restorative showed promising results and may be recommended for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cieplik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Konstantin J Scholz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julian C Anthony
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Tabenski
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Ettenberger
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Karl-Anton Hiller
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marianne Federlin
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß-Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Attenuates Enterococcus faecalis Virulence and Inhibits Biofilm Formation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060702. [PMID: 34208134 PMCID: PMC8230787 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis as an important nosocomial pathogen is critically implicated in the pathogenesis of endocarditis, urinary tract, and persistent root canal infections. Its major virulence attributes (biofilm formation, production of proteases, and hemolytic toxins) enable it to cause extensive host tissue damage. With the alarming increase in enterococcal resistance to antibiotics, novel therapeutics are required to inhibit E. faecalis biofilm formation and virulence. Trans-cinnamaldehyde (TC), the main phytochemical in cinnamon essential oils, has demonstrated promising activity against a wide range of pathogens. Here, we comprehensively investigated the effect of TC on planktonic growth, biofilm formation, proteolytic and hemolytic activities, as well as gene regulation in E. faecalis. Our findings revealed that sub-inhibitory concentrations of TC reduced biofilm formation, biofilm exopolysaccharides, as well as its proteolytic and hemolytic activities. Mechanistic studies revealed significant downregulation of the quorum sensing fsr locus and downstream gelE, which are major virulence regulators in E. faecalis. Taken together, our study highlights the potential of TC to inhibit E. faecalis biofilm formation and its virulence.
Collapse
|
24
|
Medina-Palacios SE, Vitales-Noyola M, López-González E, González-Amaro AM, Méndez-González V, Pozos-Guillén A. Root canal microorganisms and their antibiotic susceptibility in patients with persistent endodontic infections, with and without clinical symptoms. Odontology 2021; 109:596-604. [PMID: 33387161 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-020-00580-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Secondary/persistent infections are present in teeth with previous root canal treatment, and a great variety of anaerobic microorganisms has been observed in these infections. The antibiotics prescription is occasional; however, in some cases, it is essential, particularly when the general health condition of the patient is compromised. The aims of this study were to identify the associated microorganisms in diagnosis of persistent or secondary apical periodontitis and to evaluate the susceptibility level to the antibiotics most used. Fifteen patients with persistent or secondary apical periodontitis requiring endodontic re-treatment were included. Microbiological samples were taken from the root canals and incubated in thioglycollate under anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic CDC agar (formulated by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention) was employed as a culture medium and the microorganisms were identified using the API system. The microorganisms were subjected to antibiograms with three different antibiotics. Twenty-six microorganisms were identified, the most common genus was Enterococcus (26.8%), Streptococcus (19.22%), Aerococcus (19.1%), and Clostridium (11.4%). 48% of them were susceptible to amoxicillin, with 28% of resistance. For clavulanic acid/amoxicillin, the susceptibility occurred in 32%, with 28% of resistance; and for clindamycin, the susceptibility was present in 40%, with 52% of resistance. The most frequently detected associated microorganism for secondary infections was genus Enterococcus, which exhibited high resistance to the studied antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Edith Medina-Palacios
- Endodontics Postgraduated Program, Faculty of Dentistry, San Luis Potosí University, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Marlen Vitales-Noyola
- Endodontics Postgraduated Program, Faculty of Dentistry, San Luis Potosí University, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Emmanuel López-González
- Endodontics Postgraduated Program, Faculty of Dentistry, San Luis Potosí University, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Ana María González-Amaro
- Endodontics Postgraduated Program, Faculty of Dentistry, San Luis Potosí University, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Verónica Méndez-González
- Endodontics Postgraduated Program, Faculty of Dentistry, San Luis Potosí University, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Amaury Pozos-Guillén
- Basic Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, San Luis Potosi University, 2 Manuel Nava, Zona Universitaria, 78290, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Characterization of Enterococcus faecalis in different culture conditions. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21867. [PMID: 33318537 PMCID: PMC7736865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate how carbohydrates (glucose or sucrose) affect the characteristics of Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) planktonic and biofilm in vitro. For this study, E. faecalis was cultured in tryptone-yeast extract broth with 0% glucose + 0% sucrose, 0.5% glucose, 1% glucose, 0.5% sucrose, or 1% sucrose. Viability of E. faecalis was examined by colony forming unit counting assays. Biofilm formation was assessed by measuring extracellular DNA (eDNA), a component of the biofilm matrix. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was performed to investigate the expression of virulence-associated genes. Field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis, confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis, and crystal violet colorimetric assay were conducted to study E. faecalis biofilms. E. faecalis showed the highest viability and eDNA levels in 1% sucrose medium in biofilms. The result of qRT-PCR showed that the virulence-associated genes expressed highest in 1% sucrose-grown biofilms and in 1% glucose-grown planktonic cultures. E. faecalis showed highly aggregated biofilms and higher bacteria and exopolysaccharide (EPS) bio-volume in sucrose than in 0% glucose + 0% sucrose or glucose. The results indicate that the production of eDNA and EPS and expression of virulence-associated genes in E. faecalis are affected by the concentration of carbohydrates in biofilm or planktonic culture.
Collapse
|
26
|
Sette-de-Souza PH, de Santana CP, Amaral-Machado L, Duarte MCT, de Medeiros FD, Veras G, de Medeiros ACD. Antimicrobial Activity of Schinopsis brasiliensis Engler Extract-Loaded Chitosan Microparticles in Oral Infectious Disease. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:246. [PMID: 32856115 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01786-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis infections represent a health concern, mainly in oral diseases, in which treatments with chlorhexidine solution (0.2%) are often used; however, it presents high toxicity degree and several side effects. Based on this, the use of natural products as an alternative to treatment has been explored. Nonetheless, plant extracts have poor organoleptic characteristics that impair theirs in natura use. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the analytical profile, biological activity, and cytotoxicity in vitro of S. brasiliensis-loaded chitosan microparticles (CMSb) produced using different aspersion flow rates. The analytical fingerprint was obtained by FTIR and NIR spectra. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to verify the similarity between the samples. The crystallinity degree was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Phytochemical screening (PS) was performed to quantify phytocompounds. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Antibiofilm activity and bactericidal kinetics against E. faecalis (ATCC 29212 and MB 146-clinical isolated) were also assessed. The hemolytic potential was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity. Data provided by FTIR, NIR, and PCA analyses revealed chemical similarity between all CMSb. Furthermore, the results from XRD analysis showed that the obtained CMSb present amorphous characteristic. Tannins and polyphenols were accurately quantified by the PS, but methodology limitations did not allow the flavonoid quantification. The low hemolytic potential assay indicates that all samples are safe. Antimicrobial assays revealed that CMSb were able to inhibit not only the E. faecalis ATCC growth but also the biofilm formation. Only one CMSb sample was able to inhibit the clinical strain. These results highlighted the CMSb antimicrobial potential and revealed this system as a promising product to treat infections caused by E. faecalis.
Collapse
|
27
|
Liu Y, Ping Y, Xiong Y, Zhou R, Xu F, Wang J, Li J. Genotype, biofilm formation ability and specific gene transcripts characteristics of endodontic Enterococcus faecalis under glucose deprivation condition. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 118:104877. [PMID: 32828986 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the relationship between the specific gene and biofilm formation ability of seven wild type Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) under glucose deprivation conditions. DESIGN Wild type E. faecalis (3RC, 5RC, 25RC, 31RC, 33RC, 37RC, 58RC) extracted from the teeth with persistent apical periodontitis were cultured under glucose deprivation conditions and then resequenced. The biofilm formation ability was compared using primary adherence assay, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The transcriptional level of biofilm formation-related genes (ace, gelE, efa, esp and fsrB) were detected. RESULTS Genomic resequencing showed that 3RC and 58RC (Class B) were similar, while 5RC, 25RC, 31RC, 33RC and 37RC (Class A) were similar. Based on primary adherence assay, CLSM and SEM results, biofilm formation ability of Class B strains was lower, while Class A strains were higher when compared with control group (0.25 % glucose). Furthermore, compared with control group (0.25 % glucose), the transcriptional levels of ace, efa and fsrB genes were upregulated in all strains; the transcriptional levels of gelE were downregulated in Class B strains, upregulated in Class A strains; the transcriptional levels of esp of Class B strains were downregulated, while upregulated in 25RC, 31RC and 37RC (Class A), and not observed in 5RC and 33RC. CONCLUSION The genotypes of wild type E. faecalis of different persistent periapical periodontitis teeth are different. The genotype differences and the transcription levels of related virulence genes (ace, gelE, efa, esp and fsrB) are related to the biological phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Stomatological Hospital of Lianyungang, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yifan Ping
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuhua Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruyu Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fulu Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of VIP Clinic, Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Tang B, Gong T, Cui Y, Wang L, He C, Lu M, Chen J, Jing M, Zhang A, Li Y. Characteristics of oral methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from dental plaque. Int J Oral Sci 2020; 12:15. [PMID: 32385260 PMCID: PMC7210960 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-0079-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The oral microbial community is widely regarded as a latent reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes. This study assessed the molecular epidemiology, susceptibility profile, and resistance mechanisms of 35 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) strains isolated from the dental plaque of a healthy human population. Broth microdilution minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) revealed that all the isolates were nonsusceptible to oxacillin and penicillin G. Most of them were also resistant to trimethoprim (65.7%) and erythromycin (54.3%). The resistance to multiple antibiotics was found to be largely due to the acquisition of plasmid-borne genes. The mecA and dfrA genes were found in all the isolates, mostly dfrG (80%), aacA-aphD (20%), aadD (28.6%), aphA3 (22.9%), msrA (5.7%), and the ermC gene (14.3%). Classical mutational mechanisms found in these isolates were mainly efflux pumps such as qacA (31.4%), qacC (25.7%), tetK (17.1%), and norA (8.6%). Multilocus sequence type analysis revealed that sequence type 59 (ST59) strains comprised 71.43% of the typed isolates, and the eBURST algorithm clustered STs into the clonal complex 2-II(CC2-II). The staphyloccoccal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type results showed that 25 (71.43%) were assigned to type IV. Moreover, 88.66% of the isolates were found to harbor six or more biofilm-associated genes. The aap, atlE, embp, sdrF, and IS256 genes were detected in all 35 isolates. This research demonstrates that biofilm-positive multiple-antibiotic-resistant ST59-SCCmec IV S. epidermidis strains exist in the dental plaque of healthy people and may be a potential risk for the transmission of antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujia Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Chao He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiling Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Supotngarmkul A, Panichuttra A, Ratisoontorn C, Nawachinda M, Matangkasombut O. Antibacterial property of chitosan against E. faecalis standard strain and clinical isolates. Dent Mater J 2020; 39:456-463. [PMID: 32037384 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2018-343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To investigate applications of chitosan as antibacterial agent for endodontic treatments, we tested its activity against Enterococcus faecalis standard strain (ATCC29212) and clinical isolates. We determined the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 6 types of chitosan against ATCC29212; the most effective types were selected for further tests. Four clinical isolates were cultured from endodontically treated-teeth and identified by biochemical assays and polymerase chain reactions. Bacterial cultures were exposed to 1,700 and 2,100 kDa chitosan at MBC for 1, 3, 5, 10, and 60 min in time-kill assays and plated on brain-heart-infusion (BHI) agar for colony counts. Both types of chitosan showed significantly lower numbers of remaining bacteria (log colony forming units per millimeter, logCFUs/mL) than negative controls (0.1% acetic acid and BHI) at 10 min, and completely eliminated the bacteria at 60 min for all strains. Thus, chitosan could be developed as alternative biocompatible antimicrobial irrigant/medication for endodontic treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Apimon Supotngarmkul
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University
| | - Anchana Panichuttra
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University
| | | | - Mettachit Nawachinda
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University
| | - Oranart Matangkasombut
- Department of Microbiology and Research Unit on Oral Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University.,Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Graham K, Stack H, Rea R. Safety, beneficial and technological properties of enterococci for use in functional food applications - a review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 60:3836-3861. [PMID: 31924117 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2019.1709800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci are ubiquitous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that predominantly reside in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals but are also widespread in food and the environment due to their robust nature. Enterococci have the paradoxical position of providing several benefits of technological interest in food fermentations but are also considered as opportunistic pathogens capable of causing infection in immunocompromised patients. Several species of the genus have been correlated with disease development in humans such as bacteremia, urinary tract infections, and endocarditis. The pathogenesis of enterococci has been attributed to the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance and the possession of virulence determinants. On the contrary, enterococci have led to improvements in the aroma, texture, and flavor of fermented dairy products, while their beneficial use as probiotic and protective cultures has also been documented. Furthermore, they have emerged as important candidates for the generation of bioactive peptides, particularly from milk, which provide new opportunities for the development of functional foods and nutraceuticals for human nutrition and health. The detection of pathogenic traits among some species is compromising their use in food applications and subsequently, the genus neither has Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) status nor has it been included in the Qualified Presumption of Safety (QPS) list. Nevertheless, the use of certain enterococcal strains in food has been permitted on the basis of a case-by-case assessment. Promisingly, enterococcal virulence factors appear strain specific and food isolates harbor fewer determinants than clinical isolates, while they also remain largely susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics and thus, have a lower potential for pathogenicity. Ideally, strains considered for use in foods should not possess any virulence determinants and should be susceptible to clinically relevant antibiotics. Implementation of an appropriate risk/benefit analysis, establishment of a strain's innocuity, and consideration for relevant guidelines, legislation, and regulatory aspects surrounding functional food development, may help industry, health-staff and consumers accept enterococci, like other LAB, as important candidates for useful and beneficial applications in food biotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Graham
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Helena Stack
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rosemary Rea
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yuan L, Lyu P, Huang YY, Du N, Qi W, Hamblin MR, Wang Y. Potassium iodide enhances the photobactericidal effect of methylene blue on Enterococcus faecalis as planktonic cells and as biofilm infection in teeth. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 203:111730. [PMID: 31855718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effectiveness, biosafety, photobleaching and mechanism of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using methylene blue (MB) plus potassium iodide (KI), for root canal infections. METHODS Different combinations and concentrations of MB, KI and 660 nm LED light were used against E. faecalis in planktonic and in biofilm states by colony-forming unit (CFU), confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF) were used for safety testing by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) and fluorescence microscopy (FLM). The photobleaching effect and mechanisms were analyzed. RESULTS KI could not only enhance MB aPDT on E. faecalis in both planktonic and biofilm states even in a hypoxic environment, but also produced a long-lasting bactericidal effect after end of the illumination. KI could accelerate photobleaching to reduce tooth staining by MB, and the mixture was harmless for HGFs. Mechanistic studies showed the generation of hydrogen peroxide and free iodine, and iodine radicals may be formed in hypoxia. CONCLUSION aPDT with MB plus KI could be used for root canal disinfection and clinical studies are worth pursuing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lintian Yuan
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Peijun Lyu
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Ying Huang
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ning Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China; Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Qi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China; Department of General Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa.
| | - Yuguang Wang
- Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Berditsch M, Afonin S, Reuster J, Lux H, Schkolin K, Babii O, Radchenko DS, Abdullah I, William N, Middel V, Strähle U, Nelson A, Valko K, Ulrich AS. Supreme activity of gramicidin S against resistant, persistent and biofilm cells of staphylococci and enterococci. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17938. [PMID: 31784584 PMCID: PMC6884456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Three promising antibacterial peptides were studied with regard to their ability to inhibit the growth and kill the cells of clinical strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. The multifunctional gramicidin S (GS) was the most potent, compared to the membranotropic temporin L (TL), being more effective than the innate-defence regulator IDR-1018 (IDR). These activities, compared across 16 strains as minimal bactericidal and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC), are independent of bacterial resistance pattern, phenotype variations and/or biofilm-forming potency. For S. aureus strains, complete killing is accomplished by all peptides at 5 × MIC. For E. faecalis strains, only GS exhibits a rapid bactericidal effect at 5 × MIC, while TL and IDR require higher concentrations. The biofilm-preventing activities of all peptides against the six strains with the largest biofilm biomass were compared. GS demonstrates the lowest minimal biofilm inhibiting concentrations, whereas TL and IDR are consistently less effective. In mature biofilms, only GS completely kills the cells of all studied strains. We compare the physicochemical properties, membranolytic activities, model pharmacokinetics and eukaryotic toxicities of the peptides and explain the bactericidal, antipersister and antibiofilm activities of GS by its elevated stability, pronounced cell-penetration ability and effective utilization of multiple modes of antibacterial action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Berditsch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Sergii Afonin
- KIT, Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe, 76021, Germany
| | - Jennifer Reuster
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Hannah Lux
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Kristina Schkolin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany
| | - Oleg Babii
- KIT, Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe, 76021, Germany
| | - Dmytro S Radchenko
- Enamine Ltd., Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine.,Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Issah Abdullah
- University College London (UCL), UCL School of Pharmacy, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola William
- University of Leeds, School of Chemistry, Leeds, LS9 2JT, United Kingdom
| | - Volker Middel
- KIT, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Uwe Strähle
- KIT, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics (ITG), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Andrew Nelson
- University of Leeds, School of Chemistry, Leeds, LS9 2JT, United Kingdom
| | - Klara Valko
- University College London (UCL), UCL School of Pharmacy, London, WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Anne S Ulrich
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe, 76131, Germany. .,KIT, Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe, 76021, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Evaluation of safety and probiotic properties of a strain of Enterococcus faecium isolated from chicken bile. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2019; 57:578-587. [PMID: 32116367 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-019-04089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics are important bacteria due to their benefit on human health. In this study, four strains of lactic acid bacteria from chicken bile were isolated and the strain with the best antimicrobial activity was selected for further identification and evaluation on its probiotic traits and safety. The strain was identified as Enterococcus faecium by biochemical characterization and 16S rDNA gene sequencing. The strain, named E. faecium MK-SQ-1, was tolerant to acid (pH 3.0), bile salts (up to 0.3%) or trypsin (up to 0.4%) for 3 h and it was able to survive from high temperature (up to 60 °C) for 15 min. This strain inhibited the growth of Salmonella enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus intermediately. The genes responsible for virulence including asa1, cylA, efaA, esp, gelE and hyl were absent and the mice administrated orally with a very high dose (2 × 109 CFU) of the strain daily for 35 days were not found abnormal. The strain enhanced the serum IgG level and phagocytic index of mice significantly by daily oral administration at a high dose (2 × 108 CFU) for 21 days (p < 0.05). The strain did not have multi-antibiotic resistance and vancomycin resistance. Comprehensive evaluation showed E. faecium MK-SQ-1 could be a candidate as a probiotic strain used in human or animals.
Collapse
|
34
|
Tent PA, Juncar RI, Onisor F, Bran S, Harangus A, Juncar M. The pathogenic microbial flora and its antibiotic susceptibility pattern in odontogenic infections. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:340-355. [PMID: 30999773 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1602630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Suppurative head and neck infections of odontogenic origin are the most frequent type of head and neck infections. According to the literature, 7-10% of all antibiotics are currently prescribed for their treatment. Since penicillin was invented, the overall antibiotic sensitivity and resistance pattern of the isolated pathogenic microflora has continuously changed. The response of microorganisms to antibiotics and the development of resistance to their action is a purely evolutive process characterized by genetic mutations, acquisition of genetic material or alteration of gene expression and metabolic adaptations. All this makes challenging and difficult the correct choice of empirical antibiotic treatment for head and neck space infections even today. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the literature and to evidence the most frequent locations of odontogenic head and neck infections, the dominant pathogenic microbial flora, the genetic mutations and metabolic changes necessary for bacteria in order to aquire antibiotic resistance and as well its susceptibility and resistance to common antibiotics. We also aimed to highlight the possible changes in bacterial resistance to antibiotics over time, and to assess whether or not there is a need for fundamental changes in the empirical antibiotic treatment of these infections and show which these would be.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Andrei Tent
- Dental Medicine, Universitatea din Oradea Facultatea de Medicina si Farmacie , Oradea , Romania
| | - Raluca Iulia Juncar
- Dental Medicine, Universitatea din Oradea Facultatea de Medicina si Farmacie , Oradea , Romania
| | - Florin Onisor
- Department of Oral and Maxilo-Facial surgery and Radiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Simion Bran
- Department of Oral and Maxilo-Facial surgery and Radiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Antonia Harangus
- Spitalul Clinic de Pneumoftiziologie Leon Daniello Cluj-Napoca , Cluj-Napoca , Romania
| | - Mihai Juncar
- Dental Medicine, Universitatea din Oradea Facultatea de Medicina si Farmacie , Oradea , Romania
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Comparison of genotypes, antimicrobial resistance and virulence profiles of oral and non oral Enterococcus faecalis from Brazil, Japan and the United Kingdom. J Dent 2019; 84:49-54. [PMID: 30862557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether phenotypic and genotypic differences amongst isolates ofEnterococcus faecalis relate to geographical and clinical origin. METHODS E. faecalis from primary endodontic infections in Brazilian patients (n = 20), oral infections in UK patients (n = 10), and non-oral infections in Japanese patients (n = 9) were studied. In addition, 20 environmental vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE) isolates from a UK hospital were analysed. For all isolates, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect genes associated with antibiotic resistance and virulence, whilst randomly amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) was used to produce molecular profiles. RESULTS Gelatinase gene (gelE) was prevalent amongst isolates (77-100%) and for oral isolates, genes of aggregation substances (agg), immune evasion protein (esp), cytolysin (cylB), tetracycline resistance (tetM; tetL) and erythromycin resistance (ermB) were detected to varying extent. Japanese non-oral isolates had a similar genetic profile to oral isolates, but with higher prevalence of ermB and cylB. All VRE isolates were positive for gelE, esp, agg, vanA, ermB and tetM, 95% were positive for cylB and 17% positive for tetL. All isolates were negative for ermA, asa373 vanB, vanC1 and vanC2/3. RAPD-PCR revealed clustering of VRE isolates. CONCLUSIONS RAPD-PCR analysis revealed extensive genetic variability among the tested isolates. Oral isolates carried antibiotic resistance genes for tetracycline and whilst they possessed genes that could contribute to pathogenicity, these were detected at lower incidence compared with non-oral and VRE isolates. RAPD-PCR proved to be a useful approach to elucidate relatedness of disparate isolates.
Collapse
|
36
|
Chiniforush N, Pourhajibagher M, Parker S, Benedicenti S, Shahabi S, Bahador A. The effect of sublethal photodynamic therapy on the expression of Enterococcal surface protein (esp) encoding gene in Enterococcus faecalis: Quantitative real-time PCR assessment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:311-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
37
|
Li Y, Tong Z, Ling J. Effect of the three
Enterococcus faecalis
strains on apoptosis in
MC
3T3 cells. Oral Dis 2018; 25:309-318. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Department of Operative Dentistry and EndodonticsGuanghua School of StomatologyHospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology Guangzhou China
| | - Zhongchun Tong
- Department of Operative Dentistry and EndodonticsGuanghua School of StomatologyHospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology Guangzhou China
| | - Junqi Ling
- Department of Operative Dentistry and EndodonticsGuanghua School of StomatologyHospital of StomatologySun Yat‐sen University Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Stomatology Guangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Association between Extracellular Material and Biofilm Formation in Response to Sodium Hypochlorite by Clinical Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis. J Endod 2017; 44:269-273. [PMID: 29208399 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular material (ECM) surrounding Enterococcus faecalis may play a role in increasing resistance to environmental stresses. Our aim was to determine ECM levels in response to subminimal inhibitory concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (sub-MIC/NaOCl) or anaerobic growth and determine the impact on biofilm development. METHODS From 37 E. faecalis clinical strains, 19 were selected according to their biofilm-producing ability by using a crystal violet biofilm assay: 10 strong, 4 intermediate, and 5 non-biofilm producers. Biofilm assays were subsequently performed on all strains when subjected to sub-MIC/NaOCl. All strains were evaluated for ECM production under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and with sub-MIC/NaOCl. ECM production was assessed by using scanning electron microscopy. Double-blinded independent assessors were used to score levels of ECM production. The esp gene was detected by using polymerase chain reaction. Gelatinase activity was determined by using Todd-Hewitt and gelatin agar. RESULTS In aerobic conditions, ECM was expressed in all strains. In the presence of sub-MIC/NaOCl, of the 10 strong biofilm producers, 5 increased their ECM production, and 4 showed increased biofilm growth. Two strains had less ECM production and showed decreased biofilm growth. One isolate demonstrated no observable changes. Most non-biofilm producers demonstrated no observable differences in ECM production, although 1 strain increased biofilm growth. ECM production in anaerobic conditions was highly variable. The esp gene (n = 15) and gelatinase activity (n = 7) were evident among the isolates. CONCLUSIONS Clonal diversity among strains of E. faecalis suggests that some strong biofilm producers can upregulate ECM production and increase biofilm growth in response to sub-MIC/NaOCl.
Collapse
|
39
|
Prado ACC, De Barros PP, Santos JDD, De Oliveira LD, Carvalho CAT, Valera MC, Jorge AOC, Junqueira JC. Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis in endodontic infections: antibiotic resistance profile and susceptibility to photodynamic therapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s41547-017-0011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
|
40
|
Biofilms in Endodontics-Current Status and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081748. [PMID: 28800075 PMCID: PMC5578138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbiota are found in highly organized and complex entities, known as biofilms, the characteristics of which are fundamentally different from microbes in planktonic suspensions. Root canal infections are biofilm mediated. The complexity and variability of the root canal system, together with the multi-species nature of biofilms, make disinfection of this system extremely challenging. Microbial persistence appears to be the most important factor for failure of root canal treatment and this could further have an impact on pain and quality of life. Biofilm removal is accomplished by a chemo-mechanical process, using specific instruments and disinfecting chemicals in the form of irrigants and/or intracanal medicaments. Endodontic research has focused on the characterization of root canal biofilms and the clinical methods to disrupt the biofilms in addition to achieving microbial killing. In this narrative review, we discuss the role of microbial biofilms in endodontics and review the literature on the role of root canal disinfectants and disinfectant-activating methods on biofilm removal.
Collapse
|
41
|
Nešuta O, Buděšínský M, Hadravová R, Monincová L, Humpoličková J, Čeřovský V. How proteases from Enterococcus faecalis contribute to its resistance to short α-helical antimicrobial peptides. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:4056144. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
42
|
Ong TH, Chitra E, Ramamurthy S, Siddalingam RP, Yuen KH, Ambu SP, Davamani F. Chitosan-propolis nanoparticle formulation demonstrates anti-bacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis biofilms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174888. [PMID: 28362873 PMCID: PMC5376299 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis obtained from bee hives is a natural substance with antimicrobial properties. It is limited by its insolubility in aqueous solutions; hence ethanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Malaysian propolis were prepared. Both the extracts displayed antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties against Enterococcus faecalis, a common bacterium associated with hospital-acquired infections. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of propolis revealed the presence of flavonoids like kaempferol and pinocembrin. This study investigated the role of propolis developed into nanoparticles with chitosan for its antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties against E. faecalis. Bacteria that grow in a slimy layer of biofilm are resistant to penetration by antibacterial agents. The use of nanoparticles in medicine has received attention recently due to better bioavailability, enhanced penetrative capacity and improved efficacy. A chitosan-propolis nanoformulation was chosen based on ideal physicochemical properties such as particle size, zeta potential, polydispersity index, encapsulation efficiency and the rate of release of the active ingredients. This formulation inhibited E. faecalis biofilm formation and reduced the number of bacteria in the biofilm by ~90% at 200 μg/ml concentration. When tested on pre-formed biofilms, the formulation reduced bacterial number in the biofilm by ~40% and ~75% at 200 and 300 μg/ml, respectively. The formulation not only reduced bacterial numbers, but also physically disrupted the biofilm structure as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Treatment of biofilms with chitosan-propolis nanoparticles altered the expression of biofilm-associated genes in E. faecalis. The results of this study revealed that chitosan-propolis nanoformulation can be deemed as a potential anti-biofilm agent in resisting infections involving biofilm formation like chronic wounds and surgical site infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teik Hwa Ong
- School of Postgraduate Studies, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ebenezer Chitra
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Srinivasan Ramamurthy
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Kah Hay Yuen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Stephen Periathamby Ambu
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fabian Davamani
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Assessment of virulence potential of uncharacterized Enterococcus faecalis strains using pan genomic approach - Identification of pathogen-specific and habitat-specific genes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38648. [PMID: 27924951 PMCID: PMC5141418 DOI: 10.1038/srep38648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis, a leading nosocomial pathogen and yet a prominent member of gut microbiome, lacks clear demarcation between pathogenic and non-pathogenic strains at genome level. Here we present the comparative genome analysis of 36 E. faecalis strains with different pathogenic features and from different body-habitats. This study begins by addressing the genome dynamics, which shows that the pan-genome of E. faecalis is still open, though the core genome is nearly saturated. We identified eight uncharacterized strains as potential pathogens on the basis of their co-segregation with reported pathogens in gene presence-absence matrix and Pathogenicity Island (PAI) distribution. A ~7.4 kb genomic-cassette, which is itself a part of PAI, is found to exist in all reported and potential pathogens, but not in commensals and other uncharacterized strains. This region encodes four genes and among them, products of two hypothetical genes are predicted to be intrinsically disordered that may serve as novel targets for therapeutic measures. Exclusive existence of 215, 129, 4 and 1 genes in the blood, gastrointestinal tract, urogenital tract, oral cavity and lymph node derived E. faecalis genomes respectively suggests possible employment of distinct habitat-specific genetic strategies in the adaptation of E. faecalis in human host.
Collapse
|
44
|
Berditsch M, Lux H, Babii O, Afonin S, Ulrich AS. Therapeutic Potential of Gramicidin S in the Treatment of Root Canal Infections. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:ph9030056. [PMID: 27618065 PMCID: PMC5039509 DOI: 10.3390/ph9030056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An intrinsic clindamycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, the most common single species present in teeth after failed root canal therapy, often possesses acquired tetracycline resistance. In these cases, root canal infections are commonly treated with Ledermix(®) paste, which contains demeclocycline, or the new alternative endodontic paste Odontopaste, which contains clindamycin; however, these treatments are often ineffective. We studied the killing activity of the cyclic antimicrobial peptide gramicidin S (GS) against planktonic and biofilm cells of tetracycline-resistant clinical isolates of E. faecalis. The high therapeutic potential of GS for the topical treatment of problematic teeth is based on the rapid bactericidal effect toward the biofilm-forming, tetracycline-resistant E. faecalis. GS reduces the cell number of planktonic cells within 20-40 min at a concentration of 40-80 μg/mL. It kills the cells of pre-grown biofilms at concentrations of 100-200 μg/mL, such that no re-growth is possible. The translocation of the peptide into the cell interior and its complexation with intracellular nucleotides, including the alarmon ppGpp, can explain its anti-biofilm effect. The successful treatment of persistently infected root canals of two volunteers confirms the high effectiveness of GS. The broad GS activity towards resistant, biofilm-forming E. faecalis suggests its applications for approval in root canal medication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Berditsch
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
| | - Hannah Lux
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
| | - Oleg Babii
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
| | - Sergii Afonin
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), KIT, P. O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany.
| | - Anne S Ulrich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany.
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), KIT, P. O. Box 3640, Karlsruhe 76021, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Barbosa-Ribeiro M, De-Jesus-Soares A, Zaia AA, Ferraz CCR, Almeida JFA, Gomes BPFA. Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Characterization of Virulence Genes of Enterococcus faecalis Isolates from Teeth with Failure of the Endodontic Treatment. J Endod 2016; 42:1022-8. [PMID: 27221594 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of virulence factors and the antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus faecalis isolates of teeth with failure of the endodontic treatment. METHODS Twenty root canal samples were collected from teeth with apical periodontitis. E. faecalis was firstly identified based on phenotypic features and then by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. The antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amoxicillin, amoxicillin + clavulanate, azithromycin, benzylpenicillin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, rifampicin, tetracycline, and vancomycin using the E test method. Virulence factors (ace, asa, asa373, cylA, efaA, esp, and gelE) were detected by polymerase chain reaction assay. RESULTS Amoxicillin + clavulanate was effective against all strains. Intermediate and total resistance was found against the majority of the tested antimicrobials. The susceptibility of some microorganisms to some antimicrobial agents changed according to the evaluation time. MIC50 and MIC90 also varied according to the evaluation time. In relation to the virulence factors of the E faecalis isolates, ace was detected in 100% of the strains, asa (60%), asa373 (15%), efaA (95%), esp (70%), and gelE (75%), whereas cylA was not detected. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that E. faecalis isolates from persistent endodontic infections showed varied degrees of intermediate/total resistance to several antimicrobial agents, with amoxicillin + clavulanate being the most effective agent. Moreover, the strains showed different patterns for virulence gene detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlos Barbosa-Ribeiro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana De-Jesus-Soares
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre A Zaia
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio C R Ferraz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José F A Almeida
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brenda P F A Gomes
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontic Division, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Hao H, Zhou S, Cheng G, Dai M, Wang X, Liu Z, Wang Y, Yuan Z. Effect of Tulathromycin on Colonization Resistance, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence of Human Gut Microbiota in Chemostats. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:477. [PMID: 27092131 PMCID: PMC4824762 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate microbiological safety of tulathromycin on human intestinal bacteria, tulathromycin (0, 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 μg/mL) was added into Chemostats. Before and after drug exposure, we monitored (1) population, SCFA products, antimicrobial resistance, and colonization resistance of gut microbiota, and (2) the antimicrobial resistance genes, transferability, virulent genes, pathogenicity of Enterococus faecalis. Results showed that low level of tulathromycin did not exhibit microbiological hazard on resistance selection and colonization resistance. However, high level of tulathromycin (10 and 100 μg/mL) may disturb colonization resistance of human gut microbiota and select antimicrobial resistant E. faecalis. Most of the selected resistant E. faecalis carried resistant gene of ermB, transferable element of Tn1545 and three virulence genes (esp, cylA, and ace). One of them (E. faecalis 143) was confirmed to have higher horizontal transfer risk and higher pathogenicity. The calculated no observable adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) and microbiological acceptable daily intake (mADI) in our study was 1 μg/mL and 14.66 μg/kg.bw/day, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Shengxi Zhou
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Guyue Cheng
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Menghong Dai
- MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Xu Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenli Liu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, China
| | - Yulian Wang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China; MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural UniversityWuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Reise M, Gottschaldt M, Matz C, Völpel A, Jandt KD, Schubert US, Sigusch BW. Antibacterial effect of silver (I) carbohydrate complexes on oral pathogenic key species in vitro. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:42. [PMID: 27009305 PMCID: PMC4806493 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It was the aim of this study to evaluate the antibacterial impact of two silver(I) carbohydrate complexes with tripodal thioglycosides, namely tris[2-(β-D-thio-glucopyranosyl)ethyl]-amine-silver(I)-nitrate (3) and tris[2-(α-D-thio-manno-pyranosyl)ethyl]-amine-silver(I)-nitrate (4), on five oral pathogenic bacterial strains. Furthermore, cytocompatibility was tested using human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). Methods Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined on five oral pathogenic bacterial strains by using the broth microdilution method: Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 10953), Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (ATCC 33384), Porphyromonas gingivalis (ATCC 33277), Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and Enterococcus faecalis (DSMZ 20376). Furthermore, antimicrobial efficiency was tested using agar diffusion assays. To evaluate cytocompatibility, human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) were exposed to AgNO3 and complex 3 followed by a live/dead staining. Results MIC of the silver(I) complexes ranged between 0.625 and 5.0 mmol/L. The silver complexes 3 and 4 showed higher antibacterial efficiency against all tested species than AgNO3. Antibacterial efficiency of complexes 3 and 4 on F. nucleatum (≥18 mm) and A. actinomycetemcomitans (≥23 mm) was more pronounced than against P. gingivalis (≥15 mm). Complex 3 (20 mM) induced the largest inhibition zones (30 to 31 mm) on Gram-negative strains. For Gram-positive strains, the largest inhibition zones were achieved by complex 3 (20 mM/S. mutans: 28 mm, E. faecalis: 18 mm). Complex 3 had a lower cytotoxic impact on HGFs compared to AgNO3 by the power of ten. Conclusions The findings suggest that silver(I) carbohydrate complexes 3 and 4 might function as novel antimicrobial agents for the treatment of periodontal, carious or endodontic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Reise
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Jena University Hospital, An der Alten Post 4, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Michael Gottschaldt
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Carina Matz
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Jena University Hospital, An der Alten Post 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Völpel
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Jena University Hospital, An der Alten Post 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus D Jandt
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Chair of Materials Science, Otto Schott Institute for Materials Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Fraunhoferstraße 6, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernd W Sigusch
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Jena University Hospital, An der Alten Post 4, 07743, Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Di Santi BT, Ribeiro MB, Endo MS, Gomes BPFDA. Avaliação da suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de bactérias anaeróbias facultativas isoladas de canais radiculares de dentes com insucesso endodôntico frente aos antibióticos de uso sistêmico. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
<title>Resumo</title><sec><title>Introdução</title><p>Bactérias associadas ao insucesso do tratamento endodôntico são capazes de adquirir e expressar resistência aos agentes antimicrobianos comumente empregados para tratar infecções, o que torna necessário, em determinadas situações, a realização de testes laboratoriais para detectar a resistência ou a suscetibilidade antimicrobiana desses micro-organismos.</p></sec><sec><title>Objetivo</title><p>avaliar a suscetibilidade antimicrobiana das cepas de <italic>Enterococcus faecalis</italic>, <italic>Enterococcus faecium</italic>, <italic>Actinomyces viscosus</italic> e <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> isoladas de canais radiculares de dentes com insucesso endodôntico.</p></sec><sec><title>Material e método</title><p>Cepas clínicas de <italic>Enterococcus faecalis</italic> (n=3), <italic>Enterococcus faecium</italic> (n=3), <italic>Actinomyces viscosus</italic> (n=3) e <italic>Staphylococcus aureus</italic> (n=3), coletadas in vivo de canais radiculares com insucesso endodôntico, foram testadas quanto à suscetibilidade antimicrobiana por meio do método E-test em duplicata, utilizando os antibióticos: Amoxicilina (AC), Rifampicina (RI), Moxifloxacina (MX), Vancomicina (VA), Tetraciclina (TC), Ciprofloxacina (CI), Cloranfenicol (CL), Benzilpenicilina (PG), Amoxicilina + ácido clavulânico (XL), Doxiciclina (DC), Eritromicina (EM) e Azitromicina (AZ).</p></sec><sec><title>Resultado</title><p>Todas as cepas clínicas testadas foram suscetíveis aos antibióticos AC, XL, PG, DC, MX, TC e VA. Todos os isolados das espécies de <italic>S. aureus</italic> foram suscetíveis aos 12 antibióticos testados. As cepas de <italic>E. faecalis</italic>, <italic>E. faecium</italic> e <italic>A. viscosus</italic> mostraram padrão de suscetibilidade intermediário contra EM. Algumas cepas de <italic>E. faecalis</italic> e <italic>E. faecium</italic> foram resistentes a AZ e RI.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusão</title><p>As cepas clínicas isoladas dos canais radiculares de dentes com insucesso endodôntico mostraram perfis diferentes de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana e nenhum isolado de <italic>E. faecalis</italic> e <italic>E. faecium</italic>apresentou-se suscetível a AZ e EM.</p></sec>
Collapse
|
49
|
Łysakowska ME, Ciebiada-Adamiec A, Sienkiewicz M, Sokołowski J, Banaszek K. The cultivable microbiota of primary and secondary infected root canals, their susceptibility to antibiotics and association with the signs and symptoms of infection. Int Endod J 2015; 49:422-30. [PMID: 26011084 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the presence of microbial species in primary and secondary infections and identify the signs and symptoms associated with them. METHODOLOGY A total number of 37 root canals from 33 patients undergoing root canal treatment were selected. Samples were taken using a sterile paper point following chemomechanical canal instrumentation. Microbiological identification was performed by macromorphological, micromorphological and commercial biochemical tests (ATB system). The antibiotic susceptibility profile of isolated Enterococcus, Streptococcus and Propionibacterium spp. was evaluated. RESULTS A total number of 54 species were isolated. The most common was E. faecalis followed by Propionibacterium acnes and Streptococcus spp. Five multidrug-resistant enterococcal strains were isolated. However, resistance to linezolid or glycopeptides was not found. Radiolucency was observed significantly more often in symptomatic infections (P = 0.0061) caused by Actinomyces spp. than in asymptomatic ones. CONCLUSIONS Enterococci and streptococci were the most commonly isolated bacteria from root canals. The resistance of enterococci to many antimicrobials may pose a problem in their eradication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Łysakowska
- Department of Microbiology and Medical Laboratory Immunology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - A Ciebiada-Adamiec
- Medical Diagnostic Laboratory Center, Polish Mother's Memory Institute, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - M Sienkiewicz
- Department of Environmental Biology, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - J Sokołowski
- Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - K Banaszek
- Department of General Dentistry, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Al-Badah AS, Ibrahim AS, Al-Salamah AA, Ibrahim SSS. Clonal diversity and antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus faecalis isolated from endodontic infections. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
|