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Saini RS, Bavabeedu SS, Quadri SA, Gurumurthy V, Kanji MA, Okshah A, Binduhayyim RIH, Alarcón-Sánchez MA, Mosaddad SA, Heboyan A. Mapping the research landscape of nanoparticles and their use in denture base resins: a bibliometric analysis. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:95. [PMID: 38814562 PMCID: PMC11139848 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-04037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticles are increasingly used in dentistry for various applications, including enhancing the mechanical properties of denture base resins. This study aimed to comprehensively review and analyze the research landscape of nanoparticles and their effect on the flexural strength of denture base resins to identify key research areas and trends and to highlight the importance of collaboration between authors and institutions. METHODS A Bibliometric Analysis was conducted using the Keywords "Nanoparticle*" AND "Denture*" OR "CAD/CAM." The literature search from the WOS database was restricted to the publication years 2011 to 2022. RESULTS Key findings encompass an increase in research publications but a decline in citations. Saudi Arabia, China, and Iraq led this research, with specific institutions excelling. Notable journals with high impact factors were identified. Authorship patterns show variations in citation impact. Additionally, keyword analysis revealed that current research trends offer insights into influential authors and their networks. CONCLUSIONS The analysis of nanoparticles and denture base resins reveals a dynamic and evolving landscape that emphasizes the importance of collaboration, staying current with research trends, and conducting high-quality research in this ever-evolving domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder S Saini
- Department of Dental Technology, COAMS, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shashit Shetty Bavabeedu
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Masroor Ahmed Kanji
- Department of Dental Technology, COAMS, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulmajeed Okshah
- Department of Dental Technology, COAMS, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Mario Alberto Alarcón-Sánchez
- Faculty of Chemical-Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Seyed Ali Mosaddad
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
- Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Qasr-e-Dasht Street, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Artak Heboyan
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Stomatology, Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Str. Koryun 2, 0025, Yerevan, Armenia.
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Zhang J, Zhang J, Wang B, Li W, Wang H, Guo R, Yu W, Xie L, Zheng Q. Modified magnesium oxide/silver nanoparticles reinforced poly (butylene succinate-co-terephthalate) composite biofilms for food packaging application. Food Chem 2024; 435:137492. [PMID: 37774609 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
MgO/Ag nanoparticles (NPs) were surface-modified with titanate coupling agent titaniumtriisostearoylisopropoxide (NDZ-130). A new antibacterial biofilm for food packaging was synthesized by combining the modified MgO/Ag NPs with poly (butylene succinate-co-terephthalate) (PBST). The modification improved the compatibility between the MgO/Ag NPs and the PBST matrix. The effects of the modified MgO/Ag NPs on biofilm mechanical, barrier, thermal, antibacterial and food preservation properties were evaluated. Compared with the PBST/MgO/Ag composite film, the modified PBST/MgO/Ag composite film showed an increase in tensile strength (TS) of 8.71% and elongation at break (EB) of 16.66%, additionally decreasing water vapor permeability (WVP) by 42.86%. The composite film also exhibited over 95% inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The modified PBST/MgO/Ag composite film avoided microbial contamination and preserved cherry tomatoes while maintaining moisture and firmness for six days. All results indicated that the prepared biofilms have a high potential for use as food packaging films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Boyang Wang
- College of Medicine and Biological Information Engineering, North Eastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Huifang Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Ruijie Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Key Laboratory of Interface Science and Engineering in Advanced Materials (Taiyuan University of Technology), Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Lan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Public Big Data, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Qiang Zheng
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
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Ansarifard E, Mohaghegh M, Saadat MH, Taghva M. Effect of denture cleansers on color stability and surface properties of denture base material containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles. J Prosthodont 2023. [PMID: 37947170 DOI: 10.1111/jopr.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of different denture cleansers on color stability, surface roughness, and hardness of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) infused with titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) at concentrations of 1% and 2% by weight on each. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this in vitro study, 90 disc-shaped specimens (10×10×2 mm) were divided into 3 main groups: the non-containing nanoparticle group (0wt% concentration), 1wt% concentration, and 2wt% concentration TiO2 NPs groups. Each group was further assorted into 3 subgroups (n = 10): immersed in distilled water, oxygenating tablet (Corega), and 0.5% sodium hypochlorite. Color change, surface roughness, and hardness values were assessed after 90 and 180 days of storage. Color changes (∆E) were measured with a spectrophotometer (VITA, Easy Shade V, Germany) and assessed using the CIE L*a*b* colorimetric system and the American National Bureau of Standards (NBS = 0.92×∆E). The surface roughness and surface hardness values were measured using a profilometer device and Vickers hardness tester, respectively. First, ANOVA-repeated measurements were performed, followed by the Tukey test. The significance level in this study was considered 0.05. RESULTS At all concentrations, there were significant differences in the mean color changes of samples immersed in cleansers compared to distilled water (p < 0.01). Moreover, hypochlorite caused a significant increase compared to Corega at 0wt% concentration after 90 days and at 1wt% concentration after 90 and 180 days. Evaluations also showed that the mean NBS values in all cleanser groups were in the range of appreciable change, except the water group. In addition, only hypochlorite changed the color higher than the clinically acceptable range (∆E >3.7). The mean roughness of samples immersed in hypochlorite at 0wt% concentration was significantly higher than the samples containing TiO2 NPs (p = 0.006). No significant difference was observed in surface roughness of samples containing different concentrations of TiO2 NPs immersed in different cleansers; however, hypochlorite increased the surface roughness of samples without TiO2 NPs compared to samples containing TiO2 NPs after 180 days. The immersion time in cleansers had a significant influence on the surface roughness and hardness while having no effect on the color. CONCLUSION In general, the cleansers had a significant effect on color change in all groups compared to distilled water. The adverse effect of hypochlorite was more than Corega. The cleansers in the samples containing TiO2 NPs did not make a significant difference in surface roughness in comparison with the distilled water groups. Surface hardness of the samples was not affected in a steady pattern by the cleansers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Ansarifard
- Nanomedicine and Nanobiology Research Center, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mina Mohaghegh
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Saadat
- Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masumeh Taghva
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Zhang S, Wang X, Yang J, Chen H, Jiang X. Micromechanical interlocking structure at the filler/resin interface for dental composites: a review. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:21. [PMID: 37258568 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00226-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental resin composites (DRCs) are popular materials for repairing caries or dental defect, requiring excellent properties to cope with the complex oral environment. Filler/resin interface interaction has a significant impact on the physicochemical/biological properties and service life of DRCs. Various chemical and physical modification methods on filler/resin interface have been introduced and studied, and the physical micromechanical interlocking caused by the modification of fillers morphology and structure is a promising method. This paper firstly introduces the composition and development of DRCs, then reviews the chemical and physical modification methods of the filler/resin interface, mainly discusses the interface micromechanical interlocking structures and their enhancement mechanism for DRCs, finally give a summary on the existing problems and development potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuning Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Advanced Dental Technology and Materials; National Center for Stomatology; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology; Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, China.
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Khattar A, Alghafli JA, Muheef MA, Alsalem AM, Al-Dubays MA, AlHussain HM, AlShoalah HM, Khan SQ, AlEraky DM, Gad MM. Antibiofilm Activity of 3D-Printed Nanocomposite Resin: Impact of ZrO 2 Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:591. [PMID: 36770550 PMCID: PMC9921268 DOI: 10.3390/nano13030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a commonly used material, as it is biocompatible and relatively cheap. However, its mechanical properties and weak antibiofilm activity are major concerns. With the development of new technology, 3D-printed resins are emerging as replacements for PMMA. Few studies have investigated the antibiofilm activity of 3D-printed resins. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antibiofilm activity and surface roughness of a 3D-printed denture base resin modified with different concentrations of zirconium dioxide nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs). A total of 60 resin disc specimens (15 × 2 mm) were fabricated and divided into six groups (n = 10). The groups comprised a heat-polymerized resin (PMMA) group, an unmodified 3D-printed resin (NextDent) group, and four 3D-printed resin groups that were modified with ZrO2 NPs at various concentrations (0.5 wt%, 1 wt%, 3 wt%, and 5 wt%). All specimens were polished using a conventional method and then placed in a thermocycler machine for 5000 cycles. Surface roughness (Ra, µm) was measured using a non-contact profilometer. The adhesion of Candida albicans (C. albicans) was measured using a fungal adhesion assay that consisted of a colony forming unit assay and a cell proliferation assay. The data were analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk and Kruskal-Wallis tests. A Mann-Whitney U test was used for pairwise comparison, and p-values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The lowest Ra value (0.88 ± 0.087 µm) was recorded for the PMMA group. In comparison to the PMMA group, the 3% ZrO2 NPs 3D-printed group showed a significant increase in Ra (p < 0.025). For the 3D-printed resins, significant differences were found between the groups with 0% vs. 3% ZrO2 NPs and 3% vs. 5% ZrO2 NPs (p < 0.025). The highest Ra value (0.96 ± 0.06 µm) was recorded for the 3% ZrO2 NPs group, and the lowest Ra values (0.91 ± 0.03 µm) were recorded for the 0.5% and 5% ZrO2 NPs groups. In terms of antifungal activity, the cell proliferation assay showed a significant decrease in the C. albicans count for the 0.5% ZrO2 NPs group when compared with PMMA and all other groups of 3D-printed resins. The group with the lowest concentration of ZrO2 NPs (0.5%) showed the lowest level of C. albicans adhesion of all the tested groups and showed the lowest Candida count (0.29 ± 0.03). The addition of ZrO2 NPs in low concentrations did not affect the surface roughness of the 3D-printed resins. These 3D-printed resins with low concentrations of nanocomposites could be used as possible materials for the prevention and treatment of denture stomatitis, due to their antibiofilm activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Khattar
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawad A. Alghafli
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Muheef
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali M. Alsalem
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A. Al-Dubays
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain M. AlHussain
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain M. AlShoalah
- College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Soban Q. Khan
- Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa M. AlEraky
- Department of Biomedical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Gad
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
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Liao C, Xiao Y, Chen K, Li P, Wu Y, Li X, Zuo Y. Synergistic modification of polylactic acid by oxidized straw fibers and degradable elastomers: A green composite with good strength and toughness. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:773-783. [PMID: 36096256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polylactic acid-based (PLA) composites are widely used in biomedicine, electrical components, food packaging and other fields, but their unsatisfactory mechanical properties such as high brittleness and poor toughness, cause problems in functional applications. This work developed a green and environmentally friendly strategy to improve PLA mechanical properties. Flexible polybutylene succinate (PBS) and alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) treated straw fibers (SF) synergistically modified PLA. AHP is decomposed into a large amount of HOO-, which oxidizes the hydroxyl groups in SF to carboxyl groups to obtain oxidized straw fiber (OSF), which reacts with PLA in the molten state to form new ester bonds. The tensile strength of the OSF/PLA composite is 41.78 MPa, 38 % higher than the SF/PLA composite. The impact toughness of OSF/PBS/PLA composite is 14.47 KJ/m2 increased by 54 % after the adding PBS, while the tensile strength was also better than the control group. The synergistic action of PLA and PBS in OSF is attributed to the formation of new chemical bonds, efficient crystallization, and compatible interface. This study provides a new strategy to produce fiber-reinforced PLA composites with good toughness. It takes positive significance for developing degradable plastics with good performance and controllable cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Liao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, PR China
| | - Yuanping Xiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, PR China
| | - Kang Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, PR China
| | - Ping Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, PR China
| | - Yiqiang Wu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, PR China
| | - Xingong Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, PR China
| | - Yingfeng Zuo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, PR China.
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Poly(methyl methacrylate) with Oleic Acid as an Efficient Candida albicans Biofilm Repellent. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15113750. [PMID: 35683049 PMCID: PMC9181749 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), widely used in dentistry, is unfortunately a suitable substrate for Candida (C.) albicans colonization and biofilm formation. The key step for biofilm formation is C. albicans ability to transit from yeast to hypha (filamentation). Since oleic acid (OA), a natural compound, prevents filamentation, we modified PMMA with OA aiming the antifungal PMMA_OA materials. Physico-chemical properties of the novel PMMA_OA composites obtained by incorporation of 3%, 6%, 9%, and 12% OA into PMMA were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and water contact angle measurement. To test antifungal activity, PMMA_OA composites were incubated with C. albicans and the metabolic activity of both biofilm and planktonic cells was measured with a XTT test, 0 and 6 days after composites preparation. The effect of OA on C. albicans morphology was observed after 24 h and 48 h incubation in agar loaded with 0.0125% and 0.4% OA. The results show that increase of OA significantly decreased water contact angle. Metabolic activity of both biofilm and planktonic cells were significantly decreased in the both time points. Therefore, modification of PMMA with OA is a promising strategy to reduce C. albicans biofilm formation on denture.
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Aldegheishem A, AlDeeb M, Al-Ahdal K, Helmi M, Alsagob EI. Influence of Reinforcing Agents on the Mechanical Properties of Denture Base Resin: A Systematic Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183083. [PMID: 34577983 PMCID: PMC8470293 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the influence of fillers in denture base resin is vague. This systematic review aimed to report the reinforcing effect of fillers on the mechanical properties of denture base resin by following PRISMA guidelines. Two electronic databases (Pubmed/Medline & Web of Science) were searched for articles using the keywords: fibers in denture base, fillers in denture base, and reinforcement of denture base. Laboratory studies complying with the inclusion criteria were reviewed according to the set protocol. The established focus question was: "Do reinforcing fillers positively influence the mechanical properties of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) heat polymerized denture base material?" A total of twenty-nine relevant papers qualified for final inclusion. Of these, 24 were determined to have a moderate risk of bias. Micron or nano-sized metal/metal oxides particles and glass fibers were the frequently used reinforcing agents. The trend of evaluating fractural strength (FS) was common. Most of the studies limited the use of reinforcing agents up to 5 wt.%. FS, fracture toughness (FT), and impact strength (IS) tend to increase if the fillers are chemically bonded and well-dispersed in denture base resin. Though fillers with a higher elastic modulus increase the hardness of the reinforced denture base resin, they compromise other mechanical properties. Well-dispersed lower filler loading PMMA denture base resin can enhance the FS, FT, and other related mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alhanoof Aldegheishem
- Clinical Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Modhi AlDeeb
- Department of Prosthodontic Dental Science, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khold Al-Ahdal
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Helmi
- Periodontics and Community Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Eman I. Alsagob
- Preventive Dental Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +966-555-178-877
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Zidan S, Silikas N, Al-Nasrawi S, Haider J, Alshabib A, Alshame A, Yates J. Chemical Characterisation of Silanised Zirconia Nanoparticles and Their Effects on the Properties of PMMA-Zirconia Nanocomposites. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14123212. [PMID: 34200948 PMCID: PMC8230683 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanical properties of high-impact (HI) heat-cured acrylic resin (PMMA) reinforced with silane-treated zirconia nanoparticles. Methods: Forty-five PMMA specimens reinforced with zirconia were fabricated and divided into three groups: Pure HI PMMA (control group), PMMA reinforced with 3 wt.% of non-silanised zirconia nanoparticles and PMMA reinforced with 3 wt.% of silanised zirconia nanoparticles. Silanised and non-silanised zirconia nanoparticles were analysed with Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. For measuring the flexural modulus and strength, a Zwick universal tester was used, and for surface hardness, a Vickers hardness tester were used. Furthermore, raw materials and fractured surfaces were analysed using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). A one-way ANOVA test followed by a post-hoc Bonferroni test was employed to analyse the data. Results: The results showed that the mean values for flexural strength (83.5 ± 6.2 MPa) and surface hardness (20.1 ± 2.3 kg/mm2) of the group containing 3 wt.% treated zirconia increased significantly (p < 0.05) in comparison to the specimens in the group containing non-treated zirconia (59.9 ± 7.1 MPa; 15.0 ± 0.2 kg/mm2) and the control group (72.4 ± 8.6 MPa; 17.1 ± 0.9 kg/mm2). However, the group with silanised zirconia showed an increase in flexural modulus (2313 ± 161 MPa) but was not significantly different (p > 0.05) from the non-silanised group (2207 ± 252 MPa) and the control group (1971 ± 235 MPa). Conclusion: Silane-treated zirconia nano-filler improves the surface hardness and flexural strength of HI PMMA-zirconia nanocomposites, giving a potentially longer service life of the denture base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Zidan
- Department of Dental Materials, Faculty of Dentistry, Sebha University, Sebha 18758, Libya
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (N.S.); (J.H.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nikolaos Silikas
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (N.S.); (J.H.); (J.Y.)
| | - Suhad Al-Nasrawi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Kufa, Najaf 54001, Iraq;
| | - Julfikar Haider
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (N.S.); (J.H.); (J.Y.)
- Department of Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Abdulrahman Alshabib
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alshame Alshame
- Department of Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Sebha University, Sebha 18758, Libya;
| | - Julian Yates
- Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; (N.S.); (J.H.); (J.Y.)
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Gad MM, Abualsaud R, Alqarawi FK, Emam ANM, Khan SQ, Akhtar S, Mahrous AA, Al-Harbi FA. Translucency of nanoparticle-reinforced PMMA denture base material: An in-vitro comparative study. Dent Mater J 2021; 40:972-978. [PMID: 33883327 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2020-296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the translucency of denture base acrylic resin reinforced with zirconium dioxide (ZrO2NPs), silicon dioxide (SiO2NPs), and diamond (DNPs) nanoparticles. A total of 130 heat-polymerized acrylic discs (15×2.5 mm) were fabricated conventionally and divided into control and experimental groups according to nanoparticle type and concentration (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.5 wt%). Unmodified acrylic resin specimens served as control. All specimens were thermocycled (5,000 cycles). Translucency was measured using a spectrophotometer. ANOVA and post-hoc Turkeys' test were used for data analysis at α=0.05. The translucency of modified PMMA was significantly lower than control (p<0.05) except 0.5% ZrO2NPs and SiO2NPs (p>0.05) which exhibited the highest translucency values among modified groups. As the NPs concentration increased, the translucency decreased and the lowest value was seen with 2.5% DNPs (1.18±0.10). The addition of ZrO2NPs, SiO2NPs, and DNPs into denture base resin decreased the translucency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed M Gad
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
| | - Reem Abualsaud
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
| | - Firas K Alqarawi
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
| | - Abdel-Naser M Emam
- Department of Removable Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Al-Azhar University
| | - Soban Q Khan
- Department of Dental Education, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
| | - Sultan Akhtar
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
| | - Amr A Mahrous
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
| | - Fahad A Al-Harbi
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
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11
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Machado-Santos L, Silikas N, Baroudi K, Sinhoreti MAC, Brandt WC, Liporoni PCS. Mechanical performance of experimental acrylic resins modified by nanoparticles after chemical and mechanical degradation. J Clin Exp Dent 2020; 12:e1157-e1163. [PMID: 33282137 PMCID: PMC7700787 DOI: 10.4317/jced.57265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Different materials have been incorporated into the polymethylmethacrylate matrix to improve its performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the degree of conversion (DC), the flexural strength (FS), the elasticity modulus (EM), and the effect of exposure to food-simulating liquids prior to brushing simulation on the gloss loss (GL) of experimental acrylic resins modified by nanoparticles.
Material and Methods Three different types of nanoparticles; silicon oxide (SiO2), cerium oxide (CeO2) and titanium oxide (TiO2) were added to a poly (methylmethacrylate) matrix, in proportions of 0.5wt%, 1wt% and 3wt% each, forming nine experimental groups. The acrylic resin was also tested as a control group. DC was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A three-point bending test was used for FS and EM. GL after chemical degradation and simulated brushing was evaluated using a glossmeter. Data were submitted to one and two-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s post hoc test (α=0.05).
Results All nanoparticle-modified groups showed higher values of DC. Ce1% showed higher values of FS and EM. All other groups showed similar or lower physical-mechanical properties (FS, EM, GL). Regarding type and wt%, CeO2 and TiO2 groups had better performances and were similar to each other.
Conclusions Incorporating metal nanoparticles, especially CeO2, could improve the physical properties of the dental materials. Key words:Polymethylmetacrylate, degree of conversion, flexural strength, elasticity modulus, gloss loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Machado-Santos
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, Brazil
| | - Nicolaos Silikas
- Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Kusai Baroudi
- Postgraduate Program, School of Dentistry, University of Taubaté, Taubaté, Brazil
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Mousavi A, Aliha MRM, Imani DM. Effects of biocompatible Nanofillers on mixed-mode I and II fracture toughness of PMMA base dentures. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 103:103566. [PMID: 32090956 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.103566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A modified single edge cracked bend beam specimen called "inclined edge crack asymmetric bend" (IE-CAB) specimen was designed and proposed for investigating mixed mode I/II fracture toughness behavior of brittle materials. Using a large number of finite element analyses performed for different geometry and loading conditions, it was demonstrated that unlike the conventional single edge notch beam specimen, the IE-CAB configuration can provide full combinations of mode mixities from pure mode I to pure mode II. Then the IE-CAB specimen was employed for mixed mode I/II fracture toughness testing of two PMMA based denture materials (i.e. neat PMMA and toughened PMMA with Nano-hydroxyapatite (HAP)and Nano-alumina (Al2O3) particles). The obtained experimental results showed that adding bio-compatible (HAP and Al2O3) Nano-particles can increase both modes I and II fracture resistance (KIc and KIIc) values of base PMMA denture. However, the influence of such particles was more pronounced on enhancing mode I fracture toughness (KIc) value. Pure mode II fracture toughness value was obtained less than the pure mode I fracture toughness in the tested specimen showing the higher crack growth risk of such PMMA base dentures against dominantly shear loads. The well-known maximum tangential stress theory was also used for estimating the obtained experimental data both for mixed mode fracture toughness and fracture initiation direction in the tested PMMA base denture materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mousavi
- Welding and Joining Research Center, School of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, 16486-13114, Tehran, Iran
| | - M R M Aliha
- Welding and Joining Research Center, School of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, 16486-13114, Tehran, Iran.
| | - D M Imani
- Welding and Joining Research Center, School of Industrial Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, 16486-13114, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Prosthodontics dental materials: From conventional to unconventional. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 106:110167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Fouda SM, Gad MM, Ellakany P, Al-Thobity AM, Al-Harbi FA, Virtanen JI, Raustia A. The effect of nanodiamonds on candida albicans adhesion and surface characteristics of PMMA denture base material - an in vitro study. J Appl Oral Sci 2019; 27:e20180779. [PMID: 31691740 PMCID: PMC6831028 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the main causative pathogen of denture stomatitis, which affects many complete denture patients. Objective: To evaluate the effect of different concentrations of nanodiamonds (NDs) added to polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base material on Candida albicans adhesion as well as on surface roughness and contact angle. Methodology: Acrylic resin specimens sized 10×10×3 mm3 were prepared and divided into four groups (n=30) according to ND concentration (0%, 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% by wt). Surface roughness was measured with a profilometer, and the contact angle with a goniometer. The effect of NDs on Candida albicans adhesion was evaluated using two methods: 1) slide count and 2) direct culture test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's post hoc test were used in the statistical analyses. Results: Addition of NDs decreased the Candida albicans count significantly more than in the control group (p<0.05), with a lowest of 1% NDs. Addition of NDs also significantly decreased the surface roughness (p<0.05), but the contact angle remained the same. Incorporation of NDs into the PMMA denture base material effectively reduced Candida albicans adhesion and decreased surface roughness. Conclusion: PMMA/NDs composites could be valuable in the prevention of denture stomatitis, which is considered one of the most common clinical problems among removable denture wearers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa M Fouda
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Gad
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Passent Ellakany
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad M Al-Thobity
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad A Al-Harbi
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jorma I Virtanen
- Department of Community Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Aune Raustia
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Prosthetic Dentistry and Stomatognathic Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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15
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Wu M, Zhao M, Chang G, Hu X, Guo Q. A composite obtained from waste automotive plastics and sugarcane skin flour: Mechanical properties and thermo-chemical analysis. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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PMMA/double-modified organoclay nanocomposites as fillers for denture base materials with improved mechanical properties. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 90:11-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Jiang M, Xiong Y, Xue B, Zhang Q, Wan Q, Zhao H. Multi-layer graphene oxide synergistically modified by two coupling agents and its application in reinforced natural rubber composites. RSC Adv 2018; 8:29847-29854. [PMID: 35547282 PMCID: PMC9085252 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05016c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-layer graphene oxide (MGO) was co-modified with bis-(P,P-bis-ethylhexyldiphosphato)-ethanediolato titanate triethanolamino chelate solution (NDZ-311w) and bis-(γ-triethoxysilylpropyl)-tetrasulfide (Si-69). Then the co-modified MGO was incorporated into natural rubber (NR) by conventional two-roll mill mixing to prepare MGO/NR composites. The large macromolecule of NDZ-311w is able to efficiently intercalate the layers and increase the interlamellar space of MGO, subsequently resulting in the exfoliation of MGO into thinner sheets with better dispersity. Moreover, the oxygen-containing polar groups of MGO can be largely consumed by Si-69, which enhances the interfacial interaction between MGO and the NR matrix and improves the mechanical properties of the MGO/NR composites. Compared to pure natural rubber, the tensile strength, the stress at 300% strain, and tear resistance of co-modified MGO/NR composites are increased by 26%, 98% and 15%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Jiang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China
| | - Yuzhu Xiong
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China,Guizhou Province Engineering Laboratory for Rubber Composites, Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China
| | - Bai Xue
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China
| | - Qingpo Zhang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China
| | - Qian Wan
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China
| | - Hailong Zhao
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou UniversityGuiyang 550025China
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Gad MM, Abualsaud R, Rahoma A, Al-Thobity AM, Al-Abidi KS, Akhtar S. Effect of zirconium oxide nanoparticles addition on the optical and tensile properties of polymethyl methacrylate denture base material. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:283-292. [PMID: 29391789 PMCID: PMC5768423 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s152571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is widely used for the fabrication of removable prostheses. Recently, zirconium oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZrO2) have been added to improve some properties of PMMA, but their effect on the optical properties and tensile strength are neglected. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of nano-ZrO2 addition on the translucency and tensile strength of the PMMA denture base material. Materials and methods Eighty specimens (40 dumbbell-shaped and 40 discs) were prepared out of heat-polymerized acrylic resin and divided into four groups per test (n=10). The control group for each test included unreinforced acrylic, while the test groups were reinforced with 2.5, 5, and 7.5 wt% nano-ZrO2. Acrylic resin was mixed according to manufacturer’s instructions, packed, and processed by conventional method. After polymerization, all specimens were finished, polished, and stored in distilled water at 37°C for 48±2 hours. Tensile strength (MPa) was evaluated using the universal testing machine while the specimens’ translucency was examined using a spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was carried out by SPSS using the paired sample t-test (p≤0.05). A scanning electron microscope was used to analyze the morphological changes and topography of the fractured surfaces. Results This study showed that the mean tensile strength of the PMMA in the test groups of 2.5%NZ, 5%NZ, and 7.5%NZ was significantly higher than the control group. The tensile strength increased significantly after nano-ZrO2 addition, and the maximum increase seen was in the 7.5%NZ group. The translucency values of the experimental groups were significantly lower than those of the control group. Within the reinforced groups, the 2.5%NZ group had significantly higher translucency values when compared to the 5%NZ and 7.5%NZ groups. Conclusion The addition of nano-ZrO2 increased the tensile strength of the denture base acrylic. The increase was directly proportional to the nano-ZrO2 concentration. The translucency of the PMMA was reduced as the nano-ZrO2 increased. Clinical significance Based on the results of the current study, the tensile strength was improved with different percentages of nano-ZrO2 additions. However, translucency was adversely affected. Therefore, it is important to determine the appropriate amount of reinforcing nano-ZrO2 that will create a balance between achieved properties – mechanical and optical.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ahmed Rahoma
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Dental Materials, College of Dentistry, Al-Azhar University, Assuit, Egypt
| | | | | | - Sultan Akhtar
- Department of Biophysics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Elshereksi NW, Ghazali M, Muchtar A, Azhari CH. Review of titanate coupling agents and their application for dental composite fabrication. Dent Mater J 2017; 36:539-552. [PMID: 28652551 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2016-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Silane is a dominant coupler that is widely used in dentistry to promote adhesion among the components of dental composites. Silica-based fillers can be easily silanized because of their similarly ordered structure. However, silane is hydrolytically degraded in the aqueous oral environment and inefficiently bonds to non-silica fillers. Thus, the development of hydrolytically stable dental composites is an important objective in the research on dental materials. Titanate coupling agents (TCAs) exhibit satisfactory interfacial bonding, enhanced homogeneous filler dispersion, and improved mechanical properties of the composites. Titanates also provide superior hydrolytic stability in wet environments, which should be considered in fabricating dental composites. The addition of a small amount of titanates can improve the resistance of the composites to moisture. This paper reviews the effects of the instability of silanes in moisture on the performance of dental composites and presents TCAs as alternative couplers to silanes for fabricating dental composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal Wanis Elshereksi
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.,Department of Dental Technology, College of Medical Technology
| | - Mariyam Ghazali
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
| | - Andanastuti Muchtar
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
| | - Che Husna Azhari
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
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