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Ntovas P, Diamantopoulou S, Johnston WM, Papazoglou E. Perceptibility and acceptability of lightness difference of a single maxillary central incisor. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024; 36:1068-1074. [PMID: 38712860 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the lightness difference perceptibility and acceptability thresholds, for a single maxillary central incisor, and to investigate possible differences in these thresholds regarding the direction (+ΔL* vs. -ΔL*), the observer group (dentists vs. laypersons), and the gender and age of the observers. MATERIALS AND METHODS A series of images with varying lightness (L*), were created by altering the right maxillary central incisor of a male Caucasian, on a frontal view full-portrait image. Digital modification of one central incisor by 1 ΔL* unit resulted in 15 different images: one control, seven with increased and seven with decreased lightness. The images were presented in random order, on a digitally calibrated monitor, to 158 observers, grouped into 79 dentists, and 79 laypersons, who were asked to evaluate every image and answer whether they perceive a difference and if yes, whether they accept this difference. A multifactorial analysis of covariance was performed to analyze the perception and acceptance of any difference in the central incisors and to estimate the thresholds. The statistical significance level was α = 0.05. RESULTS Overall, the magnitude of ΔL*, direction of ΔL*, observer group and age were each significant (p < 0.001), as was gender (p = 0.03). The effect of the magnitude of ΔL* interacted with its direction and the observer group (p = 0.045), and the effect of age interacted with the direction of ΔL*, and the gender and the group of the observers. Estimated 50%:50% perceptibility thresholds ranged from 0.1 to 2.7, and 50%:50% acceptability thresholds ranged from 2.3 to 4.5. Overall, dentists perceived lightness differences at lower magnitudes than laypersons; difference in lightness was perceived and accepted at lower magnitudes when the tooth become lighter instead of darker; and female observers perceived and accepted lightness differences at lower magnitudes compared to males. As age increased overall, differences of lightness were perceived and accepted at higher magnitudes. CONCLUSIONS Perceptibility and acceptability of lightness differences of a single maxillary central incisor are affected by the magnitude and the direction of lightness change, as well as the gender, the age, and the type of the observers. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Even small changes in lightness are perceivable; however, thresholds of perception and acceptance are dependent on the magnitude and the direction of change and are also dependent on the observer, with women, dentists and younger people perceiving and accepting changes at lower magnitudes of ΔL*.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Ntovas
- Department of Operative Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Diamantopoulou
- Department of Operative Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - William Michael Johnston
- Division of Restorative and Prosthetic Dentistry, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Efstratios Papazoglou
- Department of Operative Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Pascolutti M, Tomic A, Milleman KR, Milleman JL, Walsh LJ. Safety and Effectiveness of a Novel Color Corrector Serum for Causing Temporary Changes to Tooth Shade: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Study. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:197. [PMID: 39056984 PMCID: PMC11276226 DOI: 10.3390/dj12070197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tooth color is a major driver of facial esthetics. While permanent changes in tooth shade can be achieved by bleaching and restorations, there is a need for cosmetic products that can cause reversible color changes. This randomized controlled clinical study assessed the effectiveness and safety of a novel color-correcting product (Hismile™ V34 Color Corrector Serum™) versus a placebo (vehicle control lacking the color-change dyes). A single-center, randomized, controlled, examiner-blind, two-group, parallel design, single-use study design was followed. The test products were applied on a cotton bud for 30 s, and then, rinsed off. Tooth shade for maxillary central incisors was measured at baseline, immediately, and at 30 and 60 min, using the Vita Bleachedguide 3D-Master® Shade Guide and the EasyShade Advanced 4.0 spectrophotometer (for determining values of L*a*b*). The subjects (N = 60) had a baseline shade of 1M2 (rank 9) or darker. A single application of the test product resulted in an immediate and significant (p < 0.001) three shade improvement (26.2%) according to the shade guide, and the same significant benefits extended to 30 and 60 min. The placebo product did not alter tooth shade (p = 0.326). These changes were accompanied by significant improvements in the L value (whiteness) up to 30 min, and a reduction in b* (yellowness) for up to 60 min. Two-thirds of subjects using the test product stated in a survey that their teeth appeared both whiter and brighter. No safety issues arose from the use of the test product or vehicle control. These results indicate that using a color corrector can achieve worthwhile changes to tooth shade for up to 60 min.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laurence J. Walsh
- School of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia;
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Ruan C, Xiong J, Zhu Y, Wu Z, Lin G, Wang L. Study on the Association between anterior tooth Colour Preference based on the FAHP and individual factors. Clin Oral Investig 2024; 28:352. [PMID: 38822874 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05757-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between tooth colour and individual satisfaction in oral aesthetics has long been a topic of interest. In this study, we utilized the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) to investigate the impacts of sex and age on tooth colour preference. The findings of this study should provide a scientific basis for oral aesthetic practice. METHODS In the current study, a random selection method was employed, and a survey was completed by 120 patients. To obtain tooth colour data, standard tooth colour charts were used. Smile photos were taken as template images using a single-lens reflex camera. The FAHP was utilized to conduct a weight analysis of tooth colour preferences among patients of different sexes and age groups. RESULTS There were significant differences in tooth colour preference based on sex and age. Men tend to prefer the B1 colour, while women may prioritize the aesthetic effects of other colours. Additionally, as patients age, their preferences for tooth colour become more diverse. These findings offer valuable insights for oral aesthetics practitioners, enabling them to better address the aesthetic needs of patients across different sexes and ages. This knowledge can aid in the development of more personalized treatment plans that align with patients' expectations. CONCLUSION In this study, we utilized scientific analysis methods to quantify the popularity of different tooth colours among various groups of people. By doing so, we established a scientific foundation for clinical practice. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for oral aesthetic research, enhancing our understanding of tooth colour. Additionally, these findings have practical applications in the field of oral medicine, potentially improving patients' quality of life and overall oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglu Ruan
- Department of Stomatology, Sanming Integrated Medicine Hospital, Sanming, Fujian, China
| | - Jianying Xiong
- Department of Stomatology, Sanming Integrated Medicine Hospital, Sanming, Fujian, China
| | - Yirong Zhu
- Department of Stomatology, Sanming Integrated Medicine Hospital, Sanming, Fujian, China
| | - Zhouhui Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Sanming Integrated Medicine Hospital, Sanming, Fujian, China
| | - Guanghua Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Sanming Integrated Medicine Hospital, Sanming, Fujian, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Faculty of Arts, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Product Design, Sanming University, Sanming, Fujian, China.
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Hortkoff D, da Silva KL, Farago PV, Gomes JC, Reis A, Gomes GM. Effect of topical application of ibuprofen/arginine on the in-office bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity: A randomized, triple-blind controlled trial. J Dent 2024; 142:104875. [PMID: 38309571 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The application of anti-inflammatories as topical desensitizers before dental bleaching is an approach to reduce bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity (TS). This randomized controlled trial compared the risk and intensity of TS and the color change resulting from in-office dental bleaching after using an experimental desensitizing gel containing ibuprofen and arginine. METHODS Sixty-two participants with upper canine shades A2 or darker were randomly assigned to either the ibuprofen-arginine desensitizing group or the placebo group. The desensitizing gel was applied for 15 min before in-office bleaching with 35 % hydrogen peroxide gel for 50 min (2 sessions). To assess the absolute risk and intensity of TS, visual (0-10) and numeric rating (0-5) scales were used, and group comparisons were made using the McNemar test, Wilcoxon test, and paired Student t-test (α = 0.05). Color change was evaluated using Vita Classical, Vita Bleachedguide (ΔSGU), and Vita EasyShade (ΔEab, ΔE00, and ΔWID) before and one month after the bleaching procedure. Group comparisons for color change were done using a paired t-test (α = 0.05). RESULTS The odds ratio for TS was 0.14 [95 % CI 0.02 to 0.6], meaning lower odds of TS for the desensitizing gel. A lower intensity of TS was also observed for the experimental group (p < 0.005) up to 48 h after bleaching. All color evaluation tools demonstrated effective and similar whitening for both groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Using the experimental desensitizing gel containing ibuprofen and arginine effectively reduced the risk and intensity of TS without compromising the bleaching efficacy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The topical application of ibuprofen/arginine on the in-office bleaching reduced risk and intensity of bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Hortkoff
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa - UEPG, 4748, Uvaranas - Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Karine Letícia da Silva
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa - UEPG, 4748, Uvaranas - Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Vitor Farago
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Gomes
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa - UEPG, 4748, Uvaranas - Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Reis
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa - UEPG, 4748, Uvaranas - Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Giovana Mongruel Gomes
- Department of Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa - UEPG, 4748, Uvaranas - Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná 84030-900, Brazil.
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Wu Z, Wei D, Tian J, Zhang Y, Lin Y, Di P. Quantitative analysis of the color in six CAD-CAM dental materials of varied thickness and surface roughness: An in vitro study. J Prosthet Dent 2024; 131:292.e1-292.e9. [PMID: 37978004 DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2023.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) monochromatic restorative materials are gaining popularity because of their convenience and efficiency. However, studies that quantitatively analyzed color change associated with thickness and surface roughness are sparse. PURPOSE The purpose of this in vitro study was to quantitatively evaluate the color of 6 CAD-CAM monochromatic materials of different thickness and surface roughness using the CIELab color system. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 150 12×12-mm square specimens of 6 different CAD-CAM monochromatic materials (VITA Enamic HT [VE], IPS e.max CAD HT [LS], LAVA Ultimate HT [LU], Telio CAD HT [TE], VITA Suprinity HT [VS], and Celtra Duo HT [CD]) in shade A2 and 5 different thicknesses (from 0.5 mm to 2.5 mm, with 0.5-mm increments) were fabricated (n=5). After 3 different surface treatments (polished, roughened by SiC P800-grit, and P300-grit), CIELab color parameters (L*, a* and b*) were measured using a spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade V), and surface roughness was measured with a profilometer (VK-X200). Color variation was quantified by ΔE00 and 50:50% acceptability and perceptibly thresholds. Data analyses were performed using MANOVA, 2-way ANOVA, post hoc Tukey-Kramer test, and the 1-sample t test (α=.05). RESULTS The L*, a*, and b* of the monochromatic specimens were significantly influenced by material type, thickness, and surface roughness (P<.001). An overall increase in the L* (from 61.90 to 82.2), a* (from -4.22 to 1.16), and b* (from 5.48 to 43.22) of the specimens was observed with increased thickness. The roughened specimens exhibited lower L* and higher a* and b* than the polished ones (P<.001). The use of P300-grit for roughening resulted in greater ΔE00 compared with P800-grit (P<.001). As thickness decreased or surface roughness increased, the ΔE00 increased and exceeded the acceptability and perceptibly thresholds for color difference. CONCLUSIONS Material type, thickness, and surface roughness were major factors affecting the color of CAD-CAM monochromatic materials. Variations in thickness of 0.5 mm or more, as well as roughening treatments, may lead to clinically unacceptable color changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengda Wu
- Lecturer, Department of Oral Implantology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Donghao Wei
- Lecturer, Department of Oral Implantology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jiehua Tian
- Lecturer, Department of Oral Implantology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Lecturer, Department of Oral Implantology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ye Lin
- Professor, Department of Oral Implantology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ping Di
- Professor, Department of Oral Implantology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.
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Harnirattisai C, Kuphasuk W, Ruengrungsom C, Naorungroj S, Sattabanasuk V. "Enamel layering" using double-layered enamel-shade resin composites: The strategy to simulate the optical characteristics of human enamel. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2023; 35:904-916. [PMID: 37334955 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the optical match between enamel and resin composites fabricated using mono-layered and double-layered techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS Enamel slabs were prepared from human upper incisors and canines. Mono-layered composite replicas were prepared from seven Filtek Z350XT and Estelite Sigma shades using silicone molds prepared from the respective enamel surfaces. Translucent and enamel shades (A2 or A3) of the two materials were produced from incisor molds for double-layered replicas, and the groups with the best results underwent accelerated aging. Spectrophotometric evaluation was performed using CIE color system. The differences in translucency (ΔTP) and color (ΔE00 ) between the enamel and paired composite replicas were calculated and analyzed using parametric statistics (α = 0.05). RESULTS For the mono-layered composites, white enamel and translucent shades of Filtek yielded the lowest ΔTP for canines (4.6) and incisors (8.9), respectively. The ΔE00 of mono-layered replicas ranged from 5.1 to 11.8. Double-layered Filtek replicas displayed a better 1-day optical match with the lowest ΔTP (3.4-4.0) and ΔE00 (4.2-4.6), irrespective of each layer's thickness. CONCLUSIONS For canines, the lowest ΔTP of Filtek white enamel was close to the acceptable threshold (4.43). For incisors, the thicker translucent double-layered Filtek composites demonstrated the greatest optical match before and after aging. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Upper incisors and canines have distinct enamel optical properties. Enamel layering using specific double-layered resin composites could achieve a better optical match with upper incisor enamel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choltacha Harnirattisai
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watcharaporn Kuphasuk
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chirayu Ruengrungsom
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Supawadee Naorungroj
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Vanthana Sattabanasuk
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Effect of 1.5% potassium oxalate on sensitivity control, color change, and quality of life after at-home tooth whitening: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277346. [PMID: 36395262 PMCID: PMC9671445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This clinical trial evaluated the effect of 1.5% potassium oxalate (PO) in controlling sensitivity and color change after at-home tooth whitening. It also evaluated the influence of PO on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and the degree of patient satisfaction after bleaching treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifty volunteers were randomized into two groups (n = 25): At-home bleaching gel with 22% carbamide peroxide for 45 min + placebo gel (GP) or 1.5% PO (GPO) for 10 min. The intensity of tooth sensitivity was assessed daily through the visual analog scale. The color analysis was performed three times: baseline, 21 days, and 1 month after the last application of the whitening gel. The impact of the oral condition on the patient's quality of life (OIDP) was used to measure the impact caused by the whitening treatment in relation to the individuals' ability to carry out their daily activities and its influence on HRQOL. RESULTS No difference in tooth sensitivity was observed (p > 0.05). In addition, there was no difference in color change between groups (p > 0.05). However, there was an intragroup statistical difference throughout the evaluation period (p <0.05). The OIDP analysis showed a statistical difference between the groups (p > 0.05) and there was no difference between the groups regarding the degree of satisfaction with the bleaching (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The 1.5% PO was effective in preventing sensitivity and did not interfere with tooth whitening. Desensitizing therapy had a positive impact on quality of life and patient satisfaction.
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Porciani PF, Perra C, Grandini S. Whitening Optical Effect of New Chewing Gums. Open Dent J 2022. [DOI: 10.2174/18742106-v16-e2208150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background:
Today, many treatments are available to enhance the color of teeth, but they require a few days to weeks to deliver this effect.
Objective:
To evaluate the instantaneous optical whitening effect of two new sugar-free chewing gums and one dentifrice of proven efficacy versus one placebo chewing gum.
Methods:
This was a single-blind, parallel trial. 424 participants entered the study and were randomly allocated to four groups. They received a personal silicone mask with a calibrated hole at one upper incisor to apply a dental colorimeter. The tools tested were chewing-gum containing indigotine (E132-FD&C Blue 2) and spirulina, chewing-gum containing only spirulina, chewing-gum placebo, and dentifrice containing Blue Covarine. Vita® Easyshade scored the tooth color, and the WIO and WID whiteness indexes were calculated. For chewing gums, the color of the teeth was scored before the assumption and after 2’30” of mastication. For dentifrice, participants brushed for 1’30”, then rinsed, and the color was scored before brushing and after 2’30”. Statistical analysis was performed by ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc.
Results:
The two experimental whitening chewing gums and the dentifrice significantly increased the WIO and the WID indexes from the baselines (p<0.001). Moreover, their effects were statistically greater than those reported for the placebo chewing gum (p<0.05) but not significatively different among them (p=NS).
Conclusion:
All the tested whitening tools showed an instant optical whitening perception. Further studies are required to assess the intensity of the effect over a prolonged time to meet the people's request for fast whitening tools.
The clinical trial registration no. is PVM-2020-01.
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CIEDE2000 lightness, chroma and hue human gingiva thresholds. J Dent 2022; 124:104213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2022.104213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Paolone G, Formiga S, De Palma F, Abbruzzese L, Chirico L, Scolavino S, Goracci C, Cantatore G, Vichi A. Color stability of resin-based composites: Staining procedures with liquids-A narrative review. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2022; 34:865-887. [PMID: 35396818 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to review the experimental staining procedures performed in in-vitro studies for evaluating color stability of resin-based composites used for direct restorations. OVERVIEW A review was performed with the purpose to identify in vitro procedures carried out to establish staining and color stability of resin-based composites used for direct restorations. A literature search was performed on four online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science) for articles published from January 1st 2001 till March 20th 2021, using a combination of free words and Medical Subject Headings (MESH) terms: "Composite Resins" AND "Color Stability" OR "Staining." Two reviewers screened titles and/or abstracts of 1728 unique studies. In total, 208 studies were selected for full-text reading, from which 178 were included in the review. The assessed variables were specimen dimensions, shape, and surface finishing; time before immersion; staining media type, dwell time, temperature and renewal interval; type of composite; color and translucency assessment parameters and measuring system. One hundred and seventy-eight articles analyzed color stability with staining liquids. Coffee was the most used staining medium (n = 102), followed by tea (n = 61), and red wine (n = 55). A disc-shaped specimen was used in most studies (n = 170) with a 2 mm thickness (n = 116). Spectrophotometers were the most used color assessment devices (n = 154), followed by colorimeters (n = 17). Color differences were quantified with ΔE (n = 154), ΔE00 (n = 23). Acceptability and or perceptibility thresholds were also taken into consideration (n = 126). CONCLUSIONS The large variety of staining procedure suggests the need for standardization. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Aesthetic failure due to discoloration is a relevant clinical problem. Evaluating benefits and drawbacks of resin based composites artificial staining procedures will improve to predict materials clinical performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Paolone
- Dental School, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Formiga
- Dental School, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca De Palma
- Dental School, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Abbruzzese
- Dental School, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Chirico
- Dental School, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Cecilia Goracci
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cantatore
- Dental School, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Vita-Salute University, Milan, Italy
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Gaidarji B, Perez BG, Ruiz-López J, Pérez MM, Durand LB. Effectiveness and color stability of bleaching techniques on blood-stained teeth: An in vitro study. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2021; 34:342-350. [PMID: 34859941 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Evaluate the effectiveness and color stability of bleaching techniques on blood-stained teeth. MATERIAL AND METHODS The teeth were stained by blood and allocated to groups: walking bleach, inside/outside, and in-office bleaching. L*, a*, b*, C*, h° color coordinates were measured using a clinical spectrophotometer at baseline, weekly (T1-T2-T3), and at 1-week (T4), 6-months (T5), and 1-year (T6) follow-up evaluations. ΔE ab * , ΔE 00 , and ΔWI D were calculated between sequential evaluation timepoints and between baseline and each evaluation timepoint. Color coordinates and WID differences in each timepoint and technique were analyzed by Wilcoxon Signed Rank, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U test, respectively. ΔE ab * , ΔE 00 , and ΔWI D were interpreted by color visual thresholds. RESULTS The techniques presented a significant increase in L* and WID and, a significant decrease in a* and b* until the completion of treatments. Statistical differences between the techniques for a*, b* and WID were observed from T1 until T3. All techniques demonstrated excellent effectiveness for ΔE ab * , ΔE 00 , and ΔWI D between baseline and each evaluation and follow-up timepoints. However, at T6, it was possible to identify a rebound effect for all techniques. CONCLUSIONS All bleaching techniques presented excellent effectiveness. The stability of the whitening produced was maintained for 6 months. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Effective whitening of blood-stained teeth was achieved using walking bleach (sodium perborate), inside/outside (hydrogen peroxide - 7.5%) and in-office techniques (hydrogen peroxide - 35%). The bleaching techniques were effective after the completion of the treatments. A slight rebound was observed at 1 year follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Gaidarji
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Division of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Bibiana Gabardo Perez
- Post-Graduate Program in Oral Science, Division of Restorative Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Javier Ruiz-López
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus Fuente Nueva, Granada, Spain
| | - María M Pérez
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus Fuente Nueva, Granada, Spain
| | - Letícia Brandão Durand
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
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Luo W, Westland S, Li Y, Joiner A. Investigation of hue effects in tooth whiteness perception. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2021; 33:1045-1050. [PMID: 34383366 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the hue angles that provide the optimal perception of tooth whitening. METHODS Thirty-three male/female adult observers with normal color vision were recruited to assess teeth images on a color calibrated display. Images of teeth were generated which simulated color changes in each of eight hue directions in the CIE a*b* plane, each equi-distant from a baseline tooth color. Using a paired comparison study design, observers were asked to indicate which of two images had whiter teeth. The data were converted into an interval scale using Thurstone's Law of Comparative Judgment. The relationship between the hue angles and the scores was modeled by curve fitting. RESULTS The optimal hues were found in a region between green and blue in the CIE a*b chart. When the tooth color travels in an optimal hue direction, the same amount of color change will result in a greater change in whiteness perception than when traveling in other hue directions. CONCLUSIONS The optimal hues for tooth whitening were identified from the visual perception study. The most effective tooth whitening direction is to change tooth color towards the greenish-blue hue direction. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study gives clinicians and researchers a better understanding of tooth color hue effects in tooth whiteness perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Luo
- Unilever Oral Care, Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Bebington, UK
| | | | - Yuan Li
- School of Design, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Andrew Joiner
- Unilever Oral Care, Unilever R&D Port Sunlight, Bebington, UK
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Efficacy and tooth sensitivity of at-home bleaching in patients with esthetic restorations: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:565-573. [PMID: 34383143 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04035-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to evaluate the color change and tooth sensitivity (TS) caused by at-home bleaching in patients with sound and with restored teeth. METHODS Forty patients were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria and divided into two groups: So (patients with six caries-free maxillary anterior teeth) and Re (patients with at least one restoration in the six maxillary anterior teeth). Both groups were bleached with 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) at-home bleaching. The color change (CIELab [ΔE*ab], CIEDE00 [ΔE00], and whiteness index [∆WID]) were assessed using a spectrophotometer at baseline, 2 weeks, and 1 and 3 months after bleaching. Patients recorded their TS using a numeric rating scale (0-4). Data of color change were submitted to Student's T-test. The absolute risk and intensity of TS were compared using Fisher's and the Mann-Whitney tests, respectively (α = 0.05). RESULTS Higher ΔE*ab, ΔE00, and ∆WID values were observed for So in relation to Re after all recall rate (p < 0.0001). No significant differences were observed regarding of bleaching-induced TS (p > 0.9). CONCLUSIONS At-home dental bleaching with 10% CP generated the same pattern of TS in patients with or without restorations. However, in patients with restored teeth, it produced a lower color change after 2 weeks of bleaching. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE After 2 weeks of at-home bleaching, a lower whitening effect was observed in patients with anterior restorations when compared with patients with sound teeth. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier RBR-52j6gmg.
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14
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Burey A, Sutil E, Nunez Aldaz MA, Méndez-Bauer ML, Rezende M, Reis A, Gomes OMM, Farago PV, Loguercio AD. Assessment of the effect of experimental bleaching agent with nano-bioactive material on postoperative sensitivity: A randomized, triple blind clinical trial. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2021; 33:764-774. [PMID: 34160125 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This clinical study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporating bioactive nanoparticles (n-Bm) inside an in-office bleaching gel on the risk and intensity of tooth sensitivity (TS) and on bleaching effectiveness. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-six participants were selected and randomly assigned into two groups: control-only in-office gel and experimental-in-office gel with n-Bm. Teeth were bleached in two sessions (3 × 15-min). TS was recorded using a VAS and NRS. The color change was evaluated by subjective (VITA Classical and VITA Bleachedguide) and objective (Easyshade spectrophotometer) methods at baseline and 30 days after the end of treatment. The TS was evaluated by McNemar, Wilcoxon Signed Rank, and paired t test. The color changes between groups were compared using paired t test (α = 0.05). RESULTS No significant differences between the groups were observed in the risk (control = 27% [95%IC 18-39]; experimental = 21% [95%IC 13-32]) and intensity of TS, as well as in the color change (p >0.05) for any color measurement. CONCLUSION The inclusion of n-Bm into the bleaching agents did not affect the whitening effectiveness, as well as the risk and intensity of TS between groups. However, the results of the absolute risk of TS were low for both in-office gels used. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Despite no significant differences between groups, both experimental bleaching agents present suitable results with low values for TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrieli Burey
- School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Elisama Sutil
- School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maira Alejandra Nunez Aldaz
- School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Restorative Dentistry, San Francisco de Quito University, Quito, Ecuador
| | - María Luján Méndez-Bauer
- School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil.,Research Department, School of Dentistry, University Francisco Marroquín (UFM), Cuidad de Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Márcia Rezende
- School of Dentistry, School Paulo Picanço, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Reis
- School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Osnara Maria Mongruel Gomes
- School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Paulo Vitor Farago
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alessandro D Loguercio
- School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
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15
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de Bragança RMF, Moraes RR, Faria-E-Silva AL. Color assessment of resin composite by using cellphone images compared with a spectrophotometer. Restor Dent Endod 2021; 46:e23. [PMID: 34123759 PMCID: PMC8170378 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2021.46.e23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study assessed the reliability of digital color measurements using images of resin composite specimens captured with a cellphone. Materials and Methods The reference color of cylindrical specimens built-up with the use of resin composite (shades A1, A2, A3, and A4) was measured with a portable spectrophotometer (CIELab). Images of the specimens were obtained individually or pairwise (compared shades in the same photograph) under standardized parameters. The color of the specimens was measured in the images using RGB system and converted to CIELab system using image processing software. Whiteness index (WID) and color differences (ΔE00) were calculated for each color measurement method. For the cellphone, the ΔE00 was calculated between the pairs of shades in separate images and in the same image. Data were analyzed using 2-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (α = 0.05). Linear regression models were used to predict the reference ΔE00 values of those calculated using color measured in the images. Results Images captured with the cellphone resulted in different WID values from the spectrophotometer only for shades A3 and A4. No difference to the reference ΔE00 was observed when individual images were used. In general, a similar ranking of ΔE00 among resin composite shades was observed for all methods. Stronger correlation coefficients with the reference ΔE00 were observed using individual than pairwise images. Conclusions This study showed that the use of cellphone images to measure the color difference seems to be a feasible alternative providing outcomes similar to those obtained with the spectrophotometer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Ratto Moraes
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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16
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Vilela AP, Rezende M, Terra RMO, da Silva KL, Sutil E, Calixto AL, Reis A, D Loguercio A, Farago PV. Effect of topical application of nanoencapsulated eugenol on dental sensitivity reduction after in-office dental bleaching: a randomized, triple-blind clinical trial. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2021; 33:660-667. [PMID: 33694253 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This randomized, split-mouth, triple-blind clinical study evaluated the effect of application of nanoencapsulated eugenol (NE) on the absolute risk and intensity of tooth sensitivity (TS) resulting from in-office bleaching. METHODS Fifty-six patients received a NE in one hemiarch and a placebo gel in the other hemiarch, determined by random sequence, before in-office bleaching. A visual analogue scale (VAS) (0-10) and a numeric rating scale (NRS) (0-4) were used to record TS during bleaching and 1 and 48 h after bleaching. The tooth color was performed from baseline to 2 weeks after bleaching with shade guides (ΔSGU) and a spectrophotometer (∆Eab , ∆E00, and WID ). The TS was assessed through the McNemar test (α = 0.05) and by the Wilcoxon signed-rank test (NRS) and paired t-test (VAS). The paired test-t was employed to compare the color changes (ΔSGU and ΔEab , ∆E00, and WID ). The significance level was 5%. RESULTS No statistically significant difference was found in the absolute risk or intensity of TS between both groups (p > 0.05). A significant color change was observed in both groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Administration of the gel containing NE before the in-office dental bleaching did not reduce the TS and did not interfere in the bleaching effect. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT The use of desensitizing gel containing NE did not reduce in-office bleaching-induced tooth sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Vilela
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Márcia Rezende
- School of Dentistry, School Paulo Picanço, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Renata Maria Oleniki Terra
- School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Karine Letícia da Silva
- School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Elisama Sutil
- School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Abraham L Calixto
- School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Reis
- School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Alessandro D Loguercio
- School of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Parana, Brazil
| | - Paulo Vitor Farago
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
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Ntovas P, Diamantopoulou S, Gogolas N, Sarri V, Papandreou A, Sakellaridi E, Petrakos G, Papazoglou E. Influence of lightness difference of single anterior tooth to smile attractiveness. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2020; 33:856-864. [PMID: 33264491 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the influence of lightness difference of a single anterior maxillary tooth on difference smile attractiveness. METHODS A frontal view full-portrait image of a smiling male Caucasian, was digitally modified altering a single tooth, creating a series of images with varying lightness (ΔL) for the maxillary central, lateral and canine. A total of 160 participants (80 dentists, 80 laypersons) were asked to fill out a Visual Analog Scale questionnaire for every image recording smile attractiveness. RESULTS For central incisors ΔL≥1 negatively affected attractiveness. There was a higher tolerance for lightness mismatch when one lateral incisor is lighter and the same applies when the canine was darker. Difference in lightness affected smile attractiveness both for dentists and laypersons. No difference between males and females was observed for the dentists. For laypersons, females perceived smiles with lightness difference as significantly less attractive compared to males. Dentist's age did not affect smile attractiveness perception. Younger laypersons perceived darker color, as less attractive. CONCLUSIONS Changes in lightness of a single anterior tooth significantly affected smile attractiveness in a different way for the central vs lateral vs canine. For the dentists, age and gender did not significantly affect smile perception, in contrast to laypeople. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Lightness differences of a single anterior tooth affects smile attractiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Ntovas
- Operative Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Diamantopoulou
- Operative Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Gogolas
- School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileia Sarri
- School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Papandreou
- School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Sakellaridi
- School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Petrakos
- Panteion University, Director General, Research Institute for Tourism, Athens, Greece
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Pérez MM, Della Bona A, Carrillo-Pérez F, Dudea D, Pecho OE, Herrera LJ. Does background color influence visual thresholds? J Dent 2020; 102:103475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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19
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Yin IX, Zhao IS, Mei ML, Lo ECM, Tang J, Li Q, So LY, Chu CH. Synthesis and Characterization of Fluoridated Silver Nanoparticles and Their Potential as a Non-Staining Anti-Caries Agent. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:3207-3215. [PMID: 32440119 PMCID: PMC7212993 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s243202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The first objective of this study was to prepare sodium fluoride (NaF) solution with various concentrations of polyethylene glycol-coated silver nanoparticles (PEG-AgNPs). The second objective was to study the antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and the tooth-staining effect of the solution. Methods PEG-AgNPs were prepared via the one-step chemical reduction of silver acetate with thiolated polyethylene glycol. The PEG-AgNPs were characterized with ultraviolet-visible spectrometry and transmission electron microscopy. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for the PEG-AgNPs against Streptococcus mutans and human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1) were determined. The staining effect on dentin and enamel for the 2.5% NaF solutions with PEG-AgNPs at 12,800, 6400, 1600, and 400 ppm was investigated using digital spectrophotometry. The IC50 of the fluoridated silver nanoparticles against Streptococcus mutans were measured. Results The PEG-AgNPs have an average diameter of 2.56±0.43 nm and showed excellent stability at high ionic strength (2.5% NaF) for 18 months. The IC50 of PEG-AgNPs against Streptococcus mutans was found to be 21.16±1.08 ppm silver, which was half of IC50 against HGF-1 cells (42.36±1.12 ppm), providing a working range to kill bacteria with no harm to human cells. The formulations with different concentrations of PEG-AgNPs showed no significant staining of teeth. Combining PEG-AgNPs with NaF significantly expanded the therapeutic window against Streptococcus mutans by reducing its IC50. Conclusion A biocompatible solution of NaF with PEG-AgNPs was developed. Because it has antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and no tooth-staining effect, it can be used as an anti-caries agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Xiaoxue Yin
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Irene Shuping Zhao
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - May Lei Mei
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Edward Chin Man Lo
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanli Li
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lok Yan So
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.,HKU Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
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20
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Zhao IS, Yin IX, Mei ML, Lo ECM, Tang J, Li Q, So LY, Chu CH. Remineralising Dentine Caries Using Sodium Fluoride with Silver Nanoparticles: An In Vitro Study. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:2829-2839. [PMID: 32368057 PMCID: PMC7185692 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s247550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the remineralizing and staining effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) solution with polyethylene glycol-coated silver nanoparticles (PEG-AgNPs) on artificial dentine caries. Materials and Methods Demineralized human dentine blocks were allocated to three groups. The blocks in group 1 underwent a topical application of a 12% silver diamine fluoride (SDF, 14,150 ppm fluoride) solution. The blocks in group 2 received a topical application of a 2.5% NaF (11,310 ppm fluoride) with PEG-AgNPs (400 ppm silver). The blocks in group 3 received deionized water. All blocks were subjected to pH cycling for 8 days. The surface morphology and cross-sectional features were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The color parameters, crystal characteristics, lesion depth, and collagen degradation of the blocks were assessed using digital spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-computed tomography, and spectrophotometry with a hydroxyproline assay, respectively. Results The SEM showed that dentine collagen was exposed in group 3 but not in groups 1 and 2. The mean lesion depths in groups 1 to 3 were 118±7 µm, 121±14 µm, and 339±20 µm, respectively (groups1,2<3; p<0.001). The data indicated that fluoridated PEG-AgNPs introduced no significant color effect on dentine, but SDF caused distinct discoloration. The XRD indicated that silver chloride was formed in group 1, and fluorapatite was detected in groups 1 and 2. The concentration of hydroxyproline liberated from collagen was significantly less in groups 1 and 2 than in group 3. Conclusion The use of NaF solution with PEG-AgNPs can remineralize artificial dentine caries and inhibit collagen degradation without causing significant tooth staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Shuping Zhao
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Iris Xiaoxue Yin
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - May Lei Mei
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Edward Chin Man Lo
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinyao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanli Li
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lok Yan So
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Hung Chu
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Establishing a Clinically Applicable Methodology for Skin Color Matching in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation. PLASTIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY-GLOBAL OPEN 2020; 8:e2655. [PMID: 32309098 PMCID: PMC7159949 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000002655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Skin color matching in vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is an important determinant of aesthetic outcomes. The process of color matching is infrequently described in the literature. The Pantone SkinTone Guide (PSTG) is a handheld tool comprised of realistic skin tone swatches with a corresponding virtual swatch system. A color match acceptability threshold (AT) is defined as the point beyond which >50% of observers deem a given skin tone pairing as unacceptable. In this study, color match acceptability thresholds were developed using the PSTG to help standardize donor-recipient color matching. Four representative colors were chosen across the skin tone spectrum. These standard colors were used to develop a survey asking participants to determine the acceptability of color pairings. Using survey results, ATs were determined for changes in lightness, undertone, and lightness and undertone combined for each of the standard colors. Inter- and intra-rater reliability were determined using Fleiss's Kappa. Participants were more critical of skin tone pairings on the darker versus the lighter end of the spectrum, as evidenced by higher thresholds observed for lighter sample pairs. Additionally, observers were more critical of differences in skin lightness compared with differences in undertone. Intra-rater reliability was fair to substantial, and inter-rater reliability was fair to moderate. The PSTG can be used as a clinical tool to improve the aesthetic outcomes of skin-containing vascularized composite allotransplantation procedures by optimizing donor-recipient skin color matching. This can allow clinicians to complement visual judgment with quantitative reference.
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Shamel M, Al-Ankily MM, Bakr MM. Influence of different types of whitening tooth pastes on the tooth color, enamel surface roughness and enamel morphology of human teeth. F1000Res 2019; 8:1764. [PMID: 31839926 PMCID: PMC6900807 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20811.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Tooth whitening usually includes the direct use of gels containing carbamide or hydrogen peroxide on the tooth enamel surface through a wide variety of products formulas. A generally new advancement in whitening of teeth uses the significant importance of the tooth color shift from yellow to blue in delivering a general enhancement in the observation of tooth whiteness. The aim of the current work was to measure the tooth whitening effects, surface roughness and enamel morphology of six different types of blue covarine-containing and blue covarine-free toothpastes using in vitro models. Methods: A total of 70 sound extracted human premolars were randomly and equally divided into seven groups, and each subjected to tooth brushing using different toothpastes. Tooth color and enamel surface roughness were measured before and after the brushing procedure using a white light interferometer, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to assess tooth surface after the procedure. Results: Toothpaste containing blue covarine resulted in the greatest improvement in tooth color amongst all groups as well as a statistically significant color difference when compared to blue covarine-free toothpaste. Furthermore, blue covarine-containing toothpaste resulted in fewer morphological changes to the enamel surface. This was confirmed with SEM images that showed smooth enamel surfaces with fine scratches. Conclusions: The results from the present study show that blue covarine containing toothpastes are reliable, effective in tooth whitening and produce less surface abrasion when compared to blue covarine-free toothpastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Shamel
- Oral Biology Department, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mahmoud M. Bakr
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Mount Gravatt, Queensland, 4222, Australia
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23
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Pérez MM, Pecho OE, Ghinea R, Pulgar R, Bona AD. Recent Advances in Color and Whiteness Evaluations in Dentistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/2542579x01666180719125137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The final goal of color measurement or shade specification in dentistry is
the reproduction by prosthetic materials of all important appearance characteristics of natural oral
structures. The application of color science in dentistry is an objective way to measure and evaluate
such structures and dental materials in clinical practice and dental research.
Methods:
Literature on color science was reviewed to present new metrics to evaluate color differences
of dental materials and dental structures. Visual acceptability and perceptibility values of color
differences are reviewed and new whiteness indexes to describe whiteness in dentistry are presented.
Results:
In the last decade, the CIELAB 50:50% perceptibility and acceptability thresholds were set
to 1.2 and 2.7, respectively, and the CIEDE2000 50:50% perceptibility and acceptability thresholds
were set to 0.8 and 1.8. The CIEDE2000 color-difference formula became increasingly popular in
dentistry. Developments in color science have led to the description of tooth whiteness and changes
in tooth whiteness based on whiteness indexes, with the most relevant being the WID whiteness index,
which is a customized index based in CIELAB color space.
Conclusion:
The application of color science in dentistry has allowed the precise description of
tooth color and whiteness. The revised and new CIEDE2000 color-difference formula is expected to
fully replace the outdated CIELAB formula in almost all dental applications. Recent psychophysical
studies have reported values of visual thresholds and new whiteness indexes, which can serve as
quality control tools to guide the selection of esthetic dental materials, evaluate clinical performance,
and interpret visual and instrumental findings in clinical dentistry, dental research, and subsequent
standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M. Pérez
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, Campus Fuente Nueva, Edificio Mecenas, s/n E-18071, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Oscar E. Pecho
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, Campus Fuente Nueva, Edificio Mecenas, s/n E-18071, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Razvan Ghinea
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, Campus Fuente Nueva, Edificio Mecenas, s/n E-18071, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Rosa Pulgar
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Campus de Cartuja s/n E-18071, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Alvaro Della Bona
- Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Dental School, University of Passo Fundo, Campus I, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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Paravina RD, Pérez MM, Ghinea R. Acceptability and perceptibility thresholds in dentistry: A comprehensive review of clinical and research applications. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2019; 31:103-112. [PMID: 30891913 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to provide a literature review on perceptibility and acceptability thresholds in dentistry and corresponding recommendations. OVERVIEW A literature review on visual thresholds included findings on the judgments of the color and appearance of tooth-, gingiva- and skin-colored restorative dental materials. Discrepancies in study design contributed to inconsistencies in the research findings of some studies. These differences are related to (a) number of observers and inclusion criteria, (b) specimen number and size, (c) color measurement instrument and the setup and formulas used, (d) psychophysical experiment, (e) data processing (fitting method), and (f) % perceptibility or % acceptability values. A straightforward, consistent and practical model for the clinical and research application and interpretation of visual thresholds and recommended protocols for threshold research were provided. CONCLUSIONS Visual thresholds are of paramount importance as a quality control tool and guide the evaluation and selection of dental materials and their clinical performance. Although clinical shade matching conditions and method are rarely controlled, research on visual thresholds, especially when aiming to set standards for the profession, must be carefully planned and executed. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Perceptibility and acceptability thresholds define visual match or mismatch of color, translucency, and whiteness in dentistry. Clinical and research findings cannot be fully interpreted in terms of real-life relevance without comparison with perceptibility and acceptability tolerances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rade D Paravina
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Prosthodontics and Houston Center for Biomaterials and Biomimetics (HCBB), University of Texas School of Dentistry at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Maria M Pérez
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Razvan Ghinea
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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A clinical study assessing the short‐term efficacy of combined in‐office/at‐home whitening treatment. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2019; 31:140-146. [DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Pérez MM, Herrera LJ, Carrillo F, Pecho OE, Dudea D, Gasparik C, Ghinea R, Bona AD. Whiteness difference thresholds in dentistry. Dent Mater 2018; 35:292-297. [PMID: 30527588 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the visual whiteness thresholds for esthetic dentistry using the whiteness index for dentistry based on CIELAB color space (WID). METHODS A total of 60 observers (Dentists and Laypersons; n=30) from three research sites participated in the study. A psychophysical experiment based on visual assessments of simulated images of teeth on a calibrated display was performed. Images of simulated upper central incisors (SUCI) were consecutively displayed in pairs (60) and the whiteness of each SUCI pair was compared. WID was used to calculate the visual thresholds (WPT- perceptibility threshold; and WAT- acceptability threshold) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and a Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) Fuzzy Approximation model was used as fitting procedure. Data was statistical analyzed using paired t-test (α=0.05). RESULTS WPT and WAT were 0.72 (CI: 0.0-2.69; r2=0.52) and 2.62 (CI: 0.2-7+; r2=0.57) WID units, respectively. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between WPT and WAT, and between dentist (WPT=0.46WID units; WAT=2.20 WID units) and layperson (WPT=0.94 WID units; WAT=2.95 WID units). SIGNIFICANCE The visual whiteness difference thresholds determined with WID index can serve as reference values for research and manufacturing of dental materials, and for clinical practice situations such as assessing the effectiveness of bleaching treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María M Pérez
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus Fuente Nueva, Edificio Mecenas, s/n 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Luis Javier Herrera
- Department of Computer Architecture and Computer Technology, E.T.S.I.I.T., University of Granada, s/n 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Carrillo
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus Fuente Nueva, Edificio Mecenas, s/n 18071, Granada, Spain; Department of Computer Architecture and Computer Technology, E.T.S.I.I.T., University of Granada, s/n 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Oscar E Pecho
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus Fuente Nueva, Edificio Mecenas, s/n 18071, Granada, Spain; Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Dental School, University of Passo Fundo, Campus I, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Diana Dudea
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 32 Clinicilor Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Gasparik
- Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Materials, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 32 Clinicilor Street, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Razvan Ghinea
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus Fuente Nueva, Edificio Mecenas, s/n 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Alvaro Della Bona
- Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Dental School, University of Passo Fundo, Campus I, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
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ODILON NN, LIMA MJP, RIBEIRO PL, ARAÚJO RPCD, CAMPOS EDJ. Avaliação in vitro do efeito de dentifrícios branqueadores contendo blue covarine sobre o esmalte dentário bovino. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1807-2577.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo Introdução O blue covarine é um agente branqueador que promove mudanças ópticas na superfície dos dentes, associado aos abrasivos dos dentifrícios, colaborando para o branqueamento dentário. Objetivo Determinar as alterações de cor, rugosidade e massa do esmalte bovino, após escovação simulada com dentifrícios branqueadores contendo blue covarine nos tempos 6, 12 e 24 meses. Material e método 80 corpos de prova (CP) foram divididos em 8 grupos (n = 10): grupo controle (GC-água) e 7 grupos teste (GT1-Colgate Total 12, GT2-Oral-B 3D White Perfection, GT3-Colgate Luminous Instant White, GT4-Close Up White Diamond Attraction, GT5-Close Up White-Glacier Fresh, GT6-Sorriso Xtreme White, GT7-Colgate Luminous White Advanced). Os CP foram escurecidos com café e submetidos à escovação simulada por 6, 12 e 24 meses. As avaliações de cor, rugosidade e massa foram realizadas após cada período de escovação. Resultado Nenhum dentifrício teste promoveu alterações significativas na rugosidade e massa dos CP, contudo, quando comparados ao GC todos promoveram branqueamento significativo. A comparação dos grupos teste não demonstrou diferença significativa na variação de cor entre GT1, GT2, GT3, GT5, GT6 e GT7 nos tempos estudados. O GT4 apresentou comportamento variável de acordo com o tempo, não diferindo estatisticamente de GT3 aos 6, 12 e 24 meses, de GT6 aos 6 e 12 meses e de GT7 aos 12 meses. Conclusão O efeito branqueador dos dentifrícios contendo blue covarine , após 2 anos de escovação, parece estar relacionado principalmente com a sua associação aos agentes branqueadores mecânicos, que promoveram o polimento das superfícies dentárias.
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Pecho OE, Martos J, Pinto KVA, Pinto KVA, Baldissera RA. Effect of hydrogen peroxide on color and whiteness of resin‐based composites. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2018; 31:132-139. [DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar E. Pecho
- Post‐graduate Program in DentistryDental School, University of Passo Fundo Passo Fundo Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
- Faculty of Science, Department of OpticsUniversity of Granada Granada Spain
| | - Josué Martos
- Department of Semiology and ClinicsSchool of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Karoline V. A. Pinto
- Graduate Program in DentistryPET Educational Program ‐ School of Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Karine V. A. Pinto
- Graduate Program in EngineeringPET Educational Program ‐ School of Agricultural Engineer, Federal University of Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
| | - Rudimar A. Baldissera
- Department of Restorative DentistryFederal University of Pelotas Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
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Pintado-Palomino K, de Almeida CVVB, Oliveira-Santos C, Pires-de-Souza FP, Tirapelli C. The effect of electronic cigarettes on dental enamel color. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2018; 31:160-165. [PMID: 30367714 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The use of electronic cigarettes (ECIGs) has recently increased as an alternative to conventional smoking tobacco products. The literature is scarce on the effects of ECIGs on dental and oral structures. Therefore, the objective of this study was to observe whether ECIG aerosol could alter the color of dental enamel. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty-three bovine enamel specimens were randomly separated into groups (n = 7) and treated with aerosols with different e-liquid flavors (neutral, menthol, and tobacco) and nicotine content (0, 12, and 18 mg). The initial color assessment was performed using a spectrophotometer (Easy Shade-Vita). Dental enamel was exposed to 20 cycles of ECIG aerosol in a smoking machine, and the final color was measured. The color change was evaluated using ΔEab, ΔE00, and Whiteness Index (WID ) formulae. Differences in L* a* b* coordinates were calculated, and data were analyzed (two-way ANOVA, uncorrected Fisher's LSD post hoc test, α = 0.05). RESULTS Luminosity (ΔL) was reduced by aerosols with almost all levels of nicotine content and neutral and menthol flavors. Flavored e-liquids caused more color change (P < .05) according to ΔEab and ΔE00. ΔE values from both formulae exceeded the thresholds for perceptible visual alterations of color. WID increased after ECIGs exposure for menthol and tobacco and decreased for neutral flavors. CONCLUSIONS ECIG aerosol from e-liquids with different nicotine contents and flavors altered enamel color. Menthol and tobacco e-liquids may alter the enamel color decreasing the yellowness of the enamel compared to neutral e-liquid. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Electronic cigarettes can cause perceptible changes in tooth color, altering dental esthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Pintado-Palomino
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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West NX. Guest editorial. J Dent 2017; 67S:S1-S2. [PMID: 28893627 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola X West
- Periodontology, Clinical Trials Unit, Bristol Dental School, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS1 2LY, United Kingdom.
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