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Koulogiannis A, Walmsley AD, Angeli P, Balabani S. Ultrasonic irrigation flows in root canals: effects of ultrasound power and file insertion depth. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5368. [PMID: 38438434 PMCID: PMC10912427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54611-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonic irrigation during root canal treatment can enhance biofilm disruption. The challenge is to improve the fluid flow so that the irrigant reaches areas inaccessible to hand instrumentation. The aim of this study is to experimentally investigate how the flow field and hydrodynamic forces induced by ultrasonic irrigation are influenced by the ultrasound power and file insertion depth. A root canal phantom was 3D printed and used as a mold for the fabrication of a PDMS channel. An ultrasonic instrument with a #15K-file provided the irrigation. The flow field was studied by means of Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The time averaged velocity and shear stress distributions were found to vary significantly with ultrasound power. Their maximum values increase sharply for low powers and up to a critical power level. At and above this setting, the flow pattern changes, from the high velocity and shear stress region confined in the vicinity of the tip, to one covering the whole root canal domain. Exceeding this threshold also induces a moderate increase in the maximum velocities and shear stresses. The insertion depth was found to have a smaller effect on the measured velocity and shear stresses. Due to the oscillating nature of the flow, instantaneous maximum velocities and shear stresses can reach much higher values than the mean, especially for high powers. Ultrasonic irrigation will benefit from using a higher power setting as this does produce greater shear stresses near the walls of the root canal leading to the potential for increased biofilm removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koulogiannis
- FluME, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, UK
| | - A D Walmsley
- School of Dentistry, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - P Angeli
- ThAMes, Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
| | - S Balabani
- FluME, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
- Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Interventional and Surgical Sciences, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
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Wang S, Fang L, Zhou H, Wang M, Zheng H, Wang Y, Weir MD, Masri R, Oates TW, Cheng L, Xu HHK, Liu F. Silica nanoparticles containing nano-silver and chlorhexidine respond to pH to suppress biofilm acids and modulate biofilms toward a non-cariogenic composition. Dent Mater 2024; 40:179-189. [PMID: 37951751 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Dental caries is caused by acids from biofilms. pH-sensitive nanoparticle carriers could achieve improved targeted effectiveness. The objectives of this study were to develop novel mesoporous silica nanoparticles carrying nanosilver and chlorhexidine (nMS-nAg-Chx), and investigate the inhibition of biofilms as well as the modulation of biofilm to suppress acidogenic and promote benign species for the first time. METHODS nMS-nAg was synthesized via a modified sol-gel method. Carboxylate group functionalized nMS-nAg (COOH-nMS-nAg) was prepared and Chx was added via electrostatic interaction. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), inhibition zone, and growth curves were evaluated. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus gordonii (S. gordonii), and Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis) formed multispecies biofilms. Metabolic activity, biofilm lactic acid, exopolysaccharides (EPS), and TaqMan real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were tested. Biofilm structures and biomass were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and live/dead bacteria staining. RESULTS nMS-nAg-Chx possessed pH-responsive properties, where Chx release increased at lower pH. nMS-nAg-Chx showed good biocompatibility. nMS-nAg-Chx exhibited a strong antibacterial function, reducing biofilm metabolic activity and lactic acid as compared to control (p < 0.05, n = 6). Moreso, biofilm biomass was dramatically suppressed in nMS-nAg-Chx groups. In control group, there was an increasing trend of S. mutans proportion in the multispecies biofilm, with S. mutans reaching 89.1% at 72 h. In sharp contrast, in nMS-nAg-Chx group of 25 μg/mL, the ratio of S. mutans dropped to 43.7% and the proportion of S. gordonii and S. sanguinis increased from 19.8% and 10.9 to 69.8% and 56.3%, correspondingly. CONCLUSION pH-sensitive nMS-nAg-Chx had potent antibacterial effects and modulated biofilm toward a non-cariogenic tendency, decreasing the cariogenic species nearly halved and increasing the benign species approximately twofold. nMS-nAg-Chx is promising for applications in mouth rinse and endodontic irrigants, and as fillers in resins to prevent caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suping Wang
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
| | - Lixin Fang
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Huoxiang Zhou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Man Wang
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences & BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Child Brain Injury and Henan Pediatric Clinical Research Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Yiyi Wang
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China; The Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Radi Masri
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Thomas W Oates
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Member, Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Fei Liu
- Stomatology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China.
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Zeng C, Hu P, Egan CP, Bergeron BE, Tay F, Ma J. Bacteria debridement efficacy of two sonic root canal irrigant activation systems. J Dent 2024; 140:104770. [PMID: 37923053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2023.104770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the bacteria debridement efficacy of two generations of sonic root canal irrigant activation systems: EndoActivator (Dentsply Sirona), the first generation, and SmartLite Pro EndoActivator, the second generation. METHODS Instrumented, autoclaved, single-rooted human premolars were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC-29212) for 21 days. The bacteria biofilm-containing teeth were randomly divided into 5 groups (N=8): Group 1: Syringe-side-vented needle (S-N) delivery of saline for 1 min; Group 2: S-N delivery of 2% NaOCl for 1 min; Group 3: S-N delivery of 2% NaOCl for 5 min; Group 4: EndoActivator activation of 2% NaOCl for 1 min; Group 5: SmartLite Pro EndoActivator activation of 2% NaOCl for 1 min. The teeth were evaluated for bacterial reduction using CFU counts, and the percentages of dead bacteria within the dentinal tubules using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS Activation of NaOCl with EndoActivator or SmartLite Pro EndoActivator significantly reduced the overall intracanal bacterial load, compared with S-N irrigant delivery (P<0.05), with no significant difference between the two agitation devices (P>0.05). Nevertheless, S-N delivery of 2% NaOCl for 5 min produced better bacteria debridement than either sonic agitation system. Different degrees of bacteria kill were identified in the coronal-middle portions and apical portion of the canal space. CONCLUSION Delivery time of NaOCl affects the efficacy of bacteria disinfection. Activation for 1 min with the EndoActivator or SmartLite Pro EndoActivator demonstrated comparable canal wall biofilm and intracanal bacteria reduction efficacy when 2% NaOCl was used as irrigant for disinfecting E. faecalis in single-rooted teeth. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Although the sonic root canal irrigant activation devices investigated do not completely eliminate live bacteria biofilms from the canal space, they help reduce bacteria load during irrigant activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zeng
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Pei Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Colin P Egan
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Brian E Bergeron
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Franklin Tay
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
| | - Jingzhi Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Advances in the Role of Sodium Hypochlorite Irrigant in Chemical Preparation of Root Canal Treatment. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 2023:8858283. [PMID: 36685672 PMCID: PMC9859704 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8858283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation of root canal system is of great significance to the success of endodontic treatment, where sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is the most widely used irrigant in chemical preparation. NaOCl functions by eliminating bacterial biofilms and dissolving organic tissue, which may vary according to several factors such as the microbiology of root canal infection and the concentration of the irrigant. It has been proposed that the effectiveness of NaOCl could be enhanced via several methods, including heating the irrigant, applying in conjunction with certain reagents, or activating by agitation techniques. Despite its antibacterial and tissue-dissolving capacities, NaOCl should be used with caution to avoid detrimental effect due to its cytotoxicity and negative effect on dentin properties. In this narrative review, we discussed the factors that affect the properties of NaOCl, the methods to improve its efficacy, and the side effects that might occur in clinical practice.
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Al-Zuhair H, Su Z, Liu H, Wang Z, Haapasalo M, Hieawy A, Gao Y, Shen Y. Antimicrobial effects of agitational irrigation on single- and multispecies biofilms in dentin canals. Odontology 2023; 111:49-56. [PMID: 35713740 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-022-00719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the antibacterial effects of different agitation devices on single- and multispecies biofilms in dentin canals using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Dentin blocks were prepared from human root dentin. Enterococcus faecalis and multiple species were introduced into the dentinal tubules via centrifugation and incubation. Two infected dentin samples were placed at 8 and 16 mm in a customized model. Samples were randomly divided into eight groups according to the agitation device used: syringe needle irrigation, EndoActivator, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and EDDY, at 2.5% or 6% NaOCl concentrations. The samples were stained and observed using CLSM. Statistical analysis was performed using an independent sample t test and analysis of variance. Linear models were used to assess the joint impact of the experimental groups on the proportion of biofilms killed. No significant differences were observed between the killing rates of the single- and multispecies biofilms. Both concentrations of NaOCl significantly increased the percentage of dead bacteria compared with the control. Biofilms in dentin tubules was more effectively killed when NaOCl was agitated; however, the difference between PUI and EDDY was not significant. Significantly more bacteria were killed in dentin blocks placed at 8 mm than at 16 mm (p < 0.05). In conclusion, EDDY was as effective as PUI when combined with NaOCl. However, the apical portion, which had a low antimicrobial efficiency, remains a concern. Mechanical instrumentation is incapable of completely eradicating bacteria, and additional research is required to improve the efficacy of root canal disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind Al-Zuhair
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Zheng Su
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Endodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - He Liu
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Zhejun Wang
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Markus Haapasalo
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ahmed Hieawy
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Ya Shen
- Division of Endodontics, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, University of British Columbia, 2199 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
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Cîmpean SI, Pop-Ciutrila IS, Matei SR, Colosi IA, Costache C, Nicula GZ, Badea IC, Colceriu Burtea L. Effectiveness of Different Final Irrigation Procedures on Enterococcus faecalis Infected Root Canals: An In Vitro Evaluation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:ma15196688. [PMID: 36234029 PMCID: PMC9571448 DOI: 10.3390/ma15196688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of three final irrigation protocols and to compare their ability to remove the smear layer and debris from the root canal. Methods: Sixty-three single-rooted human teeth were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 14 days. The teeth were divided into a positive control group (N = 3) and three treatment groups (N = 20) as follows: final irrigation with saline solution (control group), irrigation with 5.25% NaOCl ultrasonically activated with EndoUltra (EU), standard needle irrigation with Qmix 2in1 (Qx) and irrigation with 5.25% NaOCl activated using SiroLaser Blue (SB). The bacterial load was evaluated by analyzing the colony-forming units (CFU/mL). Selected specimens were split longitudinally and examined using scanning electron microscopy in order to determine the presence of a smear layer and debris. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA and the Kruskal−Wallis rank-sum test. Results: Activation of NaOCl with EndoUltra or SiroLaser Blue was superior at reducing intracanal bacteria relative to standard needle irrigation with Qmix 2in1 solution (p < 0.05). Even though SiroLaser Blue showed the best results for removing the smear layer and debris, no significant differences were detected between the groups (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Final irrigation with 5.25% NaOCl ultrasonically activated using EndoUltra or SiroLaser Blue demonstrated a higher efficacy in bacterial reduction than standard needle irrigation with Qmix 2in1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Ileana Cîmpean
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 33 Motilor Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana-Sofia Pop-Ciutrila
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 33 Motilor Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Sebastian-Roberto Matei
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 33 Motilor Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Alina Colosi
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Discipline of Microbiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen Costache
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Discipline of Microbiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gheorghe Zsolt Nicula
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Discipline of Cell and Molecular Biology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Louis Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Iulia Clara Badea
- Department of Prevention in Dentistry, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 31 Avram Iancu Street, 400083 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Loredana Colceriu Burtea
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 33 Motilor Street, 400001 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Song J, Hong L, Zou X, Alshawwa H, Zhao Y, Zhao H, Liu X, Si C, Zhang Z. A Self-Supplying H 2O 2 Modified Nanozyme-Loaded Hydrogel for Root Canal Biofilm Eradication. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710107. [PMID: 36077503 PMCID: PMC9456354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of root canal therapy depends mainly on the complete elimination of the root canal bacterial biofilm. The validity and biocompatibility of root canal disinfectant materials are imperative for the success of root canal treatment. However, the insufficiency of the currently available root canal disinfectant materials highlights that more advanced materials are still needed. In this study, a nanozyme-loaded hydrogel (Fe3O4-CaO2-Hydrogel) was modified and analyzed as a root canal disinfectant material. Fe3O4-CaO2-Hydrogel was fabricated and examined for its release profile, biocompatibility, and antibacterial activity against E. faecalis and S. sanguis biofilms in vitro. Furthermore, its efficiency in eliminating the root canal bacterial biofilm removal in SD rat teeth was also evaluated. The results in vitro showed that Fe3O4-CaO2-Hydrogel could release reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, it showed good biocompatibility, disrupting bacterial cell membranes, and inhibiting exopolysaccharide production (p < 0.0001). In addition, in vivo results showed that Fe3O4-CaO2-Hydrogel strongly scavenged on root canal biofilm infection and prevented further inflammation expansion (p < 0.05). Altogether, suggesting that Fe3O4-CaO2-Hydrogel can be used as a new effective biocompatible root canal disinfectant material. Our research provides a broad prospect for clinical root canal disinfection, even extended to other refractory infections in deep sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhuo Song
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lihua Hong
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xinying Zou
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hamed Alshawwa
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuanhang Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chao Si
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
- Correspondence:
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Keskin NB, Bozkurt DA, İnce Yusufoğlu S. Evaluation of dentinal tubule penetration of Irritrol and chlorhexidine irrigating solutions activated using EDDY and photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2022; 39:102925. [PMID: 35623543 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2022.102925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the penetration depth and percentage of Irritrol and chlorhexidine (CHX) solutions into dentinal tubules using conventional needle irrigation (CI), EDDY, and photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS). Sixty oval shaped mandibular premolar teeth were divided into two main groups according to the irrigating solutions as follows; Irritrol and CHX, which were later randomly divided into three subgroups according to the activation technique; CI, EDDY and PIPS (n = 10). Following the irrigation activation procedures, all roots were horizontally sectioned at 3 (apical), 8 (middle), and 13 (coronal) mm from the root apex and then examined with confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM). Penetration depth (µm) and penetration percentage (%) as determined from the images were analyzed using LSM Image Browser software (Zeiss) and Image J analysis software (V. 1.44p; National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD), respectively. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed for multiple comparisons. In both Irritrol and CHX groups, the PIPS activation system demonstrated the highest values for irrigant penetration depth and penetration percentage compared with the other activation methods. Activation of the CHX and Irritrol the final irrigating solutions with PIPS activation technique improved the penetration depth and percentage solutions into the dentinal tubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Büşra Keskin
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Durmuş Alperen Bozkurt
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Selen İnce Yusufoğlu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yıldırım Beyazıt University, Ankara, Turkey
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9
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Bozkurt DA, Yusufoglu SI, Keskin NB, Akman M. Effect of activated chlorhexidine and irritrol with photon-induced-photoacoustic-streaming and EDDY ® on the dislocation resistance of biodentine. Niger J Clin Pract 2022; 25:670-676. [PMID: 35593611 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_1877_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background Irrigant activation techniques, which are more effective in anatomically complex areas, can be used to maximize irrigant efficacy. Aim This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different agitation techniques on the dislocation resistance of Biodentine to the root canal dentin. Materials and Methods Seventy single-rooted teeth divided into seven experimental groups (n = 10); Group I-Irritrol/Photon-induced-photoacoustic-streaming (PIPS), Group II-Irritrol/EDDY®, Group III- Irritrol/Syringe-needle-irrigation (SNI), Group IV-Chlorhexidine-gluconate (CHX)/PIPS, Group V-CHX/EDDY®, Group VI-CHX/SNI, Group VII-Saline. The midroot dentin slice was obtained from each tooth, and Biodentine was condensed with hand pluggers into the root canal lumen. The push-out bond strength values were measured using a universal testing machine. Each sample was categorized into one of the three failure modes: adhesive/cohesive/mixed. Scanning-Electron-Microscopy (SEM) was used to conduct the analyses, and the composition of Biodentine was analyzed using Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy. The One-way ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey's test, and the Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results The push-out bond strength values of Biodentine showed that Group VII-Saline had a statistically significant difference (P = 0.002), however, the differences between the other groups were not statistically significant (P = 0.922). The percentages of the failure modes of the samples showed that there was a higher rate of mixed failure except for Group VII-Saline. SEM examination showed that Group VII-Saline had no open dentinal tubules, whereas the other groups, particularly the Irritrol groups, had open dentinal tubule areas. Conclusions Within the scope of the study, using Irritrol or CHX as the final irrigation in the root canal treatment did not result in differences in the dislocation resistance of Biodentine to root canal dentin when PIPS and EDDY® were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Bozkurt
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - S Ince Yusufoglu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - N B Keskin
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Akman
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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Root Canal Obturation by Electrochemical Precipitation of Calcium Phosphates. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12062956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Achieving adequate disinfection and preventing reinfection is the major goal in endodontic treatment. Variation in canal morphology and open porosity of dentine prevents achieving complete disinfection. Questionable biocompatibility of materials as well as a lack of sealing ability questions the usefulness of current obturation methods. With a novel disinfection approach based on the use of boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes having shown promising results it was the goal of this series of experiments to investigate the possibility of BDD-mediated in situ forming of a biocompatible obturation material. A combination of calcium phosphate and maleic acid was used as precursor solution while Ion Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (IC-MS), Raman spectroscopy (RAMAN), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dye penetration and micro-computed tomography (µCT) were applied for characterizing the precipitate. It was possible to achieve a BDD-mediated precipitation of brushite in a clinically applicable timeframe. However, tight sealing of the canal system based on brushite could not be achieved.
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