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Dong Z, Zhang X, Zhang Q, Tangthianchaichana J, Guo M, Du S, Lu Y. Anticancer Mechanisms and Potential Anticancer Applications of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Nano Agents. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:1017-1039. [PMID: 38317847 PMCID: PMC10840538 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s445333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Traditional chemotherapy is one of the main methods of cancer treatment, which is largely limited by severe side effects and frequent development of multi-drug resistance by cancer cells. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) with high efficiency and low toxicity, as one of the most promising new drugs to replace chemoradiotherapy, have become a current research hotspot, attracting the attention of worldwide researchers. AMPs are natural-source small peptides from the innate immune system, and certain AMPs can selectively kill a broad spectrum of cancer cells while exhibiting less damage to normal cells. Although it involves intracellular mechanisms, AMPs exert their anti-cancer effects mainly through membrane destruction effect; thus, AMPs also hold unique advantages in fighting drug-resistant cancer cells. However, the poor stability and hemolytic toxicity of peptides limit their clinical application. Fortunately, functionalized nanoparticles have many possibilities in overcoming the shortcomings of AMPs, which provides a huge prospect for better application of AMPs. In this paper, we briefly introduce the characteristics and different sources of AMPs, review and summarize the mechanisms of action and the research status of AMPs used as an anticancer therapy, and finally focus on the further use of AMPs nano agents in the anti-cancer direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Dong
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Research and Development Centre in Beijing, CSPC Pharmaceutical Group Limited, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jakkree Tangthianchaichana
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Mingxue Guo
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shouying Du
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Lu
- Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Winter J, Jepsen S. Role of innate host defense proteins in oral cancerogenesis. Periodontol 2000 2024. [PMID: 38265172 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
It is nowadays well accepted that chronic inflammation plays a pivotal role in tumor initiation and progression. Under this aspect, the oral cavity is predestined to examine this connection because periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease and oral squamous cell carcinomas are the most common oral malignant lesions. In this review, we describe how particular molecules of the human innate host defense system may participate as molecular links between these two important chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Specific focus is directed toward antimicrobial polypeptides, such as the cathelicidin LL-37 and human defensins, as well as S100 proteins and alarmins. We report in which way these peptides and proteins are able to initiate and support oral tumorigenesis, showing direct mechanisms by binding to growth-stimulating cell surface receptors and/or indirect effects, for example, inducing tumor-promoting genes. Finally, bacterial challenges with impact on oral cancerogenesis are briefly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Winter
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Søren Jepsen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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3
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Role of Defensins in Tumor Biology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065268. [PMID: 36982340 PMCID: PMC10049535 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Defensins have long been considered as merely antimicrobial peptides. Throughout the years, more immune-related functions have been discovered for both the α-defensin and β-defensin subfamily. This review provides insights into the role of defensins in tumor immunity. Since defensins are present and differentially expressed in certain cancer types, researchers started to unravel their role in the tumor microenvironment. The human neutrophil peptides have been demonstrated to be directly oncolytic by permealizing the cell membrane. Further, defensins can inflict DNA damage and induce apoptosis of tumor cells. In the tumor microenvironment, defensins can act as chemoattractants for subsets of immune cells, such as T cells, immature dendritic cells, monocytes and mast cells. Additionally, by activating the targeted leukocytes, defensins generate pro-inflammatory signals. Moreover, immuno-adjuvant effects have been reported in a variety of models. Therefore, the action of defensins reaches beyond their direct antimicrobial effect, i.e., the lysis of microbes invading the mucosal surfaces. By causing an increase in pro-inflammatory signaling events, cell lysis (generating antigens) and attraction and activation of antigen presenting cells, defensins could have a relevant role in activating the adaptive immune system and generating anti-tumor immunity, and could thus contribute to the success of immune therapy.
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4
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Morio KA, Sternowski RH, Brogden KA. Induction of Endogenous Antimicrobial Peptides to Prevent or Treat Oral Infection and Inflammation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12020361. [PMID: 36830272 PMCID: PMC9952314 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12020361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics are often used to treat oral infections. Unfortunately, excessive antibiotic use can adversely alter oral microbiomes and promote the development of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, which can be difficult to treat. An alternate approach could be to induce the local transcription and expression of endogenous oral antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). To assess the feasibility and benefits of this approach, we conducted literature searches to identify (i) the AMPs expressed in the oral cavity; (ii) the methods used to induce endogenous AMP expression; and (iii) the roles that expressed AMPs may have in regulating oral inflammation, immunity, healing, and pain. Search results identified human neutrophil peptides (HNP), human beta defensins (HBD), and cathelicidin AMP (CAMP) gene product LL-37 as prominent AMPs expressed by oral cells and tissues. HNP, HBD, and LL-37 expression can be induced by micronutrients (trace elements, elements, and vitamins), nutrients, macronutrients (mono-, di-, and polysaccharides, amino acids, pyropeptides, proteins, and fatty acids), proinflammatory agonists, thyroid hormones, and exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, red light, or near infrared radiation (NIR). Localized AMP expression can help reduce infection, inflammation, and pain and help oral tissues heal. The use of a specific inducer depends upon the overall objective. Inducing the expression of AMPs through beneficial foods would be suitable for long-term health protection. Additionally, the specialized metabolites or concentrated extracts that are utilized as dosage forms would maintain the oral and intestinal microbiome composition and control oral and intestinal infections. Inducing AMP expression using irradiation methodologies would be applicable to a specific oral treatment area in addition to controlling local infections while regulating inflammatory and healing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kim A. Brogden
- College of Dentistry, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Correspondence:
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Ghaly G, Tallima H, Dabbish E, Badr ElDin N, Abd El-Rahman MK, Ibrahim MAA, Shoeib T. Anti-Cancer Peptides: Status and Future Prospects. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031148. [PMID: 36770815 PMCID: PMC9920184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The dramatic rise in cancer incidence, alongside treatment deficiencies, has elevated cancer to the second-leading cause of death globally. The increasing morbidity and mortality of this disease can be traced back to a number of causes, including treatment-related side effects, drug resistance, inadequate curative treatment and tumor relapse. Recently, anti-cancer bioactive peptides (ACPs) have emerged as a potential therapeutic choice within the pharmaceutical arsenal due to their high penetration, specificity and fewer side effects. In this contribution, we present a general overview of the literature concerning the conformational structures, modes of action and membrane interaction mechanisms of ACPs, as well as provide recent examples of their successful employment as targeting ligands in cancer treatment. The use of ACPs as a diagnostic tool is summarized, and their advantages in these applications are highlighted. This review expounds on the main approaches for peptide synthesis along with their reconstruction and modification needed to enhance their therapeutic effect. Computational approaches that could predict therapeutic efficacy and suggest ACP candidates for experimental studies are discussed. Future research prospects in this rapidly expanding area are also offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehane Ghaly
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Hatem Tallima
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Eslam Dabbish
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Norhan Badr ElDin
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Mohamed K. Abd El-Rahman
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, 12 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
- School of Health Sciences, University of Kwa-Zulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Tamer Shoeib
- Department of Chemistry, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Immunomodulatory and Allergenic Properties of Antimicrobial Peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052499. [PMID: 35269641 PMCID: PMC8910669 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the growing problem of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, the search for alternative ways to combat bacterial infections is extremely urgent. While analyzing the effect of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) on immunocompetent cells, their effect on all parts of the immune system, and on humoral and cellular immunity, is revealed. AMPs have direct effects on neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, T-lymphocytes, and mast cells, participating in innate immunity. They act on B-lymphocytes indirectly, enhancing the induction of antigen-specific immunity, which ultimately leads to the activation of adaptive immunity. The adjuvant activity of AMPs in relation to bacterial and viral antigens was the reason for their inclusion in vaccines and made it possible to formulate the concept of a “defensin vaccine” as an innovative basis for constructing vaccines. The immunomodulatory function of AMPs involves their influence on cells in the nearest microenvironment, recruitment and activation of other cells, supporting the response to pathogenic microorganisms and completing the inflammatory process, thus exhibiting a systemic effect. For the successful use of AMPs in medical practice, it is necessary to study their immunomodulatory activity in detail, taking into account their pleiotropy. The degree of maturity of the immune system and microenvironment can contribute to the prevention of complications and increase the effectiveness of therapy, since AMPs can suppress inflammation in some circumstances, but aggravate the response and damage of organism in others. It should also be taken into account that the real functions of one or another AMP depend on the types of total regulatory effects on the target cell, and not only on properties of an individual peptide. A wide spectrum of biological activity, including direct effects on pathogens, inactivation of bacterial toxins and influence on immunocompetent cells, has attracted the attention of researchers, however, the cytostatic activity of AMPs against normal cells, as well as their allergenic properties and low stability to host proteases, are serious limitations for the medical use of AMPs. In this connection, the tasks of searching for compounds that selectively affect the target and development of an appropriate method of application become critically important. The scope of this review is to summarize the current concepts and newest advances in research of the immunomodulatory activity of natural and synthetic AMPs, and to examine the prospects and limitations of their medical use.
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Thankappan B, Sivakumar J, Asokan S, Ramasamy M, Pillai MM, Selvakumar R, Angayarkanni J. Dual antimicrobial and anticancer activity of a novel synthetic α-helical antimicrobial peptide. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 161:105784. [PMID: 33677023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are increasingly sought-after and researched antimicrobial agents due to its desired pharmacological properties and the continuous diminishing efficacy of antibiotics. In addition to this line of research, the aim of the present study is to determine the antimicrobial and anticancer activity of a de novo designed α-helical peptide. Circular dichroism showed 100% helical nature of the peptide in 10 mM SDS. Notably, the peptide exerted significant antimicrobial activity against the reference and antibiotic-resistant clinical isolates belonging to Pseudomonas sp. at a MIC and MBC of 2 and 8 μM, respectively. The progressive disruption and disturbance of cell membrane in the overall topography was observed in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 treated with the peptide as compared to untreated control. The results of time-kill kinetics showed complete lysis at 3x MIC after 50 min of incubation of the microbe with the peptide. Moreover, the peptide did not lyse human RBCs even at the highest concentration of the peptide (10 mM) and retained its activity upon treatment at 0.5 mg/ml trypsin. Cancer cell lines, viz. A549 and MCF-7 were also found to be sensitive to peptide activity showing 50% reduction in survivability at 4 and 2 μM, respectively; however, L929 cells were unaffected. Drastic membrane permeability and necrotic mode of lysis of peptide-treated-A549 cells were affirmed by propidium iodide and live/dead cell staining. The results showed that the designed peptide could be an efficient drug molecule for clinical studies subjected to successful experiments on animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bency Thankappan
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jeyarajan Sivakumar
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Annabor, 48108, United States
| | - Sridhar Asokan
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mahendran Ramasamy
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mamatha M Pillai
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Coimbatore, 641 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R Selvakumar
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, PSG Institute of Advanced Studies, Coimbatore, 641 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayaraman Angayarkanni
- Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
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8
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Lemoine L, Dieckmann R, Al Dahouk S, Vincze S, Luch A, Tralau T. Microbially competent 3D skin: a test system that reveals insight into host-microbe interactions and their potential toxicological impact. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3487-3502. [PMID: 32681188 PMCID: PMC7502063 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02841-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The skin`s microbiome is predominantly commensalic, harbouring a metabolic potential far exceeding that of its host. While there is clear evidence that bacteria-dependent metabolism of pollutants modulates the toxicity for the host there is still a lack of models for investigating causality of microbiome-associated pathophysiology or toxicity. We now report on a biologically characterised microbial-skin tissue co-culture that allows studying microbe-host interactions for extended periods of time in situ. The system is based on a commercially available 3D skin model. In a proof-of-concept, this model was colonised with single and mixed cultures of two selected skin commensals. Two different methods were used to quantify the bacteria on the surface of the skin models. While Micrococcus luteus established a stable microbial-skin tissue co-culture, Pseudomonas oleovorans maintained slow continuous growth over the 8-day cultivation period. A detailed skin transcriptome analysis showed bacterial colonisation leading to up to 3318 significant changes. Additionally, FACS, ELISA and Western blot analyses were carried out to analyse secretion of cytokines and growth factors. Changes found in colonised skin varied depending on the bacterial species used and comprised immunomodulatory functions, such as secretion of IL-1α/β, Il-6, antimicrobial peptides and increased gene transcription of IL-10 and TLR2. The colonisation also influenced the secretion of growth factors such as VFGFA and FGF2. Notably, many of these changes have already previously been associated with the presence of skin commensals. Concomitantly, the model gained first insights on the microbiome's influence on skin xenobiotic metabolism (i.e., CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and CYP2D6) and olfactory receptor expression. The system provides urgently needed experimental access for assessing the toxicological impact of microbiome-associated xenobiotic metabolism in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lemoine
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ralf Dieckmann
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sascha Al Dahouk
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277, Berlin, Germany
| | - Szilvia Vincze
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
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Chieosilapatham P, Yue H, Ikeda S, Ogawa H, Niyonsaba F. Involvement of the lipoprotein receptor LRP1 in AMP-IBP5-mediated migration and proliferation of human keratinocytes and fibroblasts. J Dermatol Sci 2020; 99:158-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2020.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Defensins are a major family of host defense peptides expressed predominantly in neutrophils and epithelial cells. Their broad antimicrobial activities and multifaceted immunomodulatory functions have been extensively studied, cementing their role in innate immunity as a core host-protective component against bacterial, viral and fungal infections. More recent studies, however, paint defensins in a bad light such that they are "alleged" to promote viral and bacterial infections in certain biological settings. This mini review summarizes the latest findings on the potential pathogenic properties of defensins against the backdrop of their protective roles in antiviral and antibacterial immunity. Further, a succinct description of both tumor-proliferative and -suppressive activities of defensins is also given to highlight their functional and mechanistic complexity in antitumor immunity. We posit that given an enabling environment defensins, widely heralded as the "Swiss army knife," can function as a "double-edged sword" in host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Institute of Mitochondrial Biology and Medicine, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Wuyuan Lu
- Institute of Human Virology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Fischer S, Ückert AK, Landenberger M, Papatheodorou P, Hoffmann-Richter C, Mittler AK, Ziener U, Hägele M, Schwan C, Müller M, Kleger A, Benz R, Popoff MR, Aktories K, Barth H. Human peptide α-defensin-1 interferes with Clostridioides difficile toxins TcdA, TcdB, and CDT. FASEB J 2020; 34:6244-6261. [PMID: 32190927 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902816r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human pathogenic bacterium Clostridioides difficile produces two exotoxins TcdA and TcdB, which inactivate Rho GTPases thereby causing C. difficile-associated diseases (CDAD) including life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. Hypervirulent strains produce additionally the binary actin ADP-ribosylating toxin CDT. These strains are hallmarked by more severe forms of CDAD and increased frequency and severity. Once in the cytosol, the toxins act as enzymes resulting in the typical clinical symptoms. Therefore, targeting and inactivation of the released toxins are of peculiar interest. Prompted by earlier findings that human α-defensin-1 neutralizes TcdB, we investigated the effects of the defensin on all three C. difficile toxins. Inhibition of TcdA, TcdB, and CDT was demonstrated by analyzing toxin-induced changes in cell morphology, substrate modification, and decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance. Application of α-defensin-1 protected cells and human intestinal organoids from the cytotoxic effects of TcdA, TcdB, CDT, and their combination which is attributed to a direct interaction between the toxins and α-defensin-1. In mice, the application of α-defensin-1 reduced the TcdA-induced damage of intestinal loops in vivo. In conclusion, human α-defensin-1 is a specific and potent inhibitor of the C. difficile toxins and a promising agent to develop novel therapeutic options against C. difficile infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Fischer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Ückert
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marc Landenberger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Ann-Katrin Mittler
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ziener
- Institute of Organic Chemistry III, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marlen Hägele
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Carsten Schwan
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Müller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander Kleger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Roland Benz
- Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Michel R Popoff
- Department of Anaerobic Bacteria, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Klaus Aktories
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Holger Barth
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ulm Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
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12
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Ferdowsi S, Pourfathollah AA, Amiri F, Rafiee MH, Aghaei A. Evaluation of anticancer activity of α-defensins purified from neutrophils trapped in leukoreduction filters. Life Sci 2019; 224:249-254. [PMID: 30935951 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The α-defensins or human neutrophil peptides (HNP 1-3) that exist in azurophilic granules are found to have anticancer activity. The pattern of disulfide bonds in α-defensins is crucial for the functional properties. Therefore, synthesis using the chemical and recombinant approaches is a challenging. A safe source for the production of α-defensins can be the use of leukoreduction filters in blood banks that contain large quantities of neutrophils and are discarded after use. The aim of this study was to purify α-defensins from neutrophils trapped in leukofilters and to investigate its anticancer activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunoprecipitation was performed to purify α-defensins and the presence of protein was confirmed by Western Blot. The Jurkat T-cell line was incubated with different concentrations (5, 10 and 15 μg/ml) of purified HNP1-3 for 16 h. Cell viability was measured using a WST-1 assay and apoptosis was analyzed for Annexin V/PI markers. Caspase-3/7 activity was determined using fluorescence assay. The effects of purified α-defensins were compared to commercial HNP 1-3. KEY FINDINGS Purified HNP 1-3 decreased the viability at 10 and 15 μg/ml and commercial HNP 1-3 at 15 μg/ml concentrations. Following to the purified HNP1-3 treatment, the percentage of Annexin V positive population and caspase-3 activity were significantly increased compared to control (p = 0.000 and p = 0.001, respectively) and commercial HNP1-3 (p = 0.034 and p = 0.018, respectively). SIGNIFICANCE Results indicated the anticancer activity of HNP1-3 which can be used as future chemotherapeutic drugs. Furthermore, leukofilters can be considered as economic source for purifying these peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Ferdowsi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Pourfathollah
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran; Tarbiat Modares University, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Immunology, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Amiri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Para Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hessam Rafiee
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Aghaei
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Multifunctional sulfonated polyetheretherketone coating with beta-defensin-14 for yielding durable and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and osseointegration. Acta Biomater 2019; 86:323-337. [PMID: 30641289 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
To address periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), a formidable complication after joint arthroplasty, an implant with excellent osseointegration and effective antibacterial activity has being extensively pursued and developed. In this work, the mouse beta-defensin-14 (MBD-14) was immobilized on the polyetheretherketone (PEEK) surface with three-dimensional (3D) porous structure to improve its antibacterial activity and osseointegration. An in vitro antibacterial evaluation showed that the porous PEEK loaded with MBD-14 wages a durable and effective fight against both Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (gram-negative). In addition to the superior antibacterial activity, we found that the enhanced proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells were verified through various in vitro analyses. To evaluate the in vivo bactericidal effect and osseointegration of the samples, the rat femoral models with infection and non-infection were established. The enhanced osseointegration of the MBD-14-loaded samples was found in both two in vivo models. And no bacteria survived on the surfaces of samples with a relatively high MBD-14 concentration. Above results indicate that the 3D porous PEEK coating loaded with MBD-14 simultaneously yields excellent osseointegration while exerting durable and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. And it paves the way for PEEK to be applied clinically to address PJI. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: (1). By using the physio-chemical technique including sulfonation and lyophilization etc., a three-dimensional porous network is developed on polyetheretherketone (PEEK) surface, in which mouse beta-defensin-14 (MBD-14, a broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide) is then loaded. It endows PEEK with antibacterial activity and osseointegration. (2). Two in vivo animal models with infection and non-infection are used to prove the new bone formation around the samples. (3). Supplementary material also proves that MBD-14 promotes the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. However, its potential mechanism needs to be further studied in future. (4). The modified PEEK, including excellent osseointegration and a durable and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, could be applied clinically to address PJI which is a hot potato for surgeons and patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty.
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14
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Jin G, Weinberg A. Human antimicrobial peptides and cancer. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 88:156-162. [PMID: 29694838 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have long been a topic of interest for entomologists, biologists, immunologists and clinicians because of these agents' intriguing origins in insects, their ubiquitous expression in many life forms, their capacity to kill a wide range of bacteria, fungi and viruses, their role in innate immunity as microbicidal and immunoregulatory agents that orchestrate cross-talk with the adaptive immune system, and, most recently, their association with cancer. We and others have theorized that surveillance through epithelial cell-derived AMPs functions to keep the natural flora of microorganisms in a steady state in different niches such as the skin, the intestines, and the mouth. More recently, findings related to specific activation pathways of some of these AMPs have led investigators to associate them with pro-tumoral activity; i.e., contributing to a tumorigenic microenvironment. This area is still in its infancy as there are intriguing yet contradictory findings demonstrating that while some AMPs have anti-tumoral activity and are under-expressed in solid tumors, others are overexpressed and pro-tumorigenic. This review will introduce a new paradigm in cancer biology as it relates to AMP activity in neoplasia to address the following questions: Is there evidence that AMPs contribute to tumor promoting microenvironments? Can an anti-AMP strategy be of use in cancer therapy? Do AMPs, expressed in and released from tumors, contribute to compositional shifting of bacteria in cancerous lesions? Can specific AMP expression characteristics be used one day as early warning signs for solid tumors?
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Aaron Weinberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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15
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Park MS, Kim JI, Lee I, Park S, Bae JY, Park MS. Towards the Application of Human Defensins as Antivirals. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2018; 26:242-254. [PMID: 29310427 PMCID: PMC5933891 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Defensins are antimicrobial peptides that participate in the innate immunity of hosts. Humans constitutively and/or inducibly express α- and β-defensins, which are known for their antiviral and antibacterial activities. This review describes the application of human defensins. We discuss the extant experimental results, limited though they are, to consider the potential applicability of human defensins as antiviral agents. Given their antiviral effects, we propose that basic research be conducted on human defensins that focuses on RNA viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza A virus (IAV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and dengue virus (DENV), which are considered serious human pathogens but have posed huge challenges for vaccine development for different reasons. Concerning the prophylactic and therapeutic applications of defensins, we then discuss the applicability of human defensins as antivirals that has been demonstrated in reports using animal models. Finally, we discuss the potential adjuvant-like activity of human defensins and propose an exploration of the ‘defensin vaccine’ concept to prime the body with a controlled supply of human defensins. In sum, we suggest a conceptual framework to achieve the practical application of human defensins to combat viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Sook Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilseob Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehee Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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16
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Preianò M, Maggisano G, Murfuni MS, Villella C, Pelaia C, Montalcini T, Lombardo N, Pelaia G, Savino R, Terracciano R. An Analytical Method for Assessing Optimal Storage Conditions of Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Disclosing a Peptide Biomarker Signature of Gingivitis by MALDI-TOF MS. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 12:e1800005. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201800005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariaimmacolata Preianò
- Department of Health Sciences; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Giuseppina Maggisano
- Department of Health Sciences; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Maria Stella Murfuni
- Department of Health Sciences; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Chiara Villella
- Department of Health Sciences; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Corrado Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Tiziana Montalcini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Nicola Lombardo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Girolamo Pelaia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Rocco Savino
- Department of Health Sciences; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
| | - Rosa Terracciano
- Department of Health Sciences; Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; University “Magna Graecia”; Catanzaro 88100 Italy
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17
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Khandia R, Munjal A, Kumar A, Singh G, Karthik K, Dhama K. Cell Penetrating Peptides: Biomedical/Therapeutic Applications with Emphasis as Promising Futuristic Hope for Treating Cancer. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.677.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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18
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Griffith GL, Kasus-Jacobi A, Pereira HA. Bioactive Antimicrobial Peptides as Therapeutics for Corneal Wounds and Infections. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle) 2017; 6:175-190. [PMID: 28616359 PMCID: PMC5467138 DOI: 10.1089/wound.2016.0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance: More than 2 million eye injuries and infections occur each year in the United States that leave civilians and military members with reduced or complete vision loss due to the lack of effective therapeutics. Severe ocular injuries and infections occur in varied settings including the home, workplace, and battlefields. In this review, we discuss the potential of developing antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) as therapeutics for the treatment of corneal wounds and infections for which the current treatment options are inadequate. Recent Advances: Standard-of-care employs the use of fluorescein dye for the diagnosis of ocular defects and is followed by the use of antibiotics and/or steroids to treat the infection and reduce inflammation. Recent advances for treating corneal wounds include the development of amniotic membrane therapies, wound chambers, and drug-loaded hydrogels. In this review, we will discuss an innovative approach using AMPs with the dual effect of promoting corneal wound healing and clearing infections. Critical Issues: An important aspect of treating ocular injuries is that treatments need to be effective and administered expeditiously. This is especially important for injuries that occur during combat and in individuals who demonstrate delayed wound healing. To overcome gaps in current treatment modalities, bioactive peptides based on naturally occurring cationic antimicrobial proteins are being investigated as new therapeutics. Future Directions: The development of new therapeutics that can treat ocular infections and promote corneal wound healing, including the healing of persistent corneal epithelial defects, would be of great clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina L. Griffith
- Ocular Trauma and Vision Restoration, United States Army Institute of Surgical Research, Fort Sam Houston, Texas
| | - Anne Kasus-Jacobi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - H. Anne Pereira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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19
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Felício MR, Silva ON, Gonçalves S, Santos NC, Franco OL. Peptides with Dual Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities. Front Chem 2017; 5:5. [PMID: 28271058 PMCID: PMC5318463 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2017.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the number of people suffering from cancer and multi-resistant infections has increased, such that both diseases are already seen as current and future major causes of death. Moreover, chronic infections are one of the main causes of cancer, due to the instability in the immune system that allows cancer cells to proliferate. Likewise, the physical debility associated with cancer or with anticancer therapy itself often paves the way for opportunistic infections. It is urgent to develop new therapeutic methods, with higher efficiency and lower side effects. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are found in the innate immune system of a wide range of organisms. Identified as the most promising alternative to conventional molecules used nowadays against infections, some of them have been shown to have dual activity, both as antimicrobial and anticancer peptides (ACPs). Highly cationic and amphipathic, they have demonstrated efficacy against both conditions, with the number of nature-driven or synthetically designed peptides increasing year by year. With similar properties, AMPs that can also act as ACPs are viewed as future chemotherapeutic drugs, with the advantage of low propensity to resistance, which started this paradigm in the pharmaceutical market. These peptides have already been described as molecules presenting killing mechanisms at the membrane level, but also acting toward intracellular targets, which increases their success compartively to one-target specific drugs. This review will approach the desirable characteristics of small peptides that demonstrated dual activity against microbial infections and cancer, as well as the peptides engaged in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário R Felício
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Osmar N Silva
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Sônia Gonçalves
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nuno C Santos
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Octávio L Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Pós-graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom BoscoCampo Grande, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Universidade de BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
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20
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Phan TK, Lay FT, Poon IKH, Hinds MG, Kvansakul M, Hulett MD. Human β-defensin 3 contains an oncolytic motif that binds PI(4,5)P2 to mediate tumour cell permeabilisation. Oncotarget 2016; 7:2054-69. [PMID: 26657293 PMCID: PMC4811302 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs), including taxonomically diverse defensins, are innate defense molecules that display potent antimicrobial and immunomodulatory activities. Specific CAPs have also been shown to possess anticancer activities; however, their mechanisms of action are not well defined. Recently, the plant defensin NaD1 was shown to induce tumour cell lysis by directly binding to the plasma membrane phosphoinositide, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). The NaD1–lipid interaction was structurally defined by X-ray crystallography, with the defensin forming a dimer that binds PI(4,5)P2 via its cationic β2-β3 loops in a ‘cationic grip’ conformation. In this study, we show that human β-defensin 3 (HBD-3) contains a homologous β2-β3 loop that binds phosphoinositides. The binding of HBD-3 to PI(4,5)P2 was shown to be critical for mediating cytolysis of tumour cells, suggesting a conserved mechanism of action for defensins across diverse species. These data not only identify an evolutionary conservation of CAP structure and function for lipid binding, but also suggest that PIP-binding CAPs could be exploited for novel multifunction therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Kha Phan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Fung T Lay
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Mark G Hinds
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
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Musrati AA, Tervahartiala T, Gürsoy M, Könönen E, Fteita D, Sorsa T, Uitto VJ, Gürsoy UK. Human neutrophil peptide-1 affects matrix metalloproteinase-2, -8 and -9 secretions of oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 66:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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Winter J, Kraus D, Reckenbeil J, Probstmeier R. Oncogenic relevant defensins: expression pattern and proliferation characteristics of human tumor cell lines. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:7959-66. [PMID: 26711780 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4701-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate gene expression levels of oncogenic relevant human defensins and their impact on proliferation rates of 29 cell lines derived from main types of different tumor origins. Differential gene expression analysis of human defensins was performed by real-time PCR experiments. The proliferation rate of tumor cells that had been cultivated in the absence or presence of biologically active peptides was analyzed with a lactate dehydrogenase assay kit. At least one member of the defensin family was expressed in each tumor cell line, whereby α-defensin (DEFA1), DEFA2, or DEFA3 transcripts could be ubiquitously detected. Cell lines of neural origin (glioma, neuroblastoma, and small-cell lung carcinoma) expressed far less human β-defensins (hBDs) in comparison to other tumor types. The expression level of a specific defensin in various cell lines could vary by more than five orders of magnitude. Compensatory mechanisms on the expression levels of the different defensins could not be strictly observed. Only in 3 out of 29 tumor cell lines the proliferation rate was affected after defensin stimulation. The variable appearance of defensins, as well as the cell line-restricted functional activity, argues for the integration of defensins in complex cellular and molecular networks that tolerate rather flexible expression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Winter
- Oral Cell Biology Group, Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Dominik Kraus
- Department of Prosthodontics, Preclinical Education, and Material Science, University of Bonn, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Reckenbeil
- Department of Prosthodontics, Preclinical Education, and Material Science, University of Bonn, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - Rainer Probstmeier
- Neuro- and Tumor Cell Biology Group, Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Bonn, 53105, Bonn, Germany
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23
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Gaspar D, Freire JM, Pacheco TR, Barata JT, Castanho MA. Apoptotic human neutrophil peptide-1 anti-tumor activity revealed by cellular biomechanics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:308-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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24
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Levón J, Al-Samadi A, Mackiewicz Z, Coer A, Trebse R, Waris E, Konttinen YT. Human beta-defensin-3 producing cells in septic implant loosening. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2015; 26:98. [PMID: 25655501 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Human β-defensin-3 (hBD-3) has been found in synovial fluid and later in periprosthetic tissues in septic joint implant loosening. The aim of the present study was to identify its cellular sources. Tissue samples from 12 patients were analyzed. A fully automatic Leica BOND MAX staining robot was used. Affinity-purified rabbit anti-human hBD-3 IgG was applied in a two-layer horse radish peroxidase/anti-rabbit-labeled polymer method. Double immunofluorescence of hBD3 together with CD68, CD31, heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) and mast cell tryptase (MCT) staining was done. Human BD-3 was found in monocyte/macrophage-like cells, vascular endothelial cells and fibroblasts-like cells, but was weakly expressed in foreign body giant cells and negative in neutrophils. Human BD-3 was found in CD68 and CD31 immunoreactive cells, whereas HSP47 and MCT positive cells were hBD-3 negative. Immunostaining of hBD-3 was strong in some tissue areas but weak or absent in others. Monocyte/macrophages and endothelial cells were established in this study as the major cellular sources of hBD-3 in septic loosening, but fibroblasts and foreign body giant cells can also contribute to its production. The heterogeneous topological staining of hBD-3 suggests local regulation, possibly by bacterial products, damage-associated molecular patterns and cytokines. The results explain the increased synovial fluid/tissue concentrations of hBD-3 in septic loosening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Levón
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedicine, BMH 1, PO Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland,
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Stevens LA, Barbieri JT, Piszczek G, Otuonye AN, Levine RL, Zheng G, Moss J. Nonenzymatic conversion of ADP-ribosylated arginines to ornithine alters the biological activities of human neutrophil peptide-1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:6144-51. [PMID: 25392530 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Activated neutrophils, recruited to the airway of diseased lung, release human neutrophil peptides (HNP1-4) that are cytotoxic to airway cells as well as microbes. Airway epithelial cells express arginine-specific ADP ribosyltransferase (ART)-1, a GPI-anchored ART that transfers ADP-ribose from NAD to arginines 14 and 24 of HNP-1. We previously reported that ADP-ribosyl-arginine is converted nonenzymatically to ornithine and that ADP-ribosylated HNP-1 and ADP-ribosyl-HNP-(ornithine) were isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a patient with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, indicating that these reactions occur in vivo. To determine effects of HNP-ornithine on the airway, three analogs of HNP-1, HNP-(R14orn), HNP-(R24orn), and HNP-(R14,24orn), were tested for their activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus; their cytotoxic effects on A549, NCI-H441, small airway epithelial-like cells, and normal human lung fibroblasts; and their ability to stimulate IL-8 and TGF-β1 release from A549 cells, and to serve as ART1 substrates. HNP and the three analogs had similar effects on IL-8 and TGF-β1 release from A549 cells and were all cytotoxic for small airway epithelial cells, NCI-H441, and normal human lung fibroblasts. HNP-(R14,24orn), when compared with HNP-1 and HNP-1 with a single ornithine substitution for arginine 14 or 24, exhibited reduced cytotoxicity, but it enhanced proliferation of A549 cells and had antibacterial activity. Thus, arginines 14 and 24, which can be ADP ribosylated by ART1, are critical to the regulation of the cytotoxic and antibacterial effects of HNP-1. The HNP analog, HNP-(R14,24orn), lacks the epithelial cell cytotoxicity of HNP-1, but partially retains its antibacterial activity and thus may have clinical applications in airway disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Stevens
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joseph T Barbieri
- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Grzegorz Piszczek
- Biophysics Core Facility, National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Amy N Otuonye
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rodney L Levine
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Gang Zheng
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Joel Moss
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National, Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892;
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26
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Kamino Y, Kurashige Y, Uehara O, Sato J, Nishimura M, Yoshida K, Arakawa T, Nagayasu H, Saitoh M, Abiko Y. HBD-2 is downregulated in oral carcinoma cells by DNA hypermethylation, and increased expression of hBD-2 by DNA demethylation and gene transfection inhibits cell proliferation and invasion. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:462-8. [PMID: 24927104 PMCID: PMC4091880 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Human β-defensin-2 (hBD-2) is a type of epithelial antimicrobial peptide. The expression level of hBD-2 mRNA is lower in oral carcinoma cells (OCCs) than in healthy oral epithelium. Yet, it is still unknown how hBD-2 expression is downregulated in OCCs. The present study investigated DNA hypermethylation of hBD-2 in OCCs and the effect of the demethylation and increased expression of hBD-2 on cell proliferation and invasion. Six different types of oral carcinoma cell lines (OSC-19, BSC-OF, SAS, HSC-2, HSC-4 and HSY) and normal oral keratinocytes (NOKs) were used. The expression levels of hBD-2 in all OCCs were significantly lower than that in the NOKs. Treatment with DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5-aza-dC, at the concentration of 50 µM significantly induced upregulation of expression of hBD-2 in the OCCs. Using methylation-specific PCR, DNA hypermethylation was observed in all OCCs. These results suggest that DNA hypermethylation is, at least in part, involved in the decreased expression of hBD-2 in OCCs. We examined the effect of 5-aza-dC on the cell proliferation and invasive ability of OCCs. The cell invasion assays showed that the number of OCCs treated with 5-aza-dC on the filters was significantly lower than that of the controls. We examined whether increased expression of hBD-2 generated by gene transfection inhibited the proliferation and invasion of SAS cells. The number of SAS cells exhibiting increased expression of hBD-2 on the filters in the invasion assay were significantly lower on day 7 when compared with the control. hBD-2 may function as a tumor suppressor. Increased expression of hBD-2 induced by demethylation or increased expression generated by gene transfection may be useful therapeutic methods for oral carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Kamino
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kurashige
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Osamu Uehara
- Division of Disease Control and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Jun Sato
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Michiko Nishimura
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Koki Yoshida
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Toshiya Arakawa
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nagayasu
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Masato Saitoh
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Abiko
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
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Han Q, Wang R, Sun C, Jin X, Liu D, Zhao X, Wang L, Ji N, Li J, Zhou Y, Ye L, Liang X, Jiang L, Liao G, Dan H, Zeng X, Chen Q. Human beta-defensin-1 suppresses tumor migration and invasion and is an independent predictor for survival of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91867. [PMID: 24658581 PMCID: PMC3962354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human beta-defensin-1 (hBD-1) has recently been considered as a candidate tumor suppressor in renal and prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of hBD-1 in the progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and its potential as diagnostic/prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for OSCC. Methods HBD-1 expression in tissues at different stages of oral carcinogenesis, as well as OSCC cell lines was examined. HBD-1 was overexpressed in HSC-3, UM1, SCC-9 and SCC-25 cells and subjected to cell growth, apoptosis, migration and invasion assays. Tissue microarray constructed with tissues from 175 patients was used to examine clinicopathological significance of hBD-1 expression in OSCC. Results HBD-1 expression decreased from oral precancerous lesions to OSCC and was lower in OSCC with lymph node metastasis than those without metastasis. In vitro, the expression of hBD-1 was related to the invasive potential of OSCC cell lines. Induction of exogenous expression of hBD-1 inhibited migration and invasion of OSCC cells, probably by regulation of RhoA, RhoC and MMP-2; but had no significant effect on proliferation or apoptosis. In a cohort of patients with primary OSCC, cases with no expression of hBD-1 had more chance to be involved in lymph node metastasis. Eventually, the positive expression of hBD-1 was associated with longer survival of patients with OSCC, and multivariate analysis and ROC curve analysis confirmed hBD-1 positivity to be an independent prognostic factor of OSCC, especially OSCC at early stage. Conclusions Overall, these data indicated that hBD-1 suppressed tumor migration and invasion of OSCC and was likely to be a prognostic biomarker and a potential target for treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruinan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chongkui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongjuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lili Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinhua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ga Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongxia Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (HD); (X. Zeng)
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- * E-mail: (HD); (X. Zeng)
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Gaspar D, Veiga AS, Castanho MARB. From antimicrobial to anticancer peptides. A review. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:294. [PMID: 24101917 PMCID: PMC3787199 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are part of the innate immune defense mechanism of many organisms. Although AMPs have been essentially studied and developed as potential alternatives for fighting infectious diseases, their use as anticancer peptides (ACPs) in cancer therapy either alone or in combination with other conventional drugs has been regarded as a therapeutic strategy to explore. As human cancer remains a cause of high morbidity and mortality worldwide, an urgent need of new, selective, and more efficient drugs is evident. Even though ACPs are expected to be selective toward tumor cells without impairing the normal body physiological functions, the development of a selective ACP has been a challenge. It is not yet possible to predict antitumor activity based on ACPs structures. ACPs are unique molecules when compared to the actual chemotherapeutic arsenal available for cancer treatment and display a variety of modes of action which in some types of cancer seem to co-exist. Regardless the debate surrounding the definition of structure-activity relationships for ACPs, great effort has been invested in ACP design and the challenge of improving effective killing of tumor cells remains. As detailed studies on ACPs mechanisms of action are crucial for optimizing drug development, in this review we provide an overview of the literature concerning peptides' structure, modes of action, selectivity, and efficacy and also summarize some of the many ACPs studied and/or developed for targeting different solid and hematologic malignancies with special emphasis on the first group. Strategies described for drug development and for increasing peptide selectivity toward specific cells while reducing toxicity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gaspar
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal
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McDaniel JC, Roy S, Wilgus TA. Neutrophil activity in chronic venous leg ulcers--a target for therapy? Wound Repair Regen 2013; 21:339-51. [PMID: 23551462 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic venous leg ulcers (CVLUs) affect approximately 600,000 people annually in the United States and accrue yearly treatment costs of US $2.5-5 billion. As the population ages, demands on health care resources for CVLU treatments are predicted to drastically increase because the incidence of CVLUs is highest in those ≥65 years of age. Furthermore, regardless of current standards of care, healing complications and high recurrence rates prevail. Thus, it is critical that factors leading to or exacerbating CVLUs be discerned and more effective, adjuvant, evidence-based treatment strategies be utilized. Previous studies have suggested that CVLUs' pathogenesis is related to the prolonged presence of high numbers of activated neutrophils secreting proteases in the wound bed that destroy growth factors, receptors, and the extracellular matrix that are essential for healing. These events are believed to contribute to a chronically inflamed wound that fails to heal. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to review studies from the past 15 years (1996-2011) that characterized neutrophil activity in the microenvironment of human CVLUs for new evidence that could explicate the proposed relationship between excessive, sustained neutrophil activity and CVLUs. We also appraised the strength of evidence for current and potential therapeutics that target excessive neutrophil activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi C McDaniel
- College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.
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Gursoy UK, Könönen E, Luukkonen N, Uitto VJ. Human Neutrophil Defensins and Their Effect on Epithelial Cells. J Periodontol 2013; 84:126-33. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2012.120017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Boohaker RJ, Lee MW, Vishnubhotla P, Perez JM, Khaled AR. The use of therapeutic peptides to target and to kill cancer cells. Curr Med Chem 2012; 19:3794-804. [PMID: 22725698 DOI: 10.2174/092986712801661004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peptide therapeutics is a promising field for emerging anti-cancer agents. Benefits include the ease and rapid synthesis of peptides and capacity for modifications. An existing and vast knowledge base of protein structure and function can be exploited for novel peptide design. Current research focuses on developing peptides that can (1) serve as tumor targeting moieties and (2) permeabilize membranes with cytotoxic consequences. A survey of recent findings reveals significant trends. Amphiphilic peptides with clusters of hydrophobic and cationic residues are features of anti-microbial peptides that confer the ability to eradicate microbes and show considerable anti-cancer toxicity. Peptides that assemble and form pores can disrupt cell or organelle membranes and cause apoptotic or necrotic death. Cell permeable and tumor-homing peptides can carry biologically active cargo to tumors or tumor vasculature. The challenge lies in developing the clinical application of therapeutic peptides. Improving delivery to tumors, minimizing non-specific toxic effects and discerning pharmacokinetic properties are high among the needs to produce a powerful therapeutic peptide for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Boohaker
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6900 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
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Sato J, Nishimura M, Yamazaki M, Yoshida K, Kurashige Y, Saitoh M, Abiko Y. Expression profile of drosomycin-like defensin in oral epithelium and oral carcinoma cell lines. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 58:279-85. [PMID: 23084467 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Drosomycin-like defensin (DLD) is a recently discovered antimicrobial peptide mainly active against filamentous fungi. The present study investigated the expression profile of DLD in oral epithelium and oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cell lines. METHODS Tissue sections of human oral mucosa, keratinocytes derived from oral mucosa (NOK) and eight kinds of SCC cell lines were used. In situ hybridization was performed on tissue sections of oral mucosa. Expression levels of DLD in the cells were observed by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR assays. The cells were treated with IL-1β, IL-8 and TNF-α, and agonists for TLR2, TLR4 and β-glucan. DLD expression in cells was increased and decreased by the DLD gene and its siRNA transfection, respectively. The proliferation rates were assessed by cell counting. RESULTS By means of in situ hybridization, DLD mRNA positive staining was detected in the epithelial layer of the oral mucosa. An RT-PCR assay confirmed the expression of DLD mRNA in keratinocytes derived from oral epithelium. Expression of DLD in two out of eight cell lines was significantly lower than in NOK cells. The expression levels of DLD mRNA were not significantly changed in the cells stimulated with any cytokines or agonists. The cell proliferation rate where there was decreased expression of DLD was significantly lower than in the control. CONCLUSION DLD may be partially involved in the defence against filamentous fungal infection in the oral mucosa, and may also serve other functions, such as contribution to cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sato
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
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van Zoggel H, Carpentier G, Dos Santos C, Hamma-Kourbali Y, Courty J, Amiche M, Delbé J. Antitumor and angiostatic activities of the antimicrobial peptide dermaseptin B2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44351. [PMID: 23028527 PMCID: PMC3447859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have found that the skin secretions of the Amazonian tree frog Phyllomedusa bicolor contains molecules with antitumor and angiostatic activities and identified one of them as the antimicrobial peptide dermaseptin (Drs) B2. In the present study we further explored the in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of this molecule and investigated its mechanism of action. We showed that Drs B2 inhibits the proliferation and colony formation of various human tumor cell types, and the proliferation and capillary formation of endothelial cells in vitro. Furthermore, Drs B2 inhibited tumor growth of the human prostate adenocarcinoma cell line PC3 in a xenograft model in vivo. Research on the mechanism of action of Drs B2 on tumor PC3 cells demonstrated a rapid increasing amount of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase, no activation of caspase-3, and no changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Confocal microscopy analysis revealed that Drs B2 can interact with the tumor cell surface, aggregate and penetrate the cells. These data together indicate that Drs B2 does not act by apoptosis but possibly by necrosis. In conclusion, Drs B2 could be considered as an interesting and promising pharmacological and therapeutic leader molecule for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean Delbé
- Laboratoire de Recherche sur la Croissance Cellulaire, la Réparation et la Régénération Tissulaires, Université Paris Est – Créteil, Créteil, France
- * E-mail:
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Winter J, Mohr S, Pantelis A, Kraus D, Allam JP, Novak N, Reich R, Martini M, Jepsen S, Götz W, Wenghoefer M. IGF-1 deficiency in combination with a low basic hBD-2 and hBD-3 gene expression might counteract malignant transformation in pleomorphic adenomas in vitro. Cancer Invest 2012; 30:106-13. [PMID: 22250586 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2011.640651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the IGF-1-influence on oncological relevant genes in pleomorphic adenomas. Therefore A64-tumor cells were stimulated by recombinant IGF-1. After RNA-extraction, transcript levels of hBD-1, hBD-2, hBD-3, DEFA1/3, DEFA4, S100A4, Psoriasin, DOC-1, EGF, EGFR, and IGFR were analyzed by qRT-PCR at t = 0, 4, 8, 24, 48, and 72 hr. The gene-products were visualized by immunostaining. A64-tumor-cells were deficient for hBD-1 and IGF-1. IGF-1 downregulates hBD-2 and hBD-3 without influencing hBD-1-expression. IGF-1 only slightly affects DEFA1/3-, DEFA4-, S100A4-, Psoriasin-, DOC-1-, EGF-, EGFR-, and IGFR-gene-expression. IGF-1-deficiency combined with low basic hBD-2-gene-expression and hBD-3-gene-expression might counteract, whereas hBD-1-deficiency promotes malignant transformation in pleomorphic adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Winter
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr, Bonn, Germany
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Brogden NK, Mehalick L, Fischer CL, Wertz PW, Brogden KA. The emerging role of peptides and lipids as antimicrobial epidermal barriers and modulators of local inflammation. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2012; 25:167-81. [PMID: 22538862 DOI: 10.1159/000337927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skin is complex and comprised of distinct layers, each layer with unique architecture and immunologic functions. Cells within these layers produce differing amounts of antimicrobial peptides and lipids (sphingoid bases and sebaceous fatty acids) that limit colonization of commensal and opportunistic microorganisms. Furthermore, antimicrobial peptides and lipids have distinct, concentration-dependent ancillary innate and adaptive immune functions. At 0.1-2.0 μM, antimicrobial peptides induce cell migration and adaptive immune responses to coadministered antigens. At 2.0-6.0 μM, they induce cell proliferation and enhance wound healing. At 6.0-12.0 μM, they can regulate chemokine and cytokine production and at their highest concentrations of 15.0-30.0 μM, antimicrobial peptides can be cytotoxic. At 1-100 nM, lipids enhance cell migration induced by chemokines, suppress apoptosis, and optimize T cell cytotoxicity, and at 0.3-1.0 μM they inhibit cell migration and attenuate chemokine and pro-inflammatory cytokine responses. Recently, many antimicrobial peptides and lipids at 0.1-2.0 μM have been found to attenuate the production of chemokines and pro-inflammatory cytokines to microbial antigens. Together, both the antimicrobial and the anti-inflammatory activities of these peptides and lipids may serve to create a strong, overlapping immunologic barrier that not only controls the concentrations of cutaneous commensal flora but also the extent to which they induce a localized inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Brogden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.
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Gursoy UK, Könönen E. Understanding the roles of gingival beta-defensins. J Oral Microbiol 2012; 4:JOM-4-15127. [PMID: 22389759 PMCID: PMC3290911 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v4i0.15127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingival epithelium produces β-defensins, small cationic peptides, as part of its contribution to the innate host defense against the bacterial challenge that is constantly present in the oral cavity. Besides their functions in healthy gingival tissues, β-defensins are involved in the initiation and progression, as well as restriction of periodontal tissue destruction, by acting as antimicrobial, chemotactic, and anti-inflammatory agents. In this article, we review the common knowledge about β-defensins, coming from in vivo and in vitro monolayer studies, and present new aspects, based on the experience on three-dimensional organotypic culture models, to the important role of gingival β-defensins in homeostasis of the periodontium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulvi Kahraman Gursoy
- Department of Periodontology, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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37
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Kraus D, Deschner J, Jäger A, Wenghoefer M, Bayer S, Jepsen S, Allam JP, Novak N, Meyer R, Winter J. Human β-defensins differently affect proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization of osteoblast-like MG63 cells. J Cell Physiol 2011; 227:994-1003. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Al-Benna S, Shai Y, Jacobsen F, Steinstraesser L. Oncolytic activities of host defense peptides. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:8027-51. [PMID: 22174648 PMCID: PMC3233454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12118027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer continues to be a leading source of morbidity and mortality worldwide in spite of progress in oncolytic therapies. In addition, the incidence of cancers affecting the breast, kidney, prostate and skin among others continue to rise. Chemotherapeutic drugs are widely used in cancer treatment but have the serious drawback of nonspecific toxicity because these agents target any rapidly dividing cell without discriminating between healthy and malignant cells. In addition, many neoplasms eventually become resistant to conventional chemotherapy due to selection for multidrug-resistant variants. The limitations associated with existing chemotherapeutic drugs have stimulated the search for new oncolytic therapies. Host defense peptides (HDPs) may represent a novel family of oncolytic agents that can avoid the shortcomings of conventional chemotherapy because they exhibit selective cytotoxicity against a broad spectrum of malignant human cells, including multi-drug-resistant neoplastic cells. Oncolytic activity by HDPs is usually via necrosis due to cell membrane lysis, but some HDPs can trigger apoptosis in cancer cells via mitochondrial membrane disruption. In addition, certain HDPs are anti-angiogenic which may inhibit cancer progression. This paper reviews oncolytic HDP studies in order to address the suitability of selected HDPs as oncolytic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sammy Al-Benna
- Laboratory for Molecular Oncology and Wound Healing, Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44789, Germany; E-Mails: (S.A.-B.); (F.J.)
| | - Yechiel Shai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel; E-Mail:
| | - Frank Jacobsen
- Laboratory for Molecular Oncology and Wound Healing, Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44789, Germany; E-Mails: (S.A.-B.); (F.J.)
| | - Lars Steinstraesser
- Laboratory for Molecular Oncology and Wound Healing, Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum 44789, Germany; E-Mails: (S.A.-B.); (F.J.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +49-234-302-3442; Fax: +49-234-302-6379
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Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are present in all walks of life, from plants to animals, and they are considered to be endogenous antibiotics. In general, antimicrobial peptides are determinants of the composition of the microbiota and they function to fend off microbes and prevent infections. Antimicrobial peptides eliminate micro-organisms through disruption of their cell membranes. Their importance in human immunity, and in health as well as disease, has only recently been appreciated. The present review provides an introduction to the field of antimicrobial peptides in general and discusses two of the major classes of mammalian antimicrobial peptides: the defensins and the cathelicidins. The review focuses on their structures, their main modes of action and their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Cederlund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wang H, Watanabe H, Ogita M, Ichinose S, Izumi Y. Effect of human beta-defensin-3 on the proliferation of fibroblasts on periodontally involved root surfaces. Peptides 2011; 32:888-94. [PMID: 21320561 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 02/06/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human beta-defensin-3 (HBD-3) has versatile antibacterial activity against oral bacteria and can promote the proliferation of fibroblasts. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of HBD-3 on attachment and proliferation of periodontal ligament cells (PDL) onto the periodontitis affected root surfaces. PDL cells were seeded onto healthy and diseased root specimens with scaling and root planing (SRP), SRP & HBD-3 (100 ng/ml), or SRP & HBD-3 (200 ng/ml) treatment for 1, 3, and 7 days incubation. The results showed that HBD-3, especially in the 200 ng/ml group, significantly promoted fibroblast attachment and proliferation onto the diseased root surfaces. The cell number in the HBD-3 group was much greater than in the group treated with SRP alone. On day 7, the cells in the HBD-3 were well-spread and formed a network similar to those on the surfaces of the healthy root specimens. These results suggest that HBD-3 could play an important role in antibacterial activity and fibroblast proliferation, thus promoting periodontal regeneration. Meanwhile, HBD-3 might act as a potent regeneration-promoter in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Wang
- Department of Oral Mucous Diseases, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
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Winter J, Pantelis A, Reich R, Martini M, Kraus D, Jepsen S, Allam JP, Novak N, Wenghoefer M. Human beta-defensin-1, -2, and -3 exhibit opposite effects on oral squamous cell carcinoma cell proliferation. Cancer Invest 2011; 29:196-201. [PMID: 21280982 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2010.543210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of human beta-defensins (hBDs) on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) proliferation and hBD expression in vitro. BHY-OSCC cell lines were stimulated with hBD-1, -2, and -3. Proliferation of BHY cells was ascertained and hBD-mRNA expression was evaluated by real-time PCR. Proliferation of BHY cells decreased by 25% in response to hBD-1 stimulation but increased after stimulation with hBD-2 and -3. HBD-1 stimulation enhanced hBD-3 expression, whereas HBD-2 stimulation decreased early hBD-3 expression. HBD-3 stimulation enhanced hBD-1 expression. HBDs profoundly impact on OSCC proliferation and hBD expression in vitro. Therefore, hBD-1 might function as a tumor suppressor gene in OSCCs, while hBD-2 and -3 might be protooncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Winter
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Human beta-defensin 2 and beta-defensin 3 chimeric peptides reveal the structural basis of the pathogen specificity of their parent molecules. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 55:954-60. [PMID: 21189349 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00872-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite partial sequence identity and structural similarity, human β-defensin 3 (HBD3) kills Staphylococcus aureus with a 4- to 8-fold higher efficiency than human β-defensin 2 (HBD2), whereas the activities against Escherichia coli are identical. The design and characterization of HBD2/HBD3 chimeric peptides revealed that distinct molecular regions are responsible for their divergent killing properties. Two of the chimeras killed both E. coli and S. aureus with an even higher efficacy than the wild-type molecules. Moreover, one of these two chimeras maintained its high killing activities in the presence of physiologic salt concentrations. Due to the broad spectrum of their antimicrobial activities against many human multidrug-resistant pathogens, these two designer peptides of human origin represent promising templates for a new class of antibiotics.
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Chotjumlong P, Khongkhunthian S, Ongchai S, Reutrakul V, Krisanaprakornkit S. Human beta-defensin-3 up-regulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin E2 synthesis in human gingival fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2010; 45:464-70. [PMID: 20337883 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2009.01259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Oral epithelial cells express three antimicrobial peptide human beta-defensins (hBDs) that have previously been demonstrated to exert proinflammatory effects on various immune cells. We wanted to examine whether hBDs could induce cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesis in non-immune cells, such as human gingival fibroblasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS Cultured fibroblasts were treated with different concentrations of hBD-1, -2, -3 or interleukin-1 beta, as a positive control, for various times, in the presence or absence of NS-398, a specific COX-2 inhibitor. The levels of COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA expression were analyzed using RT-PCR and real-time PCR. Whole cell lysates were analyzed for COX-1 and COX-2 protein expression by western blotting. Cell-free culture supernatants were assayed for PGE(2) levels by ELISA. The lactate dehydrogenase assay was performed to determine the cytotoxicity of hBDs. RESULTS Ten and 40 microg/mL of hBD-3 up-regulated COX-2 mRNA and protein expression, consistent with COX-2 up-regulation by interleukin-1 beta, whereas hBD-1 and hBD-2 did not. However, COX-1 mRNA and protein were constitutively expressed. The time-course study revealed that hBD-3 up-regulated COX-2 mRNA and protein expression at 6 and 12 h, respectively. Consistent with COX-2 up-regulation, 10 and 40 microg/mL of hBD-3 significantly increased PGE(2) levels in cell-free culture supernatants (p < 0.05), and this was inhibited by NS-398 in a dose-dependent manner. Neither of the hBD concentrations tested in this study was toxic to the cells. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that epithelial human beta-defensin-3 functions as a proinflammatory mediator in controlling arachidonic acid metabolism in underlying fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chotjumlong
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Abstract
Host defence peptides (HDP) produced by almost all species of living organisms and widely recognized as antimicrobial antibiotics have also proved to be capable of killing a wide variety of cancer cells. In this respect they have many advantages over conventional cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. They seem to kill cancer cells by effects on plasma membranes and/or the membranes of mitochondria. They are often effective against multidrug-resistant cells. They have a broad spectrum of activity in that their killing effects are not restricted to particular kinds of cancer. Above all they commonly have few side effects in that they do not have the same detrimental effects on normal cells as they do on cancer cells. It has been demonstrated that HDP can be used as effective adjuvants to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. In addition they have effects on neo-angiogenesis which is important in relation to tumour growth. HDP have been shown to be powerful immunomodulators in a number of circumstances and in this respect they are believed to be instrumental in strengthening immunological host defence against cancer cells. Importantly it has also been shown that certain HDP have the capability to alter the capacity of cells to import Ca ions by affecting the location and thus function of calreticulin. Such changes it has been argued are significant in facilitating the killing of tumour cells by immunogical means. HDP constitute a novel class of anticancer agents for which, as we develop better knowledge of their pharmacokinetic profiles and learn better how to tailor their administration, hold high promise to augment or even replace the currently available cytotoxic anticancer chemotherapeutic agents most of which owe their efficacy to their capacity to bind to and damage target cell DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Károly Lapis
- Semmelweis Egyetem, AOK I. sz. Patológiai és Kísérleti Rákkutató Intézet, 1085 Budapest, Ulloi út 26.
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Wang YS, Li D, Shi HS, Wen YJ, Yang L, Xu N, Chen XC, Chen X, Chen P, Li J, Deng HX, Wang CT, Xie G, Huang S, Mao YQ, Chen LJ, Zhao X, Wei YQ. Intratumoral expression of mature human neutrophil peptide-1 mediates antitumor immunity in mice. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15:6901-11. [PMID: 19861439 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Human neutrophil peptides (HNP1-3), small molecular antimicrobial peptides, are expressed within tumors and associated with tumor necrosis and inhibition of angiogenesis. Recent investigations have suggested that HNP1-3 are likely to be involved in the host immune responses to tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We used recombinant pSec-HNP1, which expresses a secretable form of HNP1, to obtain expression of HNP1 in the tumor milieu in immunocompetent mice to explore the possible roles of HNP1 in tumor immunity. The antitumor effects were investigated in established CT26 colon cancer and 4T1 breast cancer models. RESULTS HNP1-mediated chemotactic and activating effects on immature dendritic cells were detected both in vitro and in vivo. Intratumoral expression of HNP1 resulted in not only significant tumor growth inhibition but also increased CTL infiltration within tumors. Adoptive transfer of splenocytes and a (51)Cr release assay revealed specific cellular immune responses. Furthermore, increased antibodies were also found in sera from pSec-HNP1-treated mice supporting specific humoral immune responses. Increased apoptosis and decreased angiogenesis were also shown in treated tumors. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that HNP1 can exert multiple antitumor effects through different mechanisms; more importantly, HNP1 mediates host immune responses to tumors in situ through the recruitment and subsequent activation of immature dendritic cells and thus shows promising potential in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Second West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Kumar M, Busch W, Birke H, Kemmerling B, Nürnberger T, Schöffl F. Heat shock factors HsfB1 and HsfB2b are involved in the regulation of Pdf1.2 expression and pathogen resistance in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2009; 2:152-65. [PMID: 19529832 PMCID: PMC2639743 DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/26/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In order to assess the functional roles of heat stress-induced class B-heat shock factors in Arabidopsis, we investigated T-DNA knockout mutants of AtHsfB1 and AtHsfB2b. Micorarray analysis of double knockout hsfB1/hsfB2b plants revealed as strong an up-regulation of the basal mRNA-levels of the defensin genes Pdf1.2a/b in mutant plants. The Pdf expression was further enhanced by jasmonic acid treatment or infection with the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. The single mutant hsfB2b and the double mutant hsfB1/B2b were significantly improved in disease resistance after A. brassicicola infection. There was no indication for a direct interaction of Hsf with the promoter of Pdf1.2, which is devoid of perfect HSE consensus Hsf-binding sequences. However, changes in the formation of late HsfA2-dependent HSE binding were detected in hsfB1/B2b plants. This suggests that HsfB1/B2b may interact with class A-Hsf in regulating the shut-off of the heat shock response. The identification of Pdf genes as targets of Hsf-dependent negative regulation is the first evidence for an interconnection of Hsf in the regulation of biotic and abiotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- Present address: Heinrich-Pette-Institut, Martinistrabe 52, D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Entwicklungsbiologie, Abteilung Molekularbiologie, Speemannstrabe 37–39, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hannah Birke
- Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (ZMBP)—Allgemeine Genetik, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Kemmerling
- Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (ZMBP)—Biochemie der Pflanzen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (ZMBP)—Biochemie der Pflanzen, Auf der Morgenstelle 5, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Friedrich Schöffl
- Universität Tübingen, Zentrum für Molekularbiologie der Pflanzen (ZMBP)—Allgemeine Genetik, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail , fax +49-7071-295042, tel. +49-7071-2978831
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Puklo M, Guentsch A, Hiemstra PS, Eick S, Potempa J. Analysis of neutrophil-derived antimicrobial peptides in gingival crevicular fluid suggests importance of cathelicidin LL-37 in the innate immune response against periodontogenic bacteria. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:328-35. [PMID: 18582333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2008.00433.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During periodontitis, an innate immune response to bacterial challenge is primarily mediated by neutrophils. We compared neutrophilic content and the level of neutrophil-derived antimicrobial peptides in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in two clinical forms of severe periodontitis. METHODS GCF was collected from 14 patients with aggressive periodontitis, 17 patients with chronic periodontitis, and nine healthy subjects. Samples were analyzed for periodontopathogen load using real-time polymerase chain reactions. The amounts of myeloperoxidase and alpha-defensins (HNP1-3) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and the level of cathelicidin (hCAP18/LL-37) was assayed by Western blot. RESULTS Myeloperoxidase concentration was not correlated with levels of LL-37 and HNP1-3 in samples from patients, compared to controls. The amount of HNP1-3 was twofold and fourfold higher in patients with aggressive and chronic periodontitis, respectively. Those with chronic disease had significantly elevated amounts of mature LL-37. The increased concentration of both peptides in chronic periodontitis correlated with the load of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola. CONCLUSION The lack of a correlation between LL-37, HNP1-3, and myeloperoxidase content suggests that neutrophils are not the sole source of these bactericidal peptides in the GCF of patients with periodontitis; and that other cells contribute to their local production. The bacterial proteases of P. gingivalis, T. forsythia, and T. denticola might degrade hCAP18/LL-37, because the 11-kDa cathelicidin-derived fragment was present in GCF collected from pockets infected with these bacteria. Collectively, it appears that a local deficiency in LL-37 can be considered as a supporting factor in the pathogenesis of severe cases of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Puklo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Increased levels of human neutrophil α-defensins in chronic venous leg ulcers. J Dermatol Sci 2008; 51:131-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2007] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Bhutia SK, Maiti TK. Targeting tumors with peptides from natural sources. Trends Biotechnol 2008; 26:210-7. [PMID: 18295917 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-based therapies offer the potential for non-genotoxic, genotype-specific alternatives, or adjuvants, to the current range of traditional cancer treatments. Such a patient-tailored cancer-cell-directed therapeutic approach should have fewer side effects and could well be more effective than the current drug- or combination-based regimens. Here, we review the potential of novel natural anticancer peptides such as necrotic peptides, apoptotic peptides, function-blocking peptides, antiangiogenic peptides and immunostimulatory peptides in the context of their ability to induce tumor regression. We focus on the therapeutic prospects of anticancer peptides and their possible application in tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujit K Bhutia
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
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