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Zhang Y, Wang J, Ge S, Zeng Y, Wang N, Wu Y. Roxithromycin inhibits compound 48/80-induced pseudo-allergy via the MrgprX2 pathway both in vitro and in vivo. Cell Immunol 2020; 358:104239. [PMID: 33129497 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Roxithromycin (ROX) is a macrolide antibiotic with a variety of immunological effects. Mast cells (MCs) play a key role in host defense, mediating hypersensitivity and pseudo-allergic reactions. Mas-related G protein-coupled receptor X2 (MrgprX2) is the main receptor related to pseudo-allergy. In this study, we investigated the anti-pseudo-allergy effect of ROX and its underlying mechanism. The effects of ROX on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and active systemic allergy were examined, degranulation, Ca2+ influx, and cytokine release were studied in vivo and in vitro. Interactions between ROX and MrgprX2 protein were also detected through surface plasmon resonance. The PCA and active systemic allergy induced by compound 48/80 were inhibited by ROX. An intermolecular interaction was detected between the ROX and MrgprX2 protein. In conclusion, ROX could inhibit pseudo-allergic reactions, and this effect involves the Ca2+/PLC/IP3 pathway of MrgprX2. This study provides new insight into the anti-pseudo-allergy effects of ROX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuai Ge
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yingnan Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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2
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Maekawa T, Tamura H, Domon H, Hiyoshi T, Isono T, Yonezawa D, Hayashi N, Takahashi N, Tabeta K, Maeda T, Oda M, Ziogas A, Alexaki VI, Chavakis T, Terao Y, Hajishengallis G. Erythromycin inhibits neutrophilic inflammation and mucosal disease by upregulating DEL-1. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136706. [PMID: 32603314 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics exert antiinflammatory effects; however, little is known regarding their immunomodulatory mechanisms. In this study, using 2 distinct mouse models of mucosal inflammatory disease (LPS-induced acute lung injury and ligature-induced periodontitis), we demonstrated that the antiinflammatory action of erythromycin (ERM) is mediated through upregulation of the secreted homeostatic protein developmental endothelial locus-1 (DEL-1). Consistent with the anti-neutrophil recruitment action of endothelial cell-derived DEL-1, ERM inhibited neutrophil infiltration in the lungs and the periodontium in a DEL-1-dependent manner. Whereas ERM (but not other antibiotics, such as josamycin and penicillin) protected against lethal pulmonary inflammation and inflammatory periodontal bone loss, these protective effects of ERM were abolished in Del1-deficient mice. By interacting with the growth hormone secretagogue receptor and activating JAK2 in human lung microvascular endothelial cells, ERM induced DEL-1 transcription that was mediated by MAPK p38 and was CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-β dependent. Moreover, ERM reversed IL-17-induced inhibition of DEL-1 transcription, in a manner that was dependent not only on JAK2 but also on PI3K/AKT signaling. Because DEL-1 levels are severely reduced in inflammatory conditions and with aging, the ability of ERM to upregulate DEL-1 may lead to a novel approach for the treatment of inflammatory and aging-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Maekawa
- Center for Advanced Oral Science.,Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.,Division of Periodontology, and
| | - Hikaru Tamura
- Center for Advanced Oral Science.,Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.,Division of Periodontology, and
| | - Hisanori Domon
- Center for Advanced Oral Science.,Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
| | - Takumi Hiyoshi
- Center for Advanced Oral Science.,Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
| | | | - Daisuke Yonezawa
- Center for Advanced Oral Science.,Division of Oral Science for Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoki Hayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina, Japan
| | | | | | - Takeyasu Maeda
- Center for Advanced Oral Science.,Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Masataka Oda
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Sciences, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Yamashina, Japan
| | - Athanasios Ziogas
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Vasileia Ismini Alexaki
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Yutaka Terao
- Center for Advanced Oral Science.,Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Inflammation, Department of Basic and Translational Sciences, Penn Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Ito T, Suzuki T, Funakoshi A, Fujiyama T, Tokura Y. CCR5 is a novel target for the treatment of experimental alopecia areata. JOURNAL OF CUTANEOUS IMMUNOLOGY AND ALLERGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cia2.12092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Taisuke Ito
- Department of Dermatology Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami FL USA
| | - Atsuko Funakoshi
- Department of Dermatology Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Toshiharu Fujiyama
- Department of Dermatology Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology Hamamatsu University School of Medicine Hamamatsu Japan
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Zimmermann P, Ziesenitz VC, Curtis N, Ritz N. The Immunomodulatory Effects of Macrolides-A Systematic Review of the Underlying Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2018; 9:302. [PMID: 29593707 PMCID: PMC5859047 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The mechanisms underlying the non-antimicrobial immunomodulatory properties of macrolides are not well understood. Objectives To systematically review the evidence for the immunomodulatory properties of macrolides in humans and to describe the underlying mechanism and extent of their influence on the innate and adaptive immune system. Methods A systematic literature search was done in MEDLINE using the OVID interface from 1946 to December 2016 according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA). Original articles investigating the influence of four macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, and roxithromycin) on immunological markers in humans were included. Results We identified 22 randomized, controlled trials, 16 prospective cohort studies, and 8 case–control studies investigating 47 different immunological markers (186 measurements) in 1,834 participants. The most frequently reported outcomes were a decrease in the number of neutrophils, and the concentrations of neutrophil elastase, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, IL-1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, eosinophilic cationic protein, and matrix metalloproteinase 9. Inhibition of neutrophil function was reported more frequently than eosinophil function. A decrease in T helper (Th) 2 cells cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-6) was reported more frequently than a decrease in Th1 cytokines (IL-2, INF-gamma). Conclusion Macrolides influence a broad range of immunological mechanisms resulting in immunomodulatory effects. To optimize the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases by macrolides, further studies are necessary, particularly comparing different macrolides and dose effect relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Zimmermann
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Victoria C Ziesenitz
- Paediatric Pharmacology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nigel Curtis
- Department of Paediatrics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Unit, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicole Ritz
- Infectious Diseases & Microbiology Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Infectious Diseases Unit, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.,Paediatric Pharmacology, University of Basel Children's Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Suzuki T, Tatsuno K, Ito T, Sakabe JI, Funakoshi A, Tokura Y. Distinctive downmodulation of plasmacytoid dendritic cell functions by vitamin D3 analogue calcipotriol. J Dermatol Sci 2016; 84:71-79. [PMID: 27342039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In relation to Th17 cell actions, interferon (IFN)-α production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Vitamin D3 analogues are widely used in the treatment of psoriasis, however, their actions on pDCs are not well understood. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of Vitamin D3 analogue calcipotriol (CAL) on pDCs, focusing on the cytokine production and chemotactic activity. METHODS We compared in mice the effects of CAL, cyclosporine A (CyA), and triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on the cytokine production by pDCs (IFN-α), conventional DCs (TNF-α), and γd T cells (IL-17A). pDCs isolated from mouse spleen cells were stimulated with CpG-ODN in the presence or absence of each drug for 48h. Purified splenic conventional DCs (cDCs) and lymph node γδ T cells were stimulated with CpG-ODN or with anti-CD3/CD28 antibody, respectively. IFN-α, TNF-α and IL-17A in the 48-h culture supernatants were quantified by ELISA. We also studied the ability of CAL to inhibit the chemotaxis of freshly isolated pDCs toward chemerin and VEGF-A, representative chemoattractants of pDCs, by a real-time monitoring method, EZ-Taxiscan. To assess the effect of CAL on pDC accumulation in vivo, we painted CAL ointment to the mouse skin inflamed by topical application of imiquimod cream (IMQ) for 4 consecutive days. In the skin samples, we enumerated 440c+ pDCs by immunohistochemistry and evaluated the mRNA expression of cytokines by real-time PCR. RESULTS CAL significantly inhibited CpG-enhanced pDC IFN-α production at a comparable level to T cell IL-17A production, whereas its effect on cDC TNF-α production was minimal. Accordingly, CAL suppressed the CpG-augmented expression of TLR9 and MyD88. On the contrary, CyA strongly suppressed the production of TNF-α and IL-17A, but not IFN-α. TA inhibited the production of all the cytokines tested. The effect of CAL on the chemotactic activity of pDCs was also evaluated, demonstrating a significant downmodulation by exposure to the reagent. CAL depressed chemerin receptor CMKLR1 expression in pDCs. The in vivo mouse study showed that simultaneous application of CAL to the imiquimod-applied skin reduce both the recruitment of pDCs and the expression of IFN-α2 in the skin. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that CAL uniquely downmodulates the cytokine production and chemotactic activity of pDCs. The CAL suppression of the in vivo pDC accumulation to the skin suggests that these actions are therapeutically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Tatsuno
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Taisuke Ito
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Sakabe
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Atsuko Funakoshi
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Cecrdlova E, Petrickova K, Kolesar L, Petricek M, Sekerkova A, Svachova V, Striz I. Manumycin A downregulates release of proinflammatory cytokines from TNF alpha stimulated human monocytes. Immunol Lett 2015; 169:8-14. [PMID: 26602157 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics such as azithromycin or clarithromycin are known to have potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects but these properties cannot be widely used due to a risk of bacterial resistance. We studied another polyketide antibiotic, structurally related manumycin A known as a streptomycete derived farnesyltransferase inhibitor with limited antibacterial effects, with respect to its potential regulation of mRNA expression of several genes associated with proinflammatory responses. Downregulation of mRNA for IL-6, TLR-8, IL-1 beta and IL-10 was found in THP-1 cells after 4h stimulation with TNF alpha in the presence of manumycin A and downregulated TLR-8 and EGR-1 genes were observed after 8h. Among the genes upregulated in response to manumycin were HMOX-1, TNFRSF10A, IL-1R1, TICAM2, NLRP12 after 4h and only IL-1R1 after 8h. Furthermore, manumycin A was found to inhibit IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 production in TNF alpha stimulated THP-1 cells and peripheral blood monocytes in a dose dependent manner (0.25-1 μM of manumycin A) without affecting cell viability. Cell viability of blood monocytes decreased by about 30% at manumycin A doses of 2-5 μM. Manumycin A also inhibited IL-18 release from THP-1 cells, while in cultures of blood monocytes, this cytokine was not detectable. That manumycin A mediated downregulation of proinflammatory genes in human monocytes confirmed by a measurement of cytokine levels in culture supernatants, together with a very limited effect on cell viability, might suggest potential anti-inflammatory properties of this polyketide antibiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cecrdlova
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Petrickova
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Kolesar
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Petricek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Sekerkova
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Svachova
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ilja Striz
- Department of Clinical and Transplant Immunology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Videnska 1958, 14021 Prague, Czech Republic.
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7
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Ito T, Hashizume H, Shimauchi T, Funakoshi A, Ito N, Fukamizu H, Takigawa M, Tokura Y. CXCL10 produced from hair follicles induces Th1 and Tc1 cell infiltration in the acute phase of alopecia areata followed by sustained Tc1 accumulation in the chronic phase. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 69:140-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Steel HC, Theron AJ, Cockeran R, Anderson R, Feldman C. Pathogen- and host-directed anti-inflammatory activities of macrolide antibiotics. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:584262. [PMID: 22778497 PMCID: PMC3388425 DOI: 10.1155/2012/584262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrolide antibiotics possess several, beneficial, secondary properties which complement their primary antimicrobial activity. In addition to high levels of tissue penetration, which may counteract seemingly macrolide-resistant bacterial pathogens, these agents also possess anti-inflammatory properties, unrelated to their primary antimicrobial activity. Macrolides target cells of both the innate and adaptive immune systems, as well as structural cells, and are beneficial in controlling harmful inflammatory responses during acute and chronic bacterial infection. These secondary anti-inflammatory activities of macrolides appear to be particularly effective in attenuating neutrophil-mediated inflammation. This, in turn, may contribute to the usefulness of these agents in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders of both microbial and nonmicrobial origin, predominantly of the airways. This paper is focused on the various mechanisms of macrolide-mediated anti-inflammatory activity which target both microbial pathogens and the cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems, with emphasis on their clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Steel
- Medical Research Council Unit for Inflammation and Immunity, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria and Tshwane Academic Division of the National Health Laboratory Service, P.O. Box 2034, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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9
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Erythromycin enhances CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T-cell responses in a rat model of smoke-induced lung inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2012; 2012:410232. [PMID: 22701274 PMCID: PMC3371355 DOI: 10.1155/2012/410232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy smoking can induce airway inflammation and emphysema. Macrolides can modulate inflammation and effector T-cell response in the lungs. However, there is no information on whether erythromycin can modulate regulatory T-cell (Treg) response. This study is aimed at examining the impact of erythromycin on Treg response in the lungs in a rat model of smoking-induced emphysema. Male Wistar rats were exposed to normal air or cigarette smoking daily for 12 weeks and treated by gavage with 100 mg/kg of erythromycin or saline daily beginning at the forth week for nine weeks. The lung inflammation and the numbers of inflammatory infiltrates in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were characterized. The frequency, the number of Tregs, and the levels of Foxp3 expression in the lungs and IL-8, IL-35, and TNF-α in BALF were determined by flow cytometry, RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Treatment with erythromycin reduced smoking-induced inflammatory infiltrates, the levels of IL-8 and TNF-α in the BALF and lung damages but increased the numbers of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs and the levels of Foxp3 transcription in the lungs, accompanied by increased levels of IL-35 in the BALF of rats. Our novel data indicated that erythromycin enhanced Treg responses, associated with the inhibition of smoking-induced inflammation in the lungs of rats.
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Nujić K, Smith M, Lee M, Belamarić D, Tomašković L, Alihodžić S, Malnar I, Polančec D, Schneider K, Haber VE. Valosin containing protein (VCP) interacts with macrolide antibiotics without mediating their anti-inflammatory activities. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 677:163-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Lin SJ, Lee WJ, Liang YW, Yan DC, Cheng PJ, Kuo ML. Azithromycin inhibits IL-5 production of T helper type 2 cells from asthmatic children. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 156:179-86. [PMID: 21597298 DOI: 10.1159/000322872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood asthma is a type 2 helper T (Th2) cell-driven inflammatory airway disease characterized by recurrent episodes of airway obstruction. Azithromycin (AZM), a macrolide antibiotic exhibiting anti-inflammatory activity aside from its antibacterial effect, may prove beneficial for asthmatic children. This study aimed to determine the effect of AZM on Th2 cells from atopic asthmatic children and non-atopic controls. METHODS CD4+ cells were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 9 patients with asthma and 9 non-atopic individuals. Cells were activated as Th0 and differentiated into Th2 cells. The effect of AZM on activated CD4+ cells was evaluated with respective cell proliferation and cytokine production. RESULTS Th0 and Th2 CD4+ T cells from atopic asthmatic children produced greater interleukin (IL)-5 (Th2 cytokine) but lower interferon (IFN)-γ (Th1 cytokine) compared to the non-atopic controls, respectively. AZM inhibited IL-5 production of Th0 and Th2 cells from atopic asthmatics in a dose-dependent fashion, without significantly affecting their IL-13 and IFN-γ production. A similar effect was observed in non-atopic controls except that AZM did inhibit IFN-γ production of their Th0 cells. AZM at a higher dose decreased cell viability by inhibiting CD4+ T cell proliferation and enhanced their apoptosis, an effect similarly observed in Th0 and Th2 cells, and did not differ between asthmatic children and controls. CONCLUSION Our finding that AZM preferentially downregulates IL-5 production suggests its therapeutic potentials in controlling childhood asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syh-Jae Lin
- Division of Asthma, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
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