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Chieosilapatham P, Ogawa H, Niyonsaba F. Current insights into the role of human β-defensins in atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Immunol 2017; 190:155-166. [PMID: 28708318 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-microbial peptides or host defence peptides are small molecules that display both anti-microbial activities and complex immunomodulatory functions to protect against various diseases. Among these peptides, the human β-defensins (hBDs) are localized primarily in epithelial surfaces, including those of the skin, where they contribute to protective barriers. In atopic dermatitis skin lesions, altered skin barrier and immune dysregulation are believed to be responsible for reduced hBD synthesis. Impaired hBD expression in the skin is reportedly the leading cause of increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infection in patients with atopic dermatitis. Although hBDs have considerable beneficial effects as anti-microbial agents and immunomodulators and may ameliorate atopic dermatitis clinically, recent evidence has also suggested the negative effects of hBDs in atopic dermatitis development. In the current review, we provide an overview of the regulation of hBDs and their role in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. The efforts to utilize these molecules in clinical applications are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chieosilapatham
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Ogawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - F Niyonsaba
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of International Liberal Arts, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Abdayem R, Callejon S, Portes P, Kirilov P, Demarne F, Pirot F, Jannin V, Haftek M. Modulation of transepithelial electric resistance (TEER) in reconstructed human epidermis by excipients known to permeate intestinal tight junctions. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:686-91. [PMID: 25952154 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Several excipients are commonly used to enhance the drug absorption through simple epithelia of the digestive tract. They permeate the paracellular barrier constituted by tight junctions (TJs). We compared the effects of two excipients, sodium caprate (C10) and a self-emulsifying excipient Labrasol composed of a mixture of caprylocaproyl polyoxyl-8 glycerides, both applied to emerged reconstructed human epidermis either 'systemically', that is by addition to the culture medium, or topically. During the 'systemic' application, which produced cytoplasmic translocation of occludin and leakage of the biotin marker into the lower stratum corneum, the decrease in the trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was less abrupt with Labrasol when compared with C10, even though both excipients produced comparable final effects over time. With topical Labrasol, a significant TEER decrease was obtained with 5 times the 'systemic' concentrations. Topical application of C10 also resulted in the loss of the barrier function measured with TEER but had dramatic deleterious effects on the tissue morphology observed with light and electron microscopy. Our study demonstrates the potential value of Labrasol as an enhancer of bioavailability of molecules applied through the transcutaneous route. Our results suggest modulation of the epidermal TJs by both compounds. Even though the C10 action was at least partly due to overall cell damage and despite the fact that the decrease in TEER after topical application was apparently related to the permeabilization of the primary barrier of the stratum corneum in the first place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawad Abdayem
- Fundamental, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the skin barrier function, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Sylvie Callejon
- Fundamental, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the skin barrier function, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Plamen Kirilov
- Fundamental, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the skin barrier function, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Fabrice Pirot
- Fundamental, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the skin barrier function, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | | | - Marek Haftek
- Fundamental, clinical and therapeutic aspects of the skin barrier function, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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Uchino Y, Matsumoto J, Watanabe T, Hamabashiri M, Tsuchiya T, Kimura I, Yamauchi A, Kataoka Y. Nifedipine prevents sodium caprate-induced barrier dysfunction in human epidermal keratinocyte cultures. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:926-9. [PMID: 26027835 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) of the epidermis play an important role in maintaining the epidermal barrier. TJ breakdown is associated with skin problems, such as wrinkles and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Clinical studies have reported that topical nifedipine is effective in reducing the depth of wrinkles and improving TEWL. However, it remains unknown whether nifedipine influences the TJ function in the epidermis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of nifedipine on epidermal barrier dysfunction in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) treated with sodium caprate (C10), a TJ inhibitor. Nifedipine reversed the C10-decreased transepithelial electrical resistance values as a measure of disruption of the epidermal barrier. Immunocytochemical observations revealed that nifedipine improved the C10-induced irregular arrangement of claudin-1, a key protein in TJs. Taken together, these findings suggest that nifedipine prevents epidermal barrier dysfunction, at least in part, by reconstituting the irregular claudin-1 localization at TJs in C10-treated NHEKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Uchino
- Department of Pharmaceutical Care and Health Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
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4
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Hereditary barrier-related diseases involving the tight junction: lessons from skin and intestine. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 360:723-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-2096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Human beta defensin-1 regulates the development of tight junctions in cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 71:145-8. [PMID: 23712061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kirschner N, Brandner JM. Barriers and more: functions of tight junction proteins in the skin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1257:158-66. [PMID: 22671602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Although the existence of tight junction (TJ) structures (or a secondary epidermal barrier) was postulated for a long time, the first description of TJ proteins in the epidermis (occludin, ZO-1, and ZO-2) was only fairly recent. Since then, a wealth of new insights concerning TJs and TJ proteins, including their functional role in the skin, have been gathered. Of special interest is that the epidermis as a multilayered epithelium exhibits a very complex localization pattern of TJ proteins, which results in different compositions of TJ protein complexes in different layers. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about the role of TJ proteins in the epidermis in barrier function, cell polarity, vesicle trafficking, differentiation, and proliferation. We hypothesize that TJ proteins fulfill TJ structure-dependent and structure-independent functions and that the specific function of a TJ protein may depend on the epidermal layer where it is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kirschner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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Kirschner N, Rosenthal R, Günzel D, Moll I, Brandner JM. Tight junctions and differentiation--a chicken or the egg question? Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:171-5. [PMID: 22379962 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Skin barrier function is indispensable to prevent the uncontrolled loss of water and solutes and to protect the body from external assaults. To fulfil this function, keratinocytes undergo a complex pathway of differentiation that terminates in the formation of the stratum corneum. Additionally, tight junctions (TJs), which are cell-cell junctions localized in the stratum granulosum, are involved in the barrier function of the skin. Important biological and clinical roles of TJs are strongly suggested by altered TJ protein levels and distribution in skin diseases like psoriasis, ichthyosis and atopic dermatitis. Because these skin diseases show alterations in differentiation and TJs, it was suggested that changes in TJs might simply be a consequence of altered differentiation. However, in this viewpoint, we like to argue that the situation is not as simple and depends on the specific microenvironment. We discuss three hypotheses regarding the interplay between TJs/TJ proteins and differentiation: (1) TJs/TJ proteins are influenced by differentiation, (2) differentiation is influenced by TJs/TJ proteins, and (3) TJs/TJ proteins and differentiation are independent of each other. In addition, the concept is introduced that both processes are going on at the same time, which means that while one specific TJ protein/barrier component might be influenced by differentiation, the other may influence differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kirschner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Kida N, Sokabe T, Kashio M, Haruna K, Mizuno Y, Suga Y, Nishikawa K, Kanamaru A, Hongo M, Oba A, Tominaga M. Importance of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) in epidermal barrier function in human skin keratinocytes. Pflugers Arch 2012; 463:715-25. [PMID: 22374181 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-012-1081-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The state of the skin changes drastically depending on the ambient temperature. Skin epidermal keratinocytes express thermosensitive transient receptor potential vanilloid (TRPV) cation channels, TRPV3 and TRPV4. These multimodal receptors are activated by various kinds of chemical and physical stimuli, including warm temperatures (>30°C). It has been suggested that TRPV4 is involved in cell-cell junction maturation; however, the effect of temperature fluctuations on TRPV4-dependent barrier homeostasis is unclear. In the present study, we demonstrated that activation of TRPV4 was crucial for barrier formation and recovery, both of which were critical for the prevention of excess dehydration of human skin keratinocytes. TRPV4 activation by physiological skin temperature (33°C), GSK1016790A or 4α-PDD allowed influx of Ca(2+) from extracellular spaces which promoted cell-cell junction development. These changes resulted in augmentation of intercellular barrier integrity in vitro and ex vivo. TRPV4 disruption reduced the increase in trans-epidermal resistance and increased intercellular permeation after a Ca(2+) switch. Furthermore, barrier recovery after the disruption of the stratum corneum was accelerated by the activation of TRPV4 either by warm temperature or a chemical activator. Our results suggest that physiological skin temperatures play important roles in cell-cell junction and skin barrier homeostasis through TRPV4 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Kida
- POLA Chemical Industries, Inc., Yokohama, Japan
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Lamellar granule secretion starts before the establishment of tight junction barrier for paracellular tracers in mammalian epidermis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31641. [PMID: 22328942 PMCID: PMC3273471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Defects in epidermal barrier function and/or vesicular transport underlie severe skin diseases including ichthyosis and atopic dermatitis. Tight junctions (TJs) form a single layered network in simple epithelia. TJs are important for both barrier functions and vesicular transport. Epidermis is stratified epithelia and lamellar granules (LGs) are secreted from the stratum granulosum (SG) in a sequential manner. Previously, continuous TJs and paracellular permeability barriers were found in the second layer (SG2) of SG in mice, but their fate and correlation with LG secretion have been poorly understood. We studied epidermal TJ-related structures in humans and in mice and found occludin/ZO-1 immunoreactive multilayered networks spanning the first layer of SG (SG1) and SG2. Paracellular penetration tracer passed through some TJs in SG2, but not in SG1. LG secretion into the paracellular tracer positive spaces started below the level of TJs of SG1. Our study suggests that LG-secretion starts before the establishment of TJ barrier in the mammalian epidermis.
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Kubo A, Nagao K, Amagai M. Epidermal barrier dysfunction and cutaneous sensitization in atopic diseases. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:440-7. [PMID: 22293182 DOI: 10.1172/jci57416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic atopic dermatitis is complicated by asthma, allergic rhinitis, and food allergies, cumulatively referred to as atopic diseases. Recent discoveries of mutations in the filaggrin gene as predisposing factors for atopic diseases have refocused investigators' attention on epidermal barrier dysfunction as a causative mechanism. The skin's barrier function has three elements: the stratum corneum (air-liquid barrier), tight junctions (liquid-liquid barrier), and the Langerhans cell network (immunological barrier). Clarification of the molecular events underpinning epidermal barrier function and dysfunction should lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiharu Kubo
- Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi 35, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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