1
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Beier LS, Waldow A, Khomeijani Farahani S, Mannweiler R, Vidal-Y-Sy S, Brandner JM, Piontek J, Günzel D. Claudin targeting as an effective tool for directed barrier modulation of the viable epidermis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1517:251-265. [PMID: 35994210 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) formation is vital for epidermal barrier function. We aimed to specifically manipulate TJ barriers in the reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) by claudin-1 and -4 knockdown (KD) and by claudin-binding fusion proteins of glutathione S-transferase and modified C-terminal fragments of Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (GST-cCPE). Impedance spectroscopy and tracer permeability imaging were employed for functional barrier assessment and investigation of claudin contribution. KD of claudin-1, but not claudin-4, impaired the paracellular barrier in vitro. Similarly, claudin-binding GST-cCPE variants weakened the paracellular but not the stratum corneum barrier. Combining both TJ targeting methods, we found that claudin-1 targeting by GST-cCPE after claudin-4 KD led to a marked decrease in paracellular barrier properties. Conversely, after claudin-1 KD, GST-cCPE did not further impair the barrier. Comparison of GST-cCPE variants with different claudin-1/claudin-4 affinities, NHS-fluorescein tracer detection, and immunostaining of RHE paraffin sections showed that GST-cCPE variants bind to extrajunctional claudin-1 and -4, which are differentially distributed along the stratum basale-stratum granulosum axis. GST-cCPE binding blocks these claudins, thereby specifically opening the paracellular barrier of RHE. The data indicate a critical role for claudin-1 in regulating paracellular permeability for ions and small molecules in the viable epidermis. Claudin targeting is presented as a proof-of-concept for precise barrier modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura-Sophie Beier
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Laboratory of Mucosal Barrier Pathobiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ayk Waldow
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Saeed Khomeijani Farahani
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roman Mannweiler
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabine Vidal-Y-Sy
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Piontek
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine, Medical Department, Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Bluemke A, Ring AP, Immeyer J, Hoff A, Eisenberg T, Gerwat W, Meyer F, Breitkreutz S, Klinger LM, Brandner JM, Sandig G, Seifert M, Segger D, Rippke F, Schweiger D. Multidirectional activity of bakuchiol against cellular mechanisms of facial aging - Experimental evidence for a holistic treatment approach. Int J Cosmet Sci 2022; 44:377-393. [PMID: 35514037 PMCID: PMC9328396 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Objective Skin ageing is a multifactorial process involving formation of reactive oxygen species, consecutive inflammation with reduced epidermal and dermal cell viability and resulting damage to the extracellular matrix. Effective dermocosmetic treatment modalities should ideally address these hallmarks in a holistic approach. Here, we determined the corresponding activity profile of bakuchiol, a plant‐derived meroterpene, in an array of in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo studies and compared it to retinol, currently considered as gold standard in topical antiageing cosmetics. Methods The antioxidative capacity and power of bakuchiol and retinol were analysed by measuring 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reduction via its absorption decay and electron spin resonance spectroscopy, respectively. Effects on prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), fibroblast growth factor 7 (FGF7), collagen type I and VII (COL1A1, COL7A1), fibronectin (FN) levels as well as the metabolization of water‐soluble tetrazolium 1 (WST‐1) were determined in human dermal fibroblasts. Epidermal regeneration was assessed utilizing an in vitro wound healing model. FN protein levels were analysed ex vivo after treatment with a formulation containing bakuchiol, retinol or vehicle using suction blister fluid. Skin condition improvement was determined in vivo in a split‐face comparison study after application of bakuchiol or vehicle. Results In contrast to retinol, bakuchiol demonstrated high antioxidative efficacy. Levels of PGE2 and MIF were significantly decreased by both bakuchiol and retinol. Bakuchiol but not retinol significantly increased FGF7 protein levels. WST‐1 metabolization levels were significantly augmented by bakuchiol and retinol. Bakuchiol and retinol application led to a significant augmentation of COL1A1, COL7A1 and FN protein levels. Wounds supplemented with bakuchiol but not retinol displayed a significant increase in epidermis regeneration. Clinically, areas treated with a bakuchiol‐containing formulation showed a statistically significant increase in FN protein values after a 4‐week application compared to untreated areas and areas treated with vehicle. Conclusion These data provide evidence for the multidirectional efficacy of bakuchiol against cellular hallmarks of skin ageing. Its activity profile shares some common features with retinol but demonstrates several hitherto unknown biopositive effects in our studies, namely stimulation of the critical extracellular matrix component FN, and accelerated epidermal regeneration and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Bluemke
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Annika P Ring
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Anke Hoff
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Wolfram Gerwat
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Lina M Klinger
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg- Eppendorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Frank Rippke
- Research and Development, Beiersdorf AG, Hamburg, Germany
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3
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Brandner JM, Boor P, Borcherding L, Edler C, Gerber S, Heinemann A, Hilsenbeck J, Kasajima A, Lohner L, Märkl B, Pablik J, Schröder AS, Slotta-Huspenina J, Sommer L, Sperhake JP, von Stillfried S, Dintner S. Contamination of personal protective equipment during COVID-19 autopsies. Virchows Arch 2022; 480:519-528. [PMID: 34993593 PMCID: PMC8735722 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-021-03263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Confronted with an emerging infectious disease at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the medical community faced concerns regarding the safety of autopsies on those who died of the disease. This attitude has changed, and autopsies are now recognized as indispensable tools for understanding COVID-19, but the true risk of infection to autopsy staff is nevertheless still debated. To clarify the rate of SARS-CoV-2 contamination in personal protective equipment (PPE), swabs were taken at nine points in the PPE of one physician and one assistant after each of 11 full autopsies performed at four centers. Swabs were also obtained from three minimally invasive autopsies (MIAs) conducted at a fifth center. Lung/bronchus swabs of the deceased served as positive controls, and SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by real-time RT-PCR. In 9 of 11 full autopsies, PPE samples tested RNA positive through PCR, accounting for 41 of the 198 PPE samples taken (21%). The main contaminated items of the PPE were gloves (64% positive), aprons (50% positive), and the tops of shoes (36% positive) while the fronts of safety goggles, for example, were positive in only 4.5% of the samples, and all the face masks were negative. In MIAs, viral RNA was observed in one sample from a glove but not in other swabs. Infectious virus isolation in cell culture was performed on RNA-positive swabs from the full autopsies. Of all the RNA-positive PPE samples, 21% of the glove samples, taken in 3 of 11 full autopsies, tested positive for infectious virus. In conclusion, PPE was contaminated with viral RNA in 82% of autopsies. In 27% of autopsies, PPE was found to be contaminated even with infectious virus, representing a potential risk of infection to autopsy staff. Adequate PPE and hygiene measures, including appropriate waste deposition, are therefore essential to ensure a safe work environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Brandner
- Business Division of Safety, Security, and Compliance, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, Rheinisch Westfaelische Technische Hochschule, Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lukas Borcherding
- General Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Carolin Edler
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Gerber
- Business Division of Safety, Security, and Compliance, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Axel Heinemann
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Hilsenbeck
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Atsuko Kasajima
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Larissa Lohner
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Märkl
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany. .,General Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.
| | - Jessica Pablik
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ann Sophie Schröder
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia Slotta-Huspenina
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts Der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Linna Sommer
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jan-Peter Sperhake
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Legal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Saskia von Stillfried
- DEFEAT PANDEMIcs Working Group, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Pathology, Rheinisch Westfaelische Technische Hochschule, Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dintner
- General Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical Faculty, University of Augsburg, Stenglinstrasse 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany
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4
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Mannweiler R, Bergmann S, Vidal‐y‐Sy S, Brandner JM, Günzel D. Direct assessment of individual skin barrier components by electrical impedance spectroscopy. Allergy 2021; 76:3094-3106. [PMID: 33844311 DOI: 10.1111/all.14851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of the tight junction proteins Cldn1 and 4 is altered in skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, and Cldn1 deficiency affects skin barrier formation. Impedance spectroscopy (IS) has been proven to allow detection of alterations in the skin barrier but is currently unable to separate effects on viable epidermis (VE) and stratum corneum (SC). METHODS Effects of siRNA-mediated Cldn1 and 4 knockdown in reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) on VE and SC barrier function were investigated with Ussing chamber-based IS. Barrier components were sequentially altered, employing iron oxide nanoparticles and EGTA, to identify their contribution to the impedance spectrum. Resistance changes due to apically applied hyperosmolar electrolyte were used to identify barrier defects non-invasively. RESULTS IS of RHE yielded two relaxation frequencies, representing the barrier properties of the SC (~1000 Hz) and VE (~100 Hz). As proof of concept, it was shown that the Cldn1 knockdown-induced resistance drop arises from the impairment of both SC and VE, indicated by a shift of both relaxation frequencies. Hyperosmolar electrolyte penetration allowed non-invasive detection of Cldn1 knockdown via time-dependent frequency shifts. The absence of Cldn4 knockdown-induced changes revealed the weaknesses of transepithelial electrical resistance analysis. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the present technique allows to separately measure the barrier properties of SC and VE and further evaluate the Cldn1 and 4 knockdown impact on the skin barrier. As the measurement with agarose-embedded electrolyte allowed non-invasive identification of the Cldn1 knockdown, this opens the way to detailed in vivo skin barrier assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Mannweiler
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Sophia Bergmann
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology University Hospital Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Sabine Vidal‐y‐Sy
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology University Hospital Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Johanna M. Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology University Hospital Hamburg‐Eppendorf Hamburg Germany
| | - Dorothee Günzel
- Institute of Clinical Physiology/Nutritional Medicine Medical Department Division of Gastroenterology, Infectiology, Rheumatology Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin Berlin Germany
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5
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Noizet M, Bianchi P, Galliano MF, Caruana A, Brandner JM, Bessou-Touya S, Duplan H. Broad spectrum repairing properties of an extract of Aquaphilus dolomiae on in vitro and ex vivo models of injured skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34 Suppl 5:37-42. [PMID: 32870551 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A biological concentrate was produced from cultures of an Avène aquatic microflora isolate, namely Aquaphilus dolomiae. Some of the beneficial effects on diseased and damaged skin are thought to be due to the presence of this microorganism. AIMS An extract of A. dolomiae (A. dolomiae extract-G2, ADE-G2) was evaluated for its wound-healing effects using in vitro and ex vivo models of injured skin. METHODS The effect of ADE-G2 on the proliferation of fibroblasts, migration of keratinocytes and re-epithelialization of ex vivo wounded skin explants was measured. Antimicrobial protection by ADE-G2 was measured by analysing the gene expression of a panel of antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) in keratinocytes (RNASE7, S100A7, DEFB4A/B and DEFb103B), as well as the protein encoded by DEFB4A-B (hBD2) in the medium. RESULTS ADE-G2 increased fibroblast proliferation and keratinocyte migration, as well as re-epithelialization of wounded ex vivo skin. ADE-G2 induced the expression of all AMP genes analysed in keratinocytes, as well as stimulated the release in to the medium of hBD2 peptide, encoded by DEFB4A/B. CONCLUSIONS We have shown the broad spectrum of the repairing properties of the A. dolomiae extract, ADE-G2. These results support the use of ADE-G2 as a promising component for use in formulations aimed at repairing skin, limiting wound superinfection and preventing complicated wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Noizet
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France
| | - P Bianchi
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France
| | | | - A Caruana
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France
| | - J M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - H Duplan
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France
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6
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Galliano MF, Bäsler K, Caruana A, Mias C, Bessou-Touya S, Brandner JM, Duplan H. Protective effect of Aquaphilus dolomiae extract-G1, ADE-G1, on tight junction barrier function in a Staphylococcus aureus-infected atopic dermatitis model. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 34 Suppl 5:30-36. [PMID: 32870557 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common skin disease characterized by recurrent pruritic inflammatory skin lesions and defects of the skin barrier. Bacterial infection with Staphylococcus aureus contributes to increased severity of AD by compromising the barrier further. A microorganism component of Avène Thermal Spring Water, Aquaphilus dolomiae, is thought to contribute to some of its beneficial effects to skin, eg AD alleviation. AIMS Here, we have investigated the effects of an extract of A. dolomiae, A. dolomiae extract-G1 (ADE-G1), on the structural barrier function of keratinocytes, tight junction (TJ) protein expression and the expression of several genes altered in AD patients. METHODS An epidermal cell culture model mimicking the AD environment and phenotype was used, in which S. aureus-infected cell cultures of normal human epidermal keratinocytes were exposed to a proinflammatory environment. Endpoints measured included the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and immunohistological staining of the epidermal TJ proteins, claudin and occludin. Additional analysis was made of several genes known to be differentially regulated in skin from AD patients (C-C motif chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20), interleukin-8 (IL-8), S100 calcium binding protein A7 (S100A7), defensin beta 4 (DEFB4) and filaggrin). RESULTS Aquaphilus dolomiae extract-G1 strongly increased TER in non-infected cells and provided protection against infection by overcoming the decrease in TER induced by the infection with S. aureus. In infected cells exposed to a pro-inflammatory environment - depicting AD-like conditions - TER protection by ADE-G1 was still observed. Gene expression analysis of infected and pro-inflammatory stimulated cells indicated that ADE-G1 modulated the inflammatory response (induced IL-8 and attenuated CCL20 expression), increased antimicrobial activities (induced DEFB4 and A100A7) and strengthened barrier function (restored filaggrin expression). CONCLUSIONS ADE-G1 reinforces barrier function and strongly protects TJ barrier disruption induced by bacterial infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K Bäsler
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Caruana
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France
| | - C Mias
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France
| | | | - J M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - H Duplan
- Pierre Fabre Dermo-Cosmétique, Toulouse, France
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7
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Mwiiri FK, Brandner JM, Daniels R. Electrospun Bioactive Wound Dressing Containing Colloidal Dispersions of Birch Bark Dry Extract. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080770. [PMID: 32823875 PMCID: PMC7463733 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel birch bark dry extract (TE)-loaded polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber mats intended for wound therapy were developed through an electrospinning process. Colloidal dispersions containing TE as the active substance were prepared by the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) technique using hydrogenated phospholipids as stabilizer. Subsequently, the colloidal dispersions were blended with aqueous PVA solutions in the ratio of 60:40 (wt.%) and electrospun to form the nanofiber mats. Fiber morphology examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated that fibers were uniform and achieved diameters in the size range of 300–1586 nm. Confocal Raman spectral imaging gave good evidence that triterpenes were encapsulated within the electrospun mats. In vitro drug release and ex vivo permeation studies indicated that the electrospun nanofibers showed a sustained release of betulin, the main component of birch bark dry extract, making the examined dressings highly applicable for several wound care applications. Ex vivo wound healing studies proved that electrospun fiber mats containing TE accelerated wound healing significantly more than TE oleogel, which was comparable to an authorized product that consists of TE and sunflower oil and has proved to enhance wound healing. Therefore, our results conclude that the developed TE-PVA-based dressings show promising potential for wound therapy, an area where effective remedy is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Kamau Mwiiri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Johanna M. Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany;
| | - Rolf Daniels
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard Karls University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7071-297-2462; Fax: +49-7071-295-531
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8
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Gorzelanny C, Mess C, Schneider SW, Huck V, Brandner JM. Skin Barriers in Dermal Drug Delivery: Which Barriers Have to Be Overcome and How Can We Measure Them? Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E684. [PMID: 32698388 PMCID: PMC7407329 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although, drugs are required in the various skin compartments such as viable epidermis, dermis, or hair follicles, to efficiently treat skin diseases, drug delivery into and across the skin is still challenging. An improved understanding of skin barrier physiology is mandatory to optimize drug penetration and permeation. The various barriers of the skin have to be known in detail, which means methods are needed to measure their functionality and outside-in or inside-out passage of molecules through the various barriers. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about mechanical barriers, i.e., stratum corneum and tight junctions, in interfollicular epidermis, hair follicles and glands. Furthermore, we discuss the barrier properties of the basement membrane and dermal blood vessels. Barrier alterations found in skin of patients with atopic dermatitis are described. Finally, we critically compare the up-to-date applicability of several physical, biochemical and microscopic methods such as transepidermal water loss, impedance spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, immunohistochemical stainings, optical coherence microscopy and multiphoton microscopy to distinctly address the different barriers and to measure permeation through these barriers in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Johanna M. Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; (C.G.); (C.M.); (S.W.S.); (V.H.)
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9
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Seoane M, Buhs S, Iglesias P, Strauss J, Puller AC, Müller J, Gerull H, Feldhaus S, Alawi M, Brandner JM, Eggert D, Du J, Thomale J, Wild PJ, Zimmermann M, Sternsdorf T, Schumacher U, Nollau P, Fisher DE, Horstmann MA. Lineage-specific control of TFIIH by MITF determines transcriptional homeostasis and DNA repair. Oncogene 2019; 38:3616-3635. [PMID: 30651597 PMCID: PMC6756118 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The melanocytic lineage, which is prominently exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and radiation-independent oxidative damage, requires specific DNA-damage response mechanisms to maintain genomic and transcriptional homeostasis. The coordinate lineage-specific regulation of intricately intertwined DNA repair and transcription is incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that the Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) directly controls general transcription and UVR-induced nucleotide excision repair by transactivation of GTF2H1 as a core element of TFIIH. Thus, MITF ensures the rapid resumption of transcription after completion of strand repair and maintains transcriptional output, which is indispensable for survival of the melanocytic lineage including melanoma in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, MITF controls c-MYC implicated in general transcription by transactivation of far upstream binding protein 2 (FUBP2/KSHRP), which induces c-MYC pulse regulation through TFIIH, and experimental depletion of MITF results in consecutive loss of CDK7 in the TFIIH-CAK subcomplex. Targeted for proteasomal degradation, CDK7 is dependent on transactivation by MITF or c-MYC to maintain a steady state. The dependence of TFIIH-CAK on sequence-specific MITF and c-MYC constitutes a previously unrecognized mechanism feeding into super-enhancer-driven or other oncogenic transcriptional circuitries, which supports the concept of a transcription-directed therapeutic intervention in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Seoane
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Sophia Buhs
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Pablo Iglesias
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Julia Strauss
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Puller
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Jürgen Müller
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Helwe Gerull
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Susanne Feldhaus
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Malik Alawi
- Bioinformatics Service Facility, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany
| | - Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Dennis Eggert
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, 20251, Germany.,Max-Planck-Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, 22761, Germany
| | - Jinyan Du
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Merrimack Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jürgen Thomale
- Institute of Cell Biology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, 45122, Germany
| | - Peter J Wild
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, 8091, Switzerland
| | - Martin Zimmermann
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Thomas Sternsdorf
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Peter Nollau
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - David E Fisher
- Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Martin A Horstmann
- Research Institute Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany. .,Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, 20246, Germany.
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10
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Zorn-Kruppa M, Vidal-Y-Sy S, Houdek P, Wladykowski E, Grzybowski S, Gruber R, Gorzelanny C, Harcup J, Schneider SW, Majumdar A, Brandner JM. Tight Junction barriers in human hair follicles - role of claudin-1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12800. [PMID: 30143655 PMCID: PMC6109114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Barrier function of hair follicles (HFs) is of great interest because they might be an entry port for allergens/pathogens, but could on the other hand be used for drug delivery or vaccination. Therefore we investigated tight junction (TJ) barrier function in human HFs. We show that there is a TJ barrier in the outermost living layer bordering to the environment from the infundibulum to the lower central part and between Henle’s and Huxles layer of anagen HFs. In club hair typical for catagen and telogen HFs a TJ barrier is found surrounding the club. This demonstrates that there is a continuous TJ barrier along interfollicular epidermis and HFs in different phases of HF cycle. However, interestingly, in cell culture experiments we can show that barrier is less tight in HF keratinocytes compared to interfollicular keratinocytes. Knock-down of the TJ protein claudin-1, which we demonstrate here to be less expressed in HFs of lesional atopic dermatitis skin, results in impaired barrier function, decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of hair keratinocytes. This is in line with a hair growth phenotype in claudin-1 deficient patients (NISCH syndrome) and corresponding knock-out mice and indicates an important role of claudin-1 in HF barrier function and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Zorn-Kruppa
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Vidal-Y-Sy
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pia Houdek
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ewa Wladykowski
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christian Gorzelanny
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jason Harcup
- Unilever R&D Port Sunlight Laboratory, Bebington, UK
| | - Stefan W Schneider
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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11
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Bauer R, Udonta F, Wroblewski M, Ben-Batalla I, Santos IM, Taverna F, Kuhlencord M, Gensch V, Päsler S, Vinckier S, Brandner JM, Pantel K, Bokemeyer C, Vogl T, Roth J, Carmeliet P, Loges S. Blockade of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Expansion with All-Trans Retinoic Acid Increases the Efficacy of Antiangiogenic Therapy. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3220-3232. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Niehues H, Bouwstra JA, El Ghalbzouri A, Brandner JM, Zeeuwen PLJM, van den Bogaard EH. 3D skin models for 3R research: The potential of 3D reconstructed skin models to study skin barrier function. Exp Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc); Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS); Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Joke A. Bouwstra
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology; Cluster BioTherapeutics; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
| | | | - Johanna M. Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology; University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Patrick L. J. M. Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc); Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS); Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H. van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc); Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS); Nijmegen The Netherlands
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13
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Bäsler K, Galliano MF, Bergmann S, Rohde H, Wladykowski E, Vidal-Y-Sy S, Guiraud B, Houdek P, Schüring G, Volksdorf T, Caruana A, Bessou-Touya S, Schneider SW, Duplan H, Brandner JM. Biphasic influence of Staphylococcus aureus on human epidermal tight junctions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1405:53-70. [PMID: 28753223 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections (e.g., with Staphylococcus aureus) are serious problems in skin with a compromised barrier, such as in patients with atopic dermatitis. Previously, it was shown that tight junction (TJ) proteins are influenced by staphylococcal infection, and TJ function is impaired after infection of the keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. However, functional studies in cells or models more similar to human skin are missing. Therefore, we investigated bacterial colonialization and infection with live S. aureus in primary human keratinocytes and reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). We show that short-term inoculation results in increased TJ barrier function-which could not be seen in HaCaT cells-hinting at an early protective effect. This is accompanied by occludin phosphorylation and sustained localization of occludin and claudin-4 at cell membranes. Long-term incubation resulted in decreased presence of claudin-1 and claudin-4 at cell membranes and decreased TJ barrier function. The agr regulon of S. aureus plays a role in the increasing but not in the decreasing effect. Proinflammatory cytokines, which are produced as a result of S. aureus inoculation, influence both phases. In summary, we show here that S. aureus can have short-term promoting effects on the TJ barrier, while in the long term it results in disturbance of TJs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Bäsler
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sophia Bergmann
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Holger Rohde
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ewa Wladykowski
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Vidal-Y-Sy
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Pia Houdek
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Germar Schüring
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Volksdorf
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefan W Schneider
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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14
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Volksdorf T, Heilmann J, Eming SA, Schawjinski K, Zorn-Kruppa M, Ueck C, Vidal-Y-Sy S, Windhorst S, Jücker M, Moll I, Brandner JM. Tight Junction Proteins Claudin-1 and Occludin Are Important for Cutaneous Wound Healing. Am J Pathol 2017; 187:1301-1312. [PMID: 28412298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) proteins are known to be involved in proliferation and differentiation. These processes are essential for normal skin wound healing. Here, we investigated the TJ proteins claudin-1 and occludin in ex vivo skin wound healing models and tissue samples of acute and chronic human wounds and observed major differences in localization/expression of these proteins, with chronic wounds often showing a loss of the proteins at the wound margins and/or in the regenerating epidermis. Knockdown experiments in primary human keratinocytes showed that decreased claudin-1 expression resulted in significantly impaired scratch wound healing, with delayed migration and reduced proliferation. Activation of AKT pathway was significantly attenuated after claudin-1 knockdown, and protein levels of extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 were reduced. For occludin, down-regulation had no impact on wound healing in normal scratch assays, but after subjecting the cells to mechanical stress, which is normally present in wounds, wound healing was impaired. For both proteins we show that most of these actions are independent from the formation of barrier-forming TJ structures, thus demonstrating nonbarrier-related functions of TJ proteins in the skin. However, for claudin-1 effects on scratch wound healing were more pronounced when TJs could form. Together, our findings provide evidence for a role of claudin-1 and occludin in epidermal regeneration with potential clinical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Volksdorf
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janina Heilmann
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine A Eming
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kathrin Schawjinski
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Zorn-Kruppa
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Ueck
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Vidal-Y-Sy
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Windhorst
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Moll
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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15
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Brandner JM, Emmert S, Wolk K, Ludwig RJ. Matrix meets inflammation and DNA repair: Meeting report of the third ADF Round Table. Exp Dermatol 2017; 26:464-466. [PMID: 28156020 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Brandner
- Laboratory for Cell and Molecular Biology, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Emmert
- Clinic for Dermatology and Venereology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wolk
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, & Institute of Medical Immunology, University Medicine Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf J Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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16
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Mewes KR, Engelke M, Zorn-Kruppa M, Bartok M, Tandon R, Brandner JM, Petersohn D. In vitro eye irritation testing using the open source reconstructed hemicornea - a ring trial. ALTEX 2017; 34:430-434. [PMID: 28088129 DOI: 10.14573/altex.1610311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present ring trial was to test whether two new methodological approaches for the in vitro classification of eye irritating chemicals can be reliably transferred from the developers' laboratories to other sites. Both test methods are based on the well-established open source reconstructed 3D hemicornea models. In the first approach, the initial depth of injury after chemical treatment in the hemicornea model is derived from the quantitative analysis of histological sections. In the second approach, tissue viability, as a measure for corneal damage after chemical treatment, is analyzed separately for epithelium and stroma of the hemicornea model. The three independent laboratories that participated in the ring trial produced their own hemicornea models according to the test producer's instructions, thus supporting the open source concept. A total of 9 chemicals with different physicochemical and eye-irritating properties were tested to assess the between-laboratory reproducibility (BLR), the predictive performance, as well as possible limitations of the test systems. The BLR was 62.5% for the first and 100% for the second method. Both methods enabled to discriminate Cat. 1 chemicals from all non-Cat. 1 substances, which qualifies them to be used in a top-down approach. However, the selectivity between No Cat. and Cat. 2 chemicals still needs optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Engelke
- Jacobs University Bremen; School of Engineering and Sciences, Bremen, Germany
| | - Michaela Zorn-Kruppa
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melinda Bartok
- Jacobs University Bremen; School of Engineering and Sciences, Bremen, Germany
| | - Rashmi Tandon
- Jacobs University Bremen; School of Engineering and Sciences, Bremen, Germany
| | - Johanna M Brandner
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Bäsler K, Brandner JM. Tight junctions in skin inflammation. Pflugers Arch 2016; 469:3-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-016-1903-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Steinbrenner I, Houdek P, Pollok S, Brandner JM, Daniels R. Influence of the Oil Phase and Topical Formulation on the Wound Healing Ability of a Birch Bark Dry Extract. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155582. [PMID: 27219110 PMCID: PMC4878794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triterpenes from the outer bark of birch are known for various pharmacological effects including enhanced wound healing (WH). A birch bark dry extract (TE) obtained by accelerated solvent extraction showed the ability to form oleogels when it is suspended in oils. Consistency of the oleogels and the dissolved amount of triterpenes varies largely with the used oil. Here we wanted to know to what extent different oils and formulations (oleogel versus o/w emulsion) influence WH. Looking at the plain oils, medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) enhanced WH (ca. 1.4-fold), while e.g. castor oil (ca.0.3-fold) or light liquid paraffin (LLP; ca. 0.5-fold) significantly decreased WH. Concerning the respective oleogels, TE-MCT showed no improvement although the solubility of the TE was high. In contrast, the oleogel of sunflower oil which alone showed a slight tendency to impair WH, enhanced WH significantly (ca. 1.6-fold). These results can be explained by release experiments where the release rate of betulin, the main component of TE, from MCT oleogels was significantly lower than from sunflower oil oleogels. LLP impaired WH as plain oil and even though it released betulin comparable to sunflower oil it still results in an overall negative effect of the oleogel on WH. As a further formulation option also surfactant free o/w emulsions were prepared using MCT, sunflower oil and LLP as a nonpolar oil phase. Depending on the preparation method (suspension or oleogel method) the distribution of the TE varied markedly and affected also release kinetics. However, the released betulin was clearly below the values measured with the respective oleogels. Consequently, none of the emulsions showed a significantly positive effect on WH. In conclusion, our data show that the oil used as a vehicle influences wound healing not only by affecting the release of the extract, but also by having its own vehicle effect on wound healing. This is also of importance for other applications where drugs have to be applied in non-polar vehicles because these solvents likely influence the outcome of the experiment substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Steinbrenner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Pia Houdek
- University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology & Venerology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Pollok
- University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology & Venerology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M. Brandner
- University Hospital Hamburg Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology & Venerology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Daniels
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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19
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Seoane M, Strauss J, Puller AC, Vazquez PI, Noshiravani M, Feldhaus S, Alawi M, Kaul MG, Brandner JM, Du J, Thomale J, Wild PJ, Zimmermann M, Sternsdorf T, Nollau P, Schumacher U, Fisher DE, Horstmannm MA. Hijacking the general transcription machinery by sequence specific transcription factors going awry. Klin Padiatr 2016. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1582518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Zoschke C, Ulrich M, Sochorová M, Wolff C, Vávrová K, Ma N, Ulrich C, Brandner JM, Schäfer-Korting M. The barrier function of organotypic non-melanoma skin cancer models. J Control Release 2016; 233:10-8. [PMID: 27130695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most frequent human cancer with continuously rising incidences worldwide. Herein, we investigated the molecular basis for the impaired skin barrier function of organotypic NMSC models. We unraveled disturbed epidermal differentiation by reflectance confocal microscopy and histopathological evaluation. While the presence of claudin-4 and occludin were distinctly reduced, zonula occludens protein-1 was more wide-spread, and claudin-1 was heterogeneously distributed within the NMSC models compared with normal reconstructed human skin. Moreover, the cancer altered stratum corneum lipid packing and profile with decreased cholesterol content, increased phospholipid amount, and altered ceramide subclasses. These alterations contributed to increased surface pH and to 1.5 to 2.6-fold enhanced caffeine permeability of the NMSC models. Three topical applications of ingenol mebutate gel (0.015%) caused abundant epidermal cell necrosis, decreased Ki-67 indices, and increased lactate dehydrogenase activity. Taken together, our study provides new biological insights into the microenvironment of organotypic NMSC models, improves the understanding of the disease model by revealing causes for impaired skin barrier function in NMSC models at the molecular level, and fosters human cell-based approaches in preclinical drug evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Zoschke
- Institute for Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Ulrich
- Collegium Medicum Berlin, Luisenstr. 54, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Michaela Sochorová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Christopher Wolff
- Institute for Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kateřina Vávrová
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Akademika Heyrovského 1203, 50005 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute of Biomaterial Science, Department of Biocompatibility, Helmholtz Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Kantstr. 55, 14153 Teltow, Germany
| | - Claas Ulrich
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Institute for Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Wardecki T, Werner P, Thomas M, Templin MF, Schmidt G, Brandner JM, Merfort I. Influence of Birch Bark Triterpenes on Keratinocytes and Fibroblasts from Diabetic and Nondiabetic Donors. J Nat Prod 2016; 79:1112-1123. [PMID: 27002382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Impaired wound healing is one of the main risk factors associated with diabetes mellitus. Few options are available to treat diabetic wounds, and therefore efficient remedies are urgently needed. An interesting option might be an extract of birch bark (TE) that has been clinically proven to accelerate acute wound healing. We investigated the effects of TE and its main components betulin and lupeol in cultured normal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts from diabetic and nondiabetic donors. These in vitro models can provide insights into possible beneficial effects in wound healing. TE and betulin treatment led to increased mRNA levels of chemokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and mediators important in wound healing, e.g., IL-6, TNFα, IL-8, and RANTES. We observed a pronounced upregulation of MIF, IL-8, and RANTES on the protein level. Furthermore, a shape change of the actin cytoskeleton was seen in keratinocytes and fibroblasts, and the Rho-GTPases and p38-MAPK were found to be activated in keratinocytes. On the basis of our results, TE is worthy of further study as a potential option to influence wound-healing processes under diabetic conditions. These first insights need to be confirmed by clinical studies with diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Thomas
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Stuttgart, and University of Tübingen , Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus F Templin
- Institute of Natural and Medical Sciences at the University of Tübingen , Reutlingen, Germany
| | | | - Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
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22
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Zoschke C, Schilrreff P, Romero EL, Brandner JM, Schafer-Korting M. Dendritic nanoparticles for cutaneous drug delivery--testing in human skin and reconstructed human skin. Curr Pharm Des 2016; 21:2784-800. [PMID: 25925118 DOI: 10.2174/1381612821666150428142515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic nanoparticles have been developed with auspicious properties like high loading capacity for guest molecules, low polydispersity and tunable end groups. Demonstrating increased cellular uptake and bypassed efflux transporters, dendritic nanoparticles may offer new treatment options for therapy-resistant diseases. New core-shell architectures address the drawbacks of initial approaches. Especially tecto-dendrimers, bearing low-radii dendrimers on the surface of a bigger dendrimer, as well as the core-multishell architectures with an alkyl inner shell and a monomethylpoly(ethylene glycol) outer shell, gained interest for dermatotherapy. Moreover, the integration of e.g. pH labile groups into dendritic nanoparticles may offer triggered drug release. However, before declaring dendritic nanoparticles as an ultimate drug delivery system for skin penetration, dendritic nanoparticles need to prove their efficacy and safety in non-clinical, and subsequently in clinical studies. Here, we review major characteristics of human skin, and thus target structures for topical drug delivery systems. Focusing on the use as in vitro test system, we summarize the features of reconstructed human skin. Since drug delivery systems are intended to be applied to diseased skin, we additionally review latest insights into disease-related changes in the highly prevalent skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis, and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, as well as in their respective human cell-based skin disease models. We will conclude with the proposal of an integrated test strategy to promote the introduction of dendritic nanoparticles into medicinal products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Monika Schafer-Korting
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institut für Pharmazie (Pharmakologie und Toxikologie), Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) are complex cell-cell junctions that form a barrier in the stratum granulosum of mammalian skin. Besides forming a barrier themselves, TJs influence other skin barriers, e.g. the stratum corneum barrier, and are influenced by other skin barriers, e.g. by the chemical, the microbiome, or the immunological barrier and likely by the basement membrane. This review summarizes the dynamic interaction of the TJ barrier with other barriers in the skin and the central role of TJs in skin barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Laboratory for Cell and Molecular Biology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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24
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Mathes C, Brandner JM, Laue M, Raesch SS, Hansen S, Failla AV, Vidal S, Moll I, Schaefer UF, Lehr CM. Tight junctions form a barrier in porcine hair follicles. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 95:89-99. [PMID: 26785612 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular penetration has gained increasing interest regarding (i) safety concerns about (environmentally born) xenobiotics available to the hair follicle (HF), e.g. nanomaterials or allergens which should not enter the skin, and (ii) the possibility for non-invasive follicular drug and antigen delivery. However, not much is known about barriers in the HF which have to be surpassed upon uptake and/or penetration into surrounding tissue. Thus, aim of this work was a detailed investigation of this follicular barrier function, as well as particle uptake into the HF of porcine skin which is often used as a model system for human skin for such purposes. We show that follicular tight junctions (TJs) form a continuous barrier from the infundibulum down to the suprabulbar region, complementary to the stratum corneum in the most exposed upper follicular region, but remaining as the only barrier in the less accessible lower follicular regions. In the bulbar region of the HF no TJ barrier was found, demonstrating the importance of freely supplying this hair-forming part with e.g. nutrients or hormones from the dermal microenvironment. Moreover, the dynamic character of the follicular TJ barrier was shown by modulating its permeability using EDTA. After applying polymeric model-nanoparticles (154 nm) to the skin, transmission electron microscopy revealed that the majority of the particles were localized in the upper part of the HF where the double-barrier is present. Only few penetrated deeper, reaching regions where TJs act as the only barrier, and no particles were observed in the bulbar, barrier-less region. Lastly, the equivalent expression and distribution of TJ proteins in human and porcine HF further supports the suitability of porcine skin as a predictive model to study the follicular penetration and further biological effects of dermally applied nanomaterials in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Mathes
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus A4 1, Saarbruecken 66123, Germany
| | - Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
| | - Michael Laue
- Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy (ZBS 4), Robert-Koch-Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin-Wedding, Germany
| | - Simon S Raesch
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Stuhlsatzenhausenweg 85, Saarbruecken 66123, Germany
| | - Steffi Hansen
- Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Stuhlsatzenhausenweg 85, Saarbruecken 66123, Germany
| | - Antonio V Failla
- UKE Microscopy Imaging Facility, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Sabine Vidal
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Ingrid Moll
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Martinistrasse 52, Hamburg 20246, Germany
| | - Ulrich F Schaefer
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus A4 1, Saarbruecken 66123, Germany
| | - Claus-Michael Lehr
- Department of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus A4 1, Saarbruecken 66123, Germany; Department of Drug Delivery, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz-Center for Infection Research (HZI), Stuhlsatzenhausenweg 85, Saarbruecken 66123, Germany.
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25
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Gruber R, Börnchen C, Rose K, Daubmann A, Volksdorf T, Wladykowski E, Vidal-Y-Sy S, Peters EM, Danso M, Bouwstra JA, Hennies HC, Moll I, Schmuth M, Brandner JM. Diverse regulation of claudin-1 and claudin-4 in atopic dermatitis. Am J Pathol 2015; 185:2777-89. [PMID: 26319240 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Tight junctions are important for skin barrier function. The tight junction protein claudin 1 (Cldn-1) has been reported to be down-regulated in nonlesional skin of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. In contrast, we did not observe a significant down-regulation of Cldn-1 in nonlesional skin of the AD cohort used in this study. However, for the first time, a significant down-regulation of Cldn-1 in the upper and lower epidermal layers of lesional skin was detected. In addition, there was a significant up-regulation of Cldn-4 in nonlesional, but not lesional, AD skin. For occludin, no significant alterations were observed. In an AD-like allergic dermatitis mouse model, Cldn-1 down-regulation in eczema was significantly influenced by dermal inflammation, and significantly correlated with hallmarks of eczema (ie, increased keratinocyte proliferation, altered keratinocyte differentiation, increased epidermal thickness, and impaired barrier function). In human epidermal equivalents, the addition of IL-4, IL-13, and IL-31 resulted in a down-regulation of Cldn-1, and Cldn1 knockdown in keratinocytes resulted in abnormal differentiation. In summary, we provide the first evidence that Cldn-1 and Cldn-4 are differentially involved in AD pathogenesis. Our data suggest a role of Cldn-1 in AD eczema formation triggered by inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Christian Börnchen
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Rose
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anne Daubmann
- Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Volksdorf
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ewa Wladykowski
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Vidal-Y-Sy
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eva M Peters
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Psychoneuroimmunology Laboratory, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany; Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology, Charité-University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mogbekeloluwa Danso
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Hans C Hennies
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Division of Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria; Cologne Center for Genomics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ingrid Moll
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schmuth
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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26
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Seoane M, Strauss J, Puller AC, Noshiravani M, Feldhaus S, Alawi M, Kaul MG, Brandner JM, Du J, Thomale J, Wild PJ, Zimmermann M, Sternsdorf T, Nollau P, Schumacher U, Fisher DE, Horstmann MA. MITF controls the interface of nucleotide excision repair and transcription through direct regulation of GTF2H1. Klin Padiatr 2015. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0035-1550259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Molander M, Staerk D, Mørck Nielsen H, Brandner JM, Diallo D, Kusamba Zacharie C, van Staden J, Jäger AK. Investigation of skin permeation, ex vivo inhibition of venom-induced tissue destruction, and wound healing of African plants used against snakebites. J Ethnopharmacol 2015; 165:1-8. [PMID: 25681542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Snakebite envenomation causes 5000-10,000 mortalities and results in more than 5-15,000 amputations in sub-Saharan Africa alone every year. The inaccessibility of antiserum therapy is a vast problem, and only about 2.5% of the actual need for antiserum in Africa is covered. Numerous plants have shown in vitro inhibitory activity against one or more of the hydrolytic enzymes involved in snakebite-induced necrosis. However, a more thorough examination of the plant species in ex vivo and in vitro cell assay models is needed to test their ability to inhibit necrosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extracts which had previously shown in vitro inhibitory activity against necrosis enzymes, were tested in an ex vivo air-liquid-interface model, and a wound healing scratch assay as well as for their ability to permeate the skin barrier and inhibit venom induced cell death. RESULTS Of the 14 water extracts and 16 ethanol extracts tested at a concentration of 10 μg/mL, only the ethanol extracts of Tamarindus indica and Paullinia pinnata resulted in a small but significant increase in cell migration of around 10% compared to treatment with buffer after 24h treatment. The remaining extracts showed no effect, or they even delayed the cell migration compared to the treatment with buffer. After 48 h treatment, 10 of the tested extracts showed a decreased cell migration compared to no treatment. At a 100 μg/mL concentration all the extracts inhibited cell migration and five extracts killed some of the cells, while four extracts killed all the cells. Ten of the thirty extracts were tested in a Franz cell set-up but none of the extracts tested did permeate the skin barrier over a 48 h period, and will therefore be of very limited use topically in the initial treatment of snakebites in its present form. None of the extracts were able to directly interact with the enzyme to lower the cell toxicity of the venom. Two extracts, Dichrostachys cinerea and Grewia mollis, were tested in the ex vivo model, but none of them inhibited the tissue destruction caused by venom. CONCLUSION On the basis of this study, topical treatment with plant extracts for snakebite-induced tissue necrosis cannot be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Molander
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dan Staerk
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne Mørck Nielsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johanna M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Drissa Diallo
- Departement de Medecine Traditionelle, School of Pharmacy, Bamako, Mali
| | - Chifundera Kusamba Zacharie
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Resources Management, Faculty of Sciences, National Pedagogical University, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Johannes van Staden
- Research Centre for Plant Growth and Development, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3201, South Africa
| | - Anna K Jäger
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Zubair M, Nybom H, Lindholm C, Brandner JM, Rumpunen K. Promotion of wound healing by Plantago major L. leaf extracts--ex-vivo experiments confirm experiences from traditional medicine. Nat Prod Res 2015; 30:622-4. [PMID: 25898918 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2015.1034714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The wound-healing properties of Plantago major L. (plantain) were evaluated using an ex-vivo porcine wound-healing model. Ethanol- and water-based extracts were prepared from greenhouse-grown and freeze-dried leaves of P. major. Both types of extracts stimulated wound healing in porcine skin, but the ethanol-based extracts had a somewhat stronger effect. A concentration of 1.0 mg/mL (on dry weight basis) produced the best results for both types of extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zubair
- a Department of Plant Breeding - Balsgård , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Fjälkestadsvägen 459, 291 94 Kristianstad , Sweden.,b Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology , Government College University (GCU) , Faisalabad , Pakistan
| | - Hilde Nybom
- a Department of Plant Breeding - Balsgård , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Fjälkestadsvägen 459, 291 94 Kristianstad , Sweden
| | | | - Johanna M Brandner
- d Department of Dermatology and Venerology , University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf , Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Kimmo Rumpunen
- a Department of Plant Breeding - Balsgård , Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Fjälkestadsvägen 459, 291 94 Kristianstad , Sweden
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Brandner JM, Zorn-Kruppa M, Yoshida T, Moll I, Beck LA, De Benedetto A. Epidermal tight junctions in health and disease. Tissue Barriers 2015; 3:e974451. [PMID: 25838981 DOI: 10.4161/21688370.2014.974451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin, the largest organ of the body, is an essential barrier that under homeostatic conditions efficiently protects and/or minimizes damage from both environmental (e.g. microorganisms, physical trauma, ultraviolet radiation) and endogenous (e.g., cancers, inflammation) factors. This formidable barrier function resides mainly in the epidermis, a dynamic, highly-stratified epithelium. The epidermis has 2 major barrier structures: stratum corneum, the outmost layer and tight junctions, intercellular junctions that seal adjacent keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum, found below the stratum corneum. In recent years there have been significant advances in our understanding of tight junction function, composition and regulation. Herein we review what is known about tight junctions in healthy skin and keratinocyte culture systems and highlight the dynamic crosstalk observed between tight junctions and the cutaneous immune system. Finally we discuss the preliminary observations suggesting that tight junction function or protein expression may be relevant for the pathogenesis of a number of common cutaneous inflammatory and neoplastic conditions.
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Key Words
- AD, atopic dermatitis
- AMP, antimicrobial peptides
- Cldn, claudin
- DC, dendritic cells
- FLG, filaggrin
- JAM, junctional adhesion molecule
- LC, Langerhans cells
- MM, malignant melanoma
- PRR, pattern recognition receptor
- PS, psoriasis
- SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; SC, stratum corneum
- SG, stratum granulosum
- SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism
- TER, TransEpithelial Electrical Resistance
- TJ, tight junction
- TLR, Toll-like receptor
- Th, T helper
- ZO-1, zonula occludens 1
- claudins
- skin barrier
- skin immune system
- skin innate barrier
- tight junction
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf ; Hamburg, Germany
| | - M Zorn-Kruppa
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf ; Hamburg, Germany
| | - T Yoshida
- Department of Dermatology; University of Rochester Medical Center ; Rochester, NY USA
| | - I Moll
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf ; Hamburg, Germany
| | - L A Beck
- Department of Dermatology; University of Rochester Medical Center ; Rochester, NY USA
| | - A De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology; University of Rochester Medical Center ; Rochester, NY USA
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30
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Zorn-Kruppa M, Houdek P, Wladykowski E, Engelke M, Bartok M, Mewes KR, Moll I, Brandner JM. Determining the Depth of Injury in Bioengineered Tissue Models of Cornea and Conjunctiva for the Prediction of All Three Ocular GHS Categories. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114181. [PMID: 25494045 PMCID: PMC4262406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The depth of injury (DOI) is a mechanistic correlate to the ocular irritation response. Attempts to quantitatively determine the DOI in alternative tests have been limited to exvivo animal eyes by fluorescent staining for biomarkers of cell death and viability in histological cross sections. It was the purpose of this study to assess whether DOI could also be measured by means of cell viability detected by the MTT assay using 3-dimensional (3D) reconstructed models of cornea and conjunctiva. The formazan-free area of metabolically inactive cells in the tissue after topical substance application is used as the visible correlate of the DOI. Areas of metabolically active or inactive cells are quantitatively analyzed on cryosection images with ImageJ software analysis tools. By incorporating the total tissue thickness, the relative MTT-DOI (rMTT-DOI) was calculated. Using the rMTT-DOI and human reconstructed cornea equivalents, we developed a prediction model based on suitable viability cut-off values. We tested 25 chemicals that cover the whole range of eye irritation potential based on the globally harmonized system of classification and labelling of chemicals (GHS). Principally, the MTT-DOI test method allows distinguishing between the cytotoxic effects of the different chemicals in accordance with all 3 GHS categories for eye irritation. Although the prediction model is slightly over-predictive with respect to non-irritants, it promises to be highly valuable to discriminate between severe irritants (Cat. 1), and mild to moderate irritants (Cat. 2). We also tested 3D conjunctiva models with the aim to specifically address conjunctiva-damaging substances. Using the MTT-DOI method in this model delivers comparable results as the cornea model, but does not add additional information. However, the MTT-DOI method using reconstructed cornea models already provided good predictability that was superior to the already existing established invitro/exvivo methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Zorn-Kruppa
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Pia Houdek
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ewa Wladykowski
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Engelke
- Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, School of Engineering and Sciences, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Melinda Bartok
- Jacobs University Bremen gGmbH, School of Engineering and Sciences, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | | | - Ingrid Moll
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M. Brandner
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Department of Dermatology and Venerology, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
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Seoane M, Raluy LP, Kaufmann K, Strauss J, Dierck K, Thomale J, Brandner JM, Schumacher U, Nollau P, Wild PJ, Zimmermann M, Du J, Fisher DE, Horstmann MA. Abstract 2950: Regulation of the functional interface between nucleotide excision repair and transcription by MITF modulates melanoma growth. Cancer Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is an essential instrument to maintain genomic stability in eukaryotes especially towards ultraviolet radiation (UVR). There is profound knowledge of the mechanistic execution of NER, however its regulation is not well understood. Here we provide evidence that the lineage-dependent oncogene MITF regulates the functional interface between NER and transcription through transactivation of XPG and GTF2H1, which constitute core elements of the NER and general transcription factor machineries, respectively.
For this purpose, flow cytometry and microscopy fluorescence assays were applied to evaluate the temporal repair kinetics of DNA lesions after UVR in the presence and upon depletion of MITF in human primary melanocytes and several melanoma cell lines. Moreover, ChIP and luciferase reporter assays were performed to show the in vivo occupancy and a MITF dependent transactivation of the XPG and GTF2H1 promoters. Transcriptome as well as tissue microarrays (TMA) analysis were used to demonstrate the relationship between MITF and TFIIH. Finally, in vivo experiments were performed utilizing a subcutaneous xenograft tumor model in SCID mice to confirm our hypothesis.
Our results showed that the NER/TFIIH complex is controlled by MITF in the presence and absence of UVR mediated genotoxic attack resulting in nucleotide repair deficiency and breakdown of global transcription upon MITF depletion. Importantly, in primary human melanoma the TFIIH subunit GTF2H1, which is involved in NER and RNA transcription, is linked to MITF abundance and prognostic melanoma stage. Moreover, RNA-interference mediated repression of GTF2H1 led to a significant reduction in tumor formation in a melanoma xenograft model.
Collectively, these results describe an unanticipated role of MITF in the regulation of intimately linked NER and transcription machineries in the melanocytic lineage, which is preserved upon transformation into melanoma. Through its control of the NER/TFIIH complex MITF might coordinately regulate repair and transcription processes, thereby optimizing the rapid resumption of transcriptional activity after completion of strand repair, which is vitally important for cellular survival. The very same mechanism may drive the genesis of melanoma and its progression in the context of aberrant transcriptional activity of MITF due to SUMOylation defective germline mutation or genomic amplification.
Citation Format: Marcos Seoane, Laia Pagerols Raluy, Karoline Kaufmann, Julia Strauss, Kevin Dierck, Jüergen Thomale, Johanna M. Brandner, Udo Schumacher, Peter Nollau, Peter J. Wild, Martin Zimmermann, Jinyan Du, David E. Fisher, Martin A. Horstmann. Regulation of the functional interface between nucleotide excision repair and transcription by MITF modulates melanoma growth. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2950. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2950
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Dierck
- 1Children's Cancer Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jüergen Thomale
- 2Institute of Cell Biology, University Duisburg-Essen., Essen, Germany
| | - Johanna M. Brandner
- 3Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- 4Institute of Anatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter Nollau
- 5Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter J. Wild
- 6Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Zimmermann
- 7Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Medical School Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jinyan Du
- 8Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - David E. Fisher
- 9Department of Dermatology, Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Mass. General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Metelmann HR, Brandner JM, Schumann H, Bross F, Fimmers R, Böttger K, Scheffler A, Podmelle F. Accelerated reepithelialization by triterpenes: proof of concept in the healing of surgical skin lesions. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 28:1-11. [PMID: 25034442 DOI: 10.1159/000357501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The acceleration of wound healing is a major surgical concern. A triterpene extract from birch bark (Betulae cortex) experimentally enhances keratinocyte differentiation in vitro and accelerates wound healing ex vivo. We conducted an open, blind-evaluated, controlled, prospective, randomized (1:1) phase II clinical trial in patients requiring split-thickness skin graft transplantation at two university hospitals in Germany. Donor sites on the upper legs were covered with a moist silicone-coated dressing. Oleogel-S10 ointment containing 10% birch bark extract was randomly applied to the distal or proximal half of the wound, with the other half serving as an intraindividual control, for 14 days after the skin graft surgery. The primary efficacy variable was faster reepithelialization as determined from macrophotographs by independent, blinded experts. Twenty-four patients were randomized and completed the trial. After the 14-day test period, the planned interim analysis revealed a highly significant (p < 0.0001) superiority of Oleogel-S10 in the primary efficacy variable and the trial was terminated early due to ethical concerns. The treatment side was also better reepithelialized and more similar to normal skin after 3 months. In conclusion, Oleogel-S10 significantly accelerated reepithelialization at split-thickness skin graft donor sites. Treatment with Oleogel-S10 was safe and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Robert Metelmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Plastic Surgery, Medical School, Greifswald University, Greifswald, Germany
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33
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Ebeling S, Naumann K, Pollok S, Wardecki T, Vidal-y-Sy S, Nascimento JM, Boerries M, Schmidt G, Brandner JM, Merfort I. From a traditional medicinal plant to a rational drug: understanding the clinically proven wound healing efficacy of birch bark extract. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86147. [PMID: 24465925 PMCID: PMC3899119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Birch bark has a long lasting history as a traditional medicinal remedy to accelerate wound healing. Recently, the efficacy of birch bark preparations has also been proven clinically. As active principle pentacyclic triterpenes are generally accepted. Here, we report a comprehensive study on the underlying molecular mechanisms of the wound healing properties of a well-defined birch bark preparation named as TE (triterpene extract) as well as the isolated single triterpenes in human primary keratinocytes and porcine ex-vivo wound healing models. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show positive wound healing effects of TE and betulin in scratch assay experiments with primary human keratinocytes and in a porcine ex-vivo wound healing model (WHM). Mechanistical studies elucidate that TE and betulin transiently upregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and cyclooxygenase-2 on gene and protein level. For COX-2 and IL-6 this increase of mRNA is due to an mRNA stabilizing effect of TE and betulin, a process in which p38 MAPK and HuR are involved. TE promotes keratinocyte migration, putatively by increasing the formation of actin filopodia, lamellipodia and stress fibers. Detailed analyses show that the TE components betulin, lupeol and erythrodiol exert this effect even in nanomolar concentrations. Targeting the actin cytoskeleton is dependent on the activation of Rho GTPases. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE Our results provide insights to understand the molecular mechanism of the clinically proven wound healing effect of birch bark. TE and betulin address the inflammatory phase of wound healing by transient up-regulation of several pro-inflammatory mediators. Further, they enhance migration of keratinocytes, which is essential in the second phase of wound healing. Our results, together with the clinically proven efficacy, identify birch bark as the first medical plant with a high potential to improve wound healing, a field which urgently needs effective remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ebeling
- Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Naumann
- Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simone Pollok
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tina Wardecki
- Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Vidal-y-Sy
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Juliana M. Nascimento
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Boerries
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gudula Schmidt
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M. Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Irmgard Merfort
- Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Tilling T, Wladykowski E, Failla AV, Houdek P, Brandner JM, Moll I. Immunohistochemical analyses point to epidermal origin of human Merkel cells. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 141:407-21. [PMID: 24292845 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1168-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cells, the neurosecretory cells of skin, are essential for light-touch responses and may probably fulfill additional functions. Whether these cells derive from an epidermal or a neural lineage has been a matter of dispute for a long time. In mice, recent studies have clearly demonstrated an epidermal origin of Merkel cells. Given the differences in Merkel cell distribution between human and murine skin, it is, however, unclear whether the same holds true for human Merkel cells. We therefore attempted to gain insight into the human Merkel cell lineage by co-immunodetection of the Merkel cell marker protein cytokeratin 20 (CK20) with various proteins known to be expressed either in epidermal or in neural stem cells of the skin. Neither Sox10 nor Pax3, both established markers of the neural crest lineage, exhibited any cell co-labeling with CK20. By contrast, β1 integrin, known to be enriched in epidermal stem cells, was found in nearly 70 % of interfollicular epidermal and 25 % of follicular Merkel cells. Moreover, LRIG1, also enriched in epidermal stem cells, displayed significant co-immunolabeling with CK20 as well (approximately 20 % in the interfollicular epidermis and 7 % in the hair follicle, respectively). Further epidermal markers were detected in sporadic Merkel cells. Cells co-expressing CK20 with epidermal markers may represent a transitory state between stem cells and differentiated cells. β1 integrin is probably also synthesized by a large subset of mature Merkel cells. Summarizing, our data suggest that human Merkel cells may originate from epidermal rather than neural progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tilling
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany,
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Leitz M, Stieler K, Grundhoff A, Moll I, Brandner JM, Fischer N. Merkel cell polyomavirus detection in Merkel cell cancer tumors in Northern Germany using PCR and protein expression. J Med Virol 2013; 86:1813-9. [PMID: 24307009 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma is a highly malignant skin cancer which predominantly occurs in elderly and immunocompromised persons. The identification of the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) has inaugurated a new understanding of Merkel cell carcinoma pathogenesis. The frequent detection of the virus in Merkel cell carcinoma tissue (70-90%), its monoclonal integration in the tumor cells and the expression of viral oncogenes highly suggest that MCPyV is causally linked to the pathogenesis of the majority of Merkel cell cancer (MCC) cases. Using qualitative and quantitative PCR together with immunohistochemical staining this study aimed at characterizing the presence of MCPyV sequences and viral early gene expression in a cohort of MCC cases (n = 32) selected in Northern Germany. 40-57% of the cases were identified as MCPyV positive with 40.6% of the cases positive by immunohistochemical staining and 51.6-57.6% positive by PCR. Interestingly, in the majority (64%) of LT-Antigen positive tumors only 25-50% of tumor cells express LT-Antigen. These data are in accord with published studies describing heterogeneity in MCPyV viral loads and suggest that detection of MCPyV in Merkel cell carcinoma by PCR should be undertaken using multiple primer pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Leitz
- Institute for Microbiology and Virology, University Medical Center Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Menon DR, Wels C, Bonyadi Rad E, Joshi S, Knausz H, Lade-Keller J, Brandner JM, Schaider H. TGF-β1 and TNF-α differentially regulate Twist1 mediated resistance towards BRAF/MEK inhibition in melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:912-6. [PMID: 23848983 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibition is a common phenomenon in melanoma. Cytokines and transcription factors have been attributed to contribute to the loss of sensitivity towards these inhibitors. Here, we show that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 if combined with PLX4032, a BRAF inhibitor, or GSK1120212, a MEK inhibitor, substantially increased cell death in BRAF-mutant melanoma cell lines. This increase was based on the combined regulatory decrease in Twist1, an antiapoptotic protein. Overexpression or silencing of Twist1 attenuated or aggravated induction of apoptosis through PLX4032 or GSK1120212, respectively. Exposure to tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, however, led to increased Twist1 levels and oppositional decrease in cell death if exposed to PLX4032 or GSK1120212. This increase in drug resistance again depended on Twist1 levels. Our studies suggest that Twist1 as a common downstream target of multiple signalling cascades plays a crucial role in mediating drug resistance to BRAF- and MEK-targeted molecular inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinoop R Menon
- Cancer Biology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria; Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Rachow S, Zorn-Kruppa M, Ohnemus U, Kirschner N, Vidal-y-Sy S, von den Driesch P, Börnchen C, Eberle J, Mildner M, Vettorazzi E, Rosenthal R, Moll I, Brandner JM. Occludin is involved in adhesion, apoptosis, differentiation and Ca2+-homeostasis of human keratinocytes: implications for tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55116. [PMID: 23390516 PMCID: PMC3563667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tight junction (TJ) proteins are involved in a number of cellular functions, including paracellular barrier formation, cell polarization, differentiation, and proliferation. Altered expression of TJ proteins was reported in various epithelial tumors. Here, we used tissue samples of human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), its precursor tumors, as well as sun-exposed and non-sun-exposed skin as a model system to investigate TJ protein alteration at various stages of tumorigenesis. We identified that a broader localization of zonula occludens protein (ZO)-1 and claudin-4 (Cldn-4) as well as downregulation of Cldn-1 in deeper epidermal layers is a frequent event in all the tumor entities as well as in sun-exposed skin, suggesting that these changes result from chronic UV irradiation. In contrast, SCC could be distinguished from the precursor tumors and sun-exposed skin by a frequent complete loss of occludin (Ocln). To elucidate the impact of down-regulation of Ocln, we performed Ocln siRNA experiments in human keratinocytes and uncovered that Ocln downregulation results in decreased epithelial cell-cell adhesion and reduced susceptibility to apoptosis induction by UVB or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), cellular characteristics for tumorigenesis. Furthermore, an influence on epidermal differentiation was observed, while there was no change of E-cadherin and vimentin, markers for epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Ocln knock-down altered Ca2+-homeostasis which may contribute to alterations of cell-cell adhesion and differentiation. As downregulation of Ocln is also seen in SCC derived from other tissues, as well as in other carcinomas, we suggest this as a common principle in tumor pathogenesis, which may be used as a target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Rachow
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Tabea Clinics GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michaela Zorn-Kruppa
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Ohnemus
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nina Kirschner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Vidal-y-Sy
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Börnchen
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eberle
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology, Skin Cancer Center, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eik Vettorazzi
- Department of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rita Rosenthal
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingrid Moll
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johanna M. Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Although the existence of tight junction (TJ) structures (or a secondary epidermal barrier) was postulated for a long time, the first description of TJ proteins in the epidermis (occludin, ZO-1, and ZO-2) was only fairly recent. Since then, a wealth of new insights concerning TJs and TJ proteins, including their functional role in the skin, have been gathered. Of special interest is that the epidermis as a multilayered epithelium exhibits a very complex localization pattern of TJ proteins, which results in different compositions of TJ protein complexes in different layers. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about the role of TJ proteins in the epidermis in barrier function, cell polarity, vesicle trafficking, differentiation, and proliferation. We hypothesize that TJ proteins fulfill TJ structure-dependent and structure-independent functions and that the specific function of a TJ protein may depend on the epidermal layer where it is expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kirschner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany
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39
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Abstract
Skin barrier function is indispensable to prevent the uncontrolled loss of water and solutes and to protect the body from external assaults. To fulfil this function, keratinocytes undergo a complex pathway of differentiation that terminates in the formation of the stratum corneum. Additionally, tight junctions (TJs), which are cell-cell junctions localized in the stratum granulosum, are involved in the barrier function of the skin. Important biological and clinical roles of TJs are strongly suggested by altered TJ protein levels and distribution in skin diseases like psoriasis, ichthyosis and atopic dermatitis. Because these skin diseases show alterations in differentiation and TJs, it was suggested that changes in TJs might simply be a consequence of altered differentiation. However, in this viewpoint, we like to argue that the situation is not as simple and depends on the specific microenvironment. We discuss three hypotheses regarding the interplay between TJs/TJ proteins and differentiation: (1) TJs/TJ proteins are influenced by differentiation, (2) differentiation is influenced by TJs/TJ proteins, and (3) TJs/TJ proteins and differentiation are independent of each other. In addition, the concept is introduced that both processes are going on at the same time, which means that while one specific TJ protein/barrier component might be influenced by differentiation, the other may influence differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kirschner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany Institute of Clinical Physiology, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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Hahne M, Zorn-Kruppa M, Guzman G, Brandner JM, Haltner-Ukomado E, Wätzig H, Reichl S. Prevalidation of a human cornea construct as an alternative to animal corneas for in vitro drug absorption studies. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2976-88. [PMID: 22581751 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The use of ophthalmic drugs has increased consistently over the past few decades. Currently, most research is conducted using in vivo and ex vivo animal experiments; however, they have many disadvantages, including ethical concerns, high costs, the questionable extension of animal results to humans, and poor standardization. Although several cell culture-based cornea models have been developed, none have been validated and accepted for general use. In this study, a standardized, three-dimensional model of the human cornea (Hemicornea, HC) based on immortalized human corneal cells and cultivated in serum-free conditions was developed for drug absorption studies and prevalidated using compounds with a wide range of molecular characteristics (sodium fluorescein, rhodamine B, fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled dextran, aciclovir, bimatoprost, dexamethasone, and timolol maleate). The HC model was independently cultured in three different laboratories, and the intralaboratory and interlaboratory reproducibility was analyzed and compared with the rabbit cornea. This analysis showed that the HC has a barrier in the same range as excised animal corneas, although with a higher reproducibility and lower variability. Because of the demonstrated transferability, the HC represents a promising in vitro alternative to the use of ex vivo tissue and offers a well-defined and standardized system for drug absorption studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hahne
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Technologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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Sormes M, Siemann-Harms U, Brandner JM, Moll I. Kutane Malakoplakie. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07758_suppl.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Gruber R, Elias PM, Crumrine D, Lin TK, Brandner JM, Hachem JP, Presland RB, Fleckman P, Janecke AR, Sandilands A, McLean WHI, Fritsch PO, Mildner M, Tschachler E, Schmuth M. Filaggrin genotype in ichthyosis vulgaris predicts abnormalities in epidermal structure and function. Am J Pathol 2011; 178:2252-63. [PMID: 21514438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although it is widely accepted that filaggrin (FLG) deficiency contributes to an abnormal barrier function in ichthyosis vulgaris and atopic dermatitis, the pathomechanism of how FLG deficiency provokes a barrier abnormality in humans is unknown. We report here that the presence of FLG mutations in Caucasians predicts dose-dependent alterations in epidermal permeability barrier function. Although FLG is an intracellular protein, the barrier abnormality occurred solely via a paracellular route in affected stratum corneum. Abnormal barrier function correlated with alterations in keratin filament organization (perinuclear retraction), impaired loading of lamellar body contents, followed by nonuniform extracellular distribution of secreted organelle contents, and abnormalities in lamellar bilayer architecture. In addition, we observed reductions in corneodesmosome density and tight junction protein expression. Thus, FLG deficiency provokes alterations in keratinocyte architecture that influence epidermal functions localizing to the extracellular matrix. These results clarify how FLG mutations impair epidermal permeability barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gruber
- Department of Dermatology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
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Pollok S, Pfeiffer AC, Lobmann R, Wright CS, Moll I, Martin PEM, Brandner JM. Connexin 43 mimetic peptide Gap27 reveals potential differences in the role of Cx43 in wound repair between diabetic and non-diabetic cells. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 15:861-73. [PMID: 20345849 PMCID: PMC3922673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During early wound healing (WH) events Connexin 43 (Cx43) is down-regulated at wound margins. In chronic wound margins, including diabetic wounds, Cx43 expression is enhanced suggesting that down-regulation is important for WH. We previously reported that the Cx43 mimetic peptide Gap27 blocks Cx43 mediated intercellular communication and promotes skin cell migration of infant cells in vitro. In the present work we further investigated the molecular mechanism of Gap27 action and its therapeutic potential to improve WH in skin tissue and diabetic and non-diabetic cells. Ex vivo skin, organotypic models and human keratinocytes/fibroblasts of young and old donors and of diabetic and non-diabetic origin were used to assess the impact of Gap27 on cell migration, proliferation, Cx43 expression, localization, phosphorylation and hemichannel function. Exposure of ex vivo WH models to Gap27 decreased dye spread, accelerated WH and elevated cell proliferation. In non-diabetic cell cultures Gap27 decreased dye uptake through Cx hemichannels and after scratch wounding cells showed enhanced migration and proliferation. Cells of diabetic origin were less susceptible to Gap27 during early passages. In late passages these cells showed responses comparable to non-diabetic cells. The cause of the discrepancy between diabetic and non-diabetic cells correlated with decreased Cx hemichannel activity in diabetic cells but excluded differences in Cx43 expression, localization and Ser368-phosphorylation. These data emphasize the importance of Cx43 in WH and support the concept that Gap27 could be a beneficial therapeutic to accelerate normal WH. However, its use in diabetic WH may be restricted and our results highlight differences in the role of Cx43 in skin cells of different origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Pollok
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Werling AM, Doerflinger Y, Brandner JM, Fuchs F, Becker JC, Schrama D, Kurzen H, Goerdt S, Peitsch WK. Homo- and heterotypic cell-cell contacts in Merkel cells and Merkel cell carcinomas: heterogeneity and indications for cadherin switching. Histopathology 2011; 58:286-303. [PMID: 21323954 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.03748.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Merkel cell carcinomas (MCCs) are rare but aggressive tumours associated recently with Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV). As development and progression of several types of carcinomas can be promoted by changes in cell adhesion proteins, the aim of this study was to examine homo- and heterotypic cell contacts of Merkel cells and MCCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Merkel cells of healthy glabrous epidermis and 52 MCCs were analysed by double-label immunostaining, immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Merkel cells were connected to keratinocytes by E- and P-cadherin, desmoglein 2 and desmocollin 2. In contrast, the vast majority of MCCs (90%) contained N-cadherin, but only 67% and 65% contained E- and P-cadherin, respectively. Interestingly, P-cadherin was absent significantly more frequently in lymph node metastases than in primary tumours and by trend in more advanced clinical stages. Moreover, major subsets of MCCs synthesized desmoglein 2 and, surprisingly, tight junction proteins. No significant differences were observed upon stratification for MCV DNA, detected in 84% of tumours by real-time polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSIONS Assuming that MCCs originate from Merkel cells, our data indicate a switch from E- and P-cadherin to N-cadherin during tumorigenesis. Whether the unexpected heterogeneity of junctional proteins can be exploited for prognostic and therapeutic purposes will need to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Werling
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Peters EM, Liezmann C, Spatz K, Daniltchenko M, Joachim R, Gimenez-Rivera A, Hendrix S, Botchkarev VA, Brandner JM, Klapp BF. Nerve Growth Factor Partially Recovers Inflamed Skin from Stress-Induced Worsening in Allergic Inflammation. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:735-43. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Wright CS, Pollok S, Flint DJ, Brandner JM, Martin PEM. The connexin mimetic peptide Gap27 increases human dermal fibroblast migration in hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic conditions in vitro. J Cell Physiol 2011; 227:77-87. [PMID: 21984074 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Significant increases in skin wound healing rates occur by reducing connexin-mediated communication (CMC). Gap27, a connexin (Cx) mimetic peptide targeted to the second extracellular loop of Cx43, which inhibits CMC, increases migration of human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts. To examine the efficacy of Gap27 in a hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic in vitro environment, cell migration, gap junction, and Cx hemichannel functionality and cell-substrate adhesion assays were performed on human dermal fibroblasts and diabetic fibroblast and keratinocytes. To investigate fibroblast genes involved in these processes, extra-cellular matrix (ECM) and adhesion gene expression was determined with a PCR array. Gap27 increased fibroblast migration in both euglycemia/euinsulinemia and hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia, and influenced migration in diabetic keratinocytes. Hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia reduced gap junction coupling in fibroblasts and Gap27 reduced CMC and cell adhesion to substrata in fibroblasts cultured in high glucose. Migrating dermal fibroblast ECM and cell adhesion genes were found to be differentially regulated by Gap27 in euglycemia and hyperglycemia. The PCR array showed that Gap27 upregulated 34 genes and downregulated 1 gene in euglycemic migrating fibroblasts. By contrast in hyperglycemia, Gap27 upregulated 1 gene and downregulated 9 genes. In euglycemic conditions, Gap27 induced upregulation of genes associated with ECM remodeling, whereas in hyperglycemia, ECM component genes were downregulated by Gap27. Thus, Gap27 improves cell migration during scrape-wound repair in hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia conditions in vitro, although migration of diabetic cells is less influenced. Our results suggest that this increase in motility may occur by decreasing gap junction and hemichannel activity and altering gene expression in the adhesion and ECM pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine S Wright
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
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Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) is a regulatory peptide hormone that acts through five different G protein-coupled receptors (SSTR1-5). Whereas expression of all five SSTR subtypes in epidermis has been shown, the biological relevance of the SST/SSTR system in the skin is completely unknown. We show here that SST is expressed in human skin and is present in a subset of Merkel cells and dendritic cells as well as in keratinocytes. We focused further on the somatostatin receptor subtype 3 (SSTR3) and its interacting protein MUPP1, as both were found to be localized at cellular junctions in epidermal keratinocytes. MUPP1 is a component of tight junctions (TJs); these cell-cell junctions contribute to barrier function of the paracellular pathway in cultured keratinocytes. We provide evidence that SSTR3 and MUPP1 interact in primary cultured human keratinocytes at high Ca(2+) conditions. Interestingly, SST, presumably via SSTR3/MUPP1, regulates TJ permeability in cultured keratinocytes. During long-term treatment of human keratinocytes, SST also affects the expression of distinct TJ proteins such as claudin-4. Our data are the first example of a peptide hormone regulating TJ functionality and composition in human keratinocytes, suggesting that control via peptide hormones provides the possibility to regulate the TJ barrier characteristics of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Vockel
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Abstract
The influence of androgens, especially testosterone and its effector dihydrotestosterone, results in a constitutive disadvantage for male skin, e.g. reduced viability of hair at the scalp and reduced epidermal permeability barrier repair capacity. Dihydrotestosterone can act, among others, as an adenyl cyclase inhibitor. Caffeine on the other hand is an inexpensive and (in regular doses) harmless substance used in various cosmetic products, which can act as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor. To prove the hypothesis that caffeine as a phosphodiesterase inhibitor is able to override testosterone-induced effects on barrier function, we performed a double-blind placebo controlled study with healthy volunteers. In this study, 0.5% caffeine in a hydroxyethylcellulose gel preparation (HEC) was applied on one forearm, HEC without caffeine on the other forearm of male and female volunteers for 7 days and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) was measured before and at the end of the treatment period. Basal TEWL did not differ significantly between male and female subjects but the application of caffeine significantly reduced TEWL in male skin compared with female skin. We conclude that caffeine is beneficial for barrier function in male skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Brandner JM, Haftek M, Niessen CM. Adherens Junctions, Desmosomes and Tight Junctions in Epidermal Barrier Function~!2009-10-24~!2009-12-10~!2010-04-23~! ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.2174/1874372201004020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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