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Smits JPH, Qu J, Pardow F, van den Brink NJM, Rodijk-Olthuis D, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, van Heeringen SJ, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J, Zhou H, van den Bogaard EH. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor regulates epidermal differentiation through transient activation of TFAP2A. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)00114-3. [PMID: 38401701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) is an evolutionary conserved environmental sensor identified as indispensable regulator of epithelial homeostasis and barrier organ function. Molecular signaling cascade and target genes upon AHR activation and their contribution to cell and tissue function are however not fully understood. Multi-omics analyses using human skin keratinocytes revealed that, upon ligand activation, AHR binds open chromatin to induce expression of transcription factors (TFs), e.g., Transcription Factor AP-2α (TFAP2A), as a swift response to environmental stimuli. The terminal differentiation program including upregulation of barrier genes, filaggrin and keratins, was mediated by TFAP2A as a secondary response to AHR activation. The role of AHR-TFAP2A axis in controlling keratinocyte terminal differentiation for proper barrier formation was further confirmed using CRISPR/Cas9 in human epidermal equivalents. Overall, the study provides additional insights into the molecular mechanism behind AHR-mediated barrier function and identifies potential targets for the treatment of skin barrier diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos P H Smits
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jieqiong Qu
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Felicitas Pardow
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Noa J M van den Brink
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Rodijk-Olthuis
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Simon J van Heeringen
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc.
| | - Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Research Institute for Medical Innovation, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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2
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Rikken G, Meesters LD, Jansen PAM, Rodijk-Olthuis D, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Niehues H, Smits JPH, Oláh P, Homey B, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM, van den Bogaard EH. Novel methodologies for host-microbe interactions and microbiome-targeted therapeutics in 3D organotypic skin models. Microbiome 2023; 11:227. [PMID: 37849006 PMCID: PMC10580606 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01668-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following descriptive studies on skin microbiota in health and disease, mechanistic studies on the interplay between skin and microbes are on the rise, for which experimental models are in great demand. Here, we present a novel methodology for microbial colonization of organotypic skin and analysis thereof. RESULTS An inoculation device ensured a standardized application area on the stratum corneum and a homogenous distribution of bacteria, while preventing infection of the basolateral culture medium even during prolonged culture periods for up to 2 weeks at a specific culture temperature and humidity. Hereby, host-microbe interactions and antibiotic interventions could be studied, revealing diverse host responses to various skin-related bacteria and pathogens. CONCLUSIONS Our methodology is easily transferable to a wide variety of organotypic skin or mucosal models and different microbes at every cell culture facility at low costs. We envision that this study will kick-start skin microbiome studies using human organotypic skin cultures, providing a powerful alternative to experimental animal models in pre-clinical research. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs Rikken
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luca D Meesters
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick A M Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Rodijk-Olthuis
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos P H Smits
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Oláh
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Meesters LD, Niehues H, Johnston L, Smits JPH, Zeeuwen PLJM, Brown SJ, van den Bogaard EH. Keratinocyte signaling in atopic dermatitis: investigations in organotypic skin models towards clinical application. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:1231-1235. [PMID: 36841264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
A multitude of pathophysiological mechanisms contribute to atopic dermatitis (AD), the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease in the Western population. In the booming therapeutic market for AD, most small molecule and antibody-based drugs target the immunological pathology, while drug development programs focusing on epidermal disease-related signaling processes appear scarce. Here, we highlight key evidence that keratinocytes represent major contributors to AD, including disease onset and progression through the physical, immunological and antimicrobial barrier functions of human skin. Examples are provided of pre-clinical skin models recapitulating features of AD in which keratinocyte-specific genetic, immunologic, microbial or environmental signaling cues can be modeled, and potential druggable pathways can be investigated. In the coming years, precise modelling of disease parameters and investigating cause-effect relationships in keratinocytes should be guided by available biological and clinical data from large (combined) patient cohorts. In addition, the rapid innovations in skin engineering methodologies and read-out technologies will aid in the development of higher throughput disease models for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca D Meesters
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Luke Johnston
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Jos P H Smits
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sara J Brown
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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4
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Niehues H, van der Krieken DA, Ederveen THA, Jansen PAM, van Niftrik L, Mesman R, Netea MG, Smits JPH, Schalkwijk J, van den Bogaard EH, Zeeuwen PLJM. Antimicrobial late cornified envelope (LCE) proteins: the psoriasis risk factor LCE3B/C-del affects microbiota composition. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1947-1955.e6. [PMID: 34942199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Late cornified envelope (LCE) proteins are predominantly expressed in the skin and other cornified epithelia. Based on sequence similarity, this eighteen-member homologous gene family has been subdivided into six groups. The LCE3 proteins have been the focus of dermatological research, as the combined deletion of LCE3B and LCE3C genes (LCE3B/C-del) is a risk factor for psoriasis. We previously reported that LCE3B/C-del increases expression of the LCE3A gene and that LCE3 proteins exert antibacterial activity. In the current study we analyzed the antimicrobial properties of other family members and the role of LCE3B/C-del in modulation of microbiota composition of the skin and oral cavity. Differences in killing efficiency and specificity between the LCE proteins and their target microbes were found, and the amino acid content, rather than the order, of the well-conserved central domain of the LCE3A protein was found responsible for its antibacterial activity. In vivo, LCE3B/C-del correlated with a higher beta-diversity in the skin and oral microbiota. From these results we conclude that all LCE proteins possess antimicrobial activity. Tissue-specific and genotype-dependent antimicrobial protein profiles impact skin and oral microbiota composition, which could direct towards LCE3B/C-del associated dysbiosis and a possible role for microbiota in the pathophysiology of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Danique A van der Krieken
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H A Ederveen
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, RIMLS, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick A M Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura van Niftrik
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Mesman
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine, RIMLS, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Immunology and Metabolism, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jos P H Smits
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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5
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Zeeuwen PLJM, Grice EA. Skin microbiome and antimicrobial peptides. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1362-1365. [PMID: 34469598 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth A Grice
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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6
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Smits JPH, Dirks RAM, Qu J, Oortveld MAW, Brinkman AB, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J, Zhou H, Marks H, van den Bogaard EH. Terminal keratinocyte differentiation in vitro is associated with a stable DNA methylome. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1023-1032. [PMID: 32681572 PMCID: PMC8359404 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal compartment of the skin is regenerated constantly by proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes. Differentiation of a subset of these keratinocytes allows the epidermis to retain its barrier properties. Regulation of keratinocyte fate-whether to remain proliferative or terminally differentiate-is complex and not fully understood. The objective of our study was to assess if DNA methylation changes contribute to the regulation of keratinocyte fate. We employed genome-wide MethylationEPIC beadchip array measuring approximately 850 000 probes combined with RNA sequencing of in vitro cultured non-differentiated and terminally differentiated adult human primary keratinocytes. We did not observe a correlation between methylation status and transcriptome changes. Moreover, only two differentially methylated probes were detected, of which one was located in the TRIM29 gene. Although TRIM29 knock-down resulted in lower expression levels of terminal differentiation genes, these changes were minor. From these results, we conclude that-in our in vitro experimental setup-it is unlikely that changes in DNA methylation have an important regulatory role in terminal keratinocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos P. H. Smits
- Department of DermatologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc)NijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - René A. M. Dirks
- Department of Molecular BiologyFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Jieqiong Qu
- Department of Molecular Developmental BiologyFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Merel A. W. Oortveld
- Department of DermatologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc)NijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Arie B. Brinkman
- Department of Molecular BiologyFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Patrick L. J. M. Zeeuwen
- Department of DermatologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc)NijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of DermatologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc)NijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Molecular Developmental BiologyFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
- Department of Human GeneticsRIMLS, RadboudumcNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Marks
- Department of Molecular BiologyFaculty of ScienceRadboud UniversityNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Ellen H. van den Bogaard
- Department of DermatologyRadboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS)Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc)NijmegenThe Netherlands
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7
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Voorberg AN, Niehues H, Oosterhaven JAF, Romeijn GLE, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, van Erp PEJ, Ederveen THA, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schuttelaar MLA. Vesicular hand eczema transcriptome analysis provides insights into its pathophysiology. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:1775-1786. [PMID: 34252224 PMCID: PMC8596617 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hand eczema is a common inflammatory skin condition of the hands whose pathogenesis is largely unknown. More insight and knowledge of the disease on a more fundamental level might lead to a better understanding of the biological processes involved, which could provide possible new treatment strategies. We aimed to profile the transcriptome of lesional palmar epidermal skin of patients suffering from vesicular hand eczema using RNA‐sequencing. RNA‐sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes in lesional vs. non‐lesional palmar epidermal skin from a group of patients with vesicular hand eczema compared to healthy controls. Comprehensive real‐time quantitative PCR analyses and immunohistochemistry were used for validation of candidate genes and protein profiles for vesicular hand eczema. Overall, a significant and high expression of genes/proteins involved in keratinocyte host defense and inflammation was found in lesional skin. Furthermore, we detected several molecules, both up or downregulated in lesional skin, which are involved in epidermal differentiation. Immune signalling genes were found to be upregulated in lesional skin, albeit with relatively low expression levels. Non‐lesional patient skin showed no significant differences compared to healthy control skin. Lesional vesicular hand eczema skin shows a distinct expression profile compared to non‐lesional skin and healthy control skin. Notably, the overall results indicate a large overlap between vesicular hand eczema and earlier reported atopic dermatitis lesional transcriptome profiles, which suggests that treatments for atopic dermatitis could also be effective in (vesicular) hand eczema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelique N Voorberg
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jart A F Oosterhaven
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geertruida L E Romeijn
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M J J van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet E J van Erp
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas H A Ederveen
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, RIMLS, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marie L A Schuttelaar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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8
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Ederveen THA, Smits JPH, Boekhorst J, Schalkwijk J, van den Bogaard EH, Zeeuwen PLJM. Skin microbiota in health and disease: From sequencing to biology. J Dermatol 2020; 47:1110-1118. [PMID: 32804417 PMCID: PMC7589227 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Microbiota live in a closely regulated interaction with their environment, and vice versa. The presence and absence of microbial entities is greatly influenced by features of the niche in which they thrive. Characteristic of this phenomenon is that different human skin sites harbor niche‐specific communities of microbes. Microbial diversity is considerable, and the current challenge lies in determining which microbes and (corresponding) functionality are of importance to a given ecological niche. Furthermore, as there is increasing evidence of microbial involvement in health and disease, the need arises to fundamentally understand microbiome processes for application in health care, nutrition and personal care products (e.g. diet, cosmetics, probiotics). This review provides a current overview of state‐of‐the‐art sequencing‐based techniques and corresponding data analysis methodology for profiling of complex microbial communities. Furthermore, we also summarize the existing knowledge regarding cutaneous microbiota and their human host for a wide range of skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H A Ederveen
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Dermatology, RIMLS, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos P H Smits
- Department of Dermatology, RIMLS, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Boekhorst
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics (CMBI), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,NIZO, Ede, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, RIMLS, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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9
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Niehues H, Jansen PAM, Rodijk-Olthuis D, Rikken G, Smits JPH, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM, van den Bogaard EHJ. Know your enemy: Unexpected, pervasive and persistent viral and bacterial contamination of primary cell cultures. Exp Dermatol 2020; 29:672-676. [PMID: 32506526 PMCID: PMC7496648 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In biomedical research, cell culture contamination is one of the main culprits of experimental failure. Contamination sources and concomitant remedies are numerous and challenging to manage. We herein describe two cases of uncommon contamination of cell cultures that we encountered, and the successful determination and eradication strategies. The first case describes the infection with human adenovirus C that originated from pharyngeal tonsils used for isolation of primary tonsillar epithelial cells. It is known that viral contamination of in vitro cell cultures can occur symptomless and is therefore difficult to identify. The contamination was pervasive and persistent, as it was widely spread in flow cabinets and apparatus, and has caused a serious delay to our research projects and the inevitable loss of valuable (patient-derived) cell sources. Eradication was successful by formalin gas sterilization of the flow cabinet and elimination of all infected cell lines from our biobank after PCR-guided determination. Secondly, we encountered a spore-forming bacterium, namely Brevibacillus brevis, in our cell culture facility. This bacterium originated from contaminated tap water pipes and spread via regular aseptic culture techniques due to survival of the bacterial spores in 70% ethanol. B brevis overgrew the cultures within a few days after seeding of the primary cells. Chlorine solution effectively killed this spore-forming bacterium. Both cases of contamination were identified using DNA sequencing which enabled the deployment of targeted aseptic techniques for the elimination of the persistent contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick A M Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Rodijk-Olthuis
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Rikken
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos P H Smits
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H J van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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10
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Fyhrquist N, Muirhead G, Prast-Nielsen S, Jeanmougin M, Olah P, Skoog T, Jules-Clement G, Feld M, Barrientos-Somarribas M, Sinkko H, van den Bogaard EH, Zeeuwen PLJM, Rikken G, Schalkwijk J, Niehues H, Däubener W, Eller SK, Alexander H, Pennino D, Suomela S, Tessas I, Lybeck E, Baran AM, Darban H, Gangwar RS, Gerstel U, Jahn K, Karisola P, Yan L, Hansmann B, Katayama S, Meller S, Bylesjö M, Hupé P, Levi-Schaffer F, Greco D, Ranki A, Schröder JM, Barker J, Kere J, Tsoka S, Lauerma A, Soumelis V, Nestle FO, Homey B, Andersson B, Alenius H. Microbe-host interplay in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4703. [PMID: 31619666 PMCID: PMC6795799 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in understanding microbial diversity in skin homeostasis, the relevance of microbial dysbiosis in inflammatory disease is poorly understood. Here we perform a comparative analysis of skin microbial communities coupled to global patterns of cutaneous gene expression in patients with atopic dermatitis or psoriasis. The skin microbiota is analysed by 16S amplicon or whole genome sequencing and the skin transcriptome by microarrays, followed by integration of the data layers. We find that atopic dermatitis and psoriasis can be classified by distinct microbes, which differ from healthy volunteers microbiome composition. Atopic dermatitis is dominated by a single microbe (Staphylococcus aureus), and associated with a disease relevant host transcriptomic signature enriched for skin barrier function, tryptophan metabolism and immune activation. In contrast, psoriasis is characterized by co-occurring communities of microbes with weak associations with disease related gene expression. Our work provides a basis for biomarker discovery and targeted therapies in skin dysbiosis. Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis (PSO) are associated with dysbiosis. Here, by analyses of skin microbiome and host transcriptome of AD and PSO patients, the authors find distinct microbial and disease-related gene transcriptomic signatures that differentiate both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Fyhrquist
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden.,Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Gareth Muirhead
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK.,Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology and Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Stefanie Prast-Nielsen
- Centre for Translational Microbiome Research (CTMR), Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Marine Jeanmougin
- Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, France.,INSERM, U900, 75248, Paris, France.,Mines ParisTech, 77300, Fontainebleau, France.,INSERM, U932, 75248, Paris, France
| | - Peter Olah
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, 40225, Germany.,Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Oncodermatology, University of Pécs, Pécs, 7632, Hungary
| | - Tiina Skoog
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Gerome Jules-Clement
- Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, France.,INSERM, U900, 75248, Paris, France.,Mines ParisTech, 77300, Fontainebleau, France.,INSERM, U932, 75248, Paris, France
| | - Micha Feld
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | | | - Hanna Sinkko
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden.,Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Rikken
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, 6525, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Däubener
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Silvia Kathrin Eller
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Helen Alexander
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Davide Pennino
- Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology and Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sari Suomela
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Inflammation Centre, Helsinki, 00250, Finland
| | - Ioannis Tessas
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Inflammation Centre, Helsinki, 00250, Finland
| | - Emilia Lybeck
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Inflammation Centre, Helsinki, 00250, Finland
| | - Anna M Baran
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Hamid Darban
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Roopesh Singh Gangwar
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Ulrich Gerstel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Katharina Jahn
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Piia Karisola
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Lee Yan
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Britta Hansmann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Shintaro Katayama
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Stephan Meller
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | | | - Philippe Hupé
- Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, France.,INSERM, U900, 75248, Paris, France.,Mines ParisTech, 77300, Fontainebleau, France.,CNRS, UMR144, 75248, Paris, France
| | - Francesca Levi-Schaffer
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Pharmacy, The Institute for Drug Research, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Dario Greco
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland.,Institute of Biomedical Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, 33520, Finland.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Annamari Ranki
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Inflammation Centre, Helsinki, 00250, Finland
| | - Jens M Schröder
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Jonathan Barker
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Kings College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Juha Kere
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden.,School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Sophia Tsoka
- Department of Informatics, Faculty of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, King's College London, London, WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Antti Lauerma
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Inflammation Centre, Helsinki, 00250, Finland
| | - Vassili Soumelis
- Institut Curie, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, France.,INSERM, U932, 75248, Paris, France
| | - Frank O Nestle
- Cutaneous Medicine Unit, St. John's Institute of Dermatology and Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Björn Andersson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Harri Alenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden. .,Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Eckhart
- Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Jansen PAM, van der Krieken DA, Botman PNM, Blaauw RH, Cavina L, Raaijmakers EM, de Heuvel E, Sandrock J, Pennings LJ, Hermkens PHH, Zeeuwen PLJM, Rutjes FPJT, Schalkwijk J. Stable pantothenamide bioisosteres: novel antibiotics for Gram-positive bacteria. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2019; 72:682-692. [PMID: 31171848 PMCID: PMC6760626 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-019-0196-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria has prioritized the development of new antibiotics. N-substituted pantothenamides, analogs of the natural compound pantetheine, were reported to target bacterial coenzyme A biosynthesis, but these compounds have never reached the clinic due to their instability in biological fluids. Plasma-stable pantothenamide analogs could overcome these issues. We first synthesized a number of bioisosteres of the prototypic pantothenamide N7-Pan. A compound with an inverted amide bond (CXP18.6-012) was found to provide plasma-stability with minimal loss of activity compared to the parent compound N7-Pan. Next, we synthesized inverted pantothenamides with a large variety of side chains. Among these we identified a number of novel stable inverted pantothenamides with selective activity against Gram-positive bacteria such as staphylococci and streptococci, at low micromolar concentrations. These data provide future direction for the development of pantothenamides with clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A M Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lian J Pennings
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P J T Rutjes
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Niehues H, Rösler B, van der Krieken DA, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Rodijk-Olthuis D, Peppelman M, Schalkwijk J, van den Bogaard EHJ, Zeeuwen PLJM, van de Veerdonk FL. STAT1 gain-of-function compromises skin host defense in the context of IFN-γ signaling. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:1626-1629.e5. [PMID: 30576757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Berenice Rösler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Danique A van der Krieken
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M J J van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Rodijk-Olthuis
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Malou Peppelman
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H J van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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14
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van den Bogaard EHJ, van Geel M, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Jansen PAM, Peppelman M, van Erp PEJ, Atalay S, Venselaar H, Simon MEH, Joosten M, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM. Deficiency of the human cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin M/E causes hypotrichosis and dry skin. Genet Med 2018; 21:1559-1567. [PMID: 30425301 PMCID: PMC6752276 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0355-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We aimed to assess the biological and clinical significance of the human cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin M/E, encoded by the CTS6 gene, in diseases of human hair and skin. Methods Exome and Sanger sequencing was performed to reveal the genetic cause in two related patients with hypotrichosis. Immunohistochemical, biophysical, and biochemical measurements were performed on patient skin and 3D-reconstructed skin from patient-derived keratinocytes. Results We identified a homozygous variant c.361C>T (p.Gln121*), resulting in a premature stop codon in exon 2 of CST6 associated with hypotrichosis, eczema, blepharitis, photophobia and impaired sweating. Enzyme assays using recombinant mutant cystatin M/E protein, generated by site-directed mutagenesis, revealed that this p.Gln121* variant was unable to inhibit any of its three target proteases (legumain and cathepsins L and V). Three-dimensional protein structure prediction confirmed the disturbance of the protease/inhibitor binding sites of legumain and cathepsins L and V in the p.Gln121* variant. Conclusion The herein characterized autosomal recessive hypotrichosis syndrome indicates an important role of human cystatin M/E in epidermal homeostasis and hair follicle morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen H J van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel van Geel
- Department of Dermatology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,GROW Research Institute for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M J J van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick A M Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Malou Peppelman
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet E J van Erp
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Selma Atalay
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, RIMLS, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen E H Simon
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marieke Joosten
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Niehues H, Bouwstra JA, El Ghalbzouri A, Brandner JM, Zeeuwen PLJM, van den Bogaard EH. 3D skin models for 3R research: The potential of 3D reconstructed skin models to study skin barrier function. Exp Dermatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc); Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS); Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Joke A. Bouwstra
- Division of Drug Delivery Technology; Cluster BioTherapeutics; Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research; Leiden University; Leiden The Netherlands
| | | | - Johanna M. Brandner
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology; University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf; Hamburg Germany
| | - Patrick L. J. M. Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc); Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS); Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H. van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc); Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS); Nijmegen The Netherlands
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16
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Smits JPH, Niehues H, Rikken G, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, van de Zande GWHJF, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J, van den Bogaard EH. Immortalized N/TERT keratinocytes as an alternative cell source in 3D human epidermal models. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11838. [PMID: 28928444 PMCID: PMC5605545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The strong societal urge to reduce the use of experimental animals, and the biological differences between rodent and human skin, have led to the development of alternative models for healthy and diseased human skin. However, the limited availability of primary keratinocytes to generate such models hampers large-scale implementation of skin models in biomedical, toxicological, and pharmaceutical research. Immortalized cell lines may overcome these issues, however, few immortalized human keratinocyte cell lines are available and most do not form a fully stratified epithelium. In this study we compared two immortalized keratinocyte cell lines (N/TERT1, N/TERT2G) to human primary keratinocytes based on epidermal differentiation, response to inflammatory mediators, and the development of normal and inflammatory human epidermal equivalents (HEEs). Stratum corneum permeability, epidermal morphology, and expression of epidermal differentiation and host defence genes and proteins in N/TERT-HEE cultures was similar to that of primary human keratinocytes. We successfully generated N/TERT-HEEs with psoriasis or atopic dermatitis features and validated these models for drug-screening purposes. We conclude that the N/TERT keratinocyte cell lines are useful substitutes for primary human keratinocytes thereby providing a biologically relevant, unlimited cell source for in vitro studies on epidermal biology, inflammatory skin disease pathogenesis and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jos P H Smits
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gijs Rikken
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M J J van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guillaume W H J F van de Zande
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Center (Radboudumc), PO BOX 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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17
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van Kilsdonk JWJ, Jansen PAM, van den Bogaard EH, Bos C, Bergers M, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J. The Effects of Human Beta-Defensins on Skin Cells in vitro. Dermatology 2017; 233:155-163. [PMID: 28689201 DOI: 10.1159/000477346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Defensins are antimicrobial peptides that exert immunomodulatory and chemotactic functions. Based on these properties and their high expression levels in the skin, they are likely to affect skin inflammation, infection, and wound healing. This may lead to therapeutic applications in (burn) wound healing. OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effects of human β-defensins (hBDs) on keratinocytes and fibroblasts, 2 major skin cell types involved in skin regeneration. METHODS Monolayer keratinocyte and fibroblast cultures were exposed to recombinant hBDs, and we overexpressed hBD2 and hBD3 in keratinocytes of reconstructed epidermal equivalents by lentiviral transduction. The effects were measured by immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR, and migration assays. Kinome analyses were performed on cultured keratinocytes to investigate the signal transduction events elicited by hBD stimulation. RESULTS We found that hBD3 induced the expression of cytokines and chemokines in keratinocytes, which was not observed in fibroblasts. hBD2, however, stimulated cell migration only in fibroblasts, which was not found for hBD3. Both defensins are likely to exert receptor-mediated effects in keratinocytes, as witnessed by changes in protein kinase activation following stimulation by hBD2 and hBD3. Kinome analysis suggested that protein kinase C activation was a common event for both defensins. We observed, however, considerable differences in keratinocyte responses between stimulation by exogenous recombinant defensins and endogenous defensins expressed following lentiviral transduction. CONCLUSION Defensins exert modest biological effects on skin cells that are potentially beneficial in wound healing, but many questions regarding the biological mechanisms of action and relevance for the in vivo situation are still remaining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen W J van Kilsdonk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Radboud University Medical Centre (Radboudumc), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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18
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Niehues H, Tsoi LC, van der Krieken DA, Jansen PAM, Oortveld MAW, Rodijk-Olthuis D, van Vlijmen IMJJ, Hendriks WJAJ, Helder RW, Bouwstra JA, van den Bogaard EH, Stuart PE, Nair RP, Elder JT, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J. Psoriasis-Associated Late Cornified Envelope (LCE) Proteins Have Antibacterial Activity. J Invest Dermatol 2017. [PMID: 28634035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Terminally differentiating epidermal keratinocytes express a large number of structural and antimicrobial proteins that are involved in the physical barrier function of the stratum corneum and provide innate cutaneous host defense. Late cornified envelope (LCE) genes, located in the epidermal differentiation complex on chromosome 1, encode a family of 18 proteins of unknown function, whose expression is largely restricted to epidermis. Deletion of two members, LCE3B and LCE3C (LCE3B/C-del), is a widely-replicated psoriasis risk factor that interacts with the major psoriasis-psoriasis risk gene HLA-C*06. Here we performed quantitative trait locus analysis, utilizing RNA-seq data from human skin and found that LCE3B/C-del was associated with a markedly increased expression of LCE3A, a gene directly adjacent to LCE3B/C-del. We confirmed these findings in a 3-dimensional skin model using primary keratinocytes from LCE3B/C-del genotyped donors. Functional analysis revealed that LCE3 proteins, and LCE3A in particular, have defensin-like antimicrobial activity against a variety of bacterial taxa at low micromolar concentrations. No genotype-dependent effect was observed for the inside-out or outside-in physical skin barrier function. Our findings identify an unknown biological function for LCE3 proteins and suggest a role in epidermal host defense and LCE3B/C-del-mediated psoriasis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Niehues
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lam C Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Danique A van der Krieken
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick A M Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Merel A W Oortveld
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Rodijk-Olthuis
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M J J van Vlijmen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard W Helder
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joke A Bouwstra
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Department of Drug Delivery Technology, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip E Stuart
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Rajan P Nair
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - James T Elder
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Ann Arbor Veterans Affairs Hospital, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Oortveld MAW, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Kersten FFJ, Cheng T, Verdoes M, van Erp PEJ, Verbeek S, Reinheckel T, Hendriks WJAJ, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM. Cathepsin B as a potential cystatin M/E target in the mouse hair follicle. FASEB J 2017; 31:4286-4294. [PMID: 28596234 PMCID: PMC5602906 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700267r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Deficiency of the cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin M/E (Cst6) in mice leads to disturbed epidermal cornification, impaired barrier function, and neonatal lethality. We report the rescue of the lethal skin phenotype of ichq (Cst6-deficient; Cst6−/−) mice by transgenic, epidermis-specific, reexpression of Cst6 under control of the human involucrin (INV) promoter. Rescued Tg(INV-Cst6)Cst6ichq/ichq mice survive the neonatal phase, but display severe eye pathology and alopecia after 4 mo. We observed keratitis and squamous metaplasia of the corneal epithelium, comparable to Cst6−/−Ctsl+/− mice, as we have reported in other studies. We found the INV promoter to be active in the hair follicle infundibulum; however, we did not observe Cst6 protein expression in the lower regions of the hair follicle in Tg(INV-Cst6)Cst6ichq/ichq mice. This result suggests that unrestricted activity of proteases is involved in disturbance of hair follicle biology, eventually leading to baldness. Using quenched activity-based probes, we identified mouse cathepsin B (CtsB), which is expressed in the lower regions of the hair follicle, as an additional target of mouse Cst6. These data suggest that Cst6 is necessary to control CtsB activity in hair follicle morphogenesis and highlight Cst6-controlled proteolytic pathways as targets for preventing hair loss.—Oortveld, M. A. W., van Vlijmen-Willems, I. M. J. J., Kersten, F. F. J., Cheng, T., Verdoes, M., van Erp, P. E. J., Verbeek, S., Reinheckel, T., Hendriks, W. J. A. J., Schalkwijk, J., Zeeuwen, P. L. J. M. Cathepsin B as a potential cystatin M/E target in the mouse hair follicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel A W Oortveld
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M J J van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ferry F J Kersten
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Tsing Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Verdoes
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Piet E J van Erp
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Reinheckel
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Cell Research, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Centre for Biological Signaling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wiljan J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
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20
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van der Krieken DA, Ederveen THA, van Hijum SAFT, Jansen PAM, Melchers WJG, Scheepers PTJ, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM. An In vitro Model for Bacterial Growth on Human Stratum Corneum. Acta Derm Venereol 2016; 96:873-879. [PMID: 26976779 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-2401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity and dynamics of the skin microbiome in health and disease have been studied recently, but adequate model systems to study skin microbiotas in vitro are largely lacking. We developed an in vitro system that mimics human stratum corneum, using human callus as substrate and nutrient source for bacterial growth. The growth of several commensal and pathogenic bacterial strains was measured for up to one week by counting colony-forming units or by quantitative PCR with strain-specific primers. Human skin pathogens were found to survive amidst a minimal microbiome consisting of 2 major skin commensals: Staphylococcus epidermidis and Propionibacterium acnes. In addition, complete microbiomes, taken from the backs of healthy volunteers, were inoculated and maintained using this system. This model may enable the modulation of skin microbiomes in vitro and allow testing of pathogens, biological agents and antibiotics in a medium-throughput format.
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21
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Niehues H, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Bergboer JGM, Kersten FFJ, Narita M, Hendriks WJAJ, van den Bogaard EH, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J. Late cornified envelope (LCE) proteins: distinct expression patterns of LCE2 and LCE3 members suggest nonredundant roles in human epidermis and other epithelia. Br J Dermatol 2016; 174:795-802. [PMID: 26556599 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deletion of the late cornified envelope (LCE) proteins LCE3B and LCE3C is a strong and widely replicated psoriasis risk factor. It is amenable to biological analysis because it precludes the expression of two epidermis-specific proteins, rather than being a single-nucleotide polymorphism of uncertain significance. The biology of the 18-member LCE family of highly homologous proteins has remained largely unexplored so far. OBJECTIVES To analyse LCE3 expression at the protein level in human epithelia, as a starting point for functional analyses of these proteins in health and disease. METHODS We generated the first pan-LCE3 monoclonal antibody and provide a detailed analysis of its specificity towards individual LCE members. LCE2 and LCE3 expression in human tissues and in reconstructed human skin models was studied using immunohistochemical analyses and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Our study reveals that LCE2 and LCE3 proteins are differentially expressed in human epidermis, and colocalize only in the upper stratum granulosum layer. Using an in vitro reconstructed human skin model that mimics epidermal morphogenesis, we found that LCE3 proteins are expressed at an early time point during epidermal differentiation in the suprabasal layers, while LCE2 proteins are found only in the uppermost granular layer and stratum corneum. CONCLUSIONS Based on the localization of LCE2 and LCE3 in human epidermis we conclude that members of the LCE protein family are likely to have distinct functions in epidermal biology. This finding may contribute to understanding why LCE3B/C deletion increases psoriasis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Niehues
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - I M J J van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J G M Bergboer
- Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A
| | - F F J Kersten
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - M Narita
- Cancer Research U.K. Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, The Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, U.K
| | - W J A J Hendriks
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - E H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - P L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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22
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Hendriks AGM, Steenbergen W, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J, Hondebrink E, Klitsie MAJ, Schreurs R, van de Kerkhof PCM, Seyger MMB. Perfusion Intensity Correlates with Expression Levels of Psoriasis-Related Genes and Proteins. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 28:296-306. [PMID: 26361329 DOI: 10.1159/000381628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research revealed heterogeneity in the perfusion intensity within clinically homogenous-appearing plaques, without differences in erythema. In addition, an increased perfusion was found within the perilesional skin. This raises the question whether the heterogeneity in perfusion found both inside and outside a lesion influences the expression levels of genes and proteins involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. OBJECTIVES To correlate the perfusion intensity to mRNA and protein expression of genes associated with the pathogenesis of psoriasis and to visualize the dynamics of the perfusion intensity over time using laser Doppler perfusion imaging. METHODS Fourteen patients with plaque psoriasis were included. The superficial microcirculation and clinical local scores (single usability metric, SUM, scores) were analysed in one representative lesion every 2 weeks. After 8 weeks 4 biopsies were taken, one from a highly perfused area (hotspot) and one from a low perfusion area (coldspot) of the lesional skin, one biopsy from the highly perfused perilesional skin and one from the distant uninvolved skin. RESULTS Statistically significant differences in mRNA and protein expression, including IL-17 and TBX21/T-Bet, were found between hotspots and coldspots, and between the highly perfused perilesional and the uninvolved skin. Hotspots tend to remain on the same location during 8 weeks of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Within homogenous-appearing psoriatic plaques, there are remarkable differences in mRNA and protein levels, which are correlated with the perfusion intensity and can be detected by using laser Doppler perfusion imaging. In addition, differences in mRNA and protein expression between the highly perfused perilesional skin and the uninvolved skin were found, indicating that several biological changes occur well before clinical changes become manifest.
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23
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de Koning HD, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Rodijk-Olthuis D, van der Meer JWM, Zeeuwen PLJM, Simon A, Schalkwijk J. Mast-cell interleukin-1β, neutrophil interleukin-17 and epidermal antimicrobial proteins in the neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis in Schnitzler's syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:448-56. [PMID: 25904179 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.13857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schnitzler's syndrome (SchS) is an autoinflammatory disease characterized by a chronic urticarial rash, a monoclonal component and signs of systemic inflammation. Interleukin (IL)-1β is pivotal in the pathophysiology. OBJECTIVES Here we investigated the cellular source of proinflammatory mediators in the skin of patients with SchS. METHODS Skin biopsies of lesional and nonlesional skin from eight patients with SchS and healthy controls, and patients with cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome (CAPS), delayed-pressure urticaria (DPU) and cold-contact urticaria (CCU) were studied. We studied in vivoIL-1β, IL-17 and antimicrobial protein (AMP) expression in resident skin cells and infiltrating cells. In addition we investigated the in vitro effect of IL-1β, IL-17 and polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly:IC) stimulation on cultured epidermal keratinocytes. RESULTS Remarkably, we found IL-1β-positive dermal mast cells in both lesional and nonlesional skin of patients with SchS, but not in healthy control skin and CCU, and fewer in CAPS. IL-17-positive neutrophils were observed only in lesional SchS and DPU skin. In lesional SchS epidermis, mRNA and protein expression levels of AMPs were strongly increased compared with nonlesional skin and that of healthy controls. When exposed to IL-1β, poly:IC or IL-17, patient and control primary human keratinocytes produced AMPs in similar amounts. CONCLUSIONS Dermal mast cells of patients with SchS produce IL-1β. This presumably leads to activation of keratinocytes and neutrophil influx, and further amplification of inflammation by IL-17 (from neutrophils and mast cells) and epidermal AMP production leading to chronic histamine-independent neutrophilic urticarial dermatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H D de Koning
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - D Rodijk-Olthuis
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J W M van der Meer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - P L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A Simon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - J Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, the Netherlands.,Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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24
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Oostveen AM, Bergboer JGM, van de Kerkhof PCM, Zeeuwen PLJM, de Jong EMGJ, Schalkwijk J, Seyger MMB. Genotype-phenotype correlations in a prospective cohort study of paediatric plaque psoriasis: lack of correlation between HLA-C*06 and family history of psoriasis. Acta Derm Venereol 2014; 94:667-71. [PMID: 24791935 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to investigate associations between observed clinical parameters and known genetic risk factors of psoriasis in a well-defined prospective cohort of paediatric patients with plaque psoriasis (n = 151). Significant associations were found for paediatric-onset psoriasis with ERAP1 (p = 0.002), IL23R (p = 0.01), LCE3C_LCE3B-del (p = 0.00049) and HLA-C*06 (p = 3.15 × 10(-30)). Psoriasis severity was associated with the single nucleotide polymorphisms tagging IFIH1 and ERAP1 (p < 0.05). An onset before 10 years of age was associated with IL12B (p = 0.02). Nail psoriasis was more often seen in HLA-C*06-negative patients (p = 0.008). Remarkably, family history is clearly not associated with HLA-C*06 in this specific group. The large proportion of patients with a positive family history in HLA-C*06 negative patients (and the lack of correlation between the two) indicates that other genes, either alone or interaction between two or more genes, may have significant effects on heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet M Oostveen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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25
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de Koning HD, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Zeeuwen PLJM, Blokx WAM, Schalkwijk J. Absent in Melanoma 2 is predominantly present in primary melanoma and primary squamous cell carcinoma, but largely absent in metastases of both tumors. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 71:1012-5. [PMID: 25437966 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heleen D de Koning
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Willeke A M Blokx
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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26
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Bergboer JGM, Dulak MG, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Jonca N, van Wijk E, Hendriks WJAJ, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J. Analysis of protein-protein interaction between late cornified envelope proteins and corneodesmosin. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:769-71. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith G. M. Bergboer
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Maria G. Dulak
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | - Nathalie Jonca
- Unité Différenciation Epidermique et Autoimmunité Rhumatoïde; CNRS UMR5165; INSERM U1056; Université Toulouse III; Hôpital PURPAN; Toulouse France
| | - Erwin van Wijk
- Department of Human Genetics and Department of Otorhinolaryngology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
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27
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de Koning HD, van Gijn ME, Stoffels M, Jongekrijg J, Zeeuwen PLJM, Elferink MG, Nijman IJ, Jansen PAM, Neveling K, van der Meer JWM, Schalkwijk J, Simon A. Myeloid lineage-restricted somatic mosaicism of NLRP3 mutations in patients with variant Schnitzler syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 135:561-4. [PMID: 25239704 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Heleen D de Koning
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mariëlle E van Gijn
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Stoffels
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johanna Jongekrijg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin G Elferink
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isaac J Nijman
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick A M Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kornelia Neveling
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Institute for Genetic and Metabolic Disease (IGMD), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos W M van der Meer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Simon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Nijmegen Center for Immunodeficiency and Autoinflammation, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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28
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Smeekens SP, Huttenhower C, Riza A, van de Veerdonk FL, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J, van der Meer JWM, Xavier RJ, Netea MG, Gevers D. Skin microbiome imbalance in patients with STAT1/STAT3 defects impairs innate host defense responses. J Innate Immun 2013; 6:253-62. [PMID: 23796786 DOI: 10.1159/000351912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC) and hyper-IgE syndrome (HIES) are primary immunodeficiencies mainly caused by mutations in STAT1 and STAT3, respectively. CMC and HIES patients have an increased risk for skin and mucosal infections with fungal pathogens and Staphylococcus aureus. However, it is unknown whether the genetic defects in these patients also affect the skin and mucosal microbiome, which in turn may influence host defense mechanisms. METHODS The skin and oral microbiome of CMC and HIES patients was compared to that of healthy controls at five body sites using 16S rRNA sequencing. The influence of skin colonizers on the immune response was investigated using in vitro experiments. RESULTS The microbiome of CMC and HIES patients contained more Gram-negative bacteria, especially Acinetobacter spp., and less of the normal Corynebacterium spp. compared to healthy controls. Exposure of human primary leukocytes to Acinetobacter suppressed the cytokine response to Candida albicans and S. aureus, while the normal corynebacteria did not suppress cytokine responses. DISCUSSION These results demonstrate that central mediators of immune responses like STAT1 and STAT3 not only directly influence immune responses, but also result in changes in the skin microbiome that in turn can amplify the defective immune response against fungal and microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne P Smeekens
- Department of Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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de Koning HD, Bergboer JGM, van den Bogaard EH, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Rodijk-Olthuis D, Simon A, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J. Strong induction of AIM2 expression in human epidermis in acute and chronic inflammatory skin conditions. Exp Dermatol 2013; 21:961-4. [PMID: 23171461 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) is a double-stranded DNA receptor, and its activation initiates an interleukin-1 beta processing inflammasome. AIM2 is implicated in host defense against several pathogens, but could hypothetically also contribute to autoinflammatory or autoimmune diseases, such as is the case for NLRP3. Using thoroughly characterised antibodies, we analysed AIM2 expression in human tissues and primary cells. A strong epidermal upregulation of AIM2 protein expression was observed in several acute and chronic inflammatory skin disorders, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, venous ulcera, contact dermatitis, and experimental wounds. We also found AIM2 induction by interferon-gamma in submerged and three-dimensional in vitro models of human epidermis. Our data highlight the dynamics of epidermal AIM2 expression, showing Langerhans cell and melanocyte-restricted expression in normal epidermis but a pronounced induction in subpopulations of epidermal keratinocytes under inflammatory conditions.
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30
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Bergboer JGM, Oostveen AM, de Jager MEA, den Heijer M, Joosten I, van de Kerkhof PCM, Zeeuwen PLJM, de Jong EMGJ, Schalkwijk J, Seyger MMB. Paediatric-onset psoriasis is associated with ERAP1 and IL23R loci, LCE3C_LCE3B deletion and HLA-C*06. Br J Dermatol 2013; 167:922-5. [PMID: 22512642 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.10992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genome-wide association studies have identified several genetic risk factors for psoriasis, but data on their association with age at onset are lacking. OBJECTIVES To compare the association between known risk alleles and psoriasis in well-defined cohorts with paediatric- and adult-onset psoriasis. METHODS Based on previous studies we selected seven genes and loci associated with psoriasis. Patients with paediatric-onset (< 18 years) and adult-onset psoriasis (≥ 18 years) and controls were genotyped. Genotype frequencies were compared between controls (n = 450) and all cases (n = 217), and between controls and cases stratified for confirmed age at onset (paediatric onset n = 80, adult onset n = 85). RESULTS Paediatric-onset psoriasis showed a significant association with single nucleotide polymorphisms in the ERAP1 (P = 0.042) and IL23R loci (P = 0.042), LCE3C_LCE3B-del (P = 0.003) and HLA-C*06 (P = 1.72 × 10(-19)) when compared with the control group. A significant association of these four genes was also demonstrated when all psoriasis cases were compared with controls. In adult-onset psoriasis a significant association was found for HLA-C*06 (P = 5.11 × 10(-6)) and for LCE3C_LCE3B-del (P = 0.042). No associations were found for the IFIH1, IL12B and TRAF3IP2 loci. CONCLUSIONS Notwithstanding the small cohort sizes, we demonstrated an association with established and recently discovered genetic risk factors in paediatric-onset psoriasis including genes involved in epidermal barrier function and adaptive immunity. Our data suggest that heritable factors may play a more important role in paediatric-onset psoriasis than in adult-onset psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G M Bergboer
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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31
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Jansen PAM, van Diepen JA, Ritzen B, Zeeuwen PLJM, Cacciatore I, Cornacchia C, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, de Heuvel E, Botman PNM, Blaauw RH, Hermkens PHH, Rutjes FPJT, Schalkwijk J. Discovery of small molecule vanin inhibitors: new tools to study metabolism and disease. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:530-4. [PMID: 23270378 DOI: 10.1021/cb3006424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Vanins are enzymes with pantetheinase activity and are presumed to play a role in the recycling of pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) from pantetheine. Pantothenic acid is an essential nutrient required to synthesize coenzyme A, a cofactor involved in many biological processes such as fatty acid synthesis and oxidation of pyruvate to fuel the citric acid cycle. Hydrolysis of pantetheine also liberates cysteamine, a known antioxidant. Vanin-1 is highly expressed in liver and is under transcriptional control of PPAR-α and nutritional status, suggesting a role in energy metabolism. The lack of potent and specific inhibitors of vanins has hampered detailed investigation of their function. We hereby report the design, synthesis, and characterization of a novel pantetheine analogue, RR6, that acts as a selective, reversible, and competitive vanin inhibitor at nanomolar concentration. Oral administration of RR6 in rats completely inhibited plasma vanin activity and caused alterations of plasma lipid concentrations upon fasting, thereby illustrating its potential use in chemical biology research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bas Ritzen
- Department
of Synthetic Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ivana Cacciatore
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara,
Italy
| | - Catia Cornacchia
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti-Pescara,
Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Pedro H. H. Hermkens
- Department
of Synthetic Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Department
of Synthetic Organic
Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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van den Bogaard EH, Bergboer JGM, Vonk-Bergers M, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Hato SV, van der Valk PGM, Schröder JM, Joosten I, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J. Coal tar induces AHR-dependent skin barrier repair in atopic dermatitis. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:917-27. [PMID: 23348739 DOI: 10.1172/jci65642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Topical application of coal tar is one of the oldest therapies for atopic dermatitis (AD), a T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocyte-mediated skin disease associated with loss-of-function mutations in the skin barrier gene, filaggrin (FLG). Despite its longstanding clinical use and efficacy, the molecular mechanism of coal tar therapy is unknown. Using organotypic skin models with primary keratinocytes from AD patients and controls, we found that coal tar activated the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), resulting in induction of epidermal differentiation. AHR knockdown by siRNA completely abrogated this effect. Coal tar restored filaggrin expression in FLG-haploinsufficient keratinocytes to wild-type levels, and counteracted Th2 cytokine-mediated downregulation of skin barrier proteins. In AD patients, coal tar completely restored expression of major skin barrier proteins, including filaggrin. Using organotypic skin models stimulated with Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13, we found coal tar to diminish spongiosis, apoptosis, and CCL26 expression, all AD hallmarks. Coal tar interfered with Th2 cytokine signaling via dephosphorylation of STAT6, most likely due to AHR-regulated activation of the NRF2 antioxidative stress pathway. The therapeutic effect of AHR activation herein described opens a new avenue to reconsider AHR as a pharmacological target and could lead to the development of mechanism-based drugs for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, Nijmegen 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
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Jansen PAM, van den Bogaard EH, Kersten FFJ, Oostendorp C, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Oji V, Traupe H, Hennies HC, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM. Cystatin M/E knockdown by lentiviral delivery of shRNA impairs epidermal morphogenesis of human skin equivalents. Exp Dermatol 2012; 21:889-91. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.12022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Corien Oostendorp
- Department of Dermatology; Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre; Nijmegen; the Netherlands
| | | | - Vinzenz Oji
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital; Münster; Germany
| | - Heiko Traupe
- Department of Dermatology; University Hospital; Münster; Germany
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van den Bogaard EH, Rodijk-Olthuis D, Jansen PAM, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, van Erp PE, Joosten I, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J. Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632 prolongs the life span of adult human keratinocytes, enhances skin equivalent development, and facilitates lentiviral transduction. Tissue Eng Part A 2012; 18:1827-36. [PMID: 22519508 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of tissue-engineered human skin equivalents (HSE) for fundamental research and industrial application requires the expansion of keratinocytes from a limited number of skin biopsies donated by adult healthy volunteers or patients. A pharmacological inhibitor of Rho-associated protein kinases, Y-27632, was recently reported to immortalize neonatal human foreskin keratinocytes. Here, we investigated the potential use of Y-27632 to expand human adult keratinocytes and evaluated its effects on HSE development and in vitro gene delivery assays. Y-27632 was found to significantly increase the life span of human adult keratinocytes (up to five to eight passages). The epidermal morphology of HSEs generated from high-passage, Y-27632-treated keratinocytes resembled the native epidermis and was improved by supplementing Y-27632 during the submerged phase of HSE development. In addition, Y-27632-treated keratinocytes responded normally to inflammatory stimuli, and could be used to generate HSEs with a psoriatic phenotype, upon stimulation with relevant cytokines. Furthermore, Y-27632 significantly enhanced both lentiviral transduction efficiency of primary adult keratinocytes and epidermal morphology of HSEs generated thereof. Our study indicates that Y-27632 is a potentially powerful tool that is used for a variety of applications of adult human keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen H van den Bogaard
- Department of Dermatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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de Koning HD, Simon A, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J. Pattern recognition receptors in infectious skin diseases. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:881-93. [PMID: 22516809 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
During the last decade, multiple pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have been identified. These are involved in the innate immune response against a plethora of pathogens. However, PRR functioning can also be detrimental, even during infections. This review discusses the current knowledge on PRRs that recognize dermatotropic pathogens, and potential therapeutical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen D de Koning
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, The Netherlands.
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36
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Lammers G, Roth G, Heck M, Zengerle R, Tjabringa GS, Versteeg EM, Hafmans T, Wismans R, Reinhardt DP, Verwiel ETP, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J, Brock R, Daamen WF, van Kuppevelt TH. Construction of a Microstructured Collagen Membrane Mimicking the Papillary Dermis Architecture and Guiding Keratinocyte Morphology and Gene Expression. Macromol Biosci 2012; 12:675-91. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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de Koning HD, Simon A, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J. Pattern recognition receptors in immune disorders affecting the skin. J Innate Immun 2012; 4:225-40. [PMID: 22398307 DOI: 10.1159/000335900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) evolved to protect organisms against pathogens, but excessive signaling can induce immune responses that are harmful to the host. Putative PRR dysfunction is associated with numerous immune disorders that affect the skin, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, cryopyrin-associated periodic syndrome, and primary inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. As yet, the evidence is often confined to genetic association studies without additional proof of a causal relationship. However, insight into the role of PRRs in the pathophysiology of some disorders has already resulted in new therapeutic approaches based on immunomodulation of PRRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen D de Koning
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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de Koning HD, Rodijk-Olthuis D, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Joosten LAB, Netea MG, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM. A comprehensive analysis of pattern recognition receptors in normal and inflamed human epidermis: upregulation of dectin-1 in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2611-20. [PMID: 20631729 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human epidermis plays an important role in host defense by acting as a physical barrier and signaling interface between the environment and the immune system. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) are crucial to maintain homeostasis and provide protection during infection, but are also causally involved in monogenic auto-inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to investigate the epidermal expression of PRRs and several associated host defense molecules in healthy human skin, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis (AD). Using microarray analysis and real-time quantitative PCR, we found that many of these genes are transcribed in normal human epidermis. Only a few genes were differentially induced in psoriasis (CLEC7A (dectin-1), Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, and mannose receptor C type 1 (MRC1)) or AD (MRC1, IL1RN, and IL1β) compared with normal epidermis. A remarkably high expression of dectin-1 mRNA was observed in psoriatic epidermis and this was corroborated by immunohistochemistry. In cultured primary human keratinocytes, dectin-1 expression was induced by IFN-γ, IFN-α, and Th17 cytokines. Keratinocytes were unresponsive, however, to dectin-1 ligands such as β-glucan or heat-killed Candida albicans, nor did we observe synergy with TLR2/TLR5 ligands. In conclusion, upregulation of dectin-1 in psoriatic lesions seems to be under control of psoriasis-associated cytokines. Its role in the biology of skin inflammation and infection remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen D de Koning
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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39
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Zeeuwen PLJM, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Cheng T, Rodijk-Olthuis D, Hitomi K, Hara-Nishimura I, John S, Smyth N, Reinheckel T, Hendriks WJAJ, Schalkwijk J. The cystatin M/E-cathepsin L balance is essential for tissue homeostasis in epidermis, hair follicles, and cornea. FASEB J 2010; 24:3744-55. [PMID: 20495178 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-155879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cystatin M/E (CST6) is a nonredundant, epithelium-specific protease inhibitor with a presumed role in epidermal differentiation and tumor suppression. We have previously reported that cystatin M/E deficiency in Cst6(-/-) mice causes neonatal lethality because of excessive transepidermal water loss. Biochemical evidence suggests that cystatin M/E controls the activity of legumain, cathepsin L, cathepsin V, and transglutaminase-3. Using a genetic approach we sought to define the role of cystatin M/E in epithelial biology by identification of its target proteases and their downstream functions. Ablation of cathepsin L in a Cst6(-/-) background (Cst6(-/-)Ctsl(-/-) double-knockout mice) restored viability and resulted in normalization of stratum corneum morphology. Ablation of legumain or transglutaminase-3 in Cst6(-/-) mice, however, did not rescue the lethal phenotype. Intriguingly, both Cst6(-/-)Ctsl(-/-) and Cst6(-/-)Ctsl(+/-) mice were viable, but the absence of cystatin M/E caused scarring alopecia in adult animals. In the cornea of Cst6(-/-)Ctsl(+/-) mice, we observed keratitis, hyperplasia, and transition to a cornified epithelium. Evidence is provided that activation of cathepsin D and transglutaminase-1 are downstream events, dependent of cathepsin L activity. We conclude that a tightly regulated balance between cathepsin L and cystatin M/E is essential for tissue integrity in epidermis, hair follicles, and corneal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Bergboer JGM, Zeeuwen PLJM, Irvine AD, Weidinger S, Giardina E, Novelli G, Den Heijer M, Rodriguez E, Illig T, Riveira-Munoz E, Campbell LE, Tyson J, Dannhauser EN, O'Regan GM, Galli E, Klopp N, Koppelman GH, Novak N, Estivill X, McLean WHI, Postma DS, Armour JAL, Schalkwijk J. Deletion of Late Cornified Envelope 3B and 3C genes is not associated with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:2057-61. [PMID: 20376060 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis are common skin diseases characterized by cutaneous inflammation and disturbed epidermal differentiation. Genome-wide analyses have shown overlapping susceptibility loci, such as the epidermal differentiation complex on chromosome 1q21. Recently, a deletion on 1q21 (LCE3C_LCE3B-del), comprising LCE3B and LCE3C, two members of the late cornified envelope (LCE) gene cluster, was found to be associated with psoriasis. Although the mechanistic role of LCE proteins in psoriasis has not been identified, these proteins are putatively involved in skin barrier formation and repair. Considering the potential genetic overlap between the two diseases and the recent finding that mutations in the skin barrier protein filaggrin are associated with AD, we investigated a possible association between LCE3C_LCE3B-del and AD. Evaluation of four different cohorts of European ancestry, containing a total of 1075 AD patients and 1658 controls, did not provide evidence for such an association. Subgroup analysis did not reveal an association with concomitant asthma. Our data suggest that the potential roles of skin barrier defects in the pathogenesis of AD and psoriasis are based on distinct genetic causes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith G M Bergboer
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Cheng T, Tjabringa GS, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Hitomi K, van Erp PEJ, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM. The cystatin M/E-controlled pathway of skin barrier formation: expression of its key components in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2009; 161:253-64. [PMID: 19438477 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The antiprotease activity of cystatin M/E regulates skin barrier formation, as it inhibits the activity of cathepsin V, cathepsin L and legumain, thereby controlling the processing of transglutaminase 3. Misregulation of this pathway by unrestrained protease activity, as seen in cystatin M/E-deficient mice, leads to abnormal stratum corneum and hair follicle formation, and severe disturbance of skin barrier function. OBJECTIVES Our major aim was to make a quantitative analysis of the expression of all players of this pathway in the epidermis of patients with inflammatory skin diseases. A second aim was to determine if reconstructed human skin could be used as an in vitro model system to investigate this pathway. METHODS Autopsy material from normal human tissues, biopsies from normal skin of healthy volunteers, and lesional skin from patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis were used to study the expression of the above-mentioned molecules at the mRNA level by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Localization of the protein was performed by immunofluorescence microscopy, and expression was quantitated by image analysis. RESULTS In skin, cystatin M/E is expressed at relatively higher levels than its target proteases, when compared with other tissues, which emphasizes its prominent role in cutaneous biology. We found decreased expression of cystatin M/E and cathepsin V in lesional atopic dermatitis and psoriasis epidermis at the mRNA level as well as the protein level. Cathepsin L and transglutaminase 3 were increased at the transcriptional level; however, this was not reflected by higher protein levels. Interestingly, the expression of all these molecules in reconstructed skin was qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the in vivo situation. CONCLUSIONS Disturbance of the cystatin M/E-cathepsin pathway could contribute to the dysregulated skin barrier function observed in inflammatory dermatoses. Human reconstructed skin appears to be a valuable model to study this novel biochemical pathway in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Jansen PAM, Rodijk-Olthuis D, Hollox EJ, Kamsteeg M, Tjabringa GS, de Jongh GJ, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Bergboer JGM, van Rossum MM, de Jong EMGJ, den Heijer M, Evers AWM, Bergers M, Armour JAL, Zeeuwen PLJM, Schalkwijk J. Beta-defensin-2 protein is a serum biomarker for disease activity in psoriasis and reaches biologically relevant concentrations in lesional skin. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4725. [PMID: 19266104 PMCID: PMC2649503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have extensively documented antimicrobial and chemotactic activities of beta-defensins. Human beta-defensin-2 (hBD-2) is strongly expressed in lesional psoriatic epidermis, and recently we have shown that high beta-defensin genomic copy number is associated with psoriasis susceptibility. It is not known, however, if biologically and pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of hBD-2 protein are present in vivo, which could support an antimicrobial and proinflammatory role of beta-defensins in lesional psoriatic epidermis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We found that systemic levels of hBD-2 showed a weak but significant correlation with beta defensin copy number in healthy controls but not in psoriasis patients with active disease. In psoriasis patients but not in atopic dermatitis patients, we found high systemic hBD-2 levels that strongly correlated with disease activity as assessed by the PASI score. Our findings suggest that systemic levels in psoriasis are largely determined by secretion from involved skin and not by genomic copy number. Modelling of the in vivo epidermal hBD-2 concentration based on the secretion rate in a reconstructed skin model for psoriatic epidermis provides evidence that epidermal hBD-2 levels in vivo are probably well above the concentrations required for in vitro antimicrobial and chemokine-like effects. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Serum hBD-2 appears to be a useful surrogate marker for disease activity in psoriasis. The discrepancy between hBD-2 levels in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis could explain the well known differences in infection rate between these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A. M. Jansen
- Department of Dermatology and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Rodijk-Olthuis
- Department of Dermatology and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Edward J. Hollox
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Marijke Kamsteeg
- Department of Dermatology and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Geuranne S. Tjabringa
- Department of Dermatology and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gys J. de Jongh
- Department of Dermatology and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M. J. J. van Vlijmen-Willems
- Department of Dermatology and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith G. M. Bergboer
- Department of Dermatology and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle M. van Rossum
- Department of Dermatology and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elke M. G. J. de Jong
- Department of Dermatology and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Department of Endocrinology and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea W. M. Evers
- Department of Medical Psychology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke Bergers
- Department of Dermatology and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - John A. L. Armour
- Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick L. J. M. Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Department of Dermatology and Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Cystatin M/E is a member of a superfamily of evolutionarily-related cysteine protease inhibitors that provide regulatory and protective functions against uncontrolled proteolysis by cysteine proteases. Although most cystatins are ubiquitously expressed, high levels of cystatin M/E expression are mainly restricted to the epithelia of the skin (epidermis, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands) and to a few extracutaneous tissues. The identification of its physiological targets and the localization of these proteases in skin have suggested a regulatory role for cystatin M/E in epidermal differentiation. In vitro biochemical approaches as well as the use of in vivo mouse models have revealed that cystatin M/E is a key molecule in a biochemical pathway that controls skin barrier formation by the regulation of both crosslinking and desquamation of the stratum corneum. Cystatin M/E directly controls the activity of cathepsin V, cathepsin L, and legumain, thereby regulating the processing of transglutaminases. Misregulation of this pathway by unrestrained protease activity, as seen in cystatin M/E-deficient mice, leads to abnormal stratum corneum and hair follicle formation, as well as to severe disturbance of skin barrier function. Here, we review the current knowledge on cystatin M/E in skin barrier formation and its potential role as a tumor suppressor gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Cheng T, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Hitomi K, Pasch MC, van Erp PEJ, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM. Colocalization of cystatin M/E and its target proteases suggests a role in terminal differentiation of human hair follicle and nail. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 129:1232-42. [PMID: 19005484 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The cysteine protease inhibitor cystatin M/E is a key regulator of a biochemical pathway that leads to epidermal terminal differentiation by inhibition of its target proteases cathepsin L, cathepsin V, and legumain. Inhibition of cathepsin L is important in the cornification process of the skin, as we have recently demonstrated that cathepsin L is the elusive processing and activating protease for transglutaminase 3, an enzyme that is responsible for crosslinking of structural proteins in cornified envelope formation. Here, we study the localization of all players of this pathway in the human hair follicle and nail unit in order to elucidate their possible role in the biology of these epidermal appendages. We found that cathepsin L and transglutaminase 3 specifically colocalize in the hair bulb and the nail matrix, the regions that provide cells that terminally differentiate to the hair fiber and the nail plate, respectively. Furthermore, transglutaminase 3 also colocalizes with the structural proteins loricrin and involucrin, which are established transglutaminase substrates. These findings suggest that cathepsin L and transglutaminase 3 could be involved in the pathway that leads to terminal differentiation, not only in the epidermis but also in the human hair follicle and nail unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsing Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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45
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Zeeuwen PLJM, de Jongh GJ, Rodijk-Olthuis D, Kamsteeg M, Verhoosel RM, van Rossum MM, Hiemstra PS, Schalkwijk J. Genetically programmed differences in epidermal host defense between psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2301. [PMID: 18523683 PMCID: PMC2409155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decades, chronic inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, asthma, Crohn’s disease and celiac disease were generally regarded as immune-mediated conditions involving activated T-cells and proinflammatory cytokines produced by these cells. This paradigm has recently been challenged by the finding that mutations and polymorphisms in epithelium-expressed genes involved in physical barrier function or innate immunity, are risk factors of these conditions. We used a functional genomics approach to analyze cultured keratinocytes from patients with psoriasis or atopic dermatitis and healthy controls. First passage primary cells derived from non-lesional skin were stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines, and expression of a panel of 55 genes associated with epidermal differentiation and cutaneous inflammation was measured by quantitative PCR. A subset of these genes was analyzed at the protein level. Using cluster analysis and multivariate analysis of variance we identified groups of genes that were differentially expressed, and could, depending on the stimulus, provide a disease-specific gene expression signature. We found particularly large differences in expression levels of innate immunity genes between keratinocytes from psoriasis patients and atopic dermatitis patients. Our findings indicate that cell-autonomous differences exist between cultured keratinocytes of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients, which we interpret to be genetically determined. We hypothesize that polymorphisms of innate immunity genes both with signaling and effector functions are coadapted, each with balancing advantages and disadvantages. In the case of psoriasis, high expression levels of antimicrobial proteins genes putatively confer increased protection against microbial infection, but the biological cost could be a beneficial system gone awry, leading to overt inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L. J. M. Zeeuwen
- Laboratory of Skin Biology and Experimental Dermatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (PZ); (JS)
| | - Gys J. de Jongh
- Laboratory of Skin Biology and Experimental Dermatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diana Rodijk-Olthuis
- Laboratory of Skin Biology and Experimental Dermatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke Kamsteeg
- Laboratory of Skin Biology and Experimental Dermatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Renate M. Verhoosel
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle M. van Rossum
- Laboratory of Skin Biology and Experimental Dermatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter S. Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Schalkwijk
- Laboratory of Skin Biology and Experimental Dermatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (PZ); (JS)
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Kamsteeg M, Zeeuwen PLJM, de Jongh GJ, Rodijk-Olthuis D, Zeeuwen-Franssen MEJ, van Erp PEJ, Schalkwijk J. Increased expression of carbonic anhydrase II (CA II) in lesional skin of atopic dermatitis: regulation by Th2 cytokines. J Invest Dermatol 2007; 127:1786-9. [PMID: 17363915 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Armour JAL, Palla R, Zeeuwen PLJM, den Heijer M, Schalkwijk J, Hollox EJ. Accurate, high-throughput typing of copy number variation using paralogue ratios from dispersed repeats. Nucleic Acids Res 2006; 35:e19. [PMID: 17175532 PMCID: PMC1807953 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkl1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated an unexpected prevalence of copy number variation in the human genome, and has highlighted the part this variation may play in predisposition to common phenotypes. Some important genes vary in number over a high range (e.g. DEFB4, which commonly varies between two and seven copies), and have posed formidable technical challenges for accurate copy number typing, so that there are no simple, cheap, high-throughput approaches suitable for large-scale screening. We have developed a simple comparative PCR method based on dispersed repeat sequences, using a single pair of precisely designed primers to amplify products simultaneously from both test and reference loci, which are subsequently distinguished and quantified via internal sequence differences. We have validated the method for the measurement of copy number at DEFB4 by comparison of results from >800 DNA samples with copy number measurements by MAPH/REDVR, MLPA and array-CGH. The new Paralogue Ratio Test (PRT) method can require as little as 10 ng genomic DNA, appears to be comparable in accuracy to the other methods, and for the first time provides a rapid, simple and inexpensive method for copy number analysis, suitable for application to typing thousands of samples in large case-control association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A L Armour
- Institute of Genetics, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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48
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Zeeuwen PLJM, Ishida-Yamamoto A, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, Cheng T, Bergers M, Iizuka H, Schalkwijk J. Colocalization of cystatin M/E and cathepsin V in lamellar granules and corneodesmosomes suggests a functional role in epidermal differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:120-8. [PMID: 16874311 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cystatin M/E is a cysteine protease inhibitor with two distinct binding sites for papain-like cysteine proteases (family C1) and the asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP) legumain of family C13. We have previously demonstrated that deficiency of cystatin M/E in mice causes ichthyosiform skin changes and barrier disruption, which could be caused by unrestrained AEP activity. Recently, we provided biochemical evidence that human cathepsin V (CTSV) and cathepsin L (CTSL) are additional biological targets for human cystatin M/E. To address the possible role of these three proteases and their inhibitor in epidermal differentiation, we investigated the localization of these proteins in normal human skin. Whereas CTSL and AEP were broadly expressed in epithelial cells of the skin, we found a specific colocalization of cystatin M/E and CTSV in the stratum granulosum and in the root sheets of the hair follicle, using immunofluorescence microscopy. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that cystatin M/E and CTSV are separately transported within the lamellar granules. Cystatin M/E was also found in the extracellular space in the stratum corneum associated with corneodesmosomes, where it was closely associated with CTSV. Based on the striking stratum-specific colocalization of cystatin M/E and CTSV, we propose that these molecules could have an important role in epidermal differentiation and desquamation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick L J M Zeeuwen
- Department of Dermatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Cheng T, Hitomi K, van Vlijmen-Willems IMJJ, de Jongh GJ, Yamamoto K, Nishi K, Watts C, Reinheckel T, Schalkwijk J, Zeeuwen PLJM. Cystatin M/E is a high affinity inhibitor of cathepsin V and cathepsin L by a reactive site that is distinct from the legumain-binding site. A novel clue for the role of cystatin M/E in epidermal cornification. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:15893-9. [PMID: 16565075 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m600694200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystatin M/E is a high affinity inhibitor of the asparaginyl endopeptidase legumain, and we have previously reported that both proteins are likely to be involved in the regulation of stratum corneum formation in skin. Although cystatin M/E contains a predicted binding site for papain-like cysteine proteases, no high affinity binding for any member of this family has been demonstrated so far. We report that human cathepsin V (CTSV) and human cathepsin L (CTSL) are strongly inhibited by human cystatin M/E. Kinetic studies show that Ki values of cystatin M/E for the interaction with CTSV and CTSL are 0.47 and 1.78 nM, respectively. On the basis of the analogous sites in cystatin C, we used site-directed mutagenesis to identify the binding sites of these proteases in cystatin M/E. We found that the W135A mutant was rendered inactive against CTSV and CTSL but retained legumain-inhibiting activity. Conversely, the N64A mutant lost legumain-inhibiting activity but remained active against the papain-like cysteine proteases. We conclude that legumain and papain-like cysteine proteases are inhibited by two distinct non-overlapping sites. Using immunohistochemistry on normal human skin, we found that cystatin M/E co-localizes with CTSV and CTSL. In addition, we show that CTSL is the elusive enzyme that processes and activates epidermal transglutaminase 3. The identification of CTSV and CTSL as novel targets for cystatin M/E, their (co)-expression in the stratum granulosum of human skin, and the activity of CTSL toward transglutaminase 3 strongly imply an important role for these enzymes in the differentiation process of human epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsing Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P. O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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50
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de Jongh GJ, Zeeuwen PLJM, Kucharekova M, Pfundt R, van der Valk PG, Blokx W, Dogan A, Hiemstra PS, van de Kerkhof PC, Schalkwijk J. High expression levels of keratinocyte antimicrobial proteins in psoriasis compared with atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 125:1163-73. [PMID: 16354186 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, it was shown that lesional skin of atopic dermatitis patients expresses low levels of some antimicrobial peptides, compared with psoriasis patients. Here we performed microarray analysis on mRNA from purified lesional epidermal cells of patients with chronic plaque psoriasis and chronic atopic dermatitis, to investigate whether this is a general phenomenon for host defense proteins, and how specific it is for this class of molecules. Microarray data were confirmed on a selected set of genes by quantitative PCR and at the protein level by immunohistochemistry. We found overexpression of many antimicrobial proteins in keratinocytes from psoriatic skin compared with atopic dermatitis skin. Interestingly, we observed that markers of normal differentiation and the activated/hyperproliferative epidermal phenotype were expressed at equal levels. Chronic lesions of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis patients are remarkably similar with respect to cellular proliferation. We conclude that psoriatic epidermis expresses high levels of host defense proteins compared with atopic dermatitis epidermis, and this phenomenon appears to be specific for these proteins. It remains to be investigated whether this is caused by genetic polymorphisms in pathways leading to an epidermal antimicrobial response, or by differences in the cellular infiltrate in psoriasis compared with atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gys J de Jongh
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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