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Mitchell J, Colon B, Bayik D, Lathia JD. The missing link? LGMN connects hypoxia and immunosuppression in glioblastoma. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101293. [PMID: 37992680 PMCID: PMC10694751 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
In this issue, Pang and colleagues1 identify the protease legumain as a potential immunotherapy target in glioblastoma that drives tumor-associated macrophages in response to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mitchell
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Bruno Colon
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Defne Bayik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Rose Ella Burkhardt Brain Tumor & Neuro-Oncology Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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2
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Zhao H, Qiu TT, Liu MQ, Chen LX. SENP2: A Novel Regulatory Mechanism of Brown Adipocyte Differentiation. Biomed Environ Sci 2020; 33:872-876. [PMID: 33771242 DOI: 10.3967/bes2020.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Hengyang Medical College, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China;Nursing College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Ting Qiu
- Nursing College, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Mei Qing Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650000, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Xi Chen
- Hengyang Medical College, Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
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3
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Agrotis A, Ketteler R. On ATG4B as Drug Target for Treatment of Solid Tumours-The Knowns and the Unknowns. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010053. [PMID: 31878323 PMCID: PMC7016753 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved stress survival pathway that has been shown to play an important role in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of multiple cancers; however, little progress has been made to date in translation of basic research to clinical application. This is partially due to an incomplete understanding of the role of autophagy in the different stages of cancer, and also to an incomplete assessment of potential drug targets in the autophagy pathway. While drug discovery efforts are on-going to target enzymes involved in the initiation phase of the autophagosome, e.g., unc51-like autophagy activating kinase (ULK)1/2, vacuolar protein sorting 34 (Vps34), and autophagy-related (ATG)7, we propose that the cysteine protease ATG4B is a bona fide drug target for the development of anti-cancer treatments. In this review, we highlight some of the recent advances in our understanding of the role of ATG4B in autophagy and its relevance to cancer, and perform a critical evaluation of ATG4B as a druggable cancer target.
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Abstract
Although numerous studies have demonstrated that neuronal mechanisms regulate alcohol-related behaviors, very few have investigated the direct role of glia in behavioral responses to alcohol. The results described here begin to fill this gap in the alcohol behavior and gliobiology fields. Since Drosophila exhibit conserved behavioral responses to alcohol and their CNS glia are similar to mammalian CNS glia, we used Drosophila to begin exploring the role of glia in alcohol behavior. We found that knockdown of Cysteine proteinase-1 (Cp1) in glia increased Drosophila alcohol sedation and that this effect was specific to cortex glia and adulthood. These data implicate Cp1 and cortex glia in alcohol-related behaviors. Cortex glia are functionally homologous to mammalian astrocytes and Cp1 is orthologous to mammalian Cathepsin L. Our studies raise the possibility that cathepsins may influence behavioral responses to alcohol in mammals via roles in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M. Lee
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Laura D. Mathies
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
| | - Mike Grotewiel
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
- Virginia Commonwealth University Alcohol Research Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298 USA
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5
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Fang H, Zögg T, Brandstetter H. Maturation of coagulation factor IX during Xase formation as deduced using factor VIII-derived peptides. FEBS Open Bio 2019; 9:1370-1378. [PMID: 31077577 PMCID: PMC6668378 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation involves extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, which merge at the activation step of blood coagulation factor X to factor Xa. This step is catalysed by the extrinsic or intrinsic Xase, which consists of a complex of factor VIIa and its cofactor tissue factor or factor IXa (FIXa) and its cofactor coagulation factor VIIIa (FVIIIa). Upon complex formation with FVIIIa, FIXa is conformationally activated to the Xase complex. However, the mechanistic understanding of this molecular recognition is limited. Here, we examined FVIIIa‐FIXa binding in the context of FIXa's activation status. Given the complexity and the labile nature of FVIIIa, we decided to employ two FVIII‐derived peptides (558‐loop, a2 peptide) to model the cofactor binding of FIX(a) using biosensor chip technology. These two FVIII peptides are known to mediate the key interactions between FVIIIa and FIXa. We found both of these cofactor mimetics as well as full‐length FVIIIa bind more tightly to zymogenic FIX than to proteolytically activated FIXa. Consequently and surprisingly, we observed that the catalytically inactive FIX zymogen can outcompete the activated FIXa from the complex with FVIIIa, resulting in an inactive, zymogenic Xase complex. By contrast, the thrombophilic Padua mutant FIXa‐R170 in complex with the protein–substrate analogue BPTI bound tighter to FVIIIa than to the zymogen form FIX‐R170L, suggesting that the active Xase complex preferentially forms in the Padua variant. Together, these results provide a mechanistic basis for the thrombophilic nature of the FIX‐R170L mutant and suggest the existence of a newly discovered safety measure within the coagulation cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Fang
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgAustria
| | - Thomas Zögg
- Department of BiosciencesUniversity of SalzburgAustria
- VIB‐VUB Center for Structural BiologyBrusselsBelgium
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Pei HZ, Huang B, Chang HW, Baek SH. Ovarian tumor domain-containing ubiquitin aldehyde binding protein 1 inhibits inflammation by regulating Nur77 stability. Cell Signal 2019; 59:85-95. [PMID: 30905540 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nur77 (NR4A1) plays an important role in various inflammatory responses. Nur77 is rapidly degraded in cells and its protein level is critically controlled. Although few E3 ligases regulating the Nur77 protein have been defined, the deubiquitinase (DUB) responsible for Nur77 stability has not been reported to date. We identified ovarian tumor domain-containing ubiquitin aldehyde binding protein 1 (OTUB1) as a DUB that stabilizes Nur77 by preventing its proteasomal degradation. We found that OTUB1 interacted with Nur77 to deubiquitinate it, thereby stabilizing Nur77 in an Asp88-dependent manner. This suggests that OTUB1 targets Nur77 for deubiquitination via a non-canonical mechanism. Functionally, OTUB1 inhibited TNFα-induced IL-6 production by promoting Nur77 protein stability. OTUB1 modulated the stability of Nur77 as a counterpart of tripartite motif 13 (Trim13). That is, OTUB1 reduced the ubiquitination and degradation of Nur77 potentiated by Trim13. In addition, this DUB also inhibited IL-6 production, which was further amplified by Trim13 in TNFα-induced responses. These findings suggest that OTUB1 is an important regulator of Nur77 stability and plays a role in controlling the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhong Pei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Bin Huang
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hyeun-Wook Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea
| | - Suk-Hwan Baek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu, South Korea.
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Niemeyer D, Mösbauer K, Klein EM, Sieberg A, Mettelman RC, Mielech AM, Dijkman R, Baker SC, Drosten C, Müller MA. The papain-like protease determines a virulence trait that varies among members of the SARS-coronavirus species. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007296. [PMID: 30248143 PMCID: PMC6171950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-coronavirus (CoV) is a zoonotic agent derived from rhinolophid bats, in which a plethora of SARS-related, conspecific viral lineages exist. Whereas the variability of virulence among reservoir-borne viruses is unknown, it is generally assumed that the emergence of epidemic viruses from animal reservoirs requires human adaptation. To understand the influence of a viral factor in relation to interspecies spillover, we studied the papain-like protease (PLP) of SARS-CoV. This key enzyme drives the early stages of infection as it cleaves the viral polyprotein, deubiquitinates viral and cellular proteins, and antagonizes the interferon (IFN) response. We identified a bat SARS-CoV PLP, which shared 86% amino acid identity with SARS-CoV PLP, and used reverse genetics to insert it into the SARS-CoV genome. The resulting virus replicated like SARS-CoV in Vero cells but was suppressed in IFN competent MA-104 (3.7-fold), Calu-3 (2.6-fold) and human airway epithelial cells (10.3-fold). Using ectopically-expressed PLP variants as well as full SARS-CoV infectious clones chimerized for PLP, we found that a protease-independent, anti-IFN function exists in SARS-CoV, but not in a SARS-related, bat-borne virus. This PLP-mediated anti-IFN difference was seen in primate, human as well as bat cells, thus independent of the host context. The results of this study revealed that coronavirus PLP confers a variable virulence trait among members of the species SARS-CoV, and that a SARS-CoV lineage with virulent PLPs may have pre-existed in the reservoir before onset of the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Niemeyer
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, associated partner Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirstin Mösbauer
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva M. Klein
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andrea Sieberg
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert C. Mettelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States of America
| | - Anna M. Mielech
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States of America
| | - Ronald Dijkman
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern & Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Susan C. Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University of Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States of America
| | - Christian Drosten
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, associated partner Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcel A. Müller
- Institute of Virology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, associated partner Charité, Berlin, Germany
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8
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Zhai X, Meek TD. Catalytic Mechanism of Cruzain from Trypanosoma cruzi As Determined from Solvent Kinetic Isotope Effects of Steady-State and Pre-Steady-State Kinetics. Biochemistry 2018; 57:3176-3190. [PMID: 29336553 PMCID: PMC10569748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cruzain, an important drug target for Chagas disease, is a member of clan CA of the cysteine proteases. Understanding the catalytic mechanism of cruzain is vital to the design of new inhibitors. To this end, we have determined pH-rate profiles for substrates and affinity agents and solvent kinetic isotope effects in pre-steady-state and steady-state modes using three substrates: Cbz-Phe-Arg-AMC, Cbz-Arg-Arg-AMC, and Cbz-Arg-Ala-AMC. The pH-rate profile of kcat/ Km for Cbz-Arg-Arg-AMC indicated p K1 = 6.6 (unprotonated) and p K2 ∼ 9.6 (protonated) groups were required for catalysis. The temperature dependence of the p K = 6.2-6.6 group exhibited a Δ Hion value of 8.4 kcal/mol, typical of histidine. The pH-rate profile of inactivation by iodoacetamide confirmed that the catalytic cysteine possesses a p Ka of 9.8. Normal solvent kinetic isotope effects were observed for both D2O kcat (1.6-2.1) and D2O kcat/ Km (1.1-1.4) for all three substrates. Pre-steady-state kinetics revealed exponential bursts of AMC production for Cbz-Phe-Arg-AMC and Cbz-Arg-Arg-AMC, but not for Cbz-Arg-Ala-AMC. The overall solvent isotope effect on kcat can be attributed to the solvent isotope effect on the deacylation step. Our results suggest that cruzain is unique among papain-like cysteine proteases in that the catalytic cysteine and histidine have neutral charges in the free enzyme. The generation of the active thiolate of the catalytic cysteine is likely preceded (and possibly triggered) by a ligand-induced conformational change, which could bring the catalytic dyad into the proximity to effect proton transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas D. Meek
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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Verma V, Croley F, Sadanandom A. Fifty shades of SUMO: its role in immunity and at the fulcrum of the growth-defence balance. Mol Plant Pathol 2018; 19:1537-1544. [PMID: 29024335 PMCID: PMC6637990 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The sessile nature of plants requires them to cope with an ever-changing environment. Effective adaptive responses require sophisticated cellular mechanisms at the post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. Post-translational modification by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins is emerging as a key player in these adaptive responses. SUMO conjugation can rapidly change the overall fate of target proteins by altering their stability or interaction with partner proteins or DNA. SUMOylation entails an enzyme cascade that leads to the activation, conjugation and ligation of SUMO to lysine residues of target proteins. In addition to their SUMO processing activities, SUMO proteases also possess de-conjugative activity capable of cleaving SUMO from target proteins, providing reversibility and buffering to the pathway. These proteases play critical roles in the maintenance of the SUMO machinery in equilibrium. We hypothesize that SUMO proteases provide the all-important substrate specificity within the SUMO system. Furthermore, we provide an overview of the role of SUMO in plant innate immunity. SUMOylation also overlaps with multiple growth-promoting and defence-related hormone signalling pathways, and hence is pivotal for the maintenance of the growth-defence balance. This review aims to highlight the intricate molecular mechanisms utilized by SUMO to regulate plant defence and to stabilize the growth-defence equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Verma
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityDurham DH1 3LEUK
| | - Fenella Croley
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityDurham DH1 3LEUK
| | - Ari Sadanandom
- Department of BiosciencesDurham UniversityDurham DH1 3LEUK
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Yang X, Hu Z, Fan S, Zhang Q, Zhong Y, Guo D, Qin Y, Chen M. Picornavirus 2A protease regulates stress granule formation to facilitate viral translation. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006901. [PMID: 29415027 PMCID: PMC5819834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) contain stalled messenger ribonucleoprotein complexes and are related to the regulation of mRNA translation. Picornavirus infection can interfere with the formation of SGs. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms and functions of picornavirus-mediated regulation of SG formation are not clear. Here, we found that the 2A protease of a picornavirus, EV71, induced atypical stress granule (aSG), but not typical stress granule (tSG), formation via cleavage of eIF4GI. Furthermore, 2A was required and sufficient to inhibit tSGs induced by EV71 infection, sodium arsenite, or heat shock. Infection of 2A protease activity-inactivated recombinant EV71 (EV71-2AC110S) failed to induce aSG formation and only induced tSG formation, which is PKR and eIF2α phosphorylation-dependent. By using a Renilla luciferase mRNA reporter system and RNA fluorescence in situ hybridization assay, we found that EV71-induced aSGs were beneficial to viral translation through sequestering only cellular mRNAs, but not viral mRNAs. In addition, we found that the 2A protease of other picornaviruses such as poliovirus and coxsackievirus also induced aSG formation and blocked tSG formation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that, on one hand, EV71 infection induces tSG formation via the PKR-eIF2α pathway, and on the other hand, 2A, but not 3C, blocks tSG formation. Instead, 2A induces aSG formation by cleaving eIF4GI to sequester cellular mRNA but release viral mRNA, thereby facilitating viral translation. When cellular translation initiation is stalled, translation initiation complexes aggregate in cytoplasm. We call these aggregations stress granules (SGs), and they can be marked by components such as TIA-1. SGs are always considered to be antiviral structures during viral infection, but viruses also regulate SG formation to facilitate their survival. Here, we show that the 2A protease of EV71 induced TIA-1 foci formation, and we analyzed these TIA-1 foci and found that they were different from typical stress granules (tSGs); thus, we named them atypical stress granules (aSGs). 2A alone could block tSG formation, and we found that protease activity of 2A was required for aSG induction and tSG blockage, but functioned in different ways. When the protease activity of 2A in EV71 was blocked (EV71-2AC110S), the tSGs but not aSGs appeared in infected cells. These tSGs contained cellular and viral mRNAs and translation initiation factors to inhibit viral translation, but aSGs contained only cellular mRNAs to promote viral translation. We propose a model revealing that EV71 escapes cellular antiviral response by manipulating SG formation: 2A transforms the overall translation shutdown system to a selective virally beneficial system by switching from tSGs to aSGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, LuoJia Hill, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhulong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, LuoJia Hill, Wuhan, China
| | - Shanshan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, LuoJia Hill, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, LuoJia Hill, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, LuoJia Hill, Wuhan, China
| | - Dong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, LuoJia Hill, Wuhan, China
| | - Yali Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, LuoJia Hill, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, LuoJia Hill, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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11
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Schweiger A, Christensen IJ, Nielsen HJ, Sørensen S, Brünner N, Kos J. Serum Cathepsin H as a Potential Prognostic Marker in Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 19:289-94. [PMID: 15646835 DOI: 10.1177/172460080401900406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin H is a lysosomal cysteine protease that may participate in tumor progression. In order to evaluate its potential as a prognostic marker, its protein levels were measured by ELISA in preoperative sera from 324 patients with colorectal cancer. The level of cathepsin H was significantly increased in patient sera, the median level was 8.4 ng/mL versus 2.1 ng/mL in 90 healthy blood donors (p<0.0001). A weak association of cathepsin H levels was found with patient age (p=0.02) but not with Dukes’ stage, sex, or the level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). In survival analysis a significant difference was found between the group of patients with low cathepsin H (first tertile) who had a poor prognosis and the remaining patients (p=0.03). The risk of patients was further stratified when cathepsin H levels were combined with CEA. Patients with high CEA and low cathepsin H had the highest risk of death with a hazard ratio of 2.72 (95% CI 1.73–4.28), p<.0001. Our results show that the prognostic information of cathepsin H differs from that of the related cathepsins B and L and suggest different roles during the progression of malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Schweiger
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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12
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Zhao H, Yao P, Fu N, Chen L. deSUMOylation signaling: a novel mechanism of liver CSC properties and hepatocarcinogenesis in hypoxia. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:1135-1137. [PMID: 29040348 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhao
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Pingbo Yao
- Intensive Care Units of the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Nian Fu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drugs Study, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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13
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Hu MM, Liao CY, Yang Q, Xie XQ, Shu HB. Innate immunity to RNA virus is regulated by temporal and reversible sumoylation of RIG-I and MDA5. J Exp Med 2017; 214:973-989. [PMID: 28250012 PMCID: PMC5379974 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing of viral RNA by the cytosolic receptors RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) leads to innate antiviral response. How RIG-I and MDA5 are dynamically regulated in innate antiviral response is not well understood. Here, we show that TRIM38 positively regulates MDA5- and RIG-I-mediated induction of downstream genes and acts as a SUMO E3 ligase for their dynamic sumoylation at K43/K865 and K96/K888, respectively, before and after viral infection. The sumoylation of MDA5 and RIG-I suppresses their K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation in uninfected or early-infected cells. Sumoylation of the caspase recruitment domains of MDA5 and RIG-I is also required for their dephosphorylation by PP1 and activation upon viral infection. At the late phase of viral infection, both MDA5 and RIG-I are desumoylated by SENP2, resulting in their K48-linked polyubiquitination and degradation. These findings suggest that dynamic sumoylation and desumoylation of MDA5 and RIG-I modulate efficient innate immunity to RNA virus and its timely termination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Hu
- Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Chen-Yang Liao
- Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xue-Qin Xie
- Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Hong-Bing Shu
- Medical Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Viral Immunology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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14
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López-García C, Sansregret L, Domingo E, McGranahan N, Hobor S, Birkbak NJ, Horswell S, Grönroos E, Favero F, Rowan AJ, Matthews N, Begum S, Phillimore B, Burrell R, Oukrif D, Spencer-Dene B, Kovac M, Stamp G, Stewart A, Danielsen H, Novelli M, Tomlinson I, Swanton C. BCL9L Dysfunction Impairs Caspase-2 Expression Permitting Aneuploidy Tolerance in Colorectal Cancer. Cancer Cell 2017; 31:79-93. [PMID: 28073006 PMCID: PMC5225404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chromosomal instability (CIN) contributes to cancer evolution, intratumor heterogeneity, and drug resistance. CIN is driven by chromosome segregation errors and a tolerance phenotype that permits the propagation of aneuploid genomes. Through genomic analysis of colorectal cancers and cell lines, we find frequent loss of heterozygosity and mutations in BCL9L in aneuploid tumors. BCL9L deficiency promoted tolerance of chromosome missegregation events, propagation of aneuploidy, and genetic heterogeneity in xenograft models likely through modulation of Wnt signaling. We find that BCL9L dysfunction contributes to aneuploidy tolerance in both TP53-WT and mutant cells by reducing basal caspase-2 levels and preventing cleavage of MDM2 and BID. Efforts to exploit aneuploidy tolerance mechanisms and the BCL9L/caspase-2/BID axis may limit cancer diversity and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-García
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Laurent Sansregret
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Enric Domingo
- Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK; Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nicholas McGranahan
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC2E 6DD, UK
| | - Sebastijan Hobor
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicolai Juul Birkbak
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC2E 6DD, UK
| | - Stuart Horswell
- Bioinformatics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Eva Grönroos
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Francesco Favero
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Cancer System Biology, Centre for Biological Sequence Analysis, Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Andrew J Rowan
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Nicholas Matthews
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sharmin Begum
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Benjamin Phillimore
- Advanced Sequencing Facility, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Rebecca Burrell
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Dahmane Oukrif
- Research Department of Pathology, University College London Medical School, University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Bradley Spencer-Dene
- Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Michal Kovac
- Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Gordon Stamp
- Experimental Histopathology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Aengus Stewart
- Bioinformatics Science Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Havard Danielsen
- Institute for Cancer Genetics and Informatics, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Ullernchausseen 70, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Marco Novelli
- Research Department of Pathology, University College London Medical School, University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Oxford Centre for Cancer Gene Research, The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Charles Swanton
- Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Translational Cancer Therapeutics Laboratory, University College London Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, 72 Huntley Street, London WC2E 6DD, UK.
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15
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Abstract
Many bacteria symbiotic and parasitic in humans are included in the genera Bacteroides, Prevotella, Porphyromonas and others, which belong to the phylum Bacteroidetes. We have been studying gingipain, a major secretory protease of Porphyromonas gingivalis which is a periodontopathogenic bacterium belonging to the genus Porphyromonas, and pili which contribute to host colonization in the bacterium. In the process, it was found that gingipain was secreted by a system not reported previously. Furthermore, this secretion system was found to exist widely in the Bacteroidetes phylum bacteria and closely related to the gliding motility of bacteroidete bacteria, and it was named the Por secretion system (later renamed the type IX secretion system). Regarding P. gingivalis pili, it was found that the pilus protein is transported as a lipoprotein to the cell surface, and the pilus formation occurs due to degradation by arginine-gingipain. Pili with this novel formation mechanism was found to be widely present in bacteria belonging to the class Bacteroidia in the phylum Bacteroidetes and was named the type V pili.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nakayama
- Department of Microbiology and Oral Infection, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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16
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Hansenová Maňásková S, Nazmi K, van ‘t Hof W, van Belkum A, Martin NI, Bikker FJ, van Wamel WJB, Veerman ECI. Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A-Mediated Incorporation of Peptides: Effect of Peptide Modification on Incorporation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147401. [PMID: 26799839 PMCID: PMC4723074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The endogenous Staphylococcus aureus sortase A (SrtA) transpeptidase covalently anchors cell wall-anchored (CWA) proteins equipped with a specific recognition motif (LPXTG) into the peptidoglycan layer of the staphylococcal cell wall. Previous in situ experiments have shown that SrtA is also able to incorporate exogenous, fluorescently labelled, synthetic substrates equipped with the LPXTG motif (K(FITC)LPETG-amide) into the bacterial cell wall, albeit at high concentrations of 500 μM to 1 mM. In the present study, we have evaluated the effect of substrate modification on the incorporation efficiency. This revealed that (i) by elongation of LPETG-amide with a sequence of positively charged amino acids, derived from the C-terminal domain of physiological SrtA substrates, the incorporation efficiency was increased by 20-fold at 10 μM, 100 μM and 250 μM; (ii) Substituting aspartic acid (E) for methionine increased the incorporation of the resulting K(FITC)LPMTG-amide approximately three times at all concentrations tested; (iii) conjugation of the lipid II binding antibiotic vancomycin to K(FITC)LPMTG-amide resulted in the same incorporation levels as K(FITC)LPETG-amide, but much more efficient at an impressive 500-fold lower substrate concentration. These newly developed synthetic substrates can potentially find broad applications in for example the in situ imaging of bacteria; the incorporation of antibody recruiting moieties; the targeted delivery and covalent incorporation of antimicrobial compounds into the bacterial cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvie Hansenová Maňásková
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Kamran Nazmi
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim van ‘t Hof
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex van Belkum
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathaniel I. Martin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Floris J. Bikker
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J. B. van Wamel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Enno C. I. Veerman
- Department of Periodontology and Oral Biochemistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Koo YD, Choi JW, Kim M, Chae S, Ahn BY, Kim M, Oh BC, Hwang D, Seol JH, Kim YB, Park YJ, Chung SS, Park KS. SUMO-Specific Protease 2 (SENP2) Is an Important Regulator of Fatty Acid Metabolism in Skeletal Muscle. Diabetes 2015; 64:2420-31. [PMID: 25784542 PMCID: PMC4477359 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)-specific proteases (SENPs) that reverse protein modification by SUMO are involved in the control of numerous cellular processes, including transcription, cell division, and cancer development. However, the physiological function of SENPs in energy metabolism remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of SENP2 in fatty acid metabolism in C2C12 myotubes and in vivo. In C2C12 myotubes, treatment with saturated fatty acids, like palmitate, led to nuclear factor-κB-mediated increase in the expression of SENP2. This increase promoted the recruitment of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)δ and PPARγ, through desumoylation of PPARs, to the promoters of the genes involved in fatty acid oxidation (FAO), such as carnitine-palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT1b) and long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1). In addition, SENP2 overexpression substantially increased FAO in C2C12 myotubes. Consistent with the cell culture system, muscle-specific SENP2 overexpression led to a marked increase in the mRNA levels of CPT1b and ACSL1 and thereby in FAO in the skeletal muscle, which ultimately alleviated high-fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Collectively, these data identify SENP2 as an important regulator of fatty acid metabolism in skeletal muscle and further implicate that muscle SENP2 could be a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity-linked metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Do Koo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Woo Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myungjin Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sehyun Chae
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Byung Yong Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Chul Oh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Jae Hong Seol
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Joo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Soo Chung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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18
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Ballini A, Cantore S, Farronato D, Cirulli N, Inchingolo F, Papa F, Malcangi G, Inchingolo AD, Dipalma G, Sardaro N, Lippolis R, Santacroce L, Coscia MF, Pettini F, De Vito D, Scacco S. Periodontal disease and bone pathogenesis: the crosstalk between cytokines and porphyromonas gingivalis. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2015; 29:273-281. [PMID: 26122214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is the most frequent cause of tooth loss among adults. It is defined as a plaque-induced inflammation of the periodontal tissues that results in a loss of support of the affected teeth. This process is characterized by destruction of the periodontal attachment apparatus, increased bone resorption with loss of crestal alveolar bone, apical migration of the epithelial attachment, and formation of periodontal pockets. Although the presence of periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis is a prerequisite, the progression of periodontal disease is dependent on the host response to pathogenic bacteria that colonize the tooth surface. Nowadays, a growing body of literature has accumulated to investigate the association between bone diseases, periodontal pathogens and periodontal diseases. The integration of pathogen-associated molecular patterns from microorganisms with their surface receptors in the immune cells, induces the production of several cytokines and chemokines that present either a pro- and/or anti-inflammatory role and the activation of mechanisms of controlling this and the related disease, such as osteoporosis and rheumatoid arthritis. This review focuses on the evidence and significance of bone host cell invasion by Porphyromonas gingivalis in the pathogenesis of bone disorders, as well as the different lines of evidence supporting the role of cytokines in bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ballini
- Department of Base Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - S Cantore
- School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - D Farronato
- Department of Morphologic and Surgical Sciences, Insubria University, Varese, Italy
| | - N Cirulli
- School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - F Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - F Papa
- School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - G Malcangi
- Department of Base Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - A D Inchingolo
- School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - G Dipalma
- School of Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - N Sardaro
- Department of Base Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - R Lippolis
- Institute of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes National Council Research, Bari, Italy
| | - L Santacroce
- Jonian Department, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - M F Coscia
- Department of Base Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - F Pettini
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - D De Vito
- Department of Base Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
| | - S Scacco
- Department of Base Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Italy
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19
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Heo KS, Le NT, Cushman HJ, Giancursio CJ, Chang E, Woo CH, Sullivan MA, Taunton J, Yeh ETH, Fujiwara K, Abe JI. Disturbed flow-activated p90RSK kinase accelerates atherosclerosis by inhibiting SENP2 function. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1299-310. [PMID: 25689261 DOI: 10.1172/jci76453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbed blood flow (d-flow) causes endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction, leading to atherosclerotic plaque formation. We have previously shown that d-flow increases SUMOylation of p53 and ERK5 through downregulation of sentrin/SUMO-specific protease 2 (SENP2) function; however, it is not known how SENP2 itself is regulated by d-flow. Here, we determined that d-flow activated the serine/threonine kinase p90RSK, which subsequently phosphorylated threonine 368 (T368) of SENP2. T368 phosphorylation promoted nuclear export of SENP2, leading to downregulation of eNOS expression and upregulation of proinflammatory adhesion molecule expression and apoptosis. In an LDLR-deficient murine model of atherosclerosis, EC-specific overexpression of p90RSK increased EC dysfunction and lipid accumulation in the aorta compared with control animals; however, these pathologic changes were not observed in atherosclerotic mice overexpressing dominant negative p90RSK (DN-p90RSK). Moreover, depletion of SENP2 in these mice abolished the protective effect of DN-p90RSK overexpression. We propose that p90RSK-mediated SENP2-T368 phosphorylation is a master switch in d-flow-induced signaling, leading to EC dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
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20
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Abstract
Autophagy is a well-conserved catabolic process essential for cellular homeostasis. First described in yeast as an adaptive response to starvation, this pathway is also present in higher eukaryotes, where it is triggered by stress signals such as damaged organelles or pathogen infection. Autophagy is characterized at the cellular level by the engulfment of portions of the cytoplasm in double-membrane structures called autophagosomes. Autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes, resulting in degradation of the inner autophagosomal membrane and luminal content. This process is coordinated by complex molecular systems, including the ATG8 ubiquitin-like conjugation system and the ATG4 cysteine proteases, which are implicated in the formation, elongation, and fusion of these autophagic vesicles. In this Review, we focus on the diverse functional roles of the autophagins, a protease family formed by the four mammalian orthologs of yeast Atg4. We also address the dysfunctional expression of these proteases in several pathologic conditions such as cancer and inflammation and discuss potential therapies based on their modulation.
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21
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Wang H, Xie GC, Duan ZJ. [Current research on picornavirus 3C protease]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2014; 30:579-86. [PMID: 25562970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The picornavirus family comprises many small viruses, several of which are important pathogens of humans and livestock. The 3C protease (3Cpro) of different species and genera of picornavirus contains the classic G-X-C-G motif and Cys-His-Asp/Glu catalytic triad. 3Cpro conducts maturation cleavage in the regions of VP2-VP3 and VP3-VP1 in P1, 2A-2B and 2B-2C in P2 and the whole P3. Picornavirus 3Cpro has been shown to have significant substrate preference in Q-G/S/A/V/H/R and E-S/G/R/M as well as species and genera specificity through analyses of the maturation cleavage of picornavirus polyproteins. Innate immune adaptors such as TRIF, MAVS, IRF3, IRF7 and NEMO have various potential cleavage sites in picornavirus 3Cpro (TRIF and NEMO show considerable diversity in their cleavage sites). Useful information will be provided for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral agents as well as evasion mechanisms of the innate immune system against picornavirus 3Cpro through continued research of picornavirus 3Cpro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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22
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Ma L, Shen YQ, Khatri HP, Schachner M. The asparaginyl endopeptidase legumain is essential for functional recovery after spinal cord injury in adult zebrafish. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95098. [PMID: 24747977 PMCID: PMC3991597 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike mammals, adult zebrafish are capable of regenerating severed axons and regaining locomotor function after spinal cord injury. A key factor for this regenerative capacity is the innate ability of neurons to re-express growth-associated genes and regrow their axons after injury in a permissive environment. By microarray analysis, we have previously shown that the expression of legumain (also known as asparaginyl endopeptidase) is upregulated after complete transection of the spinal cord. In situ hybridization showed upregulation of legumain expression in neurons of regenerative nuclei during the phase of axon regrowth/sprouting after spinal cord injury. Upregulation of Legumain protein expression was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. Interestingly, upregulation of legumain expression was also observed in macrophages/microglia and neurons in the spinal cord caudal to the lesion site after injury. The role of legumain in locomotor function after spinal cord injury was tested by reducing Legumain expression by application of anti-sense morpholino oligonucleotides. Using two independent anti-sense morpholinos, locomotor recovery and axonal regrowth were impaired when compared with a standard control morpholino. We conclude that upregulation of legumain expression after spinal cord injury in the adult zebrafish is an essential component of the capacity of injured neurons to regrow their axons. Another feature contributing to functional recovery implicates upregulation of legumain expression in the spinal cord caudal to the injury site. In conclusion, we established for the first time a function for an unusual protease, the asparaginyl endopeptidase, in the nervous system. This study is also the first to demonstrate the importance of legumain for repair of an injured adult central nervous system of a spontaneously regenerating vertebrate and is expected to yield insights into its potential in nervous system regeneration in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Ma
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Yan-Qin Shen
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Basic Medicine, Jiangnan University Medical School, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Harsh P. Khatri
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Melitta Schachner
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience and Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
- Center for Neuroscience, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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23
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Onasoga-Jarvis AA, Leiderman K, Fogelson AL, Wang M, Manco-Johnson MJ, Di Paola JA, Neeves KB. The effect of factor VIII deficiencies and replacement and bypass therapies on thrombus formation under venous flow conditions in microfluidic and computational models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78732. [PMID: 24236042 PMCID: PMC3827262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggests that individuals with factor VIII (FVIII) deficiency (hemophilia A) are protected against venous thrombosis, but treatment with recombinant proteins can increase their risk for thrombosis. In this study we examined the dynamics of thrombus formation in individuals with hemophilia A and their response to replacement and bypass therapies under venous flow conditions. Fibrin and platelet accumulation were measured in microfluidic flow assays on a TF-rich surface at a shear rate of 100 s−1. Thrombin generation was calculated with a computational spatial-temporal model of thrombus formation. Mild FVIII deficiencies (5–30% normal levels) could support fibrin fiber formation, while severe (<1%) and moderate (1–5%) deficiencies could not. Based on these experimental observations, computational calculations estimate an average thrombin concentration of ∼10 nM is necessary to support fibrin formation under flow. There was no difference in fibrin formation between severe and moderate deficiencies, but platelet aggregate size was significantly larger for moderate deficiencies. Computational calculations estimate that the local thrombin concentration in moderate deficiencies is high enough to induce platelet activation (>1 nM), but too low to support fibrin formation (<10 nM). In the absence of platelets, fibrin formation was not supported even at normal FVIII levels, suggesting platelet adhesion is necessary for fibrin formation. Individuals treated by replacement therapy, recombinant FVIII, showed normalized fibrin formation. Individuals treated with bypass therapy, recombinant FVIIa, had a reduced lag time in fibrin formation, as well as elevated fibrin accumulation compared to healthy controls. Treatment of rFVIIa, but not rFVIII, resulted in significant changes in fibrin dynamics that could lead to a prothrombotic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abimbola A. Onasoga-Jarvis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Karin Leiderman
- Applied Math Unit, School of Natural Sciences, University of California Merced, Merced, California, United States of America
| | - Aaron L. Fogelson
- Department of Mathematics and Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Michael Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marilyn J. Manco-Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jorge A. Di Paola
- Department of Pediatrics, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Keith B. Neeves
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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24
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Lim BK, Peter AK, Xiong D, Narezkina A, Yung A, Dalton ND, Hwang KK, Yajima T, Chen J, Knowlton KU. Inhibition of Coxsackievirus-associated dystrophin cleavage prevents cardiomyopathy. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:5146-51. [PMID: 24200690 DOI: 10.1172/jci66271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure in children and adults is often the consequence of myocarditis associated with Coxsackievirus (CV) infection. Upon CV infection, enteroviral protease 2A cleaves a small number of host proteins including dystrophin, which links actin filaments to the plasma membrane of muscle fiber cells (sarcolemma). It is unknown whether protease 2A-mediated cleavage of dystrophin and subsequent disruption of the sarcolemma play a role in CV-mediated myocarditis. We generated knockin mice harboring a mutation at the protease 2A cleavage site of the dystrophin gene, which prevents dystrophin cleavage following CV infection. Compared with wild-type mice, we found that mice expressing cleavage-resistant dystrophin had a decrease in sarcolemmal disruption and cardiac virus titer following CV infection. In addition, cleavage-resistant dystrophin inhibited the cardiomyopathy induced by cardiomyocyte-restricted expression of the CV protease 2A transgene. These findings indicate that protease 2A-mediated cleavage of dystrophin is critical for viral propagation, enteroviral-mediated cytopathic effects, and the development of cardiomyopathy.
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Han L, Wu HJ. [Molecular mechanisms of SENPs in regulating tumor progression]. Sheng Li Ke Xue Jin Zhan 2013; 44:55-58. [PMID: 23672004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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26
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Liu S, Lv J, Han L, Ichikawa T, Wang W, Li S, Wang XL, Tang D, Cui T. A pro-inflammatory role of deubiquitinating enzyme cylindromatosis (CYLD) in vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:78-83. [PMID: 22406061 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CYLD, a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB), is a critical regulator of diverse cellular processes, ranging from proliferation and differentiation to inflammatory responses, via regulating multiple key signaling cascades such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. CYLD has been shown to inhibit vascular lesion formation presumably through suppressing NF-κB activity in vascular cells. However, herein we report a novel role of CYLD in mediating pro-inflammatory responses in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) via a mechanism independent of NF-κB activity. Adenoviral knockdown of Cyld inhibited basal and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)-induced mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines including monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (Mcp-1), intercellular adhesion molecule (Icam-1) and interleukin-6 (Il-6) in rat adult aortic SMCs (RASMCs). The CYLD deficiency led to increases in the basal NF-κB transcriptional activity in RASMCs; however, did not affect the TNFα-induced NF-κB activity. Intriguingly, the TNFα-induced IκB phosphorylation was enhanced in the CYLD deficient RASMCs. While knocking down of Cyld decreased slightly the basal expression levels of IκBα and IκBβ proteins, it did not alter the kinetics of TNFα-induced IκB protein degradation in RASMCs. These results indicate that CYLD suppresses the basal NF-κB activity and TNFα-induced IκB kinase activation without affecting TNFα-induced NF-κB activity in VSMCs. In addition, knocking down of Cyld suppressed TNFα-induced activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) including extracellular signal-activated kinases (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 in RASMCs. TNFα-induced RASMC migration and monocyte adhesion to RASMCs were inhibited by the Cyld knockdown. Finally, immunochemical staining revealed a dramatic augment of CYLD expression in the injured coronary artery with neointimal hyperplasia. Taken together, our results uncover an unexpected role of CYLD in promoting inflammatory responses in VSMCs via a mechanism involving MAPK activation but independent of NF-κB activity, contributing to the pathogenesis of vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- Shandong University Qilu Hospital Research Center for Cell Therapy, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen N Peters
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Mahoney DJ, Lefebvre C, Allan K, Brun J, Sanaei CA, Baird S, Pearce N, Grönberg S, Wilson B, Prakesh M, Aman A, Isaac M, Mamai A, Uehling D, Al-Awar R, Falls T, Alain T, Stojdl DF. Virus-tumor interactome screen reveals ER stress response can reprogram resistant cancers for oncolytic virus-triggered caspase-2 cell death. Cancer Cell 2011; 20:443-56. [PMID: 22014571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2011] [Revised: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
To identify therapeutic opportunities for oncolytic viral therapy, we conducted genome-wide RNAi screens to search for host factors that modulate rhabdoviral oncolysis. Our screens uncovered the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response pathways as important modulators of rhabdovirus-mediated cytotoxicity. Further investigation revealed an unconventional mechanism whereby ER stress response inhibition preconditioned cancer cells, which sensitized them to caspase-2-dependent apoptosis induced by a subsequent rhabdovirus infection. Importantly, this mechanism was tumor cell specific, selectively increasing potency of the oncolytic virus by up to 10,000-fold. In vivo studies using a small molecule inhibitor of IRE1α showed dramatically improved oncolytic efficacy in resistant tumor models. Our study demonstrates proof of concept for using functional genomics to improve biotherapeutic agents for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J Mahoney
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
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29
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Lamers F, van der Ploeg I, Schild L, Ebus ME, Koster J, Hansen BR, Koch T, Versteeg R, Caron HN, Molenaar JJ. Knockdown of survivin (BIRC5) causes apoptosis in neuroblastoma via mitotic catastrophe. Endocr Relat Cancer 2011; 18:657-68. [PMID: 21859926 DOI: 10.1530/erc-11-0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BIRC5 (survivin) is one of the genes located on chromosome arm 17q in the region that is often gained in neuroblastoma. BIRC5 is a protein in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway that interacts with XIAP and DIABLO leading to caspase-3 and caspase-9 inactivation. BIRC5 is also involved in stabilizing the microtubule-kinetochore dynamics. Based on the Affymetrix mRNA expression data, we here show that BIRC5 expression is strongly upregulated in neuroblastoma compared with normal tissues, adult malignancies, and non-malignant fetal adrenal neuroblasts. The over-expression of BIRC5 correlates with an unfavorable prognosis independent of the presence of 17q gain. Silencing of BIRC5 in neuroblastoma cell lines by various antisense molecules resulted in massive apoptosis as measured by PARP cleavage and FACS analysis. As both the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and the chromosomal passenger complex can be therapeutically targeted, we investigated in which of them BIRC5 exerted its essential anti-apoptotic role. Immunofluorescence analysis of neuroblastoma cells after BIRC5 silencing showed formation of multinucleated cells indicating mitotic catastrophe, which leads to apoptosis via P53 and CASP2. We show that BIRC5 silencing indeed resulted in activation of P53 and we could rescue apoptosis by CASP2 inhibition. We conclude that BIRC5 stabilizes the microtubules in the chromosomal passenger complex in neuroblastoma and that the apoptotic response results from mitotic catastrophe, which makes BIRC5 an interesting target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fieke Lamers
- Department of Oncogenomics, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, PO Box 22700, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Doyle PS, Zhou YM, Hsieh I, Greenbaum DC, McKerrow JH, Engel JC. The Trypanosoma cruzi protease cruzain mediates immune evasion. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002139. [PMID: 21909255 PMCID: PMC3164631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas' disease. Novel chemotherapy with the drug K11777 targets the major cysteine protease cruzain and disrupts amastigote intracellular development. Nevertheless, the biological role of the protease in infection and pathogenesis remains unclear as cruzain gene knockout failed due to genetic redundancy. A role for the T. cruzi cysteine protease cruzain in immune evasion was elucidated in a comparative study of parental wild type- and cruzain-deficient parasites. Wild type T. cruzi did not activate host macrophages during early infection (<60 min) and no increase in ∼P iκB was detected. The signaling factor NF-κB P65 colocalized with cruzain on the cell surface of intracellular wild type parasites, and was proteolytically cleaved. No significant IL-12 expression occurred in macrophages infected with wild type T. cruzi and treated with LPS and BFA, confirming impairment of macrophage activation pathways. In contrast, cruzain-deficient parasites induced macrophage activation, detectable iκB phosphorylation, and nuclear NF-κB P65 localization. These parasites were unable to develop intracellularly and survive within macrophages. IL 12 expression levels in macrophages infected with cruzain-deficient T. cruzi were comparable to LPS activated controls. Thus cruzain hinders macrophage activation during the early (<60 min) stages of infection, by interruption of the NF-κB P65 mediated signaling pathway. These early events allow T. cruzi survival and replication, and may lead to the spread of infection in acute Chagas' disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia S. Doyle
- Tropical Disease Research Unit and Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Yuan M. Zhou
- Tropical Disease Research Unit and Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ivy Hsieh
- Tropical Disease Research Unit and Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Doron C. Greenbaum
- Tropical Disease Research Unit and Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Tropical Disease Research Unit and Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Juan C. Engel
- Tropical Disease Research Unit and Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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31
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Mukherjee A, Morosky SA, Delorme-Axford E, Dybdahl-Sissoko N, Oberste MS, Wang T, Coyne CB. The coxsackievirus B 3C protease cleaves MAVS and TRIF to attenuate host type I interferon and apoptotic signaling. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1001311. [PMID: 21436888 PMCID: PMC3059221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The host innate immune response to viral infections often involves the activation of parallel pattern recognition receptor (PRR) pathways that converge on the induction of type I interferons (IFNs). Several viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to attenuate antiviral host signaling by directly interfering with the activation and/or downstream signaling events associated with PRR signal propagation. Here we show that the 3C(pro) cysteine protease of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) cleaves the innate immune adaptor molecules mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-beta (TRIF) as a mechanism to escape host immunity. We found that MAVS and TRIF were cleaved in CVB3-infected cells in culture. CVB3-induced cleavage of MAVS and TRIF required the cysteine protease activity of 3C(pro), occurred at specific sites and within specialized domains of each molecule, and inhibited both the type I IFN and apoptotic signaling downstream of these adaptors. 3C(pro)-mediated MAVS cleavage occurred within its proline-rich region, led to its relocalization from the mitochondrial membrane, and ablated its downstream signaling. We further show that 3C(pro) cleaves both the N- and C-terminal domains of TRIF and localizes with TRIF to signalosome complexes within the cytoplasm. Taken together, these data show that CVB3 has evolved a mechanism to suppress host antiviral signal propagation by directly cleaving two key adaptor molecules associated with innate immune recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amitava Mukherjee
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stefanie A. Morosky
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Delorme-Axford
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Naomi Dybdahl-Sissoko
- Picornavirus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - M. Steven Oberste
- Picornavirus Laboratory, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carolyn B. Coyne
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Smalley JW, Byrne DP, Birss AJ, Wojtowicz H, Sroka A, Potempa J, Olczak T. HmuY haemophore and gingipain proteases constitute a unique syntrophic system of haem acquisition by Porphyromonas gingivalis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17182. [PMID: 21390208 PMCID: PMC3040768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Haem (iron protoporphyrin IX) is both an essential growth factor and virulence regulator for the periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, which acquires it mainly from haemoglobin via the sequential actions of the R- and K-specific gingipain proteases. The haem-binding lipoprotein haemophore HmuY and its cognate receptor HmuR of P. gingivalis, are responsible for capture and internalisation of haem. This study examined the role of the HmuY in acquisition of haem from haemoglobin and the cooperation between HmuY and gingipain proteases in this process. Using UV-visible spectroscopy and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, HmuY was demonstrated to wrest haem from immobilised methaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin. Haem extraction from oxyhaemoglobin was facilitated after oxidation to methaemoglobin by pre-treatment with the P. gingivalis R-gingipain A (HRgpA). HmuY was also capable of scavenging haem from oxyhaemoglobin pre-treated with the K-gingipain (Kgp). This is the first demonstration of a haemophore working in conjunction with proteases to acquire haem from haemoglobin. In addition, HmuY was able to extract haem from methaemalbumin, and could bind haem, either free in solution or from methaemoglobin, even in the presence of serum albumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Smalley
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, [corrected] University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
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Tian W, Cui Z, Zhang Z, Wei H, Zhang X. Poliovirus 2A(pro) induces the nucleic translocation of poliovirus 3CD and 3C' proteins. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2011; 43:38-44. [PMID: 21173057 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmq112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus genomic RNA replication, protein translation, and virion assembly are performed in the cytoplasm of host cells. However, this does not mean that there is no relationship between poliovirus infection and the cellular nucleus. In this study, recombinant fluorescence-tagged poliovirus 3CD and 3C' proteins were shown to be expressed mainly in the cytoplasm of Vero cells in the absence of other viral proteins. However, upon poliovirus infection, many of these proteins redistributed to the nucleus, as well as to the cytoplasm. A series of transfection experiments revealed that the poliovirus 2A(pro) was responsible for the same redistribution of 3CD and 3C' proteins to the nucleus. Furthermore, a mutant 2A(pro) protein lacking protease activity abrogated this effect. The poliovirus 2A(pro) protein was also found to co-localize with the Nup153 protein, a component of the nuclear pore complexes on the nuclear envelope. These data provide further evidence that there are intrinsic interactions between poliovirus proteins and the cell nucleus, despite that many processes in the poliovirus replication cycle occur in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
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34
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Abstract
Poliovirus is the most extensively studied member of the order Picornavirales, which contains numerous medical, veterinary and agricultural pathogens. The picornavirus genome encodes a single polyprotein that is divided into three regions: P1, P2 and P3. P3 proteins are known to participate more directly in genome replication, for example by containing the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp or 3Dpol), among several other proteins and enzymes. We will review recent data that provide new insight into the structure, function and mechanism of P3 proteins and their complexes, which are required for initiation of genome replication. Replication of poliovirus genomes occurs within macromolecular complexes, containing viral RNA, viral proteins and host-cell membranes, collectively referred to as replication complexes. P2 proteins clearly contribute to interactions with the host cell that are required for virus multiplication, including formation of replication complexes. We will discuss recent data that suggest a role for P3 proteins in formation of replication complexes. Among the least understood steps of the poliovirus lifecycle is encapsidation of genomic RNA. We will also describe data that suggest a role for P3 proteins in this step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Cameron
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Klopfleisch C, Minh LQ, Giesow K, Curry S, Keil GM. Effect of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid precursor protein and 3C protease expression on bovine herpesvirus 1 replication. Arch Virol 2010; 155:723-31. [PMID: 20333533 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-010-0648-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Several reports have previously shown that expression of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsid precursor protein encoding region P1-2A together with the 3C protease (P1-2A/3C) results in correct processing of the capsid precursor into VP0, VP1 and VP3 and formation of FMDV capsid structures that are able to induce a protective immune response against FMDV challenge after immunization using naked DNA constructs or recombinant viruses. To elucidate whether bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) might also be suitable as a viral vector for empty capsid generation, we aimed to integrate a P1-2A/3C expression cassette into the BHV-1 genome, which, however, failed repeatedly. In contrast, BHV-1 recombinants that expressed an inactive 3C protease or the P1-2A polyprotein alone could be easily generated, although the recombinant that expressed P1-2A exhibited a defect in direct cell-cell spread and release of infectious particles. These results suggested that expression of the original, active FMDV 3C protease is not compatible with BHV-1 replication. This conclusion is supported by the isolation of recombinant BHV-1/3C*, which contained mutations within the 3C ORF (3C* ORF)--probably introduced spontaneously during generation of BHV-1/3C*--instead of the authentic 3C ORF contained in the transfer plasmids. Within the 3C* ORF, the codons for glycine 38 and phenylalanine 48 were both substituted by codons for serine. The resulting 3C* protease exhibits a highly reduced activity for proteolytic processing of the P1-2A polyprotein and thus might be a good candidate for the generation of live attenuated FMDV variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Klopfleisch
- Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Fang Y, Fu D, Shen XZ. The potential role of ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolases in oncogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2010; 1806:1-6. [PMID: 20302916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2010.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 03/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), capable of removing ubiquitin (Ub) from protein substrates, are involved in numerous biological processes. The ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolases (UCHs) subfamily of DUBs consists of four members: UCH-L1, UCH-L3, UCH37 and BRCA1-associated protein-1 (BAP1). UCH-L1 possesses deubiquitinating activity and dimerization-dependent ubiquitin ligase activity, and functions as a mono-ubiquitin stabilizer; UCH-L3 does both deubiquitinating and deneddylating activity, except dimerization or ligase activity, and unlike UCH-L1, can interact with Lys48-linked Ub dimers to protect it from degradation and in the meanwhile to inhibit its hydrolase activity; UCH37 is responsible for the deubiquitinating activity in the 19S proteasome regulatory complex, and as indicated by the recent study, UCH37 is also associated with the human Ino80 chromatin-remodeling complex (hINO80) in the nucleus and can be activated via transient association of 19S regulatory particle- or proteasome-bound hRpn13 with hINO80; BAP1, binding to the wild-type BRCA1 RING finger domain, is regarded as a tumor suppressor, but for such suppressing activity, as demonstrated otherwise, both deubiquitinating activity and nucleus localization are required. There is growing evidence that UCH enzymes and human malignancies are closely correlated. Previous studies have shown that UCH enzymes play a crucial role in some signalings and cell-cycle regulation. In this review, we provided an insight into the relation between UCH enzymes and oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China
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37
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Ojha M, Cattaneo A, Hugh S, Pawlowski J, Cox JA. Structure, expression and function of Allomyces arbuscula CDP II (metacaspase) gene. Gene 2010; 457:25-34. [PMID: 20214955 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Allomyces arbuscula, a primitive chytridiomycete fungus, has two Ca(2+)-dependent cysteine proteases, the CDP I and CDP II. We have cloned and analyzed the nucleotide sequence of CDP II gene and domain structure of the protein. Blast analysis of the sequence has shown that the protein belongs to a newly described member of caspase superfamily protein, the metacaspase, a CD clan of C14 family cysteine protease, we hence-forth name it as AMca 2 (Allomyces metacaspase 2). Southern hybridization studies have shown that the gene exists in a single copy per genome. The transcriptional analysis by Northern hybridization has confirmed our previous results that the protein is developmentally regulated, i.e. present in active growth phase but disappears during nutritional stress which also induces reproductive differentiation, indicating that the protein promotes cell growth, not death. The recombinant gene product expressed in Escherichiacoli has all the catalytic properties of native enzyme, i.e. sensitivity to protease inhibitors and substrate specificity. There is an absolute requirement of Ca(2+) for the activation of catalytic activity and the presence of R residue at the cleavage site (P1 position) in the substrate. The presence of a second basic residue, either R or K, in the P2 position strongly inhibits the catalytic activity which is stimulated by the presence of P and to a lesser extent G at this site. Peptide substrates with D at the cleavage site are not recognised and therefore not cleaved. The enzyme activity is inhibited by EDTA-EGTA, cysteine protease inhibitors and a specific peptide inhibitor Ac GVRCHCL TFA, but not by E64, although a potent inhibitor of cysteine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukti Ojha
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Sciences II, 30 quai Ernest-Ansermet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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38
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Mel'nikov VG. [Surface structures of Gram-positive bacteria in intercellular interaction and film formation]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2010:119-123. [PMID: 20465012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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39
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Kamata Y, Takeda A. [New physiological function of neutral cysteine protease bleomycin hydrolase]. Seikagaku 2010; 82:53-57. [PMID: 20169999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Kamata
- Department of Regulation Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 228-8555, Japan
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Abstract
The highly controlled degradation of proteins via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway represents a key mechanism for cell regulation and homeostasis. Ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis, carried out in large part by the E3 ubiquitin ligases, is a critical mode of post-translational modification that is important in regulation of cell cycle progression, signal transduction, gene transcription, antigen receptor signaling, immune response and cell differentiation. Recent studies demonstrate that increasing numbers of proteins with ubiquitin ligase activity are being characterized. Identification and characterization of their substrates indicate that they regulate the turnover of key cell cycle proteins (p27Kip1, p21Cip1, p57Kip2, cyclin E), tumor suppressor proteins (p53, RB), signaling kinases (Src, Zap70, PI-3 kinase), apoptosis regulators (Bcl-2, Bax, Bik) and transcription factors (Myc, NF-kappaB, E1F1), all of which have been implicated in the pathogenesis of malignant lymphoma. Studies to determine the functional role of ubiquitin ligases in the pathogenesis of malignant lymphoma represent potential areas of investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S Lim
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
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41
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Ma P, Liu J, He H, Yang M, Li M, Zhu X, Wang X. A viral suppressor P1/HC-pro increases the GFP gene expression in agrobacterium-mediated transient assay. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 158:243-52. [PMID: 18704276 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-008-8332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Accepted: 07/24/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
More than 20 post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) suppressors have been found since HC-Pro, the first gene silencing suppressor, was found in 1998. The silencing suppressor strongly suggested that gene silencing functions as natural defense mechanisms against viruses. It also represented a valuable tool for the dissection of the gene silencing pathway. We have used P1/HC-Pro RNA silencing suppressor activity to increase green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in tobacco using an Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression system. P1/HC-Pro stimulated GFP-gene expression but not dsGFP-gene expression was shown by RT-PCR, Northern and Western blot analysis. Expression of the gene silencing suppressor and the target gene provided a new strategy of heterogeneous gene expressing in plants. It may be of commercial significance to produce foreign proteins using plant bioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengda Ma
- Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024 China
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Patel N, Krishnan S, Offman MN, Krol M, Moss CX, Leighton C, van Delft FW, Holland M, Liu J, Alexander S, Dempsey C, Ariffin H, Essink M, Eden TO, Watts C, Bates PA, Saha V. A dyad of lymphoblastic lysosomal cysteine proteases degrades the antileukemic drug L-asparaginase. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1964-73. [PMID: 19509471 PMCID: PMC2701869 DOI: 10.1172/jci37977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
l-Asparaginase is a key therapeutic agent for treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). There is wide individual variation in pharmacokinetics, and little is known about its metabolism. The mechanisms of therapeutic failure with l-asparaginase remain speculative. Here, we now report that 2 lysosomal cysteine proteases present in lymphoblasts are able to degrade l-asparaginase. Cathepsin B (CTSB), which is produced constitutively by normal and leukemic cells, degraded asparaginase produced by Escherichia coli (ASNase) and Erwinia chrysanthemi. Asparaginyl endopeptidase (AEP), which is overexpressed predominantly in high-risk subsets of ALL, specifically degraded ASNase. AEP thereby destroys ASNase activity and may also potentiate antigen processing, leading to allergic reactions. Using AEP-mediated cleavage sequences, we modeled the effects of the protease on ASNase and created a number of recombinant ASNase products. The N24 residue on the flexible active loop was identified as the primary AEP cleavage site. Sole modification at this site rendered ASNase resistant to AEP cleavage and suggested a key role for the flexible active loop in determining ASNase activity. We therefore propose what we believe to be a novel mechanism of drug resistance to ASNase. Our results may help to identify alternative therapeutic strategies with the potential of further improving outcome in childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naina Patel
- Cancer Research UK Children’s Cancer Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Research Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany.
Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Shekhar Krishnan
- Cancer Research UK Children’s Cancer Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Research Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany.
Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Marc N. Offman
- Cancer Research UK Children’s Cancer Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Research Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany.
Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin Krol
- Cancer Research UK Children’s Cancer Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Research Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany.
Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine X. Moss
- Cancer Research UK Children’s Cancer Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Research Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany.
Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Carly Leighton
- Cancer Research UK Children’s Cancer Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Research Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany.
Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik W. van Delft
- Cancer Research UK Children’s Cancer Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Research Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany.
Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Holland
- Cancer Research UK Children’s Cancer Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Research Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany.
Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - JiZhong Liu
- Cancer Research UK Children’s Cancer Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Research Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany.
Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Seema Alexander
- Cancer Research UK Children’s Cancer Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Research Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany.
Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Clare Dempsey
- Cancer Research UK Children’s Cancer Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Research Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany.
Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hany Ariffin
- Cancer Research UK Children’s Cancer Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Research Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany.
Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Essink
- Cancer Research UK Children’s Cancer Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Research Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany.
Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tim O.B. Eden
- Cancer Research UK Children’s Cancer Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Research Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany.
Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Watts
- Cancer Research UK Children’s Cancer Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Research Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany.
Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A. Bates
- Cancer Research UK Children’s Cancer Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Research Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany.
Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Vaskar Saha
- Cancer Research UK Children’s Cancer Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
Biomolecular Modelling Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln’s Inn Fields Laboratories, London, United Kingdom.
Division of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences Research Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom.
Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Medac GmbH, Wedel, Germany.
Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology Unit, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Jecna L, Svarovska A, Besteiro S, Mottram JC, Coombs GH, Volf P. Inhibitor of cysteine peptidase does not influence the development of Leishmania mexicana in Lutzomyia longipalpis. J Med Entomol 2009; 46:605-609. [PMID: 19496433 DOI: 10.1603/033.046.0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that the natural cysteine peptidase inhibitor ICP of Leishmania mexicana protects the protozoan parasite from insect host proteolytic enzymes, thereby promoting survival. To test this hypothesis, L. mexicana mutants deficient in ICP were evaluated for their ability to develop in the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis. No significant differences were found between the wild-type parasites, two independently derived ICP-deficient mutants, or mutants overexpressing ICP; all lines developed similarly in the sand fly midgut and produced heavy late-stage infections. In addition, recombinant L. mexicana ICP did not inhibit peptidase activity of the midgut extracts in vitro. We conclude that ICP has no major role in promoting survival of L. mexicana in the vectorial part of its life cycle in L. longipalpis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Jecna
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Vinicna 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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44
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Potempa M, Potempa J, Kantyka T, Nguyen KA, Wawrzonek K, Manandhar SP, Popadiak K, Riesbeck K, Eick S, Blom AM. Interpain A, a cysteine proteinase from Prevotella intermedia, inhibits complement by degrading complement factor C3. PLoS Pathog 2009; 5:e1000316. [PMID: 19247445 PMCID: PMC2642729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting structures of the teeth caused by, among other pathogens, Prevotella intermedia. Many strains of P. intermedia are resistant to killing by the human complement system, which is present at up to 70% of serum concentration in gingival crevicular fluid. Incubation of human serum with recombinant cysteine protease of P. intermedia (interpain A) resulted in a drastic decrease in bactericidal activity of the serum. Furthermore, a clinical strain 59 expressing interpain A was more serum-resistant than another clinical strain 57, which did not express interpain A, as determined by Western blotting. Moreover, in the presence of the cysteine protease inhibitor E64, the killing of strain 59 by human serum was enhanced. Importantly, we found that the majority of P. intermedia strains isolated from chronic and aggressive periodontitis carry and express the interpain A gene. The protective effect of interpain A against serum bactericidal activity was found to be attributable to its ability to inhibit all three complement pathways through the efficient degradation of the alpha-chain of C3 -- the major complement factor common to all three pathways. P. intermedia has been known to co-aggregate with P. gingivalis, which produce gingipains to efficiently degrade complement factors. Here, interpain A was found to have a synergistic effect with gingipains on complement degradation. In addition, interpain A was able to activate the C1 complex in serum, causing deposition of C1q on inert and bacterial surfaces, which may be important at initial stages of infection when local inflammatory reaction may be beneficial for a pathogen. Taken together, the newly characterized interpain A proteinase appears to be an important virulence factor of P. intermedia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Potempa
- Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- Jagiellonian University, Department of Microbiology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Potempa
- Jagiellonian University, Department of Microbiology, Krakow, Poland
- University of Georgia, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Tomasz Kantyka
- Jagiellonian University, Department of Microbiology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ky-Anh Nguyen
- Westmead Millennium Institute, Institute of Dental Research, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Surya P. Manandhar
- Westmead Millennium Institute, Institute of Dental Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Katarzyna Popadiak
- Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- Jagiellonian University, Department of Microbiology, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kristian Riesbeck
- Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Anna M. Blom
- Lund University, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Section of Medical Protein Chemistry, University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain I Saba
- Hemophilia-Hemostasis-Thrombosis Center, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd., Tampa, FL 33612, USA.
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46
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Zhang Y, Ma F, Wang Y, Yang B, Chen S. Expression of v-cath gene from HearNPV in tobacco confers an antifeedant effect against Helicoverpa armigera. J Biotechnol 2008; 138:52-5. [PMID: 18722486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2008.07.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2008] [Revised: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Biotechnology solutions for insect control on crops largely depend on the expression of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins to kill pests. V-CATH, a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from baculoviruses, has been shown to play an essential role in host insect liquefaction. In this study, the v-cath gene from Helicoverpa armigera single nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) was cloned into the pBI121 binary vector under the control of CaMV35S promoter, and was expressed in tobacco via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. PCR and RT-PCR analyses of T(1) kanamycin-resistant tobacco progeny plants confirmed the integration and transcription of the v-cath gene. Using a leaf-disk bioassay, antifeedant activity toward H. armigera was tested. Our result showed that, when feeding the first-instar larvae of H. armigera with leaves of transgenic plants, the v-cath transgene expression has a profound antifeedant effect. Most importantly, the growth and development of the insect were inhibited when transferred from leaf-feeding to artificial diet. Our result demonstrated that v-cath gene from baculovirus induced antifeedant effect against H. armigera, resulted in larval stunting and retarded insect development, and has the potential to be used as an alternative way to generate transgenic plants for insect pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiaohongshan #44, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, PR China
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Conti L, Price G, O'Donnell E, Schwessinger B, Dominy P, Sadanandom A. Small ubiquitin-like modifier proteases OVERLY TOLERANT TO SALT1 and -2 regulate salt stress responses in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2008; 20:2894-908. [PMID: 18849491 PMCID: PMC2590731 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.108.058669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding salt stress signaling is key to producing salt-tolerant crops. The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) is a crucial regulator of signaling proteins in eukaryotes. Attachment of SUMO onto substrates is reversible, and SUMO proteases, which specifically cleave the SUMO-substrate linkages, play a vital regulatory role during SUMOylation. We have identified two SUMO proteases, OVERLY TOLERANT TO SALT1 (OTS1) and OTS2, which are localized in the nucleus and act redundantly to regulate salt stress responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. ots1 ots2 double mutants show extreme sensitivity to salt. However, under low-salt conditions, ots1 ots2 double mutants are phenotypically similar to wild-type plants. We demonstrate that salt stress induces a dose-dependent accumulation of SUMO1/2-conjugated proteins in Arabidopsis. ots1 ots2 double mutants constitutively accumulate high levels of SUMO1/2-conjugated proteins even under nonstress conditions and show a further dramatic increase in SUMO1/2-conjugated proteins in response to salt stress. Transgenic lines overexpressing OTS1 have increased salt tolerance and a concomitant reduction in the levels of SUMOylated proteins. Conversely, the ectopic expression of the mutant ots1(C526S) protein lacking SUMO protease activity fails to produce a salt-tolerant phenotype. We show that salt directly affects OTS1-dependent signaling by inducing OTS1 protein degradation. Our results indicate a requirement for OTS1 deSUMOylation activity in plant salt tolerance responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Conti
- Biomedical and Life Sciences Department, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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48
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Zhang Y, Murtha J, Roberts MA, Siegel RM, Bliska JB. Type III secretion decreases bacterial and host survival following phagocytosis of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis by macrophages. Infect Immun 2008; 76:4299-310. [PMID: 18591234 PMCID: PMC2519449 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00183-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia pseudotuberculosis uses a plasmid (pYV)-encoded type III secretion system (T3SS) to translocate a set of effectors called Yops into infected host cells. YopJ functions to induce apoptosis, and YopT, YopE, and YopH act to antagonize phagocytosis in macrophages. Because Yops do not completely block phagocytosis and Y. pseudotuberculosis can replicate in macrophages, it is important to determine if the T3SS modulates host responses to intracellular bacteria. Isogenic pYV-cured, pYV(+) wild-type, and yop mutant Y. pseudotuberculosis strains were allowed to infect bone marrow-derived murine macrophages at a low multiplicity of infection under conditions in which the survival of extracellular bacteria was prevented. Phagocytosis, the intracellular survival of the bacteria, and the apoptosis of the infected macrophages were analyzed. Forty percent of cell-associated wild-type bacteria were intracellular after a 20-min infection, allowing the study of the macrophage response to internalized pYV(+) Y. pseudotuberculosis. Interestingly, macrophages restricted survival of pYV(+) but not pYV-cured or DeltayopB Y. pseudotuberculosis within phagosomes: only a small fraction of the pYV(+) bacteria internalized replicated by 24 h. In addition, approximately 20% of macrophages infected with wild-type pYV(+) Y. pseudotuberculosis died of apoptosis after 20 h. Analysis of yop mutants expressing catalytically inactive effectors revealed that YopJ was important for apoptosis, while a role for YopE, YopH, and YopT in modulating macrophage responses to intracellular bacteria could not be identified. Apoptosis was reduced in Toll-like receptor 4-deficient macrophages, indicating that cell death required signaling through this receptor. Treatment of macrophages harboring intracellular pYV(+) Y. pseudotuberculosis with chloramphenicol reduced apoptosis, indicating that the de novo bacterial protein synthesis was necessary for cell death. Our finding that the presence of a functional T3SS impacts the survival of both bacterium and host following phagocytosis of Y. pseudotuberculosis suggests new roles for the T3SS in Yersinia pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for Infectious Diseases, SUNY Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York 11794-5222, USA.
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Zheng X, Chu F, Mirkin BL, Sudha T, Mousa SA, Rebbaa A. Role of the proteolytic hierarchy between cathepsin L, cathepsin D and caspase-3 in regulation of cellular susceptibility to apoptosis and autophagy. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008; 1783:2294-300. [PMID: 18775751 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation was undertaken to measure the relative abilities of pro-death versus pro-survival proteases in degrading each other and to determine how this might influence cellular susceptibility to death. For this, we first carried out in vitro experiments in which recombinant pro-death proteases (caspase-3 or cathepsin D) were incubated with the pro-survival protease (cathepsin L) in their respective optimal conditions and determined the effects of these reactions on enzyme integrity and activity. The results indicated that cathepsin L was able to degrade cathepsin D, which in turn cleaves caspase-3, however the later enzyme was unable to degrade any of the cathepsins. The consequences of this proteolytic sequence on cellular ability to undergo apoptosis or other types of cell death were studied in cells subjected to treatment with a specific inhibitor of cathepsin L or the corresponding siRNA. Both treatments resulted in suppression of cellular proliferation and the induction of a cell death with no detectable caspase-3 activation or DNA fragmentation, however, it was associated with increased accumulation of cathepsin D, cellular vaculolization, expression of the mannose-6-phosphate receptor, and the autophagy marker LC3-II, all of which are believed to be associated with autophagy. Genetic manipulations leading either to the gain or loss of cathepsin D expression implicated this enzyme as a key player in the switch from apoptosis to autophagy. Overall, these findings suggest that a hierarchy between pro-survival and pro-death proteases may have important consequences on cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- Children's Memorial Research Center, Children's Memorial Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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50
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Tsuji N, Miyoshi T, Battsetseg B, Matsuo T, Xuan X, Fujisaki K. A cysteine protease is critical for Babesia spp. transmission in Haemaphysalis ticks. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000062. [PMID: 18483546 PMCID: PMC2358973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector ticks possess a unique system that enables them to digest large amounts of host blood and to transmit various animal and human pathogens, suggesting the existence of evolutionally acquired proteolytic mechanisms. We report here the molecular and reverse genetic characterization of a multifunctional cysteine protease, longipain, from the babesial parasite vector tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Longipain shares structural similarity with papain-family cysteine proteases obtained from invertebrates and vertebrates. Endogenous longipain was mainly expressed in the midgut epithelium and was specifically localized at lysosomal vacuoles and possibly released into the lumen. Its expression was up-regulated by host blood feeding. Enzymatic functional assays using in vitro and in vivo substrates revealed that longipain hydrolysis occurs over a broad range of pH and temperature. Haemoparasiticidal assays showed that longipain dose-dependently killed tick-borne Babesia parasites, and its babesiacidal effect occurred via specific adherence to the parasite membranes. Disruption of endogenous longipain by RNA interference revealed that longipain is involved in the digestion of the host blood meal. In addition, the knockdown ticks contained an increased number of parasites, suggesting that longipain exerts a killing effect against the midgut-stage Babesia parasites in ticks. Our results suggest that longipain is essential for tick survival, and may have a role in controlling the transmission of tick-transmittable Babesia parasites. Ticks are important ectoparasites among the blood-feeding arthropods and serve as vectors of many deadly diseases of humans and animals. Of tick-transmitted pathogens, Babesia, an intracellular haemoprotozoan parasite causing a malaria-like disease, called babesiosis, gain increasing interest due to its zoonotic significance. When vector ticks acquire the protozoa via blood-meals, they invade midgut and undergo several developmental stages prior to exit through salivary glands. It has long been conceived that midguts of these ticks evolve diverse innate immune mechanisms and perform blood digestion critical for tick survival. A cysteine proteinase, longipain, was identified from the three-host tick Haemaphysalis longicornis, which shows potent parasiticidal activity. Longipain is localized in midgut epithelium and its expression is induced by blood feeding. This protein is passively secreted into midgut lumen where it exerts enzymatic degradation of blood-meals. A series of experiments unveil that longipain-knockdown ticks when fed on Babesia-infected dog, exhibited a significantly increased numbers of parasites compared with controls. Longipain has shown to interact on the surface of Babesia parasites in vitro and in vivo, and is thought to mediate direct killing of the parasites, suggesting that longipain may be a potential chemotherapeutic target against babesiosis and ticks themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotoshi Tsuji
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takeharu Miyoshi
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Badger Battsetseg
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomohide Matsuo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kozo Fujisaki
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
- Department of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Korimoto, Kagoshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
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