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Tsantilas P, Lao S, Wu Z, Eberhard A, Winski G, Vaerst M, Nanda V, Wang Y, Kojima Y, Ye J, Flores A, Jarr KU, Pelisek J, Eckstein HH, Matic L, Hedin U, Tsao PS, Paloschi V, Maegdefessel L, Leeper NJ. Chitinase 3 like 1 is a regulator of smooth muscle cell physiology and atherosclerotic lesion stability. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:2767-2780. [PMID: 33471078 PMCID: PMC8848327 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease underlies the majority of ischaemic strokes and is a major cause of death and disability. While plaque burden is a predictor of adverse outcomes, plaque vulnerability is increasingly recognized as a driver of lesion rupture and risk for clinical events. Defining the molecular regulators of carotid instability could inform the development of new biomarkers and/or translational targets for at-risk individuals. METHODS AND RESULTS Using two independent human endarterectomy biobanks, we found that the understudied glycoprotein, chitinase 3 like 1 (CHI3L1), is up-regulated in patients with carotid disease compared to healthy controls. Further, CHI3L1 levels were found to stratify individuals based on symptomatology and histopathological evidence of an unstable fibrous cap. Gain- and loss-of-function studies in cultured human carotid artery smooth muscle cells (SMCs) showed that CHI3L1 prevents a number of maladaptive changes in that cell type, including phenotype switching towards a synthetic and hyperproliferative state. Using two murine models of carotid remodelling and lesion vulnerability, we found that knockdown of Chil1 resulted in larger neointimal lesions comprised by de-differentiated SMCs that failed to invest within and stabilize the fibrous cap. Exploratory mechanistic studies identified alterations in potential downstream regulatory genes, including large tumour suppressor kinase 2 (LATS2), which mediates macrophage marker and inflammatory cytokine expression on SMCs, and may explain how CHI3L1 modulates cellular plasticity. CONCLUSION CHI3L1 is up-regulated in humans with carotid artery disease and appears to be a strong mediator of plaque vulnerability. Mechanistic studies suggest this change may be a context-dependent adaptive response meant to maintain vascular SMCs in a differentiated state and to prevent rupture of the fibrous cap. Part of this effect may be mediated through downstream suppression of LATS2. Future studies should determine how these changes occur at the molecular level, and whether this gene can be targeted as a novel translational therapy for subjects at risk of stroke.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carotid Arteries/enzymology
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Carotid Arteries/physiopathology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/enzymology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/genetics
- Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/physiopathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1/genetics
- Chitinase-3-Like Protein 1/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibrosis
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout, ApoE
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Rupture, Spontaneous
- Vascular Remodeling
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Tsantilas
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Alway Bldg., M121 Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Shen Lao
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of Thoracic Oncology and Surgery, China State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, 151 Yanjiang Road, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Anne Eberhard
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Alway Bldg., M121 Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Greg Winski
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Monika Vaerst
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Alway Bldg., M121 Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vivek Nanda
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Alway Bldg., M121 Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Alway Bldg., M121 Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Yoko Kojima
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Alway Bldg., M121 Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jianqin Ye
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Alway Bldg., M121 Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alyssa Flores
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Alway Bldg., M121 Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kai-Uwe Jarr
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Alway Bldg., M121 Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jaroslav Pelisek
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department for Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Henning Eckstein
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Potsdamer Str. 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany, partner site Munich Heart Alliance
| | - Ljubica Matic
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Ulf Hedin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
| | - Philip S Tsao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 870 Quarry Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Veterans Affairs (VA) Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Ave, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Valentina Paloschi
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Potsdamer Str. 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany, partner site Munich Heart Alliance
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Solnavägen 1, 171 77 Solna, Sweden
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Potsdamer Str. 58, 10785 Berlin, Germany, partner site Munich Heart Alliance
| | - Nicholas J Leeper
- Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Alway Bldg., M121 Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, 265 Campus Drive Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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2
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Yang D, Su Z, Wei G, Long F, Zhu YC, Ni T, Liu X, Zhu YZ. H3K4 Methyltransferase Smyd3 Mediates Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation, Migration, and Neointima Formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:1901-1914. [PMID: 33827259 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.121.314689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carotid Arteries/enzymology
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/enzymology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/genetics
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Carotid Stenosis/enzymology
- Carotid Stenosis/genetics
- Carotid Stenosis/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/genetics
- Histone-Lysine N-Methyltransferase/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Rats
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular Remodeling
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Yang
- Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 P.R. China (D.Y., Z.H.S., F.L., X.H.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China (D.Y., Y.Z.Z.)
| | - Zhenghua Su
- Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 P.R. China (D.Y., Z.H.S., F.L., X.H.L.)
| | - Gang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 P.R. China (G.W., T.N.)
| | - Fen Long
- Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 P.R. China (D.Y., Z.H.S., F.L., X.H.L.)
| | - Yi-Chun Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bioactive Small Molecules and Research Center on Aging and Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China (Y.C.Z.)
| | - Ting Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 P.R. China (G.W., T.N.)
| | - Xinhua Liu
- Pharmacophenomics Laboratory, Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203 P.R. China (D.Y., Z.H.S., F.L., X.H.L.)
| | - Yi Zhun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China (D.Y., Y.Z.Z.)
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3
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Yan S, Cao K, Zeng X, Zhou Y, Liu Z, Yang Q, Pan Y, Wang X, Boison D, Su Y, Jiang X, Patel VS, Fulton D, Weintraub NL, Huo Y. Adenosine kinase is critical for neointima formation after vascular injury by inducing aberrant DNA hypermethylation. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:561-575. [PMID: 32065618 PMCID: PMC7820850 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Adenosine receptors and extracellular adenosine have been demonstrated to modulate vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and neointima formation. Adenosine kinase (ADK) is a major enzyme regulating intracellular adenosine levels but is function in VSMC remains unclear. Here, we investigated the role of ADK in vascular injury-induced smooth muscle proliferation and delineated the mechanisms underlying its action. METHODS AND RESULTS We found that ADK expression was higher in the neointima of injured vessels and in platelet-derived growth factor-treated VSMCs. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of ADK was enough to attenuate arterial injury-induced neointima formation due to inhibition of VSMC proliferation. Mechanistically, using infinium methylation assays and bisulfite sequencing, we showed that ADK metabolized the intracellular adenosine and potentiated the transmethylation pathway, then induced the aberrant DNA hypermethylation. Pharmacological inhibition of aberrant DNA hypermethylation increased KLF4 expression and suppressed VSMC proliferation as well as the neointima formation. Importantly, in human femoral arteries, we observed increased ADK expression and DNA hypermethylation as well as decreased KLF4 expression in neointimal VSMCs of stenotic vessels suggesting that our findings in mice are relevant for human disease and may hold translational significance. CONCLUSION Our study unravels a novel mechanism by which ADK promotes VSMC proliferation via inducing aberrant DNA hypermethylation, thereby down-regulating KLF4 expression and promoting neointima formation. These findings advance the possibility of targeting ADK as an epigenetic modulator to combat vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yiming Xu
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital; State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyuan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Kaixiang Cao
- The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Qingyuan People’s Hospital; State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xianqiu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaqi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiuhua Yang
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yue Pan
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Georgia Prevention Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Detlev Boison
- Robert S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Yunchao Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Vijay S Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - David Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Yuqing Huo
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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4
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Sorensen DW, Carreon D, Williams JM, Pearce WJ. Hypoxic modulation of fetal vascular MLCK abundance, localization, and function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R1-R18. [PMID: 33112654 PMCID: PMC7847055 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00212.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Changes in vascular contractility are among the most important physiological effects of acute and chronic fetal hypoxia. Given the essential role of myosin light-chain kinase (MLCK) in smooth muscle contractility and its heterogeneous distribution, this study explores the hypothesis that subcellular changes in MLCK distribution contribute to hypoxic modulation of fetal carotid artery contractility. Relative to common carotid arteries from normoxic term fetal lambs (FN), carotids from fetal lambs gestated at high altitude (3,802 m) (FH) exhibited depressed contractility without changes in MLCK mRNA or protein abundance. Patterns of confocal colocalization of MLCK with α-actin and 20-kDa regulatory myosin light chain (MLC20) enabled calculation of subcellular MLCK fractions: 1) colocalized with the contractile apparatus, 2) colocalized with α-actin distant from the contractile apparatus, and 3) not colocalized with α-actin. Chronic hypoxia did not affect MLCK abundance in the contractile fraction, despite a concurrent decrease in contractility. Organ culture for 72 h under 1% O2 decreased total MLCK abundance in FN and FH carotid arteries, but decreased the contractile MLCK abundance only in FH carotid arteries. Correspondingly, culture under 1% O2 depressed contractility more in FH than FN carotid arteries. In addition, hypoxia appeared to attenuate ubiquitin-independent proteasomal degradation of MLCK, as reported for other proteins. In aggregate, these results demonstrate that the combination of chronic hypoxia followed by hypoxic culture can induce MLCK translocation among at least three subcellular fractions with possible influences on contractility, indicating that changes in MLCK distribution are a significant component of fetal vascular responses to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane W Sorensen
- Divisions of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - Desirelys Carreon
- Divisions of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - James M Williams
- Divisions of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
| | - William J Pearce
- Divisions of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California
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5
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Cai W, Zhang J, Yang J, Fan Z, Liu X, Gao W, Zeng P, Xiong M, Ma C, Yang J. MicroRNA-24 attenuates vascular remodeling in diabetic rats through PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2019; 29:621-632. [PMID: 31005375 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The vascular remodeling plays a crucial role in pathogenesis of diabetic cardiovascular complications. In this study, we intended to explore the effects and potential mechanisms of microRNA-24 (miR-24) on vascular remodeling under diabetic conditions. METHODS AND RESULTS MiR-24 recombinant adenovirus (Ad-miR-24-GFP) was used to induce miR-24 overexpression either in carotid arteries or high glucose (HG)-induced vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Cell proliferation was analyzed using CCK-8 method. Cell migration was examined using wound-healing and transwell assay. mRNA and protein expressions of critical factors were, respectively, measured by real-time PCR and western blot as follows: qRT-PCR for the levels of miR-24, PIK3R1; western blot for the protein levels of PI3K (p85α), Akt, p-Akt, mTOR, p-mTOR, 4E-BP1, p-4E-BP1, p70s6k, p-p70s6k, MMP 2, MMP 9, collagen Ⅰ, as well as collagen Ⅲ. Carotid arteries in diabetic rats suffered balloon injury were harvested and examined by HE, immunohistochemical and Masson trichrome staining. The expression of miR-24 was decreased in HG-stimulated VSMCs and balloon-injured carotid arteries of diabetic rats, accompanied by increased mRNA expression of PIK3R1. The up-regulation of miR-24 suppressed VSMCs proliferation, migration, collagen deposition not only induced by HG in vitro, but also in balloon-injured diabetic rats, which were related to inactivation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. CONCLUSION The up-regulation of miR-24 significantly attenuated vascular remodeling both in balloon-injured diabetic rats and HG-stimulated VSMCs via suppression of proliferation, migration and collagen deposition by acting on PIK3R1 gene that modulated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carotid Arteries/enzymology
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/enzymology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/genetics
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/enzymology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/pathology
- Fibrillar Collagens/metabolism
- Male
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Vascular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cai
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China; Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China; Yichang Key Laboratory of Ischemic Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease Translational Medicine, China
| | - J Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China; Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China
| | - J Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China
| | - Z Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China; Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China
| | - W Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China; Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China
| | - P Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China; Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China
| | - M Xiong
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China; Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China
| | - C Ma
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China; Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China
| | - J Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China; Department of Central Experimental Laboratory, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, China Three Gorges University & Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang 443003, China.
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6
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Docherty CK, Carswell A, Friel E, Mercer JR. Impaired mitochondrial respiration in human carotid plaque atherosclerosis: A potential role for Pink1 in vascular smooth muscle cell energetics. Atherosclerosis 2018; 268:1-11. [PMID: 29156421 PMCID: PMC6565844 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction are thought to play an essential role in ageing and the energetic decline of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) essential for maintaining plaque integrity. We aimed to better understand VSMCs and identify potentially useful compensatory pathways that could extend their lifespan. Moreover, we wanted to assess if defects in mitochondrial respiration exist in human atherosclerotic plaques and to identify the appropriate markers that may reflect a switch in VSMC energy metabolism. METHODS Human plaque tissue and cells were assessed for composition and evidence of DNA damage, repair capacity and mitochondrial dysfunction. Fresh plaque tissue was evaluated using high resolution oxygen respirometry to assess oxidative metabolism. Recruitment and processing of the mitochondrial regulator of autophagy Pink1 kinase was investigated in combination with transcriptional and protein markers associated with a potential switch to a more glycolytic metabolism. RESULTS Human VSMC have increased nuclear (nDNA) and mitochondrial (mtDNA) damage and reduced repair capacity. A subset of VSMCs within plaque cap had decreased oxidative phosphorylation and expression of Pink1 kinase. Plaque cells demonstrated increased glycolytic activity in response to loss of mitochondrial function. A potential compensatory glycolytic program may act as energetic switch via AMP kinase (AMPK) and hexokinase 2 (Hex2). CONCLUSIONS We have identified a subset of plaque VSMCs required for plaque stability that have increased mitochondrial dysfunction and decreased oxidative phosphorylation. Pink1 kinase may initiate a cellular response to promote a compensatory glycolytic program associated with upregulation of AMPK and Hex2.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Carotid Arteries/enzymology
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/enzymology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/genetics
- Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA Damage
- DNA, Mitochondrial/genetics
- DNA, Mitochondrial/metabolism
- Energy Metabolism
- Glycolysis
- Hexokinase/metabolism
- Humans
- Mitochondria, Muscle/enzymology
- Mitochondria, Muscle/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
- Oxidative Stress
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig K Docherty
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University Avenue, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Andy Carswell
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University Avenue, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Friel
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University Avenue, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - John R Mercer
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University Avenue, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, Scotland, United Kingdom.
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7
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Rohm I, Sattler S, Atiskova Y, Kretzschmar D, Pistulli R, Franz M, Jung C, Mall G, Kronert T, Schulze PC, Yilmaz A. Increased Number of Mast Cells in Atherosclerotic Lesions Correlates with the Presence of Myeloid but not Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells as well as Pro-inflammatory T Cells. Clin Lab 2017; 62:2293-2303. [PMID: 28164558 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2016.160517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the vessel wall promoted by different immune cells and inflammatory mediators. METHODS In this study, 26 human plaques and 12 control vessels without atherosclerosis were immunohistochemically stained to analyze the emergence of mast cells dependent on plaque morphology and to correlate mast cell occurrence with the emergence of myeloid as well as plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Also, mast cell emergence was correlated with the number of pro-inflammatory T cells. For this, plaques were classified as stable or unstable according to established histological criteria. RESULTS As expected, atherosclerotic lesions showed significantly higher numbers of tryptase+, chymase+, and cathepsin G+ mast cells compared to control vessels, particularly in lesions with unstable morphology. As a novel finding, we detected significant correlations between mast cells and myeloid dendritic cells (fascin, CD83, r > 0.3, p < 0.01), but not plasmacytoid dendritic cells (CD123, CD304). Also, we observed significant correlations of mast cells and different subgroups of pro-inflammatory T cells (CD3, CD8, CD161, CD25; r > 0.35, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Overall, the higher number of mast cells in plaques, particularly with unstable morphology, suggests that mast cells might be involved in the progression of atherosclerosis. The correlation of mast cells with other immune cells that are pivotal in atherogenesis, e.g., myeloid dendritic cells and pro-inflammatory T cells, also suggests an interplay leading to plaque destabilization. Therefore, modulating local mast cell function and invasion into the plaque might be a therapeutic tool for plaque stabilization.
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8
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Bilancio A, Rinaldi B, Oliviero MA, Donniacuo M, Monti MG, Boscaino A, Marino I, Friedman L, Rossi F, Vanhaesebroeck B, Migliaccio A. Inhibition of p110δ PI3K prevents inflammatory response and restenosis after artery injury. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20171112. [PMID: 28851839 PMCID: PMC5617917 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20171112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory cells play key roles in restenosis upon vascular surgical procedures such as bypass grafts, angioplasty and stent deployment but the molecular mechanisms by which these cells affect restenosis remain unclear. The p110δ isoform of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) is mainly expressed in white blood cells. Here, we have investigated whether p110δ PI3K is involved in the pathogenesis of restenosis in a mouse model of carotid injury, which mimics the damage following arterial grafts. We used mice in which p110δ kinase activity has been disabled by a knockin (KI) point mutation in its ATP-binding site (p110δD910A/D910A PI3K mice). Wild-type (WT) and p110δD910A/D910A mice were subjected to longitudinal carotid injury. At 14 and 30 days after carotid injury, mice with inactive p110δ showed strongly decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells (including T lymphocytes and macrophages) and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), compared with WT mice. Likewise, PI-3065, a p110δ-selective PI3K inhibitor, almost completely prevented restenosis after artery injury. Our data showed that p110δ PI3K plays a main role in promoting neointimal thickening and inflammatory processes during vascular stenosis, with its inhibition providing significant reduction in restenosis following carotid injury. p110δ-selective inhibitors, recently approved for the treatment of human B-cell malignancies, therefore, present a new therapeutic opportunity to prevent the restenosis upon artery injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bilancio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Rinaldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Oliviero
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Donniacuo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Gaia Monti
- Department of Medical Translational Science, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Amedeo Boscaino
- Department of Histopathology, AORN "Cardarelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Irene Marino
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Lori Friedman
- Translational Oncology, Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA, U.S.A
| | - Francesco Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", Regional Centre for Pharmacovigilance and Pharmaco-epidemiology - University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Bart Vanhaesebroeck
- Cell Signalling, UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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9
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Dong C, Della-Morte D, Beecham A, Wang L, Cabral D, Blanton SH, Sacco RL, Rundek T. Genetic variants in LEKR1 and GALNT10 modulate sex-difference in carotid intima-media thickness: a genome-wide interaction study. Atherosclerosis 2015; 240:462-7. [PMID: 25898001 PMCID: PMC4441583 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an established sex-difference in carotid artery intima-media thickness (cIMT), a recognized marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. However, the genetic underpinnings of sex-differences in gene-IMT associations are largely unknown. METHODS With a multistage design using 731,037 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP), a genome wide interaction study was performed in a discovery sample of 931 unrelated Hispanics, followed by replication in 153 non-Hispanic whites and 257 non-Hispanic blacks. Assuming an additive genetic model, we tested for sex-SNP interactions on cIMT using regression analysis. RESULTS We did not identify any genome-wide significant SNPs but identified 14 loci with suggestive significance. Specifically, SNP-by-sex interaction was found for rs7616559 within LEKR1 gene (P = 3.5E-06 in Hispanic discovery sample, P = 0.018 in White, and P = 1.3E-06 in combined analysis) and for rs2081015 located within GALNT10 gene (P = 4.5E-06 in Hispanic discovery sample, P = 0.042 in Blacks, and P = 5.3E-07 in combined analysis). For rs7616559 within LEKR1, men had greater cIMT than women in G allele carriers (beta ± SE: 0.044 ± 0.007, P = 4.2E-09 in AG carriers; beta ± SE: 0.064 ± 0.007, P = 6.2E-05 in GG carriers). For rs2081015 within GALNT10, men had greater cIMT than women in C allele carriers (beta ± SE: 0.022 ± 0.007, P = 0.002 in CT carriers; beta ± SE: 0.051 ± 0.008, P = 3.1E-10 in CC carriers). CONCLUSIONS Our genome-wide interaction analysis reveals multiple loci that may modulate sex difference in cIMT. Of them, genetic variants on LEKR1 and GALNT10 genes have been associated with control of adiposity and weight. Given the consistent findings across different-ethnic groups, further studies are warranted to perform investigations of functional genetic variants in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhui Dong
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - David Della-Morte
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Ashley Beecham
- John T. McDonald Department of Human Genetics, John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Liyong Wang
- John T. McDonald Department of Human Genetics, John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Digna Cabral
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Susan H Blanton
- John T. McDonald Department of Human Genetics, John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ralph L Sacco
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; John T. McDonald Department of Human Genetics, John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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10
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Heo KS, Le NT, Cushman HJ, Giancursio CJ, Chang E, Woo CH, Sullivan MA, Taunton J, Yeh ETH, Fujiwara K, Abe JI. Disturbed flow-activated p90RSK kinase accelerates atherosclerosis by inhibiting SENP2 function. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1299-310. [PMID: 25689261 DOI: 10.1172/jci76453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Disturbed blood flow (d-flow) causes endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction, leading to atherosclerotic plaque formation. We have previously shown that d-flow increases SUMOylation of p53 and ERK5 through downregulation of sentrin/SUMO-specific protease 2 (SENP2) function; however, it is not known how SENP2 itself is regulated by d-flow. Here, we determined that d-flow activated the serine/threonine kinase p90RSK, which subsequently phosphorylated threonine 368 (T368) of SENP2. T368 phosphorylation promoted nuclear export of SENP2, leading to downregulation of eNOS expression and upregulation of proinflammatory adhesion molecule expression and apoptosis. In an LDLR-deficient murine model of atherosclerosis, EC-specific overexpression of p90RSK increased EC dysfunction and lipid accumulation in the aorta compared with control animals; however, these pathologic changes were not observed in atherosclerotic mice overexpressing dominant negative p90RSK (DN-p90RSK). Moreover, depletion of SENP2 in these mice abolished the protective effect of DN-p90RSK overexpression. We propose that p90RSK-mediated SENP2-T368 phosphorylation is a master switch in d-flow-induced signaling, leading to EC dysfunction and atherosclerosis.
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11
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Li J, Liu Y, Ren X, Chang L, Yue Z, Shi X. [Effect of oral intervention on matrix metalloproteinase-2, 9 expression in carotid arteries and serum interleukin-6 in rats with chronic periodontitis]. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2014; 49:554-559. [PMID: 25476218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish chronic periodontitis model in SD rats, and to investigate the effect of oral intervention on atherosclerosis. METHODS Fifty male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups, group A (normal control), group B (atherosclerosis,As) and group C (chronic periodontitis, CP). Group C was further divided into group C1 (natural process), group C2 (simple mechanical treatment), group C3 (systemic antibiotics), group C4-1 (teeth extraction) and group C4-2 (teeth extraction+systemic antibiotics), each group consisted of 7 rats. Every group received oral intervention. Serum interleukin (IL)- 6 levels were detected in five different time points (1, 3, 5, 7, 9 weeks after a successful modeling) by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. All animals were killed after 24 weeks. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)- 2, 9 in the proximal aorta was detected by immuno histochemistry. RESULTS The levels of serum IL-6 in groups B and C1 increased gradually with time and became significantly higher than that in group A (P < 0.01). Levels of serum IL-6 were increased gradually in each intervention group (C2, C3, C4-1, C4-2) and reached its peak at 5 weeks after modeling [C2:(62.3 ± 14.3) ng/L, C3:(58.2 ± 8.7) ng/L, C4-1:(127.0 ± 29.9) ng/L, C4-2:(120.6 ± 23.1) ng/L]. Compared with group B, group C4- 1 and C4- 2 increased most significantly (P < 0.01). Levels of serum IL- 6 decreased gradually. Eventually, group C2 [(28.6 ± 8.1) ng/L], C3 [(40.8 ± 15.1) ng/L] and C4-2 [(32.7 ± 11.1) ng/L] were significantly lower than group B (P < 0.05), and in group C2 IL- 6 was the lowest. Although levels of serum of IL-6 significantly decreased in group C4-1 [(72.8 ± 16.4) ng/L], but remained the highest. Immunohistochemistry showed that MMP-2, 9 were expressed in group B, C1 and C4-1, and significantly higher than in group A (183.0 ± 2.0, 181.3 ± 2.0), the gray value differences were statistically significant (P < 0.01). Group C4-1 (123.1 ± 2.9, 121.0 ± 3.2) was the strongest, group B (126.4 ± 2.0, 124.8 ± 2.8) and C1 (140.0 ± 2.2, 139.7 ± 3.2) were decreased (P < 0.01). While group C2(169.3 ± 3.4, 169.7 ± 2.3), C3 (149.0 ± 1.7, 145.1 ± 2.5) and C4-2 (157.7 ± 1.2, 155.8 ± 2.7) were significantly lower than group C1 (P < 0.01), and group C2 was close to normal. CONCLUSIONS Periodontitis could increase the risk of atherosclerosis in rats with chronic periodontitis. Periodontal mechanical treatment and teeth extraction may increase the risk of As in the short time. However, the risk would gradually reduce in a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieting Li
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xiuyun Ren
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China.
| | - Le Chang
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Zijie Yue
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xuexue Shi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
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12
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Gadang V, Konaniah E, Hui DY, Jaeschke A. Mixed-lineage kinase 3 deficiency promotes neointima formation through increased activation of the RhoA pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1429-36. [PMID: 24790140 PMCID: PMC4084683 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways play an important role in neointima formation secondary to vascular injury, in part by promoting proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Mixed-lineage kinase 3 (MLK3) is a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase that activates multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways and has been implicated in regulating proliferation in several cell types. However, the role of MLK3 in VSMC proliferation and neointima formation is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the function of MLK3 in the development of neointimal hyperplasia and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. APPROACH AND RESULTS Neointima formation was analyzed after endothelial denudation of carotid arteries from wild-type and MLK3-deficient mice. MLK3 deficiency promoted injury-induced neointima formation and increased proliferation of primary VSMC derived from aortas isolated from MLK3-deficient mice compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, MLK3 deficiency increased the activation of p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, RhoA, and Rho kinase in VSMC, a pathway known to promote neointimal hyperplasia, and reconstitution of MLK3 expression attenuated Rho kinase activation. Furthermore, cJun NH2-terminal kinase activation was decreased in MLK3-deficient VSMC, and proliferation of wild-type but not MLK3 knockout cells treated with a cJun NH2-terminal kinase inhibitor was attenuated. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that MLK3 limits RhoA activation and injury-induced neointima formation by binding to and inhibiting the activation of p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor, a RhoA activator. In MLK3-deficient cells, activation of p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor proceeds in an unchecked manner, leading to a net increase in RhoA pathway activation. Reconstitution of MLK3 expression restores MLK3/p63Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor interaction, which is attenuated by feedback from activated cJun NH2-terminal kinase.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carotid Arteries/enzymology
- Carotid Arteries/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/enzymology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/genetics
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hyperplasia
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/deficiency
- MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Protein Kinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Rho Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Time Factors
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- rho-Associated Kinases/metabolism
- rhoA GTP-Binding Protein
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinase Kinase 11
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Gadang
- From the Department of Pathology, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Eddy Konaniah
- From the Department of Pathology, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - David Y Hui
- From the Department of Pathology, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Anja Jaeschke
- From the Department of Pathology, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, OH.
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13
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Walker AE, Henson GD, Reihl KD, Nielson EI, Morgan RG, Lesniewski LA, Donato AJ. Beneficial effects of lifelong caloric restriction on endothelial function are greater in conduit arteries compared to cerebral resistance arteries. Age (Dordr) 2014; 36:559-569. [PMID: 24065292 PMCID: PMC4039283 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction occurs in conduit and cerebral resistance arteries with advancing age. Lifelong caloric restriction (CR) can prevent the onset of age-related dysfunction in many tissues, but its effects on cerebral resistance artery function, as compared with conduit artery function, have not been determined. We measured endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) in the carotid artery and middle cerebral artery (MCA) from young (5-7 months), old ad libitum fed (AL, 29-32 months), and old lifelong CR (CR, 40 % CR, 29-32 months) B6D2F1 mice. Compared with young, EDD for old AL was 24 % lower in the carotid and 47 % lower in the MCA (p < 0.05). For old CR, EDD was not different from young in the carotid artery (p > 0.05), but was 25 % lower than young in the MCA (p < 0.05). EDD was not different between groups after NO synthase inhibition with N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester in the carotid artery or MCA. Superoxide production by the carotid artery and MCA was greater in old AL compared with young and old CR (p < 0.05). In the carotid, incubation with the superoxide scavenger TEMPOL improved EDD for old AL (p > 0.05), with no effect in young or old CR (p > 0.05). In the MCA, incubation with TEMPOL or the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin augmented EDD in old AL (p < 0.05), but reduced EDD in young and old CR (p < 0.05). Thus, age-related endothelial dysfunction is prevented by lifelong CR completely in conduit arteries, but only partially in cerebral resistance arteries. These benefits of lifelong CR on EDD result from lower oxidative stress and greater NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Walker
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84109 USA
| | - Grant D. Henson
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84109 USA
- />Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Kelly D. Reihl
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84109 USA
| | - Elizabeth I. Nielson
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84109 USA
| | - R. Garrett Morgan
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84109 USA
| | - Lisa A. Lesniewski
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84109 USA
- />Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- />Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center—Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Anthony J. Donato
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84109 USA
- />Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- />Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center—Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, UT USA
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14
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Mo L, Wang Y, Geary L, Corey C, Alef MJ, Beer-Stolz D, Zuckerbraun BS, Shiva S. Nitrite activates AMP kinase to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis independent of soluble guanylate cyclase. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:1440-50. [PMID: 22892143 PMCID: PMC3477807 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Nitrite, a dietary constituent and endogenous signaling molecule, mediates a number of physiological responses including modulation of ischemia/reperfusion injury, glucose tolerance, and vascular remodeling. Although the exact molecular mechanisms underlying nitrite's actions are unknown, the current paradigm suggests that these effects depend on the hypoxic reduction of nitrite to nitric oxide (NO). Mitochondrial biogenesis is a fundamental mechanism of cellular adaptation and repair. However, the effect of nitrite on mitochondrial number has not been explored. Herein, we report that nitrite stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis through a mechanism distinct from that of NO. We demonstrate that nitrite significantly increases cellular mitochondrial number by augmenting the activity of adenylate kinase, resulting in AMP kinase phosphorylation, downstream activation of sirtuin-1, and deacetylation of PGC1α, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis. Unlike NO, nitrite-mediated biogenesis does not require the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and results in the synthesis of more functionally efficient mitochondria. Further, we provide evidence that nitrite mediates biogenesis in vivo. In a rat model of carotid injury, 2 weeks of continuous oral nitrite treatment postinjury prevented the hyperproliferative response of smooth muscle cells. This protection was accompanied by a nitrite-dependent upregulation of PGC1α and increased mitochondrial number in the injured artery. These data are the first to demonstrate that nitrite mediates differential signaling compared to NO. They show that nitrite is a versatile regulator of mitochondrial function and number both in vivo and in vitro and suggest that nitrite-mediated biogenesis may play a protective role in the setting of vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Mo
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Yinna Wang
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Lisa Geary
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Catherine Corey
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Matthew J. Alef
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Donna Beer-Stolz
- Center for Biological Imaging, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Brian S. Zuckerbraun
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Sruti Shiva
- Vascular Medicine Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
- Corresponding Author: Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology Vascular Medicine Institute BST E1242 University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA 15261 Fax: (412) 648-3046 Tel: (412)383-5854
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15
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Lim S, Choi SH, Shin H, Cho BJ, Park HS, Ahn BY, Kang SM, Yoon JW, Jang HC, Kim YB, Park KS. Effect of a dipeptidyl peptidase-IV inhibitor, des-fluoro-sitagliptin, on neointimal formation after balloon injury in rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e35007. [PMID: 22493727 PMCID: PMC3320861 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0035007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, it has been suggested that enhancement of incretin effect improves cardiac function. We investigated the effect of a DPP-IV inhibitor, des-fluoro-sitagliptin, in reducing occurrence of restenosis in carotid artery in response to balloon injury and the related mechanisms. METHODS AND FINDINGS Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty rats were grouped into four: control (normal saline) and sitagliptin 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg per day (n = 10 per group). Sitagliptin or normal saline were given orally from 1 week before to 2 weeks after carotid injury. After 3 weeks of treatment, sitagliptin treatment caused a significant and dose-dependent reduction in intima-media ratio (IMR) in obese diabetic rats. This effect was accompanied by improved glucose homeostasis, decreased circulating levels of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and increased adiponectin level. Moreover, decreased IMR was correlated significantly with reduced hsCRP, tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 activity. In vitro evidence with vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) demonstrated that proliferation and migration were decreased significantly after sitagliptin treatment. In addition, sitagliptin increased caspase-3 activity and decreased monocyte adhesion and NFκB activation in VSMCs. CONCLUSIONS Sitagliptin has protective properties against restenosis after carotid injury and therapeutic implications for treating macrovascular complications of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Sung Hee Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hayley Shin
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bong Jun Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ho Seon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Yong Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon Mee Kang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Won Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hak Chul Jang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Bum Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kyong Soo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology and College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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Wang JN, Shi N, Chen SY. Manganese superoxide dismutase inhibits neointima formation through attenuation of migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:173-81. [PMID: 22062629 PMCID: PMC3356780 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide anion is elevated during neointima development and is essential for neointimal vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. However, little is known about the role of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD, SOD2) in the neointima formation following vascular injury. SOD2 in the mitochondria plays an important role in cellular defense against oxidative damage. Because of its subcellular localization, SOD2 is considered the first line of defense against oxidative stress and plays a central role in metabolizing superoxide. Because mitochondria are the most important sources of superoxide anion, we speculated that SOD2 may have therapeutic benefits in preventing vascular remodeling. In this study, we used a rat carotid artery balloon-injury model and an adenoviral gene delivery approach to test the hypothesis that SOD2 suppresses vascular lesion formation. SOD2 was activated along with the progression of neointima formation in balloon-injured rat carotid arteries. Depletion of SOD2 by RNA interference markedly promoted the lesion formation, whereas SOD2 overexpression suppressed the injury-induced neointima formation via attenuation of migration and proliferation of VSMCs. SOD2 exerts its inhibitory effect on VSMC migration induced by angiotensin II by scavenging superoxide anion and suppressing the phosphorylation of Akt. Our data indicate that SOD2 is a negative modulator of vascular lesion formation after injury. Therefore, SOD2 augmentation may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the prevention of lesion formation in proliferative vascular diseases such as restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ning Wang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Institute of Clinical Medicine and Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Ning Shi
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Shi-You Chen
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 706 5423015. (S.-Y. Chen)
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Gao Y, Deng J, Yu XF, Yang DL, Gong QH, Huang XN. Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits vascular intimal hyperplasia in balloon-injured rat carotid artery by down-regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2. J Ethnopharmacol 2011; 138:472-478. [PMID: 21964194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) is one of the main active components of Panax ginseng a well-known herbal medicine. It has been demonstrated to inhibit proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced by tumor necrosis factor-αin vitro. The present study is aimed to examine the possible effects of Rg1 on vascular neointimal hyperplasia in balloon-injured carotid artery of rats in vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS The animal model was established by rubbing the endothelia with a balloon catheter in the common carotid artery (CCA) of male Sprague Dawley rats. Then the rats were intraperitoneally injected with distilled water in model group and sham operation control, or with Rg1 4, 8 and 16mg/kg/d in other balloon injured groups. After consecutive 14 days, the vascular intimal hyperplasia was evidenced by histopathological alterations of the CCA and by changes observed in the marker of the proliferation of VSMCs-the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The protein expressions of PCNA and the phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase2 (p-ERK2) as well as mitogen-ativated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) were examined by immunohistochemistry; while the expressions of proto-oncogene (c-fos), ERK2 and smooth muscle α-actin (SM α-actin) mRNA were analyzed by Real-Time RT-PCR. RESULTS Rg1 administration could significantly ameliorate the histopathology of CCA and decrease the protein expression of PCNA induced by endothelia rubbing; and Rg1 medication also significantly decreased the expressions of p-ERK2 protein, ERK2 and c-fos mRNA in vessel wall, but up-regulated the MKP-1 expression, which was reported to inactivate mitogen-ativated protein kinase pathway. Furthermore, Rg1 could elevate the decreased SM α-actin mRNA expression induced by balloon injury. CONCLUSIONS Rg1 can suppress the vascular neointimal hyperplasia induced by balloon injury, the mechanism may be involved in the inhibition on ERK2 signaling, and related, at least partly, to the increase in MKP-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Gao
- Department of Pharmacology and the Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou Province, Zunyi Medical College, No. 201 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, PR China
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Upmacis RK, Shen H, Benguigui LES, Lamon BD, Deeb RS, Hajjar KA, Hajjar DP. Inducible nitric oxide synthase provides protection against injury-induced thrombosis in female mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H617-24. [PMID: 21602468 PMCID: PMC3154673 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00667.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important vasoactive molecule produced by three NO synthase (NOS) enzymes: neuronal (nNOS), inducible (iNOS), and endothelial NOS (eNOS). While eNOS contributes to blood vessel dilation that protects against the development of hypertension, iNOS has been primarily implicated as a disease-promoting isoform during atherogenesis. Despite this, iNOS may play a physiological role via the modulation of cyclooxygenase and thromboregulatory eicosanoid production. Herein, we examined the role of iNOS in a murine model of thrombosis. Blood flow was measured in carotid arteries of male and female wild-type (WT) and iNOS-deficient mice following ferric chloride-induced thrombosis. Female WT mice were more resistant to thrombotic occlusion than male counterparts but became more susceptible upon iNOS deletion. In contrast, male mice (with and without iNOS deletion) were equally susceptible to thrombosis. Deletion of iNOS was not associated with a change in the balance of thromboxane A(2) (TxA(2)) or antithrombotic prostacyclin (PGI(2)). Compared with male counterparts, female WT mice exhibited increased urinary nitrite and nitrate levels and enhanced ex vivo induction of iNOS in hearts and aortas. Our findings suggest that iNOS-derived NO in female WT mice may attenuate the effects of vascular injury. Thus, although iNOS is detrimental during atherogenesis, physiological iNOS levels may contribute to providing protection against thrombotic occlusion, a phenomenon that may be enhanced in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita K Upmacis
- Dept. of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, Pace Univ., One Pace Plaza, New York, NY 10038, USA.
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Anea CB, Ali MI, Osmond JM, Sullivan JC, Stepp DW, Merloiu AM, Rudic RD. Matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 dysfunction underlie vascular stiffness in circadian clock mutant mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2535-43. [PMID: 20829506 PMCID: PMC2988111 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.214379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if elasticity in blood vessels is compromised in circadian clock-mutant mice (Bmal1-knockout [KO] and Per-triple KO) and if matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) might confer these changes in compliance. METHODS AND RESULTS High-resolution ultrasonography in vivo revealed impaired remodeling and increased pulse-wave velocity in the arteries of Bmal1-KO and Per-triple KO mice. In addition, compliance of remodeled arteries and naïve pressurized arterioles ex vivo from Bmal1-KO and Per-triple KO mice was reduced, consistent with stiffening of the vascular bed. The observed vascular stiffness was coincident with dysregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in Bmal1-KO mice. Furthermore, inhibition of MMPs improved indexes of pathological remodeling in wild-type mice, but the effect was abolished in Bmal1-KO mice. CONCLUSIONS Circadian clock dysfunction contributes to hardening of arteries, which may involve impaired control of the extracellular matrix composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciprian B. Anea
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA
| | - M. Irfan Ali
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA
| | | | | | - David W. Stepp
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA
| | - Ana M. Merloiu
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA
| | - R. Daniel Rudic
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA
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Chrissobolis S, Didion SP, Kinzenbaw DA, Schrader LI, Dayal S, Lentz SR, Faraci FM. Glutathione peroxidase-1 plays a major role in protecting against angiotensin II-induced vascular dysfunction. Hypertension 2008; 51:872-7. [PMID: 18299484 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.103572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Levels of reactive oxygen species, including hydrogen peroxide(,) increase in blood vessels during hypertension and in response to angiotensin II (Ang II). Although glutathione peroxidases are known to metabolize hydrogen peroxide, the role of glutathione peroxidase during hypertension is poorly defined. We tested the hypothesis that glutathione peroxidase-1 protects against Ang II-induced endothelial dysfunction. Responses of carotid arteries from Gpx1-deficient (Gpx1(+/-) and Gpx1(-/-)) and Gpx1 transgenic mice, and their respective littermate controls, were examined in vitro after overnight incubation with either vehicle or Ang II. Under control conditions, relaxation to acetylcholine (ACh; an endothelium-dependent agonist) was similar in control, Gpx1(+/-), and Gpx1 transgenic mice, whereas in Gpx1(-/-) mice, responses to ACh were impaired. In control mice, ACh-induced vasorelaxation was not affected by 1 nmol/L of Ang II. In contrast, relaxation to ACh in arteries from Gpx1(+/-) mice was inhibited by approximately 60% after treatment with 1 nmol/L of Ang II, indicating that Gpx1 haploinsufficiency markedly enhances Ang II-induced endothelial dysfunction. A higher concentration of Ang II (10 nmol/L) selectively impaired relaxation to ACh in arteries from control mice, and this effect was prevented in arteries from Gpx1 transgenic mice or in arteries from control mice treated with polyethylene glycol-catalase (which degrades hydrogen peroxide). Thus, genetic and pharmacological evidence suggests a major role for glutathione peroxidase-1 and hydrogen peroxide in Ang II-induced effects on vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophocles Chrissobolis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242-1081, USA
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Nugent HM, Sjin RTT, White D, Milton LG, Manson RJ, Lawson JH, Edelman ER. Adventitial endothelial implants reduce matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and increase luminal diameter in porcine arteriovenous grafts. J Vasc Surg 2007; 46:548-556. [PMID: 17826244 PMCID: PMC2702136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular access dysfunction is a major problem in hemodialysis patients. Only 50% of arteriovenous grafts (AVGs) will remain patent 1 year after surgery. AVGs frequently develop stenoses and occlusions at the venous anastomoses in the venous outflow tract. Lumen diameter is not only determined by intimal thickening but is also influenced by remodeling of the vessel wall. Vascular remodeling requires degradation and reorganization of the extracellular matrix by the degradation enzymes, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In this study, we aimed to provide further insight into the mechanism of endothelial regulation of vascular remodeling and luminal narrowing in AVGs. METHODS End-to-side carotid artery-jugular vein polytetrafluoroethylene grafts were created in 20 domestic swine. The anastomoses and outflow vein were treated with Gelfoam matrices (Pfizer, New York, NY) containing allogeneic porcine aortic endothelial (PAE, n = 10) cells or control matrices without cells (n = 10), and the biologic responses to PAE implants were investigated 3 and 28 days postoperatively. Angiograms before euthanasia were compared with baseline angiograms. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Verhoeff elastin, and antibodies specific to MMP-9 and MMP-2 and underwent histopathologic, morphometric and immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Veins treated with PAE cell implants had a 2.8-fold increase in venous lumen diameter compared with baseline (P < .05), a 2.3-fold increase in lumen diameter compared with control, and an 81% decrease in stenosis (P < .05) compared with control at 28 days. The increase in lumen diameter by angiographic analysis correlated with morphometric analysis of tissue sections. PAE implants increased the venous lumen area 2.3-fold (P < .05), decreased venous luminal occlusion 66%, and increased positive venous remodeling 1.9-fold (P < .05) compared with control at 28 days. PAE cell implants reduced MMP-2 expression and neovascularization at 3 and 28 days and adventitial fibrosis at 28 days, suggesting a role of the implants in controlling the affects of medial and adventitial cells in the response to vascular injury. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that the adventitial application of endothelial implants significantly reduced MMP-2 expression within the venous wall, and increased venous lumen diameter and positive remodeling in a porcine arteriovenous graft model. Adventitial endothelial implants may be useful in decreasing luminal narrowing in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Nugent
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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22
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Lim HK, Lim HK, Ryoo S, Benjo A, Shuleri K, Miriel V, Baraban E, Camara A, Soucy K, Nyhan D, Shoukas A, Berkowitz DE. Mitochondrial arginase II constrains endothelial NOS-3 activity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007; 293:H3317-24. [PMID: 17827260 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00700.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports the idea that arginase, expressed in the vascular endothelial cells of humans and other species, modulates endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase-3 (NOS-3) activity by regulating intracellular L-arginine bioavailability. Arginase II is thought to be expressed in the mitochondria of a variety of nonendothelial cells, whereas arginase I is known to be confined to the cytosol of hepatic and other cells. The isoforms that regulate NOS-3 and their subcellular distribution, however, remain incompletely characterized. We therefore tested the hypothesis that arginase II is confined to the mitochondria and that mitochondrial arginase II reciprocally regulates vascular endothelial NO production. Western blot analysis, immunocytochemistry with MitoTracker, and immunoelectron microscopy confirmed that arginase II is confined predominantly but not exclusively to the mitochondria. Arginase activity was significantly decreased, whereas NO production was significantly increased in the aorta and isolated endothelial cells from arginase II knockout (ArgII(-/-)) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The vasorelaxation response to acetylcholine (ACh) was markedly enhanced and the vasoconstrictor response to phenylephrine (PE) attenuated in ArgII(-/-) in pressurized mouse carotid arteries. Furthermore, inhibition of NOS-3 by N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) impaired ACh response and restored the PE response to that observed in WT vessels. Vascular stiffness, as assessed by pulse wave velocity (PWV), was significantly decreased in ArgII(-/-) compared with WT mice. On the other hand, 14 days of oral L-NAME treatment significantly increased PWV in both WT and ArgII(-/-) mice, such that they were not significantly different from one another. These data suggest that arginase II is predominantly confined to the mitochondria and that this mitochondrial arginase II regulates NO production, vascular endothelial function, and vascular stiffness by modulating NOS-3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Kyo Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, 600 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Desbuards N, Rochefort GY, Schlecht D, Machet MC, Halimi JM, Eder V, Hyvelin JM, Antier D. Heme oxygenase-1 inducer hemin prevents vascular thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 2007; 98:614-20. [PMID: 17849050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Hemin is a heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) inducer which provides endogenous carbon monoxide known for playing roles in cell proliferation, inflammation or aggregation process. The objective of the current study was to examine the effect of prophylactic treatment with hemin in a thrombosis vascular model. Three groups of Wistar rats, control (n = 6), hemin (n = 6) and hemin + HO-1 inhibitor (n = 6), were used for this study. Hemin-treated animals received hemin (50 mg/kg/d; I.P.) for seven days and HO-1 inhibitor group received hemin at the same dose and SnPP IX (60 mg/kg/d; I.P.). All animals were exposed to electric stimulation of the left carotid according to Kawasaki's procedure to induce reproducible thrombus formation. The hemin treatment did not induce blood pressure disturbance. Effects of hemin on vascular thrombosis were quantified by histopathology and its influence on haemostasis was assessed by measuring prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and blood parameters at the end of treatment. The HO-1 mRNA and protein level variation were also checked out. Results showed that chronic treatment with hemin significantly (p < 0.01) reduced the vascular occlusion degree when compared to control and hemin SnPP groups with 7.2 +/- 4.6 vs. 71.1 +/- 14.7 and 74.0 +/- 8.8%, respectively. Moreover, we observed significant (p < 0.05) perturbations of blood parameters in hemin-treated and hemin-SnPP treated rats. Interestingly, hemin treatment did not significantly increase both PT and APTT. Finally, the HO-1 mRNA and protein levels were increased in hemin-treated carotid artery. In conclusion, hemin by inducing HO-1 expression may be a preventive agent against clinical disorders associated to an increased risk of thrombosis events and may limit haemorrhagic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Desbuards
- LABPART - EA 3852 - IFR135 - Université François Rabelais, Tours Cedex 1, France
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Ishizaka M, Nagai A, Iwanaga M, Imamura M, Azuma H. Possible involvement of enhanced arginase activity due to up-regulated arginases and decreased hydroxyarginine in accelerating intimal hyperplasia with hyperglycemia. Vascul Pharmacol 2007; 47:272-80. [PMID: 17804300 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the roles of enhanced arginase activity due to up-regulated arginases and the decreased hydroxyarginine for accelerating intimal hyperplasia with hyperglycemia. Thirteen weeks after injection of alloxan or physiological saline, endothelial denudation of the carotid artery was performed to induce intimal hyperplasia. The intimal hyperplasia occurred on 4 weeks following denudation was significantly accelerated by hyperglycemia. The method to measure L-arginine, endogenous NOS inhibitors such as monomethylarginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine, and hydroxyarginine as an intermediate of NO production simultaneously was established with the aid of high-performance liquid chromatography. In hyperglycemia group, the impaired cyclic GMP production as an indicator of NO production in endothelial cells was accompanied by the enhanced arginase activity together with increased expression of arginase I and II proteins, accumulated endogenous NOS inhibitors, reduced concentration of hydroxyarginine, and decreased DDAH activity in endothelial cells. However, NOS activity per se remained unchanged in the hyperglycemia group. Authentic hydroxyarginine inhibited arginase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibition of arginase with hydroxyarginine at a reduced concentration with hyperglycemia became significantly lower than that for the control. These results suggest that the accelerated intimal hyperplasia with hyperglycemia is closely related to the impaired NO production in endothelial cells, which results from accumulation of endogenous NOS inhibitors and accelerated arginase activity together with up-regulation of arginase I and II proteins. Decreased DDAH activity would bring about the accumulation of endogenous NOS inhibitors. Furthermore, reduced concentration of hydroxyarginine with hyperglycemia possibly results in an enhanced arginase activity in vivo, implicating partly in the impairment of NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihoko Ishizaka
- Department of Biosystem Regulation, Institute of Biomaterials & Bioengineering, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical & Dental University, 2-3-10 Surugadai, Kanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0062, Japan
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Yang Z, Gagarin D, Ramezani A, Hawley RG, McCaffrey TA. Resistance to fas-induced apoptosis in cells from human atherosclerotic lesions: elevated Bcl-XL inhibits apoptosis and caspase activation. J Vasc Res 2007; 44:483-94. [PMID: 17657164 DOI: 10.1159/000106466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The inappropriate survival of cells in the neointima contributes to atherosclerotic plaque progression, while apoptosis in the fibrous cap of lesions contributes to myocardial infarction and stroke. Prior genomic-scale transcript profiling of human carotid artery plaque cells with known sensitivity or resistance to fas-induced apoptosis identified candidate genes involved in lesion cell apoptosis. Retroviral overexpression indicated that several candidate factors were not causative, but that Bcl-X(L) conferred complete resistance to apoptosis induced by fas ligation. Resistant cells failed to efficiently activate caspase 8, an effect which was also observed in Bcl-X(L)-transfected cells. Small-molecule Bcl-2/X(L) inhibitors and siRNA knockdown of Bcl-X(L) markedly sensitized resistant cells to apoptosis, and partially restored caspase 8 activation. Caspase 3, 6 and 9 inhibitors reduced caspase 8 activation and blocked apoptosis. Complete knockdown of caspase 9 did not reduce apoptosis, while knockdown of Bid suppressed apoptosis, suggesting that mitochondrial pathways independent of caspase 9, such as Smac/Diablo or AIF, provide a necessary mitochondrial input to efficient caspase activation. Bcl-X(L) appears to modulate lesion cell apoptosis by suppressing mitochondrial amplification of caspase activation loops. The results may have direct implications for controlling plaque instability/progression, and identify a new class of small molecules to inhibit restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoqing Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Bao W, Behm DJ, Nerurkar SS, Ao Z, Bentley R, Mirabile RC, Johns DG, Woods TN, Doe CPA, Coatney RW, Ohlstein JF, Douglas SA, Willette RN, Yue TL. Effects of p38 MAPK Inhibitor on angiotensin II-dependent hypertension, organ damage, and superoxide anion production. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 49:362-8. [PMID: 17577100 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e318046f34a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) activates p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), but the nature of the relationship in vivo is not fully understood. We assess the effect of SB239063AN, a highly selective, orally active, p38 MAPK inhibitor, on Ang II-dependent hypertension, target-organ damage and ROS production. Sprague-Dawley rats and MAPKAP kinase-2 knockout mice were infused with Ang II. Ang II infusion increased the levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK in the heart and aorta. Production of superoxide anion and expression of NAD(P)H oxidase subunit gp91 in the aorta were increased 4- and 5-fold, respectively. In addition, Ang II infusion led to endothelial dysfunction, progressive and sustained hypertension, and cardiac hypertrophy. Treatment with SB239063AN (800 ppm in the diet) significantly attenuated the levels of phosphorylated p38 MAPK in the heart and aorta, reduced superoxide anion generation by 57% (P < 0.01), markedly suppressed gp91 mRNA expression, prevented endothelial dysfunction, and blunted both the hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. Ang II-dependent hypertension was also significantly attenuated in MAPKAP kinase-2 knockout mice. The results suggest that Ang II induced hypertension, organ damage, and ROS production are possibly mediated by p38 MAPK and inhibition of p38 MAPK may offer a therapeutic approach for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weike Bao
- Department of Investigative and Cardiac Biology, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406, USA.
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Bellosta S, Baetta R, Canavesi M, Comparato C, Granata A, Monetti M, Cairoli F, Eberini I, Puglisi L, Corsini A. Raloxifene inhibits matrix metalloproteinases expression and activity in macrophages and smooth muscle cells. Pharmacol Res 2007; 56:160-7. [PMID: 17582780 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2007] [Revised: 05/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Secretion of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by macrophages and smooth muscle cells (SMC) may impair atherosclerotic cap integrity leading to atherosclerosis complications. Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) have favourable impact on plasma lipid levels, but their role in the prevention of atherosclerosis still remains unclear. We investigated the effects of raloxifene, a second generation SERM, on MMP expression and activity in cultured macrophages and SMC, and in rabbit carotid lesions. Human monocyte-derived macrophages were isolated from blood of healthy donors. SMC were isolated from the intima-media layers of collared rabbit carotid arteries. Cells were incubated for 24h with increasing concentrations of raloxifene. Ovariectomized rabbits fed a 1% cholesterol-rich diet were subjected to pericarotid collar placement and treated with or without 10mgkg(-1)d(-1) raloxifene for 2 weeks. In macrophages, raloxifene treatment (0.1-10microM) significantly reduced MMP-9 gelatinolytic potential in a concentration-dependent manner, without affecting MMP-9 activation. This effect was estrogen receptor (ER)-dependent and due to the inhibition of MMP-9 promoter-driven transcription following an interaction with NF-kB pathway. Similarly, in cultured SMC, raloxifene inhibited up to 40% MMP-2 gelatinolytic activity. In vivo, raloxifene decreased the expression of MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9 by intimal cells and the total gelatinolytic activity of collared carotids. These effects were accompanied by reduction of lesion size and inhibition of macrophage accumulation. Overall, results indicate that raloxifene may reduce MMPs expression and activity in macrophages and smooth muscle cells and favourably affect lesion formation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/enzymology
- Atherosclerosis/etiology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- CHO Cells
- Carotid Arteries/drug effects
- Carotid Arteries/enzymology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cholesterol, Dietary
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/drug effects
- Humans
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 3/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinases/metabolism
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Ovariectomy
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Protease Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Rabbits
- Raloxifene Hydrochloride/pharmacology
- Raloxifene Hydrochloride/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Estrogen/drug effects
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/therapeutic use
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bellosta
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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28
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Kishi K, Muramatsu M, Jin D, Furubayashi K, Takai S, Tamai H, Miyazaki M. The effects of chymase on matrix metalloproteinase-2 activation in neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury in dogs. Hypertens Res 2007; 30:77-83. [PMID: 17460374 DOI: 10.1291/hypres.30.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Chymase is known to generate angiotensin II in the vascular wall. In this study we investigated a novel role for chymase other than angiotensin II production in vascular proliferation after balloon injury. Chymase promoted the migration of vascular smooth muscle cells in the matrix-coated invasion chambers and activated promatrix metalloproteinase-2 obtained from the culture medium of vascular smooth muscle cells. Two weeks after balloon injury, significant neointimal formation was found in dog carotid arteries. After injury, active matrix metalloproteinase-2 was increased in parallel with the augmentation of chymase activity that was seen in the proliferating region of the vascular wall. The oral administration of NK3201 (1 mg/kg per day), a chymase inhibitor, prevented neointimal formation and significantly suppressed both active matrix metalloproteinase-2 and chymase activities 2 weeks after injury. These results suggest that chymase inhibitors can prevent the development of intimal hyperplasia via the inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 activation in balloon-injured arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanta Kishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki, Japan
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29
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Mercier N, El Hadri K, Osborne-Pellegrin M, Nehme J, Perret C, Labat C, Regnault V, Lamazière JMD, Challande P, Lacolley P, Fève B. Modifications of arterial phenotype in response to amine oxidase inhibition by semicarbazide. Hypertension 2007; 50:234-41. [PMID: 17452500 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.107.089292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO)-deficient mice present no alteration in elastin cross-linking processes and carotid mechanical properties. In contrast, previous studies have shown that SSAO inhibitors induced marked anomalies in arterial structure and function. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of semicarbazide (SCZ), an efficient SSAO inhibitor, on the arterial phenotype of the carotid artery in relation to modulation of SSAO and lysyl oxidase activities in growing rats. We first show that after 6 weeks of SCZ treatment (100 mg/kg per day), SSAO activity was reduced by 90%, whereas lysyl oxidase activity was only partially inhibited (<60%) in carotid artery, compared with controls. There was significant growth inhibition and no difference in mean arterial pressure but an increase in pulse pressure with a smaller arterial diameter in SCZ-treated rats. SCZ decreased aortic insoluble elastin without a change in total collagen. In addition, extracellular proteins other than insoluble elastin and collagen were increased in SCZ-treated rats. All of the elastic lamellae presented globular masses along their periphery, and focal disorganization was observed in the ascending aorta. Carotid artery mechanical strength was lower in SCZ-treated rats, and the elastic modulus-wall stress curve was shifted leftward compared with controls, indicating increased stiffness. Thus, SCZ modifies arterial geometry and mechanical properties, alters elastic fiber structure, and reduces the content of cross-linked elastin. Because these abnormalities are essentially absent in SSAO-deficient mice, our results suggest that lysyl oxidase inhibition is responsible for the major part of the vascular phenotype of SCZ-treated rats.
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30
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Jaffer FA, Kim DE, Quinti L, Tung CH, Aikawa E, Pande AN, Kohler RH, Shi GP, Libby P, Weissleder R. Optical visualization of cathepsin K activity in atherosclerosis with a novel, protease-activatable fluorescence sensor. Circulation 2007; 115:2292-8. [PMID: 17420353 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.106.660340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin K (CatK), a potent elastinolytic and collagenolytic cysteine protease, likely participates in the evolution and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. To assess better the biology of CatK activity in vivo, we developed a novel near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) probe for imaging of CatK and evaluated it in mouse and human atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS The NIRF imaging agent consists of the CatK peptide substrate GHPGGPQGKC-NH2 linked to an activatable fluorogenic polymer. In vitro, CatK produced a 2- to 14-fold activation of the agent over other cysteine and matrix metalloproteinases (P<0.0001), as well as a >8-fold activation over a control imaging agent (P<0.001). Optical imaging of atheroma revealed >100% NIRF signal increases in apolipoprotein E-/- mice in vivo (n=13; P<0.05, CatK imaging agent versus control agent) and in human carotid endarterectomy specimens ex vivo (n=14; P<0.05). Fluorescence microscopy of plaque sections demonstrated that enzymatically active CatK (positive NIRF signal) localized primarily in the vicinity of CatK-positive macrophages. Augmented NIRF signal (reflecting CatK activity) colocalized with disrupted elastin fibers within the media underlying plaques. CONCLUSIONS Use of this novel protease-activatable NIRF agent for optical imaging in vivo demonstrated preferential localization of enzymatically active CatK to macrophages, consistent with their known greater elastinolytic capabilities compared with smooth muscle cells. Augmented CatK proteolysis in atheromata further links CatK to vascular remodeling and plaque vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farouc A Jaffer
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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31
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Tanner FC, van der Loo B, Shaw S, Greutert H, Bachschmid MM, Berrozpe M, Rozenberg I, Blau N, Siebenmann R, Schmidli J, Meyer P, Lüscher TF. Inactivity of nitric oxide synthase gene in the atherosclerotic human carotid artery. Basic Res Cardiol 2007; 102:308-17. [PMID: 17356797 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-007-0650-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2007] [Revised: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nitric oxide (NO) inhibits thrombus formation, vascular contraction, and smooth muscle cell proliferation. We investigated whether NO release is enhanced after endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) gene transfer in atherosclerotic human carotid artery ex vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS Western blotting and immunohistochemistry revealed that transduction enhanced eNOS expression; however, neither nitrite production nor NO release measured by porphyrinic microsensor was altered. In contrast, transduction enhanced NO production in non-atherosclerotic rat aorta and human internal mammary artery. In transduced carotid artery, calcium-dependent eNOS activity was minimal and did not differ from control conditions. Vascular tetrahydrobiopterin concentrations did not differ between the experimental groups. Treatment of transduced carotid artery with FAD, FMN, NADPH, L-arginine, and either sepiapterin or tetrahydrobiopterin did not alter NO release. Superoxide formation was similar in transduced carotid artery and control. Treatment of transduced carotid artery with superoxide dismutase (SOD), PEG-SOD, PEG-catalase did not affect NO release. CONCLUSIONS eNOS transduction in atherosclerotic human carotid artery results in high expression without any measurable activity of the recombinant protein. The defect in the atherosclerotic vessels is neither caused by cofactor deficiency nor enhanced NO breakdown. Since angioplasty is performed in atherosclerotic arteries,eNOS gene therapy is unlikely to provide clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix C Tanner
- Cardiovascular Research, Physiology Institute University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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32
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Cherpachenko NM, Drobkova IP, Zhdanov VS. [Activity of prostaglandin synthetase in human arteries in atherosclerosis (histochemical study)]. Arkh Patol 2007; 69:20-3. [PMID: 17642186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of prostaglandin-synthetase at the stage of development of lipid spots and plaques is increased and the degree of this depends on the cell response. Increase of PgS depends on the number of cells in the intima and adventicia. Pg synthesis in vessels is decreasing at the stage at the fibrous plaques formation.
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33
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In mice that are heterozygous for mitochondrial superoxide dismutase (SOD2(+/-)) with apoE deficiency (apoE(-/-)), mitochondrial DNA damage increases formation of atherosclerotic lesions. The purpose of this study was to determine whether SOD2 provides protection against increased vascular superoxide and endothelial dysfunction in apoE-deficient mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Four groups of mice [apoE(-/-)/SOD2(+/-) (apoe/sod2), apoE(-/-)/SOD2(+/+) (apoe/SOD2), apoE(+/+)/SOD2(+/-) (apoE/sod2), and apoE(+/+)/SOD2(+/+) (apoE/SOD2)] were fed normal chow diet, and studied at 15 to 17 months of age. Serum cholesterol levels were similar in apoe/sod2 and apoe/SOD2 mice, and also were similar in apoE/sod2 and apoE/SOD2 mice. Intimal area was increased in aorta, but not carotid artery, of apoe/sod2 and apoe/SOD2 mice. In carotid artery, superoxide was increased (67+/-5.2 relative fluorescence intensity/vessel area [RI] in apoe/sod2 mice, 31+/-3.1 RI in apoE/SOD2 mice, P<0.05), and relaxation to acetylcholine was impaired in apoe/sod2 mice versus apoe/ SOD2, apoE/sod2, apoE/SOD2 mice. Tiron improved relaxation to acetylcholine. In aorta, superoxide levels were increased and relaxation to acetylcholine was impaired in apoe/sod2 and apoe/SOD2 mice, but responses were similar in apoe/sod2 and apoe/SOD2 mice. CONCLUSIONS SOD2 protects against oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in carotid artery of apoE-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuo Ohashi
- Cardiovascular Center and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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34
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Mulders ACM, Hendriks-Balk MC, Mathy MJ, Michel MC, Alewijnse AE, Peters SLM. Sphingosine kinase-dependent activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by angiotensin II. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:2043-8. [PMID: 16857953 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000237569.95046.b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In addition to their role in programmed cell death, cell survival, and cell growth, sphingolipid metabolites such as ceramide, sphingosine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate have vasoactive properties. Besides their occurrence in blood, they can also be formed locally in the vascular wall itself in response to external stimuli. This study was performed to investigate whether vasoactive compounds modulate sphingolipid metabolism in the vascular wall and how this might contribute to the vascular responses. METHODS AND RESULTS In isolated rat carotid arteries, the contractile responses to angiotensin II are enhanced by the sphingosine kinase inhibitor dimethylsphingosine. Endothelium removal or NO synthase inhibition by N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine results in a similar enhancement. Angiotensin II concentration-dependently induces NO production in an endothelial cell line, which can be diminished by dimethylsphingosine. Using immunoblotting and intracellular calcium measurements, we demonstrate that this sphingosine kinase-dependent endothelial NO synthase activation is mediated via both phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt and calcium-dependent pathways. CONCLUSIONS Angiotensin II induces a sphingosine kinase-dependent activation of endothelial NO synthase, which partially counteracts the contractile responses in isolated artery preparations. This pathway may be of importance under pathological circumstances with reduced NO bioavailability. Moreover, a disturbed sphingolipid metabolism in the vascular wall may lead to reduced NO bioavailability and endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur C M Mulders
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Quan A, Ward ME, Kulandavelu S, Adamson SL, Langille BL. Endothelium-independent flow-induced dilation in the mouse carotid artery. J Vasc Res 2006; 43:383-91. [PMID: 16837773 DOI: 10.1159/000094414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the locus of flow regulation of vascular tone in carotid arteries of C57 Bl/6 and eNOS(-/-) mice. METHODS Arterial segments (2-3 mm) were mounted in a perfusion myograph and preconstricted with 1 muM phenylephrine before monitoring flow-induced changes in lumen diameter. RESULTS Both control and eNOS(-/-) mice demonstrated flow-dependent relaxation. This response was not attenuated by the NO synthase antagonist L-NAME, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin, the selective guanylate cyclase inhibitor 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline-1-one (ODQ), the adenylate cyclase inhibitor Rp-8-Br-cAMPs, integrin-binding RGD peptides, or by removal of the endothelium. Hypoxia, a physiological stimulus known to alter endothelium-dependent flow regulation of vascular tone, also failed to attenuate the observed flow-mediated dilation. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the existence of a previously unidentified endothelium-independent mechanism of flow-induced dilation in the carotid artery. Further investigations to identify the mechanisms that underlie this response may provide novel therapeutic directions in the treatment of disorders characterized by abnormal flow regulation of vascular tone.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Blood Flow Velocity
- Carotid Arteries/drug effects
- Carotid Arteries/enzymology
- Carotid Arteries/physiology
- Cyclooxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/enzymology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiology
- Guanylate Cyclase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Guanylate Cyclase/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Indomethacin/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiology
- NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/genetics
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
- Oxadiazoles/pharmacology
- Quinoxalines/pharmacology
- Vasodilation
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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36
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Turu MM, Krupinski J, Catena E, Rosell A, Montaner J, Rubio F, Alvarez-Sabin J, Cairols M, Badimon L. Intraplaque MMP-8 levels are increased in asymptomatic patients with carotid plaque progression on ultrasound. Atherosclerosis 2006; 187:161-9. [PMID: 16259988 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Carotid atherosclerotic plaque remodelling and increased risk of symptomatic plaque rupture seem to be partially mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In this study, we have investigated whether different MMPs are related to carotid atherosclerosis or to recent ischaemic brain disease. Eighty-four consecutive patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic and asymptomatic disease were studied. Plaques were analysed by ultrasound and later by morphology. Plasma MMP-2, MMP-8 and MMP-9 levels were quantified by ELISA. MMP expression and activity in carotid plaques was analysed by Western blotting and in situ zymography. Results were analysed with respect to plaque stability, morphology, symptomatic disease, presence of vascular risk factors and plasma markers of acute inflammation as high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), fibrinogen, D-dimer and white blood cell counts. Patients with hypoechogenic plaques on ultrasound had more plasma MMP-8 (p = 0.04) and increased MMP activity as assessed by in situ zymography. Asymptomatic patients with plaque progression had more active intraplaque MMP-8 than asymptomatic patients without plaque progression. Presence of recent intraplaque haemorrhage or past history of CAD was related to increased activity of MMPs as assessed by in situ zymography (p < 0.01, CI 95% 0.8-1.0). Plasma MMP-8 and MMP-9, but not MMP-2 levels, decrease with time after ischaemic stroke. Patients with hypertension had more intraplaque active MMP-9 than normotensive (p = 0.03, CI 95% 0.7-1.0). Hypoechogenic carotid plaques had increased MMP activity and asymptomatic patients with plaque progression show increase intraplaque MMP-8 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Miguel Turu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, IIBB/CSIC-HSCSP-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
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37
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Guo X, Oldham MJ, Kleinman MT, Phalen RF, Kassab GS. Effect of cigarette smoking on nitric oxide, structural, and mechanical properties of mouse arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H2354-61. [PMID: 16815989 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00376.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking (CS) is a major risk factor for vascular disease. The aim of this study was to quantitatively assess the influence of CS on mouse arteries. We studied the effect of short-term (6 wk) and long-term (16 wk) CS exposure on structural and mechanical properties of coronary arteries compared with that of control mice. We also examined the reversibility of the deleterious effects of CS on structural [e.g., wall thickness (WT)], mechanical (e.g., stiffness), and biochemical [e.g., nitric oxide (NO) by-products] properties with the cessation of CS. The left and right coronary arteries were cannulated in situ and mechanically distended. The stress, strain, elastic modulus, and WT of coronary arteries were determined. Western blot analysis was used to analyze endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) in the femoral and carotid arteries of the same mice, and NO by-products were determined by measuring the levels of nitrite. Our results show that the mean arterial pressure was increased by CS. Furthermore, CS significantly increased the elastic modulus, decreased stress and strain, and increased the WT and WT-to-radius ratio compared with those of control mice. The reduction of eNOS protein expression was found only after long-term CS exposure. Moreover, the NO metabolite was markedly decreased in CS mice after short- and long-term exposure of CS. These findings suggest that 16 wk of CS exposure can cause an irreversible deterioration of structural and elastic properties of mouse coronary arteries. The decrease in endothelium-derived NO in CS mice was seen to significantly correlate with the remodeling of arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Guo
- Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, SL-174, Indiana Univ. Purdue Univ. Indianapolis, 723 W. Michigan St., Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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38
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Williams JM, White CR, Chang MM, Injeti ER, Zhang L, Pearce WJ. Chronic hypoxic decreases in soluble guanylate cyclase protein and enzyme activity are age dependent in fetal and adult ovine carotid arteries. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 100:1857-66. [PMID: 16469937 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00662.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study tests the hypothesis that chronic hypoxia enhances reactivity to nitric oxide (NO) through age-dependent increases in soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and protein kinase G (PKG) activity. In term fetal and adult ovine carotids, chronic hypoxia had no significant effect on mRNA levels for the beta1-subunit of sGC, but depressed sGC abundance by 16% in fetal and 50% in adult arteries, through possible depression of rates of mRNA translation (15% in fetal and 50% in adult) and/or increased protein turnover. Chronic hypoxia also depressed the catalytic activity of sGC, but only in fetal arteries (63%). Total sGC activity was reduced by chronic hypoxia in both fetal (69%) and adult (37%) carotid homogenates, but this effect was not observed in intact arteries when sGC activity was measured by timed accumulation of cGMP. In intact arteries treated with 300 microM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), chronic hypoxia dramatically enhanced sGC activity in fetal (186%) but not adult (89%) arteries. This latter observation suggests that homogenization either removed an sGC activator, released an sGC inhibitor, or altered the phosphorylation state of the enzyme, resulting in reduced activity. In the absence of IBMX, chronic hypoxia had no significant effect on rates of cGMP accumulation. Chronic hypoxia also depressed the ability of the cGMP analog, 8-(p-chlorophenylthio)-cGMP, to promote vasorelaxation in both fetal (8%) and adult (12%) arteries. Together, these results emphasize the fact that intact and homogenized artery studies of sGC activity do not always yield equivalent results. The results further suggest that enhancement of reactivity to NO by chronic hypoxia must occur upstream of PKG and can only be possible if changes in cGMP occurred in functional compartments that afforded either temporal or chemical protection to the actions of phosphodiesterase. The range and age dependence of hypoxic effects observed also suggest that some responses to hypoxia must be compensatory and homeostatic, with reactivity to NO as the primary regulated variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Williams
- Department of Physiology, Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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39
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Hassan GS, Mukherjee S, Nagajyothi F, Weiss LM, Petkova SB, de Almeida CJ, Huang H, Desruisseaux MS, Bouzahzah B, Pestell RG, Albanese C, Christ GJ, Lisanti MP, Tanowitz HB. Trypanosoma cruzi infection induces proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Infect Immun 2006; 74:152-9. [PMID: 16368968 PMCID: PMC1346667 DOI: 10.1128/iai.74.1.152-159.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi infection causes cardiomyopathy and vasculopathy. Previous studies have demonstrated that infection of human umbilical vein endothelial and smooth muscle cells resulted in activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). In the present study, smooth muscle cells were infected with trypomastigotes, and immunoblot analysis revealed an increase in the expression of cyclin D1 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), important mediators of smooth muscle cell proliferation. Interestingly, after infection, the expression of caveolin-1 was reduced in both human umbilical vein endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells. Immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses of lysates of carotid arteries obtained from infected mice revealed increased expression of PCNA, cyclin D1, its substrate, phospho-Rb (Ser780), and phospho-ERK1/2. The expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(Cip1/Waf1), caveolin-1, and caveolin-3 was reduced in carotid arteries obtained from infected mice. There was an increase in the abundance of pre-pro-endothelin-1 mRNA in the carotid artery and aorta from infected mice. The ET(A) receptor was also elevated in infected arteries. ERK activates endothelin-1, which in turn exerts positive feedback activating ERK, and cyclin D1 is a downstream target of both endothelin-1 and ERK. There was significant incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into smooth muscle cell DNA when treatment was with conditioned medium obtained from infected endothelial cells. Taken together, these data suggest that T. cruzi infection stimulates smooth muscle cell proliferation and is likely a result of the upregulation of the ERK-cyclin D1-endothelin-1 pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bromodeoxyuridine/metabolism
- Carotid Arteries/enzymology
- Caveolins/biosynthesis
- Caveolins/genetics
- Cell Cycle/physiology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Chagas Disease/metabolism
- Chagas Disease/pathology
- Cyclin D1/physiology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/parasitology
- Endothelin-1/genetics
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/physiology
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred A
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/parasitology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/parasitology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/physiology
- RNA Precursors/metabolism
- Receptor, Endothelin A/metabolism
- Trypanosoma cruzi/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada S Hassan
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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40
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Bobryshev YV, Golovanova NK, Tran D, Samovilova NN, Gracheva EV, Efremov EE, Sobolev AY, Yurchenko YV, Lord RSA, Cao W, Lu J, Saito M, Prokazova NV. Expression of GM3 synthase in human atherosclerotic lesions. Atherosclerosis 2006; 184:63-71. [PMID: 15935355 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2004] [Revised: 04/10/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that amounts of ganglioside GM3 are markedly higher in human atherosclerotic lesions compared to that in non-diseased arterial tissue. Because the fatty acid composition of GM3 in blood plasma low density lipoproteins (LDL) and the fatty acid composition of GM3 in atherosclerotic lesions differed, we hypothesized that, in addition to GM3 originating from LDL infiltrating the arterial wall from the blood, excessive GM3 may be synthesized locally in atherosclerotic lesions. In the present work, using an anti-GM3 antibody developed by us, we showed that the levels of GM3 synthase in membrane fractions isolated from the atherosclerotic intima were higher compared to those in non-diseased arterial tissue. Using an immunohistochemical approach, we examined the expression of GM3 synthase in sections of atherosclerotic plaques and non-diseased arterial wall. GM3 synthase immunopositivity was found to be low in non-diseased arterial intima but large numbers of GM3 synthase-immunopositive cells were observed in atherosclerotic plaques. GM3 synthase was overexpressed by macrophages and dendritic cells and double immunostaining demonstrated cellular co-localization of GM3 synthase and GM3. Further in vitro experiments showed that both monocyte-derived dendritic cells and macrophages expressed high levels of GM3 synthase. The findings of the present study indicate that, at least partially, excessive amounts of GM3 in atherosclerotic lesions can be synthesized by macrophages and dendritic cells directly within the arterial wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V Bobryshev
- Surgical Professorial Unit, St. Vincent's Hospital Sydney, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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41
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Pei H, Gu J, Thimmalapura PR, Mison A, Nadler JL. Activation of the 12-lipoxygenase and signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway during neointima formation in a model of the metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E92-E102. [PMID: 16118253 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00133.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (IR) is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The obese Zucker rat (ZR) is a model of IR that shows markedly increased insulin and triglyceride concentrations without major changes in glucose. In this study, we evaluated the response of obese and lean ZR to carotid balloon injury and determined potential mechanisms and treatments. The neointima-to-media ratio of obese ZR was greater than that of lean ZR, starting at 14 days after injury, and persisted until at least day 30. An enhanced inflammatory response to balloon injury in the obese ZR was reflected by significantly higher ED1-positive macrophage cells in the injured vessel wall compared with that in lean ZR at 3, 7, and 14 days after balloon injury. Inflammatory mediators 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) and STAT4 were studied in neointimal lesions. Expression of 12-LO RNA was increased beginning at day 7 and showed increases of 4.3-fold on day 14 and 7-fold on day 30 in obese ZR compared with lean animals. Staining of phosphorylated STAT4 (PSTAT4), the activated form of STAT4, in lesions from obese ZR was also increased compared with that in leans. We tested the effects of a novel anti-inflammatory agent, lisofylline (LSF), in the obese ZR. LSF markedly reduced neointimal formation in the obese ZR. LSF also reduced monocyte/macrophage infiltration into the vessel wall and the activation of PSTAT4. These studies suggest both the presence of an exaggerated injury response in the insulin-resistant obese ZR model and that inflammation plays a major role in mediating neointimal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Pei
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia, PO Box 801405, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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42
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Essalihi R, Dao HH, Gilbert LA, Bouvet C, Semerjian Y, McKee MD, Moreau P. Regression of medial elastocalcinosis in rat aorta: a new vascular function for carbonic anhydrase. Circulation 2005; 112:1628-35. [PMID: 16144999 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.104.528984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to determine whether carbonic anhydrase (CA), which plays an important role in bone resorption, contributes to vascular mineral loss induced by an endothelin receptor antagonist. METHODS AND RESULTS Wistar rats were compared with rats receiving warfarin and vitamin K1 (WVK) for 8 weeks alone or in association with the endothelin receptor antagonist darusentan (30 mg/kg per day), the CA inhibitor acetazolamide (100 mg/kg per day), or both for the last 4 weeks. Rats were also treated with WVK for 5 or 6 weeks, and darusentan was added for the last week or last 2 weeks of treatment, respectively. Treatment with WVK produced medial elastocalcinosis in the aorta and carotid arteries. Immunohistochemistry revealed that CA II was already abundant in the adventitia and in calcified areas of aortic sections from WVK-treated rats. Darusentan did not significantly modify its abundance or distribution. In contrast, CA IV immunostaining, which was weak in WVK-treated rats, became apparent after 1 week of darusentan treatment and declined toward basal levels thereafter. These findings were confirmed by a parallel increase in CA IV protein abundance and activity in the aorta. The mineral loss induced by darusentan was blunted by acetazolamide treatment, confirming the functional relevance of the biochemical findings. Moreover, CA IV immunostaining was enhanced much later in the carotids, where darusentan did not cause regression of elastocalcinosis. CONCLUSIONS Vascular mineral loss induced by the blockade of endothelin receptors seems dependent on the activation of membrane-bound CA IV, suggesting that mineral loss may proceed via local changes in pH similar to that seen in bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachida Essalihi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
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43
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Ameriso SF, Villamil AR, Zedda C, Parodi JC, Garrido S, Sarchi MI, Schultz M, Boczkowski J, Sevlever GE. Heme Oxygenase-1 Is Expressed in Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques Infected byHelicobacter pyloriand Is More Prevalent in Asymptomatic Subjects. Stroke 2005; 36:1896-900. [PMID: 16100019 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000177494.43587.9e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE It is not well established what are the features, if any, that distinguish symptomatic from asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaques. Inducible heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is a component of cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress. We aimed to assess the presence of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) and the expression of HO-1 in carotid atherosclerotic plaques of patients with and without prior neurologic symptoms attributable to the operated artery. METHODS We examined 25 symptomatic and 23 asymptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaques removed during endarterectomy and 7 normal carotid arteries obtained at autopsy. We investigated the presence of H pylori DNA in the vessel wall and performed immunohistochemical detection of HO-1. RESULTS H pylori DNA was present in 28 plaques and HO-1 was expressed in 30 plaques. HO-1 was found in 27 H pylori-positive specimens but in only 3 H pylori-negative specimens (P<0.001). All 7 normal carotid arteries were negative for both H pylori and HO-1. Although 82% of asymptomatic specimens were positive for H pylori and 87% for HO-1, only 36% of symptomatic specimens were positive for both H pylori and HO-1 (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests a strong association between H pylori infection and expression of HO-1 in carotid atherosclerotic plaques. There was a substantial prevalence of these features in specimens obtained from asymptomatic subjects.
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44
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Espinola-Klein C, Blankenberg S, Münzel T. Is heme oxygenase-1 a causal player for plaque stability? Stroke 2005; 36:1901-3. [PMID: 16120844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
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45
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Cheng C, van Haperen R, de Waard M, van Damme LCA, Tempel D, Hanemaaijer L, van Cappellen GWA, Bos J, Slager CJ, Duncker DJ, van der Steen AFW, de Crom R, Krams R. Shear stress affects the intracellular distribution of eNOS: direct demonstration by a novel in vivo technique. Blood 2005; 106:3691-8. [PMID: 16105973 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-06-2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The focal location of atherosclerosis in the vascular tree is correlated with local variations in shear stress. We developed a method to induce defined variations in shear stress in a straight vessel segment of a mouse. To this end, a cylinder with a tapered lumen was placed around the carotid artery, inducing a high shear stress field. Concomitantly, regions of low shear stress and oscillatory shear stress were created upstream and down-stream of the device, respectively. This device was used in mice transgenic for an eNOS3GFP fusion gene. We observed a strong induction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase-green fluorescent protein (eNOS-GFP) mRNA expression in the high shear stress region compared with the other regions (P < .05). Quantification of eNOS-GFP fluorescence or of immunoreactivity to the Golgi complex or to platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) showed an increase in the high shear stress region (P < .05) compared with nontreated carotid arteries. Colocalization of eNOS-GFP with either the Golgi complex or PECAM-1 also responded to alterations of shear stress. In conclusion, we showed a direct response of mRNA and protein expression in vivo to induced variations of shear stress. This model provides the opportunity to study the relationship between shear stress alterations, gene expression, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Yousif MHM, Benter IF, Akhtar S. The role of tyrosine kinase-mediated pathways in diabetes-induced alterations in responsiveness of rat carotid artery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 25:69-78. [PMID: 15757506 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.2004.00333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1 G-protein-coupled receptor signalling, including transactivation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), has been implicated in vascular pathology. However, the role of specific RTKs in the development of diabetes-induced cardiovascular complications is not known. 2 We investigated the ability of a chronic administration of genistein, a broad-spectrum inhibitor of tyrosine kinases (TKs), AG1478, a specific inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) TK activity, and AG825, a specific inhibitor of Erb2, to modulate the altered vasoreactivity of isolated carotid artery ring segments to common vasoconstrictors and vasodilators in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. 3 In diabetic carotid artery, the vasoconstrictor responses induced by noradrenaline (NE), endothelin-1 (ET-1), and angiotensin II (Ang II), were significantly increased whereas vasodilator responses to carbachol and histamine were significantly reduced. Inhibition of TKs, EGFR or Erb2 pathway did not affect the body weight or agonist-induced vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses in the non-diabetic control animals. However, inhibition of TKs by genistein, EGFR TK by AG1478 or Erb2 by AG825 treatment produced a significant normalization of the altered agonist-induced vasoconstrictor responses without affecting blood glucose levels. Treatment with diadzein, an inactive analogue of genistein, did not affect the vasoconstrictor and vasodilator responses in the diabetic animals. 4 Treatment with genistein, AG1478 or AG825 resulted in a significant improvement in diabetes-induced impairment in endothelium-dependent relaxation to carbachol and histamine. 5 These data suggest that activation of TK-mediated pathways, including EGFR TK signalling and Erb2 pathway, are involved in the development of diabetic vascular dysfunction in the carotid artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H M Yousif
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13110, Kuwait
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47
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Akishita M, Nagai K, Xi H, Yu W, Sudoh N, Watanabe T, Ohara-Imaizumi M, Nagamatsu S, Kozaki K, Horiuchi M, Toba K. Renin-Angiotensin System Modulates Oxidative Stress–Induced Endothelial Cell Apoptosis in Rats. Hypertension 2005; 45:1188-93. [PMID: 15867141 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000165308.04703.f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of the renin-angiotensin system in oxidative stress–induced apoptosis of endothelial cells (ECs) was investigated using a rat model and cultured ECs. EC apoptosis was induced by 5-minute intra-arterial treatment of a rat carotid artery with 0.01 mmol/L H
2
O
2
and was evaluated at 24 hours by chromatin staining of
en face
specimens with Hoechst 33342. Although activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme in arterial homogenates was not increased, administration of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor temocapril for 3 days before H
2
O
2
treatment inhibited EC apoptosis, followed by reduced neointimal formation 2 weeks later. Also, an angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker (olmesartan) inhibited EC apoptosis, whereas angiotensin II administration accelerated apoptosis independently of blood pressure. Next, cultured ECs derived from a bovine carotid artery were treated with H
2
O
2
to induce apoptosis, as evaluated by DNA fragmentation. Combination of angiotensin II and H
2
O
2
dose-dependently increased EC apoptosis and 8-isoprostane formation, a marker of oxidative stress. Conversely, temocapril and olmesartan reduced apoptosis and 8-isoprostane formation induced by H
2
O
2
, suggesting that endogenous angiotensin II interacts with H
2
O
2
to elevate oxidative stress levels and EC apoptosis. Neither an AT2 receptor blocker, PD123319, affected H
2
O
2
-induced apoptosis, nor a NO synthase inhibitor,
N
G
-nitro-
l
-arginine methyl ester, influenced the effect of temocapril on apoptosis in cell culture experiments. These results suggest that AT1 receptor signaling augments EC apoptosis in the process of oxidative stress–induced vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Akishita
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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48
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Choi ET, Collins ET, Marine LA, Uberti MG, Uchida H, Leidenfrost JE, Khan MF, Boc KP, Abendschein DR, Parks WC. Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Modulation by Resident Arterial Cells Is Responsible for Injury-Induced Accelerated Atherosclerotic Plaque Development in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:1020-5. [PMID: 15746435 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000161275.82687.f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) has been implicated in atherosclerotic plaque instability, the exact role it plays in the plaque development and progression remains largely unknown. We generated apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient (apoE-/-) MMP-9-deficient (MMP-9-/-) mice to determine the mechanisms and the main cell source of MMP-9 responsible for the plaque composition during accelerated atherosclerotic plaque formation. METHODS AND RESULTS Three weeks after temporary carotid artery ligation revealed that while on a Western-type diet, apoE-/- MMP-9-/- mice had a significant reduction in intimal plaque length and volume compared with apoE-/- MMP-9+/+ mice. The reduction in plaque volume correlated with a significantly lower number of intraplaque cells of resident cells and bone marrow-derived cells. To determine the cellular origin of MMP-9 in plaque development, bone marrow transplantation after total-body irradiation was performed with apoE-/- MMP-9+/+ and apoE-/- MMP-9-/- mice, which showed that only MMP-9 derived from resident arterial cells is required for plaque development. CONCLUSIONS MMP-9 is derived from resident arterial cells and is required for early atherosclerotic plaque development and cellular accumulation in apoE-/- mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric T Choi
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Mo, USA.
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49
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Igase M, Strawn WB, Gallagher PE, Geary RL, Ferrario CM. Angiotensin II AT1 receptors regulate ACE2 and angiotensin-(1-7) expression in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2005; 289:H1013-9. [PMID: 15833808 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00068.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
When increased in vascular tissues, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a carboxypeptidase that hydrolyzes angiotensin II to angiotensin-(1-7), may augment the growth inhibitory and vasodilatory effects of the heptapeptide. We investigated the regulation of ACE2 and angiotensin-(1-7) expression in aortas and carotid arteries of 12-wk-old male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) by determining the effect of sustained angiotensin type 1 (AT(1)) receptor blockade with olmesartan (10 mg.kg(-1).day(-1), n = 13) compared with those that received atenolol (30 mg.kg(-1).day(-1), n = 13), hydralazine (10 mg.kg(-1).day(-1), n = 13), or vehicle (n = 21). Systolic blood pressures were approximately 30% lower (P < 0.05) in rats treated for 2 wk with olmesartan compared with vehicle-treated rats. Both atenolol and hydralazine produced similar decreases in systolic blood pressure. ACE2 mRNA in the thoracic aorta of olmesartan-treated rats (n = 8) was fivefold greater (P < 0.05) than that in vehicle-treated rats (n = 16), whereas atenolol (n = 8) or hydralazine (n = 8) had no effect. Immunostaining intensities in rats treated with olmesartan (n = 5) were also associated with increased (P < 0.05) ACE2 and angiotensin-(1-7) in thoracic aorta media compared with vehicle-treated rats. In contrast, immunostaining intensities for both ACE2 and angiotensin-(1-7) were not different from vehicle (n = 5) in carotid arteries of SHR medicated with either atenolol (n = 5) or hydralazine (n = 5). A comparison of vessel wall dimensions showed that olmesartan selectively reduced the thoracic aorta media-to-lumen ratio (P < 0.05) and media thickness (P < 0.05) without an effect on carotid artery morphometry. Compared with vehicle-treated SHR, vascular hypertrophy determined from media and lumen measurements was not changed in SHR given either atenolol or hydralazine. These data represent the first report of ACE2 and angiotensin-(1-7) expression in the aorta and carotid arteries of SHR. Increased ACE2 and angiotensin-(1-7) in association with altered dimensions of the thoracic aorta but not carotid arteries in response to olmesartan treatment provides evidence that this pathway is regulated by AT(1) receptors and may be important in mediating the pressure-independent vascular remodeling effects of angiotensin peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiya Igase
- Hypertension and Vascular Disease Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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50
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Ramirez Correa GA, Zacchigna S, Arsic N, Zentilin L, Salvi A, Sinagra G, Giacca M. Potent inhibition of arterial intimal hyperplasia by TIMP1 gene transfer using AAV vectors. Mol Ther 2005; 9:876-84. [PMID: 15194054 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2004.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2003] [Accepted: 02/29/2004] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Seminal to the process of arterial restenosis after balloon angioplasty is extracellular matrix degradation by metalloproteinases (MMPs); activity of these proteins is strongly inhibited by the tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs). Here we exploit gene transfer using an adeno-associated virus (AAV) for TIMP1 gene delivery in a rat model of intimal hyperplasia. High-titer AAV-Timp1 efficiently transduced human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (SMCs) in vitro and inhibited the capacity of these cells to migrate through a Matrigel barrier. In injured rat carotid arteries, AAV vectors were found to transduce SMCs efficiently and to maintain transgene expression for several weeks in vivo. In AAV-Timp1-transduced animals, the intima:media ratio of injured carotids was significantly reduced by 70.5% after 2 weeks, by 58.5% after 1 month, and by 52.4% after 2 months from treatment. The decrease in intimal hyperplasia was paralleled by a significant inhibition of collagen accumulation and by increased elastin deposition in the neointima, two findings that relate to the inhibition of MMP activity. These results indicate that AAV vectors are efficient tools for delivering genes to the arterial wall and emphasize the importance of MMPs for the generation of intimal hyperplasia. Local TIMP1 gene transfer might thus represent an efficient strategy to prevent restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro A Ramirez Correa
- Molecular Medicine Laboratory, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Padriciano 99, 34012 Trieste, Italy
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