1
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Xie Y, Shangguan W, Chen Z, Zheng Z, Chen Y, Zhong Q, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhu D, Xie W. Establishment of Sunitinib-Resistant Xenograft Model of Renal Cell Carcinoma and the Identification of Drug-Resistant Hub Genes and Pathways. Drug Des Devel Ther 2021; 15:5061-5074. [PMID: 34938069 PMCID: PMC8687523 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s343718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yingwei Xie
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wentai Shangguan
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zaosong Zheng
- Department of Urology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiyu Zhong
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yishan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingying Yang
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dingjun Zhu
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenlian Xie
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Urological Diseases, Guangzhou, 510120, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Wenlian Xie Email
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Min KD, Asakura M, Shirai M, Yamazaki S, Ito S, Fu HY, Asanuma H, Asano Y, Minamino T, Takashima S, Kitakaze M. ASB2 is a novel E3 ligase of SMAD9 required for cardiogenesis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23056. [PMID: 34845242 PMCID: PMC8630118 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiogenesis requires the orchestrated spatiotemporal tuning of BMP signalling upon the balance between induction and counter-acting suppression of the differentiation of the cardiac tissue. SMADs are key intracellular transducers and the selective degradation of SMADs by the ubiquitin-proteasome system is pivotal in the spatiotemporal tuning of BMP signalling. However, among three SMADs for BMP signalling, SMAD1/5/9, only the specific E3 ligase of SMAD9 remains poorly investigated. Here, we report for the first time that SMAD9, but not the other SMADs, is ubiquitylated by the E3 ligase ASB2 and targeted for proteasomal degradation. ASB2, as well as Smad9, is conserved among vertebrates. ASB2 expression was specific to the cardiac region from the very early stage of cardiac differentiation in embryogenesis of mouse. Knockdown of Asb2 in zebrafish resulted in a thinned ventricular wall and dilated ventricle, which were rescued by simultaneous knockdown of Smad9. Abundant Smad9 protein leads to dysregulated cardiac differentiation through a mechanism involving Tbx2, and the BMP signal conducted by Smad9 was downregulated under quantitative suppression of Smad9 by Asb2. Our findings demonstrate that ASB2 is the E3 ligase of SMAD9 and plays a pivotal role in cardiogenesis through regulating BMP signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Duk Min
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe- Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Masanori Asakura
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe- Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Manabu Shirai
- Department of Bioscience, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
- Omics Research Center, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamazaki
- Department of Cell Biology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shin Ito
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe- Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
| | - Hai Ying Fu
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe- Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asanuma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Meiji University of Integrative Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Asano
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Minamino
- Department of Cardiorenal and Cerebrovascular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Seiji Takashima
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kitakaze
- Department of Clinical Research and Development, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, 6-1 Kishibe- Shimmachi, Suita, Osaka, 564-8565, Japan.
- Hanwa Daini Senboku Hospital, Sakai, Osaka, Japan.
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3
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Dockterman J, Fee BE, Taylor GA, Coers J. Murine Irgm Paralogs Regulate Nonredundant Functions To Execute Host Defense to Toxoplasma gondii. Infect Immun 2021; 89:e0020221. [PMID: 34338548 PMCID: PMC8519265 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00202-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-induced immunity-related GTPases (IRGs) confer cell-autonomous immunity to the intracellular protozoan pathogen Toxoplasma gondii. Effector IRGs are loaded onto the Toxoplasma-containing parasitophorous vacuole (PV), where they recruit ubiquitin ligases, ubiquitin-binding proteins, and IFN-γ-inducible guanylate-binding proteins (Gbps), prompting PV lysis and parasite destruction. Host cells lacking the regulatory IRGs Irgm1 and Irgm3 fail to load effector IRGs, ubiquitin, and Gbps onto the PV and are consequently defective for cell-autonomous immunity to Toxoplasma. However, the role of the third regulatory IRG, Irgm2, in cell-autonomous immunity to Toxoplasma has remained unexplored. Here, we report that Irgm2 unexpectedly plays a limited role in the targeting of effector IRGs, ubiquitin, and Gbps to the Toxoplasma PV. Instead, Irgm2 is instrumental in the decoration of PVs with γ-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 2 (GabarapL2). Cells lacking Irgm2 are as defective for cell-autonomous host defense to Toxoplasma as pan-Irgm-/- cells lacking all three Irgm proteins, and Irgm2-/- mice succumb to Toxoplasma infections as readily as pan-Irgm-/- mice. These findings demonstrate that, relative to Irgm1 and Irgm3, Irgm2 plays a distinct but critically important role in host resistance to Toxoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Dockterman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brian E. Fee
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gregory A. Taylor
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Health Care Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Departments of Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, and Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jörn Coers
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Ahel J, Lehner A, Vogel A, Schleiffer A, Meinhart A, Haselbach D, Clausen T. Moyamoya disease factor RNF213 is a giant E3 ligase with a dynein-like core and a distinct ubiquitin-transfer mechanism. eLife 2020; 9:e56185. [PMID: 32573437 PMCID: PMC7311170 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
RNF213 is the major susceptibility factor for Moyamoya disease, a progressive cerebrovascular disorder that often leads to brain stroke in adults and children. Characterization of disease-associated mutations has been complicated by the enormous size of RNF213. Here, we present the cryo-EM structure of mouse RNF213. The structure reveals the intricate fold of the 584 kDa protein, comprising an N-terminal stalk, a dynein-like core with six ATPase units, and a multidomain E3 module. Collaboration with UbcH7, a cysteine-reactive E2, points to an unexplored ubiquitin-transfer mechanism that proceeds in a RING-independent manner. Moreover, we show that pathologic MMD mutations cluster in the composite E3 domain, likely interfering with substrate ubiquitination. In conclusion, the structure of RNF213 uncovers a distinct type of an E3 enzyme, highlighting the growing mechanistic diversity in ubiquitination cascades. Our results also provide the molecular framework for investigating the emerging role of RNF213 in lipid metabolism, hypoxia, and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Ahel
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anita Lehner
- Vienna BioCenter Core Facilities, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonia Vogel
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Schleiffer
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anton Meinhart
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - David Haselbach
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tim Clausen
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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5
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Luza S, Opazo CM, Bousman CA, Pantelis C, Bush AI, Everall IP. The ubiquitin proteasome system and schizophrenia. Lancet Psychiatry 2020; 7:528-537. [PMID: 32061320 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(19)30520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system is a master regulator of neural development and the maintenance of brain structure and function. It influences neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and neurotransmission by determining the localisation, interaction, and turnover of scaffolding, presynaptic, and postsynaptic proteins. Moreover, ubiquitin-proteasome system signalling transduces epigenetic changes in neurons independently of protein degradation and, as such, dysfunction of components and substrates of this system has been linked to a broad range of brain conditions. Although links between ubiquitin-proteasome system dysfunction and neurodegenerative disorders have been known for some time, only recently have similar links emerged for neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia. Here, we review the components of the ubiquitin-proteasome system that are reported to be dysregulated in schizophrenia, and discuss specific molecular changes to these components that might, in part, explain the complex causes of this mental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Luza
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Carlos M Opazo
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Chad A Bousman
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; The Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia; Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; Departments of Medical Genetics, Psychiatry, and Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada; University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Christos Pantelis
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; The Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, AB, Canada; NorthWestern Mental Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Ian P Everall
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Centre for Neural Engineering, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne & Melbourne Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia; The Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton South, VIC, Australia; Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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6
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Abstract
Eukaryotic life depends upon the interplay between vast networks of signaling pathways composed of upwards of 109-1010 proteins per cell. The integrity and normal operation of the cell requires that these proteins act in a precise spatial and temporal manner. The ubiquitin system is absolutely central to this process and perturbation of its function contributes directly to the onset and progression of a wide variety of diseases, including cancer, metabolic syndromes, neurodegenerative diseases, autoimmunity, inflammatory disorders, infectious diseases, and muscle dystrophies. Whilst the individual components and the overall architecture of the ubiquitin system have been delineated in some detail, how ubiquitination might be successfully targeted, or harnessed, to develop novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of disease, currently remains relatively poorly understood. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current status of selected small molecule ubiquitin system inhibitors. We will further discuss the unique challenges of targeting this ubiquitous and highly complex machinery, and explore and highlight potential ways in which these challenges might be met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Qiu Wu
- Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David Baker
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Oncode Institute, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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7
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Dulka BN, Pullins SE, Cullen PK, Moyer JR, Helmstetter FJ. Age-related memory deficits are associated with changes in protein degradation in brain regions critical for trace fear conditioning. Neurobiol Aging 2020; 91:160-166. [PMID: 32280031 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Brain aging is accompanied by an accumulation of damaged proteins, which results from deterioration of cellular quality control mechanisms and decreased protein degradation. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the primary proteolytic mechanism responsible for targeted degradation. Recent work has established a critical role of the UPS in memory and synaptic plasticity, but the role of the UPS in age-related cognitive decline remains poorly understood. Here, we measured markers of UPS function and related them to fear memory in rats. Our results show that age-related memory deficits are associated with reductions in phosphorylation of the Rpt6 proteasome regulatory subunit and corresponding increases in lysine-48 (K48)-linked ubiquitin tagging within the basolateral amygdala. Increases in K48 polyubiquitination were also observed in the medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus. These data suggest that protein degradation is a critical component of age-related memory deficits. This extends our understanding of the relationship between the UPS, aging, and memory, which is an important step toward the prevention and treatment of deficits associated with normal cognitive aging and memory-related neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke N Dulka
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Shane E Pullins
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Patrick K Cullen
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - James R Moyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Fred J Helmstetter
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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8
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9
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Martín-Villanueva S, Fernández-Pevida A, Kressler D, de la Cruz J. The Ubiquitin Moiety of Ubi1 Is Required for Productive Expression of Ribosomal Protein eL40 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cells 2019; 8:cells8080850. [PMID: 31394841 PMCID: PMC6721733 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin is a highly conserved small eukaryotic protein. It is generated by proteolytic cleavage of precursor proteins in which it is fused either to itself, constituting a polyubiquitin precursor of head-to-tail monomers, or as a single N-terminal moiety to ribosomal proteins. Understanding the role of the ubiquitin fused to ribosomal proteins becomes relevant, as these proteins are practically invariably eS31 and eL40 in the different eukaryotes. Herein, we used the amenable yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to study whether ubiquitin facilitates the expression of the fused eL40 (Ubi1 and Ubi2 precursors) and eS31 (Ubi3 precursor) ribosomal proteins. We have analyzed the phenotypic effects of a genomic ubi1∆ub-HA ubi2∆ mutant, which expresses a ubiquitin-free HA-tagged eL40A protein as the sole source of cellular eL40. This mutant shows a severe slow-growth phenotype, which could be fully suppressed by increased dosage of the ubi1∆ub-HA allele, or partially by the replacement of ubiquitin by the ubiquitin-like Smt3 protein. While expression levels of eL40A-HA from ubi1∆ub-HA are low, eL40A is produced practically at normal levels from the Smt3-S-eL40A-HA precursor. Finally, we observed enhanced aggregation of eS31-HA when derived from a Ubi3∆ub-HA precursor and reduced aggregation of eL40A-HA when expressed from a Smt3-S-eL40A-HA precursor. We conclude that ubiquitin might serve as a cis-acting molecular chaperone that assists in the folding and synthesis of the fused eL40 and eS31 ribosomal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Martín-Villanueva
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, E-41013 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Fernández-Pevida
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, E-41013 Seville, Spain
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Dieter Kressler
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Jesús de la Cruz
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, E-41013 Seville, Spain.
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Seville, Spain.
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10
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Abstract
Bone disease is the hallmark of multiple myeloma (MM), a hematological malignancy characterized by osteolytic lesions due to a severe uncoupled and unbalanced bone remodeling with pronounced osteoblast suppression. Bone metastasis is also a frequent complication of solid tumors including advanced breast or prostate cancer. In the past years, the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway has been proved critical in regulating the balance between bone formation and bone resorption. Proteasome inhibitors (PIs) are a new class of drugs, currently used in the treatment of MM, that affect both tumor cells and bone microenvironment. Particularly, PIs stimulate osteoblast differentiation by human mesenchymal stromal cells and increase bone regeneration in mice. Interestingly, in vitro data indicate that PIs block MM-induced osteoblast and osteocyte cell death by targeting both apoptosis and autophagy. The preclinical data are supported by the following effects observed in MM patients treated with PIs: increase of bone alkaline phosphatase levels, normalization of the markers of bone turnover, and reduction of the skeletal-related events. Moreover, the histomorphometric data indicate that the treatment with bortezomib stimulates osteoblast formation and maintains osteocyte viability in MM patients. This review updates the evidence on the effects of PIs on bone remodeling and on cancer-induced bone disease while focusing on MM bone disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Accardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
- Hematology and BMT Center, "Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Parma", Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Denise Toscani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Federica Costa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Franco Aversa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
- Hematology and BMT Center, "Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Parma", Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Nicola Giuliani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
- Hematology and BMT Center, "Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria di Parma", Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy.
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11
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Strand NS, Allen JM, Ghulam M, Taylor MR, Munday RK, Carrillo M, Movsesyan A, Zayas RM. Dissecting the function of Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase complex genes in planarian regeneration. Dev Biol 2018; 433:210-217. [PMID: 29291974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin system plays a role in nearly every aspect of eukaryotic cell biology. The enzymes responsible for transferring ubiquitin onto specific substrates are the E3 ubiquitin ligases, a large and diverse family of proteins, for which biological roles and target substrates remain largely undefined. Studies using model organisms indicate that ubiquitin signaling mediates key steps in developmental processes and tissue regeneration. Here, we used the freshwater planarian, Schmidtea mediterranea, to investigate the role of Cullin-RING ubiquitin ligase (CRL) complexes in stem cell regulation during regeneration. We identified six S. mediterranea cullin genes, and used RNAi to uncover roles for homologs of Cullin-1, -3 and -4 in planarian regeneration. The cullin-1 RNAi phenotype included defects in blastema formation, organ regeneration, lesions, and lysis. To further investigate the function of cullin-1-mediated cellular processes in planarians, we examined genes encoding the adaptor protein Skp1 and F-box substrate-recognition proteins that are predicted to partner with Cullin-1. RNAi against skp1 resulted in phenotypes similar to cullin-1 RNAi, and an RNAi screen of the F-box genes identified 19 genes that recapitulated aspects of cullin-1 RNAi, including ones that in mammals are involved in stem cell regulation and cancer biology. Our data provides evidence that CRLs play discrete roles in regenerative processes and provide a platform to investigate how CRLs regulate stem cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Strand
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - John M Allen
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Mahjoobah Ghulam
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Matthew R Taylor
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Roma K Munday
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Melissa Carrillo
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Artem Movsesyan
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
| | - Ricardo M Zayas
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Muscle atrophy in aging is characterized by progressive loss of muscle mass and function. Muscle mass is determined by the balance of synthesis and degradation of protein, which are regulated by several signaling pathways such as ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy-lysosome systems, oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, hormones, and so on. Sufficient nutrition can enhance protein synthesis, while exercise can improve the quality of life in the elderly. This chapter will discuss the epidemiology, pathogenesis, as well as the current treatment for aging-induced muscular atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbin Pan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Sun
- Fuwai Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Xi-Yong Yu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangxin Li
- Institute for Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Ji XY, Wang JX, Liu B, Zheng ZQ, Fu SY, Tarekegn GM, Bai X, Bai YS, Li H, Zhang WG. Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals that a Ubiquitin-Mediated Proteolysis Pathway Is Important for Primary and Secondary Hair Follicle Development in Cashmere Goats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156124. [PMID: 27695037 PMCID: PMC5047472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The fleece of cashmere goats contains two distinct populations of fibers, a short and fine non-medullated insulating cashmere fiber and a long and coarse medullated guard hair. The former is produced by secondary follicles (SFs) and the later by primary follicles (PFs). Evidence suggests that the induction of PFs and SFs may require different signaling pathways. The regulation of BMP2/4 signaling by noggin and Edar signaling via Downless genes are essential for the induction of SFs and PFs, respectively. However, these differently expressed genes of the signaling pathway cannot directly distinguish between the PFs and SFs. Results In this study, we selected RNA samples from 11 PFs and 7 SFs that included 145,525 exons. The pathway analysis of 4512 differentially expressed exons revealed that the most statistically significant metabolic pathway was related to the ubiquitin–mediated proteolysis pathway (UMPP) (P<3.32x 10−7). In addition, the 51 exons of the UMPP that were differentially expressed between the different types of hair follicle (HFs) were compared by cluster analysis. This resulted in the PFs and SFs being divided into two classes. The expression level of two selected exons was analyzed by qRT-PCR, and the results indicated that the expression patterns were consistent with the deep sequencing results obtained by RNA-Seq. Conclusions Based on the comparative transcriptome analysis of 18 HFs from cashmere goats, a large number of differentially expressed exons were identified using a high-throughput sequencing approach. This study suggests that UMPP activation is a prominent signaling pathway for distinguishing the PFs and SFs of cashmere goats. It is also a meaningful contribution to the theoretical basis of the biological study of the HFs of cashmere goats and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-yang Ji
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Institute of ATCG, Nei Mongol Bio-Information, Hohhot, 010020, China
| | - Jian-xun Wang
- Animal Research institution of Animal Science Academy of XinJiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, 830001, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Institute of ATCG, Nei Mongol Bio-Information, Hohhot, 010020, China
| | - Zhu-qing Zheng
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Institute of ATCG, Nei Mongol Bio-Information, Hohhot, 010020, China
| | - Shao-yin Fu
- Institute of ATCG, Nei Mongol Bio-Information, Hohhot, 010020, China
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Science, Hohhot, 010031, China
| | - Getinet Mekuriaw Tarekegn
- Department of Microbial, Cellular and molecular biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Animal production and Technology, Biotechnology Research Institute, Bahir Dar University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Xue Bai
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Institute of ATCG, Nei Mongol Bio-Information, Hohhot, 010020, China
| | - Yong-sheng Bai
- Department of Biology, The Center for Genomic Advocacy, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Indiana, 47809, United States of America
- * E-mail: (WZ); (YB); (HL)
| | - Heng Li
- College of Life Sciences Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (YB); (HL)
| | - Wen-guang Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
- Institute of ATCG, Nei Mongol Bio-Information, Hohhot, 010020, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, China
- * E-mail: (WZ); (YB); (HL)
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14
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Zhang GW, Cai HC, Shang XJ. [Ubiquitin-proteasome system and sperm DNA repair: An update]. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2016; 22:834-837. [PMID: 29071883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a proteasome system widely present in the human body, which is composed of ubiquitin (Ub), ubiquitin activating enzymes (E1), ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2), ubiquitin protein ligases (E3), 26S proteasome, and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) and involved in cell cycle regulation, immune response, signal transduction, DNA repair as well as protein degradation. Sperm DNA is vulnerable to interference or damage in the progression of chromosome association and homologous recombination. Recent studies show that UPS participates in DNA repair in spermatogenesis by modulating DNA repair enzymes via ubiquitination, assisting in the identification of DNA damage sites, raising damage repair-related proteins, initiating the DNA repair pathway, maintaining chromosome stability, and ensuring the normal process of spermatogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Wei Zhang
- Department of Andrology, Jinling Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University / Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Hong-Cai Cai
- Department of Andrology, Jinling Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University / Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Xue-Jun Shang
- Department of Andrology, Jinling Hospital Affiliated to Southern Medical University / Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
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15
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Yabe R, Miura A, Usui T, Mudrak I, Ogris E, Ohama T, Sato K. Protein Phosphatase Methyl-Esterase PME-1 Protects Protein Phosphatase 2A from Ubiquitin/Proteasome Degradation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145226. [PMID: 26678046 PMCID: PMC4683032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a conserved essential enzyme that is implicated as a tumor suppressor based on its central role in phosphorylation-dependent signaling pathways. Protein phosphatase methyl esterase (PME-1) catalyzes specifically the demethylation of the C-terminal Leu309 residue of PP2A catalytic subunit (PP2Ac). It has been shown that PME-1 affects the activity of PP2A by demethylating PP2Ac, but also by directly binding to the phosphatase active site, suggesting loss of PME-1 in cells would enhance PP2A activity. However, here we show that PME-1 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) exhibit lower PP2A activity than wild type MEFs. Loss of PME-1 enhanced poly-ubiquitination of PP2Ac and shortened the half-life of PP2Ac protein resulting in reduced PP2Ac levels. Chemical inhibition of PME-1 and rescue experiments with wild type and mutated PME-1 revealed methyl-esterase activity was necessary to maintain PP2Ac protein levels. Our data demonstrate that PME-1 methyl-esterase activity protects PP2Ac from ubiquitin/proteasome degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryotaro Yabe
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Akane Miura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Usui
- Laboratory of Veterinary Toxicology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
| | - Ingrid Mudrak
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Egon Ogris
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Takashi Ohama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, 753–8515, Japan
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16
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Bazile F, Pascal A, Karaiskou A, Chesnel F, Kubiak JZ. Absence of Reciprocal Feedback Between MPF and ERK2 MAP Kinase in Mitotic Xenopus laevis Embryo Cell-Free Extract. Cell Cycle 2014; 6:489-96. [PMID: 17329967 DOI: 10.4161/cc.6.4.3860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MPF and MAP kinase ERK2 are two major M-phase kinases. They interact with each other in a complex way during meiotic maturation of Xenopus laevis oocytes. Here we study their interrelationship during first mitosis in X. laevis embryo cell-free extract perturbing the polyubiquitination pathway as a tool. Recombinant ubiquitin K48R (Ub-K48R) mutant protein arrests mitotic cyclin B degradation in the extract. This results in both increased accumulation of phosphorylated form of cyclin B2 and MPF activity as well as mitotic phosphorylation of its substrates. Ub-K48R also increased the mitotic phosphorylation of ERK2. Simultaneous addition of Ub-K48R and the proteasome inhibitor MG 132 strengthened and further prolonged MPF activity, MCM4 phosphorylation and accumulation of phosphorylated forms of cyclin B2. ERK2 phosphorylation levels increased and persisted longer than upon action of Ub-K48R alone. This shows a synergistic effect of inhibition of two different steps of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway on MPF activity and mitotic phosphorylation and ubiquitination of specific M-phase proteins. On the other hand, complete inhibition of ERK2 activation using U0126 had no effect either on MPF activity or on MCM4 phosphorylation either in control or in Ub-K48R-supplemented extracts. Experimental reduction of MPF activity by addition of recombinant p21(Cip) protein resulted in significant reduction of ERK2 phosphorylation. Thus, the reciprocal feedback observed between MPF and ERK2 in meiosis is not observed during mitotic M-phase in cell-free Xenopus embryo extracts. ERK2 phosphorylation is regulated by the levels of MPF activity, however no influence of ERK2 on MPF activity could be detected. These results show a fundamental difference in the relationship between the two major M-phase kinases in meiotic and mitotic cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck Bazile
- Biology and Genetics of Development, Mitosis and Meiosis Group, Institute of Genetics and Development of Rennes, University Rennes, Rennes Cedex, France
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17
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Long DT, Joukov V, Budzowska M, Walter JC. BRCA1 promotes unloading of the CMG helicase from a stalled DNA replication fork. Mol Cell 2014; 56:174-85. [PMID: 25219499 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein BRCA1 promotes homologous recombination (HR), a high-fidelity mechanism to repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) that arise during normal replication and in response to DNA-damaging agents. Recent genetic experiments indicate that BRCA1 also performs an HR-independent function during the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). Here we show that BRCA1 is required to unload the CMG helicase complex from chromatin after replication forks collide with an ICL. Eviction of the stalled helicase allows leading strands to be extended toward the ICL, followed by endonucleolytic processing of the crosslink, lesion bypass, and DSB repair. Our results identify BRCA1-dependent helicase unloading as a critical, early event in ICL repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Long
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vladimir Joukov
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Magda Budzowska
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Johannes C Walter
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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18
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Entani T, Kubo KI, Isogai S, Fukao Y, Shirakawa M, Isogai A, Takayama S. Ubiquitin-proteasome-mediated degradation of S-RNase in a solanaceous cross-compatibility reaction. Plant J 2014; 78:1014-21. [PMID: 24689760 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Many plants have a self-incompatibility (SI) system in which the rejection of self-pollen is determined by multiple haplotypes at a single locus, termed S. In the Solanaceae, each haplotype encodes a single ribonuclease (S-RNase) and multiple S-locus F-box proteins (SLFs), which function as the pistil and pollen SI determinants, respectively. S-RNase is cytotoxic to self-pollen, whereas SLFs are thought to collaboratively recognize non-self S-RNases in cross-pollen and detoxify them via the ubiquitination pathway. However, the actual mechanism of detoxification remains unknown. Here we isolate the components of a SCF(SLF) (SCF = SKP1-CUL1-F-box-RBX1) from Petunia pollen. The SCF(SLF) polyubiquitinates a subset of non-self S-RNases in vitro. The polyubiquitinated S-RNases are degraded in the pollen extract, which is attenuated by a proteasome inhibitor. Our findings suggest that multiple SCF(SLF) complexes in cross-pollen polyubiquitinate non-self S-RNases, resulting in their degradation by the proteasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuyuki Entani
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Varshavsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
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20
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Zhang L, Du L, Shen C, Yang Y, Poovaiah BW. Regulation of plant immunity through ubiquitin-mediated modulation of Ca(2+) -calmodulin-AtSR1/CAMTA3 signaling. Plant J 2014; 78:269-81. [PMID: 24528504 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Transient changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration are essential signals for activation of plant immunity. It has also been reported that Ca(2+) signals suppress salicylic acid-mediated plant defense through AtSR1/CAMTA3, a member of the Ca(2+) /calmodulin-regulated transcription factor family that is conserved in multicellular eukaryotes. How plants overcome this negative regulation to mount an effective defense response during a stage of intracellular Ca(2+) surge is unclear. Here we report the identification and functional characterization of an important component of ubiquitin ligase, and the associated AtSR1 turnover. The AtSR1 interaction protein 1 (SR1IP1) was identified by CytoTrap two-hybrid screening. The loss-of-function mutant of SR1IP1 is more susceptible to bacterial pathogens, and over-expression of SR1IP1 confers enhanced resistance, indicating that SR1IP1 acts as a positive regulator of plant defense. SR1IP1 and AtSR1 act in the same signaling pathway to regulate plant immunity. SR1IP1 contains the structural features of a substrate adaptor in cullin 3-based E3 ubiquitin ligase, and was shown to serve as a substrate adaptor that recruits AtSR1 for ubiquitination and degradation when plants are challenged with pathogens. Hence, SR1IP1 positively regulates plant immunity by removing the defense suppressor AtSR1. These findings provide a mechanistic insight into how Ca(2+) -mediated actions are coordinated to achieve effective plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Graduate Program in Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-1030, USA; Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-6414, USA
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21
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Tarantino N, Tinevez JY, Crowell EF, Boisson B, Henriques R, Mhlanga M, Agou F, Israël A, Laplantine E. TNF and IL-1 exhibit distinct ubiquitin requirements for inducing NEMO-IKK supramolecular structures. J Cell Biol 2014; 204:231-45. [PMID: 24446482 PMCID: PMC3897181 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201307172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) essential modulator (NEMO), a regulatory component of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, controls NF-κB activation through its interaction with ubiquitin chains. We show here that stimulation with interleukin-1 (IL-1) and TNF induces a rapid and transient recruitment of NEMO into punctate structures that are anchored at the cell periphery. These structures are enriched in activated IKK kinases and ubiquitinated NEMO molecules, which suggests that they serve as organizing centers for the activation of NF-κB. These NEMO-containing structures colocalize with activated TNF receptors but not with activated IL-1 receptors. We investigated the involvement of nondegradative ubiquitination in the formation of these structures, using cells deficient in K63 ubiquitin chains or linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC)-mediated linear ubiquitination. Our results indicate that, unlike TNF, IL-1 requires K63-linked and linear ubiquitin chains to recruit NEMO into higher-order complexes. Thus, different mechanisms are involved in the recruitment of NEMO into supramolecular complexes, which appear to be essential for NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Tarantino
- Unité de Signalisation Moléculaire et Activation Cellulaire and Laboratoire Trafic Membranaire et Division Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 2582, Paris 75015, France
| | - Jean-Yves Tinevez
- Plateforme d’Imagerie Dynamique and Computational Imaging and Modeling Group, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | - Elizabeth Faris Crowell
- Unité de Signalisation Moléculaire et Activation Cellulaire and Laboratoire Trafic Membranaire et Division Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 2582, Paris 75015, France
| | - Bertrand Boisson
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Ricardo Henriques
- Plateforme d’Imagerie Dynamique and Computational Imaging and Modeling Group, Institut Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
- Gene Expression and Biophysics Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Portugal
- Medical Research Council Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK
| | - Musa Mhlanga
- Gene Expression and Biophysics Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, 1649-028 Portugal
- Gene Expression and Biophysics Group, Synthetic Biology Emerging Research Area, Biosciences Unit, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, Gauteng 0001, South Africa
| | - Fabrice Agou
- Unité de Signalisation Moléculaire et Activation Cellulaire and Laboratoire Trafic Membranaire et Division Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 2582, Paris 75015, France
| | - Alain Israël
- Unité de Signalisation Moléculaire et Activation Cellulaire and Laboratoire Trafic Membranaire et Division Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 2582, Paris 75015, France
| | - Emmanuel Laplantine
- Unité de Signalisation Moléculaire et Activation Cellulaire and Laboratoire Trafic Membranaire et Division Cellulaire, Institut Pasteur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique URA 2582, Paris 75015, France
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Serino
- Charles Darwin Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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23
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Di Giacomo E, Serino G, Frugis G. Emerging role of the ubiquitin proteasome system in the control of shoot apical meristem function(f). J Integr Plant Biol 2013; 55:7-20. [PMID: 23164365 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is a population of undifferentiated cells at the tip of the shoot axis that establishes early during plant embryogenesis and gives rise to all shoot organs throughout the plant's life. A plethora of different families of transcription factors (TFs) play a key role in establishing the equilibrium between cell differentiation and stem cell maintenance in the SAM. Fine tuning of these regulatory proteins is crucial for a proper and fast SAM response to environmental and hormonal cues, and for development progression. One effective way to rapidly inactivate TFs involves regulated proteolysis by the ubiquitin/26S proteasome system (UPS). However, a possible role of UPS-dependent protein degradation in the regulation of key SAM TFs has not been thoroughly investigated. Here, we summarize recent evidence supporting a role for the UPS in SAM maintenance and function. We integrate this survey with an in silico analysis of publicly-available microarray databases which identified ubiquitin ligases that are expressed in specific areas within the SAM, suggesting that they may regulate or act downstream of meristem-specific factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Di Giacomo
- Istituto di Biologia e Biotecnologia Agraria, UOS Roma, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Monterotondo Scalo, Roma 00015, Italy
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24
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Arhzaouy K, Ramezani-Rad M. Nuclear import of UBL-domain protein Mdy2 is required for heat-induced stress response in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52956. [PMID: 23285234 PMCID: PMC3532209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin (Ub) and ubiquitin-like (UBL) proteins regulate a diverse array of cellular pathways through covalent as well as non-covalent interactions with target proteins. Yeast protein Mdy2 (Get5) and its human homolog GdX (Ubl4a) belong to the class of UBL proteins which do not form conjugates with other proteins. Mdy2 is required for cell survival under heat stress and for efficient mating. As part of a complex with Sgt2 and Get4 it has been implicated in the biogenesis of tail-anchored proteins. Interestingly, in response to heat stress, Mdy2 protein that is predominantly localized in the nucleus co-localized with poly(A)-binding protein Pab1 to cytoplasmic stress granules suggesting that nucleocytoplasmic shuttling is of functional importance. Here we investigate the nuclear import of Mdy2, a process that is independent of the Get4/Sgt2 complex but required for stress response. Nuclear import is mediated by an N-terminal nuclear localization signal (NLS) and this process is essential for the heat stress response. In contrast, cells expressing Mdy2 lacking a nuclear export signal (NES) behave like wild type. Importantly, both Mdy2 and Mdy2-ΔNES, but not Mdy2-ΔNLS, physically interact with Pab1 and this interaction correlates with the accumulation in cytoplasmic stress granules. Thus, the nuclear history of the UBL Mdy2 appears to be essential for its function in cytoplasmic stress granules during the rapid cellular response to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Arhzaouy
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Massoud Ramezani-Rad
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- * E-mail:
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25
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Widagdo J, Taylor KM, Gunning PW, Hardeman EC, Palmer SJ. SUMOylation of GTF2IRD1 regulates protein partner interactions and ubiquitin-mediated degradation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49283. [PMID: 23145142 PMCID: PMC3493543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
GTF2IRD1 is one of the genes implicated in Williams-Beuren syndrome, a disease caused by haploinsufficiency of certain dosage-sensitive genes within a hemizygous microdeletion of chromosome 7. GTF2IRD1 is a prime candidate for some of the major features of the disease, presumably caused by abnormally reduced abundance of this putative transcriptional repressor protein. GTF2IRD1 has been shown to interact with the E3 SUMO ligase PIASxβ, but the significance of this relationship is largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate that GTF2IRD1 can be SUMOylated by the SUMO E2 ligase UBC9 and the level of SUMOylation is enhanced by PIASxβ. A major SUMOylation site was mapped to lysine 495 within a conserved SUMO consensus motif. SUMOylation of GTF2IRD1 alters the affinity of the protein for binding partners that contain SUMO-interacting motifs, including a novel family member of the HDAC repressor complex, ZMYM5, and PIASxβ itself. In addition, we show that GTF2IRD1 is targeted for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Cross regulation by SUMOylation modulates this process, thus potentially regulating the level of GTF2IRD1 protein in the cell. These findings, concerning post-translational control over the activity and stability of GTF2IRD1, together with previous work showing how GTF2IRD1 directly regulates its own transcription levels suggest an evolutionary requirement for fine control over GTF2IRD1 activity in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Widagdo
- Neuromuscular and Regenerative Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kylie M. Taylor
- Neuromuscular and Regenerative Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Peter W. Gunning
- Oncology Research Unit, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Edna C. Hardeman
- Neuromuscular and Regenerative Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Palmer
- Neuromuscular and Regenerative Medicine Unit, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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26
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Abstract
Protein modifications provide cells with exquisite temporal and spatial control of protein function. Ubiquitin is among the most important modifiers, serving both to target hundreds of proteins for rapid degradation by the proteasome, and as a dynamic signaling agent that regulates the function of covalently bound proteins. The diverse effects of ubiquitylation reflect the assembly of structurally distinct ubiquitin chains on target proteins. The resulting ubiquitin code is interpreted by an extensive family of ubiquitin receptors. Here we review the components of this regulatory network and its effects throughout the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Finley
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Helle D. Ulrich
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Sommer
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Kaiser
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697
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27
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Abstract
As neurons age, their survival depends on eliminating a growing burden of damaged, potentially toxic proteins and organelles-a capability that declines owing to aging and disease factors. Here, we review the two proteolytic systems principally responsible for protein quality control in neurons and their important contributions to Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. In the first section, the discovery of paired helical filament ubiquitination is described as a backdrop for discussing the importance of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in Alzheimer disease. In the second section, we review the prominent involvement of the lysosomal system beginning with pathological endosomal-lysosomal activation and signaling at the very earliest stages of Alzheimer disease followed by the progressive failure of autophagy. These abnormalities, which result in part from Alzheimer-related genes acting directly on these lysosomal pathways, contribute to the development of each of the Alzheimer neuropathological hallmarks and represent a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Ihara
- Department of Neuropathology, Faculty of Life and Medical Science, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.
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28
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Abstract
Conformational changes are essential for protein-protein and protein-ligand recognition. Here we probed changes in the structure of the protein ubiquitin at low temperatures in supercooled water using NMR spectroscopy. We demonstrate that ubiquitin is well folded down to 263 K, although slight rearrangements in the hydrophobic core occur. However, amide proton chemical shifts show non-linear temperature dependence in supercooled solution and backbone hydrogen bonds become weaker in the region that is most prone to cold-denaturation. Our data suggest that the weakening of the hydrogen bonds in the β-sheet of ubiquitin might be one of the first events that occur during cold-denaturation of ubiquitin. Interestingly, the same region is strongly involved in ubiquitin-protein complexes suggesting that this part of ubiquitin more easily adjusts to conformational changes required for complex formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Kyu Cho
- Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - ShengQi Xiang
- Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hai-Young Kim
- Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Becker
- Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Zweckstetter
- Department for NMR-Based Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
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29
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Komatsu M, Ichimura Y. [Involvement of ubiquitin system in mammalian autophagy]. Seikagaku 2012; 84:472-478. [PMID: 22844777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Komatsu
- Protein Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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30
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Yanagawa Y. [Understanding of Ub-proteasome pathway using proteomic approach in plants]. Seikagaku 2012; 84:448-454. [PMID: 22844774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Yanagawa
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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31
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Wakatsuki S, Araki T. [Molecular mechanisms of axon degeneration regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome system]. Seikagaku 2012; 84:463-471. [PMID: 22844776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Wakatsuki
- Department of Peripheral Nervous System, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center for Neurobiology and Psychiatry, Ogawahigashi 4-1-1, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
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32
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33
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Mita N, Murata S. [Proteasome oncology: pioneer a new field in drug development]. Nihon Rinsho 2012; 70 Suppl 2:96-102. [PMID: 23133935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Mita
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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34
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Trcka F, Vojtesek B, Muller P. Protein quality control and cancerogenesis. Klin Onkol 2012; 25 Suppl 2:2S38-2S44. [PMID: 23581015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Both nascent and mature proteins are prone to damaging changes induced by either external or internal stimuli. Dysfunctional or misfolded proteins cause direct physiological risk in crowded cellular environment and must be readily and efficiently eliminated. To ensure protein homeostasis, eukaryotic cells have evolved several protein quality control machineries. Protein quality control plays a special role in cancer cells. Genetic instability causing increased production of damaged and/or deregulated proteins is a hallmark of cancer cells. Therefore, intrinsic genetic instability together with hostile tumour microenvironment represents a demanding task for protein quality control machineries in tumours. Regulation of general protein turnover as well as degradation of tumour-promoting/suppressing proteins by protein quality control machineries thus represent an important processes involved in cancer development and progression. The review focuses on the description of three major protein quality control pathways and their roles in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Trcka
- Regional Centre for Applied and Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Viral RNA is recognized by RIG-I-like receptors and Toll-like receptors. RIG-I is a cytoplasmic viral RNA sensor. High Mobility Group Box (HMGB) proteins and DExD/H box RNA helicases, such as DDX3 and 60, associate with viral RNA. Those proteins promotes the RIG-I binding to viral RNA. RIG-I triggers the signal via IPS-1 adaptor molecule to induce type I IFN. RIG-I harbors Lys63-linked polyubiquitination by Riplet and TRIM25 ubiquitin ligases. The polyubiquitination is essential for RIG-I-mediated signaling. Toll-like receptors are located in endosome. TLR3 recognizes viral double-stranded RNA, and TLR7 and 8 recognize single-strand RNA. Virus has the ability to suppress these innate immune response. For example, to inhibit RIG-I-mediated signaling, HCV core protein suppresses the function of DDX3. In addition, HCV NS3-4A protein cleaves IPS-1 to inhibit the signal. Molecular mechanism of how viral RNA is recognized by innate immune system will make great progress on our understanding of how virus escapes from host immune system.
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36
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Sharma M, Prabha CR. Construction and functional characterization of double and triple mutants of parallel beta-bulge of ubiquitin. Indian J Exp Biol 2011; 49:919-924. [PMID: 22403865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin, a small eukaryotic protein serving as a post-translational modification on many important proteins, plays central role in cellular homeostasis and cell cycle regulation. Ubiquitin features two beta-bulges, the second beta-bulge, located at the C-terminal region of the protein along with type II turn, holds 3 residues Glu64(1), Ser65(2) and Gln2(X). Percent frequency of occurrence of such a sequence in parallel beta-bulge is very low. However, the sequence and structure have been conserved in ubiquitin through out the evolution. Present study involves replacement of residues in unusual beta-bulge of ubiquitin by introducing mutations in combination through site directed mutagenesis, generating double and triple mutants and their functional characterization. Mutant ubiquitins cloned in yeast expression vector YEp96 tested for growth profile, viability assay and heat stress complementation study have revealed significant decrease in growth rate, loss of viability and non-complementation of heat sensitive phenotype with UbE64G-S65D and UbQ2N-E64G-S65D mutations. However, UbQ2N-S65D did not show any negative effects in the above assays. Present results show that, replacement of residues in beta-bulge of ubiquitin exerts severe effects on growth and viability in Saccharomyces cerevisiae due to functional failure of the mutant ubiquitins UbE64G-S65D and UbQ2N-E64G-S65D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390 002, India
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37
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Abstract
Maintenance of cellular homeostasis influences ageing and it is determined by several factors, including efficient proteolysis of damaged proteins. The ubiquitin-proteasome system is the major protein degradation pathway in the cell. Specifically, the proteasome is responsible for clearance of abnormal, denatured or in general damaged proteins as well as for the regulated degradation of short-lived proteins. In this review the involvement of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in protein degradation at different levels of cellular life is discussed in relation with ageing. Though the exact underlying mechanism is unclear, an age-related decrease in proteasome activity weakens cellular capacity to remove oxidatively modified proteins and favours the development of diseases. Up-regulation of proteasome activity is characteristic of muscle wasting conditions, but may not be rate limiting. Meanwhile, enhanced presence of immunoproteasomes in ageing brain and muscle tissue could reflect a persistent inflammatory defence and anti-stress mechanism. Insulin/IGF-1 signalling regulates ageing in worms, flies and mammals. The insulin/IGF-1 receptor inhibits the forkhead transcription factor, FoxO through activating a cascade of conserved kinases. Longevity increases when FoxO becomes activated in response to reduced insulin/IGF-1 signalling. The ubiquitin-proteasome system plays a major role in signal transduction associated with stress and ageing. The understanding of specific proteolytic targeting paves the way for a new generation of active molecules that may control particular steps of normal and pathological ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Löw
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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38
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McGehee AM, Strijbis K, Guillen E, Eng T, Kirak O, Ploegh HL. Ubiquitin-dependent control of class II MHC localization is dispensable for antigen presentation and antibody production. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18817. [PMID: 21533087 PMCID: PMC3080378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlled localization of class II MHC molecules is essential for proper class II MHC-restricted antigen presentation and the subsequent initiation of an adaptive immune response. Ubiquitination of class II MHC molecules on cytosolic lysine (K225) of the β-chain has been shown to affect localization of the complex. We generated mice in which the endogenous β-chain locus is replaced with a GFP tagged mutant version that lacks the cytosolic lysine residue (I-A-β-K225R-EGFP). These mice have elevated levels of class II MHC as compared to I-A-β-EGFP mice, and immature bone marrow-derived dendritic cells show redistribution of class II MHC to the cell surface. Nonetheless, in these same cells efficiency of antigen presentation is unaffected in I-A-β-K225R-EGFP mice, as assayed for presentation of ovalbumin to appropriately specific T cells. The I-A-β-K225R-EGFP animals have normal CD4 T cell populations and are capable of generating antigen-specific antibody in response to model antigens and viral infection. We therefore conclude that in our experimental system modulation of trafficking by ubiquitination of residue K225 of the β-chain is not essential for the function of class II MHC products in antigen presentation or antibody production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette M. McGehee
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karin Strijbis
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Guillen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Thomas Eng
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Oktay Kirak
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Hidde L. Ploegh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Martínez Picabea de Giorgiutti E. [On chaperones, epigenesis and disease]. Medicina (B Aires) 2011; 71:302-303. [PMID: 21745786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
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40
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In skeletal muscle, glucocorticoids induce catabolism and proteolysis which is accomplished via the ubiquitin (Ub) proteolytic pathway. Cardiac muscle is a striated muscle which, compared to skeletal muscle, more abundantly expresses components of the Ub pathway, thus suggesting an important role for this pathway in heart physiology. The aim of our study was to explore the role of the Ub pathway in heart muscle physiology. DESIGN We treated rats for three days with a pharmacologic dose of dexamethasone (DEXA) 0.5mg/100g body weight (BW). An attempt was also made to counteract the DEXA effect by co-treatment with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1; 0.35 mg/100g BW). RESULTS DEXA treatment caused a 7.8% decrease in heart weight compared to control (p<0.05) and also increased heart tissue levels of the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2 and the 20S proteasome protein. Myofibrillar proteins degraded by the ubiquitin pathway (α-actin, myoglobin, and troponin 1) were all decreased by DEXA, while ubiquitinated forms of α-actin were increased. Co-treatment with IGF-1 completely prevented DEXA-induced decrease in heart weight, an effect which was accompanied by decreased heart tissue levels of several ubiquitinated proteins including α-actin, the 20S proteasome protein, E2-14 kDa mRNA, and C-3 proteasome subunit mRNA, while the levels of non-ubiquinated α-actin, myoglobin, and troponin 1 were all partially restored. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that DEXA activates the ubiquitin proteolytic pathway in the heart and that IGF-1 efficiently counteracts this effect. Our findings reveal a possible mechanism for the anti-proteolytic actions of IGF-1 and its cardioprotective role involving the Ub pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionisios Chrysis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Patras, Greece.
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41
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Macario AJL. [On chaperones, epigenesis and disease]. Medicina (B Aires) 2011; 71:589-590. [PMID: 22167741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
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42
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Sassa Y, Yamasaki T, Horiuchi M, Inoshima Y, Ishiguro N. The effects of lysosomal and proteasomal inhibitors on abnormal forms of prion protein degradation in murine macrophages. Microbiol Immunol 2010; 54:763-8. [PMID: 21223366 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2010.00272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that macrophages degrade infectious forms of prion protein (PrP(Sc) ). In order to investigate the mechanisms underlying PrP(Sc) degradation in macrophages, the effects of lysosomal and proteasomal inhibitors on macrophage cell lines which were incubated with scrapie-affected brain homogenate were studied. PrP(Sc) degradation was inhibited in the presence of both proteasomal and lysosomal inhibitors. Indirect fluorescence assays to determine the cellular localization of PrP(Sc) were undertaken. PrP(Sc) colocalized with the lysosomal membrane protein Lamp-1 and ubiquitin, a protein that is related to the proteasome. The present data indicate that macrophages might degrade PrP(Sc) via the lysosomal and proteasomal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Sassa
- Laboratory of Food and Environmental Hygiene, Gifu University, Gifu City, Gifu, Japan
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Campos-Esparza MDR, Torres-Ramos MA. Neuroprotection by natural polyphenols: molecular mechanisms. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2010; 10:269-277. [PMID: 20868360 DOI: 10.2174/187152410793429728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 06/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are the most abundant antioxidants in diet. These can be found in fruits, vegetables, beverages (tea, wine, juices, etc.), plants and some herbs. These compounds are capable of protecting neuronal cells in different in vivo and in vitro models through diverse intracellular targets. The focus of this review is aimed at presenting the role of some polyphenols on the molecular mechanism involve in neuroprotection through different biological processes like oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, apoptotic neuronal death, regulation of the kinase signal cascade and modulation of Ubiquitin-Proteasome pathway. The study of the molecular mechanisms involved in neuroprotection and the molecular targets of natural polyphenols are important in the discovery of a valuable tool for new and more advanced therapy in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Abstract
Orphan nuclear bodies are defined as nonchromatin nuclear compartments that have been less well studied compared with other well-characterized structures in the nucleus. Nuclear bodies have traditionally been thought of as uniform distinct entities depending on the protein "markers" they contain. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that nuclear bodies enriched in different sets of transcriptional regulators share a link to the ubiquitin-proteasome and SUMO-conjugation pathways. An emerging concept is that some orphan nuclear bodies might act as sites of protein modification by SUMO and/or proteasomal degradation of ubiquitin-tagged proteins. By defining a specialized environment for protein modification and degradation, orphan nuclear bodies may increase the capacity of cells to survive under varying environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmo-Fonseca
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal.
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46
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Abstract
The realization that alterations in inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins are found in many types of human cancer and are associated with chemoresistance, disease progression and poor prognosis, has sparked a worldwide frenzy in the development of small pharmacological inhibitors of IAPs. The development of such inhibitors has radically changed our knowledge of the signalling processes that are regulated by IAPs. Recent studies indicate that IAPs not only regulate caspases and apoptosis, but also modulate inflammatory signalling and immunity, mitogenic kinase signalling, proliferation and mitosis, as well as cell invasion and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Gyrd-Hansen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, Copenhagen DK2200, Denmark.
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47
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Yamamura M, Hirai T, Yamaguchi Y. [Proteasome inhibitor]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68:1079-1084. [PMID: 20535959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway plays an important role in the regulation of cellular proteins with regard to cell cycle control, transcription, apoptosis, cell adhesion, angiogenesis and tumor growth. Proteasome inhibition is a novel approach to the treatment of solid tumors. Bortezomib is the first proteasome inhibitor evaluated in clinical trials. In vitro experiments have shown that bortezomib treatment has a cytotoxic effect on various breast, colorectal, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, lung and oral cancer cells. Here, the usefulness of proteasome inhibitor for cancer therapy is discussed, and a review of preclinical and clinical studies on proteasome inhibitors alone and in combination with conventional chemotherapy is included.
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Abstract
We recently identified X-linked ectodermal dysplasia receptor (XEDAR, also known as TNFRSF27 or EDA2R) as a direct p53 target that was frequently downregulated in colorectal cancer tissues due to its epigenetic alterations or through the p53 gene mutations. However, the role of the posttranslational regulation of XEDAR protein in colorectal carcinogenesis was not well clarified thus far. Here, we report that the extracellular NH(2) terminus of XEDAR protein was cleaved by a metalloproteinase and released into culture media. The remaining COOH-terminal membrane-anchored fragment was rapidly degraded through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Interestingly, ectopic p53 expression also transactivated an XEDAR ligand, EDA-A2, together with XEDAR. Moreover, EDA-A2 blocked the cleavage of XEDAR and subsequently inhibited cell growth. We also found a missense mutation of the XEDAR gene in NCI-H716 colorectal cancer cells, which caused the translocation of XEDAR protein from cell membrane to cytoplasm. This mutation attenuated the growth-suppressive effect of XEDAR, indicating that membrane localization is critical for physiologic XEDAR function. Thus, our findings clearly revealed the crucial role of EDA-A2/XEDAR interaction in the p53-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizu Tanikawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai, Minato, Tokyo 1088639, Japan
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Abstract
Plants utilize the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) to modulate nearly every aspect of growth and development. Ubiquitin is covalently attached to target proteins through the action of three enzymes known as E1, E2, and E3. The ultimate outcome of this post-translational modification depends on the nature of the ubiquitin linkage and the extent of polyubiquitination. In most cases, ubiquitination results in degradation of the target protein in the 26S proteasome. During the last 10 years it has become clear that the UPS plays a prominent regulatory role in hormone biology. E3 ubiquitin ligases in particular actively participate in hormone perception, de-repression of hormone signaling pathways, degradation of hormone specific transcription factors, and regulation of hormone biosynthesis. It is certain that additional functions will be discovered as more of the nearly 1200 potential E3s in plants are elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Santner
- Molecular Kinetics, Inc., 6201 La Pas Trail, Suite 160, Indianapolis, IN 46268, USA
| | - Mark Estelle
- University of California San Diego, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 9209, USA
- For correspondence (fax +858 534 7108; )
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50
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Kimura Y. [Mechanism of ubiquitin homeostasis]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 2010; 55:55-60. [PMID: 20058707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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