1
|
Zhao H, Zhao S, Wang S, Liu Y. Human β-defensins: The multi-functional natural peptide. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 227:116451. [PMID: 39059771 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 07/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The increasing threat of antibiotic resistance among pathogenic microorganisms and the urgent demand for new antibiotics require immediate attention. Antimicrobial peptides exhibit effectiveness against microorganisms, fungi, viruses, and protozoa. The discovery of human β-defensins represents a major milestone in biomedical research, opening new avenues for scientific investigation into the innate immune system and its resistance mechanisms against pathogenic microorganisms. Multiple defensins present a promising alternative in the context of antibiotic abuse. However, obstacles to the practical application of defensins as anti-infective therapies persist due to the unique properties of human β-defensins themselves and serious pharmacological and technical challenges. To overcome these challenges, diverse delivery vehicles have been developed and progressively improved for the conjugation or encapsulation of human β-defensins. This review briefly introduces the biology of human β-defensins, focusing on their multistage structure and diverse functions. It also discusses several heterologous systems for producing human β-defensins, various delivery systems created for these peptides, and patent applications related to their utilization, concluding with a summary of current challenges and potential solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haile Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock Jointly Constructed by Ministry and Province, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, China
| | - Shuli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock Jointly Constructed by Ministry and Province, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, China
| | - Simeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock Jointly Constructed by Ministry and Province, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock Jointly Constructed by Ministry and Province, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, 24 Zhaojun Road, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010020, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dai X, Shiraishi K, Muto J, Mori H, Murakami M, Sayama K. Nuclear IL-33 Plays an Important Role in EGFR-Mediated Keratinocyte Migration by Regulating the Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 and NF-κB. JID INNOVATIONS 2023; 3:100205. [PMID: 37441125 PMCID: PMC10333683 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2023.100205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear IL-33 levels are high at the epidermal edges of skin wounds and facilitate wound healing. However, IL-33-mediated regulation of keratinocyte (KC) biology during wound healing remains poorly understood. During skin-wound healing, KC migration and re-epithelialization are mediated predominantly by EGFR signaling activation and depend on the function of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). We found that migrating KCs at the leading edges of mouse skin wounds exhibited concomitant induction and nuclear colocalization of IL-33 and phosphorylated STAT3. In cultured human KCs, activation of EGFR signaling caused rapid elevation of nuclear IL-33, which directly interacts with phosphorylated STAT3, promoting STAT3 activation. In vitro KC migration and wound-healing assays revealed that high nuclear IL-33 levels were required for KC migration and wound closure. KC mobility associated with a lack of suprabasal epidermal keratins and extracellular matrix degradation mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) control cell migration at the intracellular and extracellular levels, respectively. In EGFR-activated KCs, nuclear IL-33 mediated keratin 1 and 10 downregulation and MMP9 upregulation by promoting STAT3 activation and limited MMP1, MMP3, and MMP10 induction by suppressing NF-κB transactivation. Thus, epidermal nuclear IL-33 is involved in KC migration and wound closure by regulating the STAT3 and NF-κB pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuju Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ken Shiraishi
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Jun Muto
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hideki Mori
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masamoto Murakami
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Koji Sayama
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Borborema MEDA, de Lucena TMC, Silva JDA. Vitamin D and estrogen steroid hormones and their immunogenetic roles in Infectious respiratory (TB and COVID-19) diseases. Genet Mol Biol 2023; 46:e20220158. [PMID: 36745756 PMCID: PMC9901533 DOI: 10.1590/1415-4757-gmb-2022-0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of steroid hormones against infectious diseases has been extensively studied. From immunomodulatory action to direct inhibition of microorganism growth, hormones D3 (VD3) and 17β-estradiol (E2), and the genetic pathways modulated by them, are key targets for a better understanding pathogenesis of infectious respiratory diseases (IRD) such as tuberculosis (TB) and the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Currently, the world faces two major public health problems, the outbreak of COVID-19, accounting for more than 6 million so far, and TB, more than 1 million deaths per year. Both, although resulting from different pathogens, the Mtb and the SARS-CoV-2, respectively, are considered serious and epidemic. TB and COVID-19 present similar infection rates between men and women, however the number of complications and deaths resulting from the two infections is higher in men when compared to women in childbearing age, which may indicate a role of the sex hormone E2 in the context of these diseases. E2 and VD3 act upon key gene pathways as important immunomodulatory players and supporting molecules in IRDs. This review summarizes the main roles of these hormones (VD3 and E2) in modulating immune and inflammatory responses and their relationship with TB and COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Eduarda de Albuquerque Borborema
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular Humana (LGBMH), Recife, PE, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Thays Maria Costa de Lucena
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular Humana (LGBMH), Recife, PE, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Jaqueline de Azevêdo Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Departamento de Genética, Laboratório de Genética e Biologia Molecular Humana (LGBMH), Recife, PE, Brazil
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Recife, PE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kanwal W, Rehman A. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in HIV-infected individuals in comparison with the general population across Punjab province, Pakistan. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103484. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
5
|
Li H, Xie X, Bai G, Qiang D, Zhang L, Liu H, He Y, Tang Y, Li L. Vitamin D deficiency leads to the abnormal activation of the complement system. Immunol Res 2023; 71:29-38. [PMID: 36178657 PMCID: PMC9845165 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency can damage the human immune system, and the complement system is a key component of the immune system. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which vitamin D affects the immune system by analyzing the changes in the protein expression of the complement system under different vitamin D levels. We selected 40 participants and divided them into three groups according to their serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)VD): group A, 25(OH)VD ≥ 40 ng/mL; group B, 30 ng/mL ≤ 25(OH)VD < 40 ng/mL; and group C, 25(OH)VD < 30 ng/mL. Serum samples were subjected to biochemical analysis, followed by proteomic analysis using high-throughput untargeted proteomic techniques. Vitamin D deficiency increased the levels of fasting blood sugar, fasting serum insulin, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) of insulin resistance and decreased the secretion of HOMA of β-cell function, which led to insulin resistance and glucose metabolism disorder. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency resulted in the abnormal expression of 56 differential proteins, among which the expression levels of complement factor B, complement component C9, inducible co-stimulator ligand, and peptidase inhibitor 16 significantly changed with the decrease in vitamin D content. Functional enrichment analysis of these differential proteins showed that they were mainly concentrated in functions and pathways related to insulin secretion and inflammation. In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency not only contributes to insulin resistance and glucose metabolism disorder but also causes abnormal protein expression, resulting in the abnormal activation of the complement system. This study provides a novel theoretical basis for further studies on the relationship between vitamin D and the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001 China
| | - Xiaomin Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001, China.
| | - Guirong Bai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001 China
| | - Dan Qiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001 China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001 China
| | - Huili Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001 China
| | - Yanting He
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001 China
| | - Yanpan Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001 China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001 China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cabalín C, Pérez-Mateluna G, Iturriaga C, Camargo CA, Borzutzky A. Oral vitamin D modulates the epidermal expression of the vitamin D receptor and cathelicidin in children with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 2022; 315:761-770. [PMID: 36273083 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-022-02416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although vitamin D (VD) is known to have multiple effects on the skin and immunity, its effects on atopic dermatitis (AD) severity remain unclear. We investigated whether oral cholecalciferol (VD3) supplementation changes stratum corneum expression of the vitamin D receptor (vdr), and the epidermal alarmins Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide (camp/LL-37) and Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (tslp) in children with AD. We conducted an open-label supplementation study with weekly oral VD3 for six weeks in children with AD. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), lesional Staphylococcus aureus colonization, and AD severity evaluated by SCORAD index were evaluated before and after supplementation. Tape stripping (TS) was performed on non-lesional and lesional skin to measure mRNA expression of vdr, camp, and tslp through RT-qPCR and LL-37 peptide by ELISA. Twenty-two children with moderate-severe AD received weekly oral VD3 for six weeks. Total serum 25OHD increased from 45.1 ± 23 to 93.5 ± 24.3 nmoL/L (p < 0.0001), while SCORAD decreased from 41.4 ± 13.5 to 31.5 ± 15.8 (p < 0.0001). After treatment, epidermal gene expression of camp increased significantly in non-lesional (p = 0.014) and lesional (p = 0.0007) tape stripping samples, while vdr only increased in lesional skin samples (p < 0.0001). LL-37 peptide increased significantly only in lesional skin samples (p = 0.008). Gene expression of tslp did not change after oral VD3 treatment. In children with AD, oral VD3 supplementation was associated with improved VD status and AD severity, as well as increased VDR and Cathelicidin expression in lesional skin, which provide mechanistic clues on its effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Cabalín
- Translational Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 446, 8330034, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guillermo Pérez-Mateluna
- Translational Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 446, 8330034, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Iturriaga
- Translational Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 446, 8330034, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arturo Borzutzky
- Translational Allergy and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Marcoleta 446, 8330034, Santiago, Chile. .,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The Role of Transcription Factor PPAR-γ in the Pathogenesis of Psoriasis, Skin Cells, and Immune Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179708. [PMID: 36077103 PMCID: PMC9456565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor PPAR-γ is one of three PPAR nuclear receptors that act as ligand-activated transcription factors. In immune cells, the skin, and other organs, PPAR-γ regulates lipid, glucose, and amino acid metabolism. The receptor translates nutritional, pharmacological, and metabolic stimuli into the changes in gene expression. The activation of PPAR-γ promotes cell differentiation, reduces the proliferation rate, and modulates the immune response. In the skin, PPARs also contribute to the functioning of the skin barrier. Since we know that the route from identification to the registration of drugs is long and expensive, PPAR-γ agonists already approved for other diseases may also represent a high interest for psoriasis. In this review, we discuss the role of PPAR-γ in the activation, differentiation, and proliferation of skin and immune cells affected by psoriasis and in contributing to the pathogenesis of the disease. We also evaluate whether the agonists of PPAR-γ may become one of the therapeutic options to suppress the inflammatory response in lesional psoriatic skin and decrease the influence of comorbidities associated with psoriasis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Dai X, Murakami M, Shiraishi K, Muto J, Tohyama M, Mori H, Utsunomiya R, Sayama K. EGFR ligands synergistically increase IL-17A-induced expression of psoriasis signature genes in human keratinocytes via IκBζ and Bcl3. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:994-1005. [PMID: 35411943 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Various epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands are highly expressed in the epidermis of psoriasis lesions, and abnormal EGFR activation appears to be involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. However, how EGFR signaling contributes to the development of psoriasis is unclear. Interleukin (IL)-17A, a critical effector of the IL-23/IL-17A pathway, increases the expression of psoriasis signature genes in keratinocytes and plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis by inducing IκBζ, a critical transcriptional regulator in psoriasis. In this study, we stimulated primary human keratinocytes with IL-17A and various EGFR ligands to investigate whether EGFR ligands regulate the expression of psoriasis signature genes. In cultured normal human keratinocytes and a living skin equivalent, EGFR ligands did not induce psoriasis-related gene expression, but significantly enhanced the IL-17A-mediated induction of various psoriasis signature genes, including antimicrobial peptides, cytokines, and chemokines. This was dependent on an EGFR activation-mediated synergistic increase in IL-17A-induced IκBζ expression and was partially mediated by the EGFR-dependent upregulation of Bcl3. Therefore, EGFR ligands can act as synergistic agents of IL-17A signaling by stimulating the epidermal production of psoriasis signature genes in psoriasis lesions. This study reveals a potential mechanism by which EGFR signaling contributes to the pathogenesis of psoriasis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuju Dai
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masamoto Murakami
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ken Shiraishi
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Jun Muto
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mikiko Tohyama
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, National Hospital Organization Shikoku Cancer Center, Matsuyama, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hideki Mori
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Ryo Utsunomiya
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| | - Koji Sayama
- Department of Dermatology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Su G, Luo Y, Chen D, Yu B, He J. NF-κB-dependent induction of porcine β-defensin 114 regulates intestinal epithelium homeostasis. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 192:241-249. [PMID: 34619281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) offer a primary physical barrier against commensal and pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestine. However, the influence of IECs on the development and regulation of mucosal immunity to infection is unknown. Here, we show that the porcine β-defensin 114 (PBD114) is an endotoxin-responsive gene expressed in IECs. Analysis on expression profiling of PBD114 gene using an infected porcine model and IPEC-J2 cells unveiled a pattern of induction in response to stimulation of various toll-like receptors (TLRs). By means of promoter analysis, PBD114 was found to be a NF-κB-dependent gene. Importantly, PBD114 suppresses endotoxin-induced inflammation and apoptosis in IECs through downregulation of two critical inflammation-associated signaling proteins, NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (IkB-α) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2). PBD114 also suppresses inflammation and IEC apoptosis in mice exposed to bacterial endotoxins. Thus, we propose that TLR-activated NF-kB rapidly increases the expression of PBD114 that operates a feedback control of the NF-kB-dependent inflammation. The NF-kB-dependent induction of PBD114 may be a key event through which the mammalian host maintains intestinal epithelium homeostasis in response to various infections or diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqi Su
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing 402460, PR China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Development of mode of action networks related to the potential role of PPARγ in respiratory diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 172:105821. [PMID: 34403731 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a key transcription factor, operating at the intercept of metabolic control and immunomodulation. It is ubiquitously expressed in multiple tissues and organs, including lungs. There is a growing body of information supporting the role of PPARγ signalling in respiratory diseases. The aim of the present study was to develop mode of action (MoA) networks reflecting the relationships between PPARγ signalling and the progression/alleviation of a spectrum of lung pathologies. Data mining was performed using the resources of the NIH PubMed and PubChem information systems. By linking available data on pathological/therapeutic effects of PPARγ modulation, knowledge-based MoA networking at different levels of biological organization (molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and system) was performed. Multiple MoA networks were developed to relate PPARγ modulation to the progress or the alleviation of pulmonary disorders, triggered by diverse pathogenic, genetic, chemical, or mechanical factors. Pharmacological targeting of PPARγ signalling was discussed with regard to ligand- and cell type-specific effects in the context of distinct disease inductor- and disease stage-dependent patterns. The proposed MoA networking analysis allows for a better understanding of the potential role of PPARγ modulation in lung pathologies. It presents a mechanistically justified basis for further computational, experimental, and clinical monitoring studies on the dynamic control of PPARγ signalling in respiratory diseases.
Collapse
|
11
|
Schrumpf JA, van der Does AM, Hiemstra PS. Impact of the Local Inflammatory Environment on Mucosal Vitamin D Metabolism and Signaling in Chronic Inflammatory Lung Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1433. [PMID: 32754156 PMCID: PMC7366846 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D plays an active role in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses as well as in the protection against respiratory pathogens. Evidence for this immunomodulatory and protective role is derived from observational studies showing an association between vitamin D deficiency, chronic airway diseases and respiratory infections, and is supported by a range of experimental studies using cell culture and animal models. Furthermore, recent intervention studies have now shown that vitamin D supplementation reduces exacerbation rates in vitamin D-deficient patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma and decreases the incidence of acute respiratory tract infections. The active vitamin D metabolite, 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D (1,25(OH)2D), is known to contribute to the integrity of the mucosal barrier, promote killing of pathogens (via the induction of antimicrobial peptides), and to modulate inflammation and immune responses. These mechanisms may partly explain its protective role against infections and exacerbations in COPD and asthma patients. The respiratory mucosa is an important site of local 1,25(OH)2D synthesis, degradation and signaling, a process that can be affected by exposure to inflammatory mediators. As a consequence, mucosal inflammation and other disease-associated factors, as observed in e.g., COPD and asthma, may modulate the protective actions of 1,25(OH)2D. Here, we discuss the potential consequences of various disease-associated processes such as inflammation and exposure to pathogens and inhaled toxicants on vitamin D metabolism and local responses to 1,25(OH)2D in both immune- and epithelial cells. We furthermore discuss potential consequences of disturbed local levels of 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)2D for chronic lung diseases. Additional insight into the relationship between disease-associated mechanisms and local effects of 1,25(OH)2D is expected to contribute to the design of future strategies aimed at improving local levels of 1,25(OH)2D and signaling in chronic inflammatory lung diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmijn A Schrumpf
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Anne M van der Does
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Pieter S Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wu J, Ma N, Johnston LJ, Ma X. Dietary Nutrients Mediate Intestinal Host Defense Peptide Expression. Adv Nutr 2020; 11:92-102. [PMID: 31204774 PMCID: PMC7442325 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmz057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract is the shared locus of intestinal epithelial cells, immune cells, nutrient digestion and absorption, and microbial survival. The gut in animals faces continuous challenges in communicating with the external environment. Threats from endogenous imbalance and exogenous feeds, especially pathogens, could trigger a disorder of homeostasis, leading to intestinal disease and even systematic disease risk. As a part of the intestinal protective barrier, endogenous host defense peptides (HDPs) play multiple beneficial physiological roles in the gut mucosa. Moreover, enhancing endogenous HDPs is being developed as a new strategy for resisting pathogens and commensal microbes, and to maintain intestinal health and reduce antibiotic use. In recent years, multiple nutrients such as branched-chain amino acids, SCFAs, lactose, zinc, and cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) have been reported to significantly increase HDP expression. Nutritional intervention has received more attention and is viewed as a promising means to defend against pathogenic infections and intestinal inflammation. The present review focuses on current discoveries surrounding HDP expression and nutritional regulation of mechanisms in the gut. Our aim is to provide a comprehensive overview, referable tactics, and novel opinions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lee J Johnston
- Swine Nutrition and Production, West Central Research and Outreach Center, University of Minnesota, Morris, MN, USA
| | - Xi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Vitamin D: Nutrient, Hormone, and Immunomodulator. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111656. [PMID: 30400332 PMCID: PMC6266123 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 419] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical functions of vitamin D are to regulate calcium-phosphorus homeostasis and control bone metabolism. However, vitamin D deficiency has been reported in several chronic conditions associated with increased inflammation and deregulation of the immune system, such as diabetes, asthma, and rheumatoid arthritis. These observations, together with experimental studies, suggest a critical role for vitamin D in the modulation of immune function. This leads to the hypothesis of a disease-specific alteration of vitamin D metabolism and reinforces the role of vitamin D in maintaining a healthy immune system. Two key observations validate this important non-classical action of vitamin D: first, vitamin D receptor (VDR) is expressed by the majority of immune cells, including B and T lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells; second, there is an active vitamin D metabolism by immune cells that is able to locally convert 25(OH)D3 into 1,25(OH)2D3, its active form. Vitamin D and VDR signaling together have a suppressive role on autoimmunity and an anti-inflammatory effect, promoting dendritic cell and regulatory T-cell differentiation and reducing T helper Th 17 cell response and inflammatory cytokines secretion. This review summarizes experimental data and clinical observations on the potential immunomodulating properties of vitamin D.
Collapse
|
14
|
Silva ON, Porto WF, Ribeiro SM, Batista I, Franco OL. Host-defense peptides and their potential use as biomarkers in human diseases. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1666-1671. [PMID: 29803935 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the early 19th century, host-defense peptides (HDPs) have been known to play a crucial role in innate host defense. Subsequent work has demonstrated their role in adaptive immunity as well as their involvement in cancer and also a number of inflammatory and/or autoimmune diseases. In addition to these multiple functional activities, several studies have shown that HDP accumulation might be correlated with various human diseases and, therefore, could be used as a biomarkers for such. Thus, research has aimed to validate the clinical use of HDPs for diagnosis, prognosis, and further treatment. In this review, we outline the most recent findings related to the use of HDPs as biomarkers, their clinical and epidemiological value, and the techniques used to determine the levels of HDPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osmar N Silva
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - William F Porto
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Porto Reports, 70790-160, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Suzana M Ribeiro
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, Dourados-MS
| | - Ingrid Batista
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Octavio Luiz Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Departamento de Patologia Molecular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kalenik BM, Góra-Sochacka A, Sirko A. Β-defensins - Underestimated peptides in influenza combat. Virus Res 2018; 247:10-14. [PMID: 29421304 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Defensins are a family of host defense peptides present in vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. They display broad antimicrobial activity and immunomodulatory functions. Herein, the natural anti-influenzal role of β-defensins, as well as their potential usage as anti-influenza vaccine adjuvants and therapeutic agents, is reviewed. This article summarizes previously published information on β-defensin modes of action, expression changes after influenza infection and vaccination, biotechnological usage and possible boosting of their production by dietary supplementation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Małgorzata Kalenik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Góra-Sochacka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sirko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Umar M, Sastry KS, Al Ali F, Al-Khulaifi M, Wang E, Chouchane AI. Vitamin D and the Pathophysiology of Inflammatory Skin Diseases. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2018; 31:74-86. [DOI: 10.1159/000485132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
17
|
Zhang Y, Wang Z, Ma T. Associations of Genetic Polymorphisms Relevant to Metabolic Pathway of Vitamin D3 with Development and Prognosis of Childhood Bronchial Asthma. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:682-692. [PMID: 28590769 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was aimed at investigating the correlation between genetic polymorphisms relevant to metabolic pathway of vitamin D3 (VD3) and susceptibility to childhood bronchial asthma. Altogether 143 childhood patients with bronchial asthma and 143 healthy children of Chinese Han ethnicity were enrolled in this study. The key single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified by HaploView 4.2 software and selected from previous investigations. Genomic DNAs were isolated from peripheral blood samples by using TaqMan Blood DNA kits. The genotyping of SNPs was performed by TaqMan SNPs genotyping assay. Odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated to evaluate the association between SNPs and susceptibility to bronchial asthma. Statistical analyses were conducted by using SPSS 13.0 software. Rs10766197 of CYP2R1, rs7041 and rs4588 of CG, rs4646536 of CYP27B1, rs2228570, rs7975232, and rs1544410 of VDR, as well as rs1805192 and rs10865710 of PPAR were shown to be significantly associated with increased risk of bronchial asthma. Besides, prognosis of childhood bronchial asthma, which was represented as Saint George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) scoring, was closely linked with CYP2R1 rs10766197, CYP27B1 rs4646536, VDR rs7975232, VDR rs1544410, PPAR rs1805192, and PPAR rs10865710. The haplotype analysis suggested that TA and CG of CG rs7041/rs4588, CA and AG of VDR rs7975232/rs1544410, and CC of PPAR rs1805192/rs10865710 were, respectively, correlated with levels of VD, IL-4, and IL-5. And only haplotypes of VDR showed associations with risk of bronchial asthma during childhood, whereas hardly any significance could be observed between the haplotypes and behavior of quality-of-life (SGRQ) scoring. Significant associations were found between rs10766197 of CYP2R1, rs7041 and rs4588 of CG, rs4646536 of CYP27B1, rs2228570, rs7975232, and rs1544410 of VDR, as well as rs1805192 and rs10865710 of PPAR and susceptibility to and prognosis of childhood bronchial asthma, providing novel targets for treating the disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- 1 Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu , Shangqiu City, China
| | - Zhansheng Wang
- 1 Department of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu , Shangqiu City, China
| | - Tongshuai Ma
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, The First People's Hospital of Shangqiu , Shangqiu City, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang L, Lu L, Li S, Zhang G, Ouyang L, Robinson K, Tang Y, Zhu Q, Li D, Hu Y, Liu Y. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D3 Induces Avian β-Defensin Gene Expression in Chickens. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154546. [PMID: 27135828 PMCID: PMC4852925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides (HDPs) play a critical role in innate immunity. Specific modulation of endogenous HDP synthesis by dietary compounds has been regarded as a novel approach to boost immunity and disease resistance in animal production. 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25D3) is well known as a powerful HDP inducer in humans, but limited information about the effect of 1,25D3 on HDPs in poultry is available. Here, we sought to examine whether 1,25D3 could stimulate avian β-defensin (AvBD) expression in chickens. We used chicken embryo intestinal epithelial cells (CEIEPCs) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to study the effect of 1,25D3 on the expression of AvBDs. We observed that 1,25D3 is able to up-regulate the expression of several AvBDs in CEIEPCs and PBMCs, whereas it increased the amounts of AvBD4 mRNA in CEIEPCs only in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). On the other hand, LPS treatment not only inhibited the expression of CYP24A1 but also altered the expression pattern of VDR in CEIEPCs. Furthermore, AvBDs were not directly regulated by 1,25D3, as cycloheximide completely blocked 1,25D3-induced expression of AvBDs. Our observations suggest that 1,25D3 is capable of inducing AvBD gene expression and is a potential antibiotic alternative through augmentation of host innate immunity as well as disease control in chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Lu Lu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Siming Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchang, 330200, P. R. China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, United States of America
| | - Linghua Ouyang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchang, 330200, P. R. China
| | - Kelsy Robinson
- Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, 74078, United States of America
| | - Yanqiang Tang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchang, 330200, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Diyan Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Yaodong Hu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P. R. China
| | - Yiping Liu
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Antiviral molecules correlate with vitamin D pathway genes and are associated with natural resistance to HIV-1 infection. Microbes Infect 2016; 18:510-6. [PMID: 27083474 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between the immunomodulatory effects of Vitamin D (VitD) and the expression of anti-HIV-1 molecules has not been explored in HIV-1-exposed seronegative individuals (HESNs). Higher mRNA levels of cathelicidin and HAD-4 in oral-mucosa and peripheral-blood, along with higher CYP24A1 mRNA in vaginal-mucosa and lower TLR2 mRNA in endocervical-mucosa were found in HESNs compared to non-exposed controls. Furthermore, the mRNA of anti-HIV molecules Elafin, TRIM5, Cathelicidin, HAD-4 and RNase7, previously associated with natural resistance to HIV-1 infection, positively correlated with the mRNA expression of VDR in HESNs, suggesting the potential participation of VitD in natural resistance to HIV-1.
Collapse
|
20
|
Lee SE, Jung MK, Oh SJ, Jeong SK, Lee SH. Pseudoceramide stimulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α expression in a murine model of atopic dermatitis: molecular basis underlying the anti-inflammatory effect and the preventive effect against steroid-induced barrier impairment. Arch Dermatol Res 2015; 307:781-92. [PMID: 26121942 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-015-1584-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Topical pseudoceramides are successfully used in skin barrier repair therapy for atopic dermatitis (AD) and demonstrated to reduce the adverse effects of topical glucocorticoids (GC). However, the molecular mechanisms involved are not fully understood. We investigated whether PC-9S (myristoyl/palmitoyloxostearamide/arachamide MEA, Neopharm, Daejeon, Korea), one of the synthetic pseudoceramides, could stimulate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α expression in a hapten [oxazolone (oxa)]-induced AD murine model (oxa-AD mice) and subsequently improved permeability barrier, reduced inflammation, and increased antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) expression. Normal hairless mice and oxa-AD mice were topically treated twice daily with either PC-9S-containing physiologic lipid mixture (PLM), vehicle (PLM), or PPARα agonist for 4 days. Topical PC-9S significantly increased PPARα expression in mouse epidermis in vivo and in oxa-AD mice skin comparable with PPARα agonist. Topical PC-9S-containing PLM significantly reduced basal trans-epidermal water loss (TEWL), surface pH, and mast cell infiltrates and prevented the decline of AMPs expression in oxa-AD mice, which were abrogated by PPARα antagonist. Then, oxa-AD mice were treated with super-potent topical GC twice daily for 4 days with or without PC-9S co-applications. Co-treatment with PC-9S-containing PLM suppressed GC-induced increase in basal TEWL, epidermal thinning, reduced loricrin expression, and impaired barrier recovery and these effects were attenuated by PPARα antagonist. Collectively, our findings suggest that pseudoceramide PC-9S-induced stimulation of PPARα expression provides a new mechanism by which pseudoceramides show anti-inflammatory property, improve the permeability and antimicrobial barrier function, and prevent the negative effects of topical GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, 712 Eonjuro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-720, Korea
| | - Min Kyung Jung
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, 712 Eonjuro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-720, Korea
| | - Seung Joon Oh
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, 712 Eonjuro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-720, Korea
| | - Se Kyoo Jeong
- Research Division, Neopharm Co., Ltd, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Seung Hun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, 712 Eonjuro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 135-720, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Man G, Cheung C, Crumrine D, Hupe M, Hill Z, Man MQ, Elias PM. An optimized inexpensive emollient mixture improves barrier repair in murine skin. DERMATOL SIN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsi.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
22
|
Olmos-Ortiz A, Noyola-Martínez N, Barrera D, Zaga-Clavellina V, Avila E, Halhali A, Biruete B, Larrea F, Díaz L. IL-10 inhibits while calcitriol reestablishes placental antimicrobial peptides gene expression. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 148:187-93. [PMID: 25088189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
IL-10 and calcitriol help to achieve a successful pregnancy by suppressing active maternal immunity; however, these factors exert opposite effects upon microbial infections. In the skin and immune cells, IL-10 downregulates β-defensins while calcitriol induces cathelicidin gene expression in various tissues including placenta. Though, the regulation of human placental β-defensins by IL-10 and calcitriol has not been studied. Therefore, we explored the regulation of these antimicrobial peptides expression in cultured placental cells by calcitriol and IL-10 alone and combined. Real time PCR showed that calcitriol stimulated, while IL-10 inhibited, β-defensins and cathelicidin gene expression (P<0.05). In coincubations studies, calcitriol was able to maintain antimicrobial peptides gene expression above control values, overriding IL-10 inhibitory effects. Calcitriol downregulated endogenous IL-10 secretion. Interestingly, calcitriol and TNF-α cooperatively enhanced β-defensins, while TNF-α reduced basal and calcitriol-stimulated cathelicidin gene expression. In summary, calcitriol and IL-10 exerted opposite effects on antimicrobial peptides expression in the human placenta, suggesting that unbalanced production of IL-10 and calcitriol could be deleterious to innate immune responses during gestation. Our results suggest that calcitriol enhancement of placental defenses involves two mechanisms: (1) downregulation of IL-10 secretion and (2) direct upregulation of β-defensins and cathelicidin gene expression. Considering that IL-10 and calcitriol differentially regulate the innate immune response in the placenta, in the case of an infection, calcitriol might restrict IL-10 permissive actions towards microbial invasion while restrains inflammation, allowing for pregnancy to continue in quiescence. These results strongly advice maternal vitamin D sufficiency during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Olmos-Ortiz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, México City, Tlalpan 14000, Mexico
| | - Nancy Noyola-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, México City, Tlalpan 14000, Mexico
| | - David Barrera
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, México City, Tlalpan 14000, Mexico
| | - Verónica Zaga-Clavellina
- Departamento de Inmunobioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes, Montes Urales No. 800, México City, Col. Lomas de Virreyes 11000, Mexico
| | - Euclides Avila
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, México City, Tlalpan 14000, Mexico
| | - Ali Halhali
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, México City, Tlalpan 14000, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Biruete
- División de Obstetricia, Hospital de Ginecología y Obstetricia del IMSS "Luis Castelazo Ayala", Río Magdalena No. 289, México City, Tizapán 01090, Mexico
| | - Fernando Larrea
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, México City, Tlalpan 14000, Mexico
| | - Lorenza Díaz
- Departamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga No. 15, México City, Tlalpan 14000, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Leaf DE, Croy HE, Abrahams SJ, Raed A, Waikar SS. Cathelicidin antimicrobial protein, vitamin D, and risk of death in critically ill patients. CRITICAL CARE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE CRITICAL CARE FORUM 2015; 19:80. [PMID: 25887571 PMCID: PMC4357206 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-015-0812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Decreased production of cathelicidin antimicrobial protein-18 (hCAP18) has been proposed to be a key mechanism linking decreased 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25D) levels with adverse outcomes among critically ill patients. However, few studies in humans have directly assessed plasma hCAP18 levels, and no study has evaluated the association between hCAP18 levels and adverse outcomes among critically ill patients. METHODS We performed a single-center, prospective cohort study among 121 critically ill patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) between 2008 and 2012. We measured plasma hCAP18, 25D, D-binding protein, and parathyroid hormone levels on ICU day 1. The primary endpoint was 90-day mortality. Secondary endpoints included hospital mortality, sepsis, acute kidney injury, duration of mechanical ventilation, and hospital length of stay. RESULTS ICU day 1 hCAP18 levels were directly correlated with 25D levels (Spearman's rho (rs) = 0.30, P = 0.001). In multivariate analyses adjusted for age and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, patients with hCAP18 levels in the lowest compared to highest tertile on ICU day 1 had a 4.49 (1.08 to 18.67) greater odds of 90-day mortality, and also had greater odds of sepsis. ICU day 1 levels of other analytes were not associated with 90-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS Lower 25D levels on ICU day 1 are associated with lower hCAP18 levels, which are in turn associated with a greater risk of 90-day mortality. These findings provide a potential mechanistic basis for the frequently observed association between low 25D levels and poor outcomes in critically ill patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Leaf
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Heather E Croy
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Sara J Abrahams
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Anas Raed
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Sushrut S Waikar
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Leaf DE, Raed A, Donnino MW, Ginde AA, Waikar SS. Randomized controlled trial of calcitriol in severe sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2014; 190:533-41. [PMID: 25029202 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201405-0988oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Vitamin D and its metabolites have potent immunomodulatory effects in vitro, including up-regulation of cathelicidin, a critical antimicrobial protein. OBJECTIVES We investigated whether administration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) to critically ill patients with sepsis would have beneficial effects on markers of innate immunity, inflammation, and kidney injury. METHODS We performed a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, physiologic study among 67 critically ill patients with severe sepsis or septic shock. Patients were randomized to receive a single dose of calcitriol (2 μg intravenously) versus placebo. The primary outcome was plasma cathelicidin protein levels assessed 24 hours after study drug administration. Secondary outcomes included leukocyte cathelicidin mRNA expression, plasma cytokine levels (IL-10, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, and IL-2), and urinary kidney injury markers. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Patients randomized to calcitriol (n = 36) versus placebo (n = 31) had similar plasma cathelicidin protein levels at 24 hours (P = 0.16). Calcitriol-treated patients had higher cathelicidin (P = 0.04) and IL-10 (P = 0.03) mRNA expression than placebo-treated patients 24 hours after study drug administration. Plasma cytokine levels (IL-10, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, and IL-2) and urinary kidney injury markers were similar in calcitriol- versus placebo-treated patients (P > 0.05 for all comparisons). Calcitriol had no effect on clinical outcomes nor were any adverse effects observed. CONCLUSIONS Calcitriol administration did not increase plasma cathelicidin protein levels in critically ill patients with sepsis and had mixed effects on other immunomodulatory markers. Additional phase II trials investigating the dose and timing of calcitriol as a therapeutic agent in specific sepsis phenotypes may be warranted. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 01689441).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Leaf
- 1 Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Foti D, Greco M, Cantiello F, Damiano R, Gulletta E, Pujia A, Montalcini T. Hypovitaminosis D and Low Urinary Tract Symptoms in a Female Population. EUR J INFLAMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1401200215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have suggested a key role for low levels of vitamin D in the development of several chronic diseases and bacterial infections. In particular, its role in acute respiratory infection has been clarified, while the potential role of vitamin D for susceptibility to urinary tract infections still remains unexplored. Since the typical symptoms associated with urinary infections or with other conditions, like overactive bladder, include dysuria, urgency and frequency, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between these symptoms and vitamin D status. We conducted a retrospective study on 233 women who, in the previous year, had their serum levels of vitamin D measured. The subjects were queried about the presence of urinary symptoms and their frequency over the previous year. Women with low serum levels of vitamin D had a higher prevalence of symptoms than those with normal levels of vitamin D (p<0.001). In particular, women who reported high frequency of symptoms had a mean vitamin D level of ∼ 27 ng/mL, those with low frequency had a mean vitamin D level of ∼ 24 ng/mL, while asymptomatic women had mean levels of ∼ 37 ng/mL (p=0.004 among group). In this study hypovitaminosis D is associated with urinary symptoms in a population of women, and it may suggest a key role of this vitamin in the development of infections or other conditions affecting the urinary tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Foti
- Laboratory Unit, Clinical Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - M. Greco
- Laboratory Unit, Clinical Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - F. Cantiello
- Urology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - R. Damiano
- Urology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - E. Gulletta
- Laboratory Unit, Clinical Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - A. Pujia
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - T. Montalcini
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, University Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Aguilar-Jiménez W, Zapata W, Caruz A, Rugeles MT. High transcript levels of vitamin D receptor are correlated with higher mRNA expression of human beta defensins and IL-10 in mucosa of HIV-1-exposed seronegative individuals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82717. [PMID: 24349345 PMCID: PMC3857805 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D (VitD) is an endogenous immunomodulator that could protect from HIV-1 infection reducing immune activation and inducing the expression of anti-HIV-1 peptides. To establish a correlation between VitD and natural resistance to HIV-1 infection, a case-control study using blood and mucosa samples of 58 HIV-1-exposed but seronegative (HESN) individuals, 43 HIV-1 seropositives (SPs) and 59 non-exposed healthy controls (HCs) was carried out. The VitD concentration in plasma was determined by ELISA, and mRNA relative units (RU) of VDR, IL-10, TGF-β, TNF-α and IL-1β in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), oral and genital mucosa was quantified by qRT-PCR. mRNA levels of human beta-defensin (HBD) -2 and -3 were previously reported and used for correlations. Significantly higher levels of VitD were found in plasma as well as higher mRNA RU of VDR in PBMCs, and in genital mucosa from HESN compared to HCs. In addition, higher mRNA RU of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10, and lower mRNA RU of TGF-β were found in PBMC from HESNs compared to HCs. We also observed higher IL-10 mRNA RU in genital mucosa of HESNs compared to HCs, and the mRNA levels of TNF-α in oral and genital mucosa of SPs were higher compared to HESNs. Furthermore, positive correlations between VDR and IL-10 mRNA RU in PBMCs and genital mucosa of HESNs were found. Finally, HBD-2 and HBD-3 mRNA RU were positively correlated with VDR mRNA expression in oral mucosa from HESNs. These results suggest that high levels of VitD and its receptor are associated with natural resistance to HIV-1 infection. Up-regulation of the anti-inflammatory IL-10, and the induction of anti-HIV-1 defensins in mucosa might be part of the mechanisms involved in this association. However, further studies are required to define causal associations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wbeimar Aguilar-Jiménez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Wildeman Zapata
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Antonio Caruz
- Unidad de Inmunogenética, Departamento de Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, Jaén, España
| | - María T. Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Impaired innate mucosal immunity in aged mice permits prolonged Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization. Infect Immun 2013; 81:4615-25. [PMID: 24082075 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00618-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a frequent asymptomatic colonizer of the nasopharyngeal niche and only occasionally progresses toward infection. The burden of pneumococcal disease is particularly high in the elderly, and the mechanisms behind this increased susceptibility are poorly understood. Here we used a mouse model of pneumococcal carriage to study immunosenescence in the upper respiratory tract (URT). Nasal mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) showed increased expression of Toll-like receptor 1, interleukin-1β, NLRp3 inflammasome, and CCL2 in naive elderly compared to young animals. This suggests an increased proinflammatory expression profile in the NALT of aged mice at baseline. Simultaneously, we observed a more tolerogenic profile in respiratory epithelia of naive elderly compared to young adult mice with upregulation of the NF-κβ pathway inhibitor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). After nasal instillation of pneumococci, pneumococcal colonization was prolonged in elderly mice compared to in young adults. The delay in clearance was associated with absent or delayed upregulation of a proinflammatory mediator(s) in the NALT, diminished influx of macrophages into the URT niche, and absent downregulation of PPARγ in respiratory epithelium, accompanied by diminished expression of cathelicidin (CRAMP) at the site of colonization. These findings suggest that unresponsiveness to pneumococcal challenge due to altered mucosal immune regulation is the key to increased susceptibility to disease in the elderly.
Collapse
|
28
|
Regulation of antimicrobial peptide gene expression by nutrients and by-products of microbial metabolism. Eur J Nutr 2012; 51:899-907. [PMID: 22797470 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are synthesized and secreted by immune and epithelial cells that are constantly exposed to environmental microbes. AMPs are essential for barrier defense, and deficiencies lead to increased susceptibility to infection. In addition to their ability to disrupt the integrity of bacterial, viral and fungal membranes, AMPs bind lipopolysaccharides, act as chemoattractants for immune cells and bind to cellular receptors and modulate the expression of cytokines and chemokines. These additional biological activities may explain the role of AMPs in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Modulating the endogenous expression of AMPs offers potential therapeutic treatments for infection and disease. METHODS The present review examines the published data from both in vitro and in vivo studies reporting the effects of nutrients and by-products of microbial metabolism on the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes in order to highlight an emerging appreciation for the role of dietary compounds in modulating the innate immune response. RESULTS Vitamins A and D, dietary histone deacetylases and by-products of intestinal microbial metabolism (butyrate and secondary bile acids) have been found to regulate the expression of AMPs in humans. Vitamin D deficiency correlates with increased susceptibility to infection, and supplementation studies indicate an improvement in defense against infection. Animal and human clinical studies with butyrate indicate that increasing expression of AMPs in the colon protects against infection. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that diet and/or consumption of nutritional supplements may be used to improve and/or modulate immune function. In addition, by-products of gut microbe metabolism could be important for communicating with intestinal epithelial and immune cells, thus affecting the expression of AMPs. This interaction may help establish a mucosal barrier to prevent invasion of the intestinal epithelium by either mutualistic or pathogenic microorganisms.
Collapse
|
29
|
Current World Literature. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21:106-18. [DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32834ee42b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
30
|
Dawson MI, Xia Z. The retinoid X receptors and their ligands. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:21-56. [PMID: 22020178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the current status of studies on the structural and molecular biology of the retinoid X receptor subtypes α, β, and γ (RXRs, NR2B1-3), their nuclear and cytoplasmic functions, post-transcriptional processing, and recently reported ligands. Points of interest are the different changes in the ligand-binding pocket induced by variously shaped agonists, the communication of the ligand-bound pocket with the coactivator binding surface and the heterodimerization interface, and recently identified ligands that are natural products, those that function as environmental toxins or drugs that had been originally designed to interact with other targets, as well as those that were deliberately designed as RXR-selective transcriptional agonists, synergists, or antagonists. Of these synthetic ligands, the general trend in design appears to be away from fully aromatic rigid structures to those containing partial elements of the flexible tetraene side chain of 9-cis-retinoic acid. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945-2010).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcia I Dawson
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burn Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 93207, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|