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Morresi C, Luccarini A, Marcheggiani F, Ferretti G, Damiani E, Bacchetti T. Modulation of paraoxonase-2 in human dermal fibroblasts by UVA-induced oxidative stress: A new potential marker of skin photodamage. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 384:110702. [PMID: 37717644 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase-2 (PON2) is an intracellular protein, that exerts a protective role against cell oxidative stress and apoptosis. Genetic and environmental factors (i.e. dietary factors, cigarette smoke, drugs) are able to modulate cellular PON2 levels. The effect of ultraviolet A radiation (UVA), the oxidizing component of sunlight, on PON2 in human dermal fibroblasts (HuDe) has not been previously explored. Excessive UVA radiation is known to cause direct and indirect skin damage by influencing intracellular signalling pathways through oxidative stress mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS) that modulate the expression of downstream genes involved in different processes, e.g. skin photoaging and cancer. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the modulation of PON2 in terms of protein expression and enzyme activity in HuDe exposed to UVA (270 kJ/m2). Our results show that PON2 is up-regulated immediately after UVA exposure and that its levels and activity decrease in the post-exposure phase, in a time-dependent manner (2-24 h). The trend in PON2 levels mirror the time-course study of UVA-induced ROS. To confirm this, experiments were also performed in the presence of a SPF30 sunscreen used as shielding agent to revert modulation of PON2 at 0 and 2 h post-UVA exposure where other markers of photo-oxidative stress were also examined (NF-KB, γH2AX, advanced glycation end products). Overall, our results show that the upregulation of PON2 might be related to the increase in intracellular ROS and may play an important role in mitigation of UVA-mediated damage and in the prevention of the consequences of UV exposure, thus representing a new marker of early-response to UVA-induced damage in skin fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Morresi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Alessia Luccarini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Fabio Marcheggiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Gianna Ferretti
- Department of Clinical Science and Odontostomatology, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Damiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Bacchetti
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona 60131, Italy.
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Antioxidants from Plants Protect against Skin Photoaging. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:1454936. [PMID: 30174780 PMCID: PMC6098906 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1454936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to UV light triggers the rapid generation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in skin cells, with consequent increase in oxidative stress and thus in photoaging. Exogenous supplementation with dietary antioxidants and/or skin pretreatment with antioxidant-based lotions before sun exposure might be a winning strategy against age-related skin pathologies. In this context, plants produce many secondary metabolites to protect themselves from UV radiations and these compounds can also protect the skin from photoaging. Phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and carotenoids, derived from different plant species, are able to protect the skin by preventing UV penetration, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, and influencing several survival signalling pathways. In this review, we focus our attention on the double role of oxidants in cell metabolism and on environmental and xenobiotic agents involved in skin photoaging. Moreover, we discuss the protective role of dietary antioxidants from fruits and vegetables and report their antiaging properties related to the reduction of oxidative stress pathways.
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Lin PH, Sermersheim M, Li H, Lee PHU, Steinberg SM, Ma J. Zinc in Wound Healing Modulation. Nutrients 2017; 10:E16. [PMID: 29295546 PMCID: PMC5793244 DOI: 10.3390/nu10010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound care is a major healthcare expenditure. Treatment of burns, surgical and trauma wounds, diabetic lower limb ulcers and skin wounds is a major medical challenge with current therapies largely focused on supportive care measures. Successful wound repair requires a series of tightly coordinated steps including coagulation, inflammation, angiogenesis, new tissue formation and extracellular matrix remodelling. Zinc is an essential trace element (micronutrient) which plays important roles in human physiology. Zinc is a cofactor for many metalloenzymes required for cell membrane repair, cell proliferation, growth and immune system function. The pathological effects of zinc deficiency include the occurrence of skin lesions, growth retardation, impaired immune function and compromised would healing. Here, we discuss investigations on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of zinc in modulating the wound healing process. Knowledge gained from this body of research will help to translate these findings into future clinical management of wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hui Lin
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Matthew Sermersheim
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Haichang Li
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Peter H U Lee
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Steven M Steinberg
- Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma, Critical Care and Burn, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiac Surgery, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Nitroxide delivery system for Nrf2 activation and skin protection. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2015; 94:123-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ham SA, Hwang JS, Kang ES, Yoo T, Lim HH, Lee WJ, Paek KS, Seo HG. Ethanol extract of Dalbergia odorifera protects skin keratinocytes against ultraviolet B-induced photoaging by suppressing production of reactive oxygen species. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2015; 79:760-6. [PMID: 25560618 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2014.993916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen (Leguminosae), an indigenous medicinal herb, has been widely used in northern and eastern Asia to treat diverse diseases. Here, we investigated the anti-senescent effects of ethanolic extracts of Dalbergia odorifera (EEDO) in ultraviolet (UV) B-irradiated skin cells. EEDO significantly inhibited UVB-induced senescence of human keratinocytes in a concentration-dependent manner, concomitant with inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. UVB-induced increases in the levels of p53 and p21, biomarkers of cellular senescence, were almost completely abolished in the presence of EEDO. Sativanone, a major constituent of EEDO, also attenuated UVB-induced senescence and ROS generation in keratinocytes, indicating that sativanone is an indexing (marker) molecule for the anti-senescence properties of EEDO. Finally, treatment of EEDO to mice exposed to UVB significantly reduced ROS levels and the number of senescent cells in the skin. Thus, EEDO confers resistance to UVB-induced cellular senescence by inhibiting ROS generation in skin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Ah Ham
- a Department of Animal Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul , Republic of Korea
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SHIRAI AKIHIRO, ONITSUKA MASAYOSHI, MASEDA HIDEAKI, OMASA TAKESHI. Effect of Polyphenols on Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Cell Growth of Human Dermal Fibroblasts after Irradiation with Ultraviolet-A Light. Biocontrol Sci 2015; 20:27-33. [DOI: 10.4265/bio.20.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- AKIHIRO SHIRAI
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima
| | - MASAYOSHI ONITSUKA
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima
| | - HIDEAKI MASEDA
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima
| | - TAKESHI OMASA
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Biosystems Engineering, Institute of Technology and Science, The University of Tokushima
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Greenwald MBY, Anzi S, Ben Sasson S, Bianco-Peled H, Kohen R. Can nitroxides evoke the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway in skin? Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:258-69. [PMID: 25236737 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitroxides are stable cyclic radicals of diverse size, charge, and lipophilicity. They are cell-permeative, which effectively protects cells, tissues, isolated organs, and laboratory animals from radical-induced damage. The mechanisms of activity through which nitroxides operate are diverse, including superoxide dismutase-mimetic activity, oxidation of semiquinone radicals, oxidation of reduced metal ions, procatalase-mimetic activity, interruption of radical chain reactions, and indirect modulation of NO levels. Nitroxides possess both a nucleophilic (reducing properties) and an electrophilic (oxidizing properties) nature and, therefore, they may affect different cellular pathways. In the current study, a novel mechanism of action by which nitroxides provide skin protection based on their electrophilic nature is suggested. This study shows that nitroxides may act as electrophiles, directly or indirectly, capable of activating the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway in human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and in human skin (human organ culture model). The high potency of oxoammonium cations versus hydroxylamines in activating the system is demonstrated. The mechanism of action by which nitroxides activate the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway is discussed. Understanding the mechanism of activity may expand the usage of nitroxides as a skin protection strategy against oxidative stress-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Ben Yehuda Greenwald
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel; Department of Chemical Engineering and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University Medical School, Ein-Karem Campus, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Shira Anzi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University Medical School, Ein-Karem Campus, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Shmuel Ben Sasson
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, The Hebrew University Medical School, Ein-Karem Campus, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Havazelet Bianco-Peled
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel; The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Ron Kohen
- The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
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Amaro-Ortiz A, Yan B, D'Orazio JA. Ultraviolet radiation, aging and the skin: prevention of damage by topical cAMP manipulation. Molecules 2014; 19:6202-19. [PMID: 24838074 PMCID: PMC4344124 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19056202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Being the largest and most visible organ of the body and heavily influenced by environmental factors, skin is ideal to study the long-term effects of aging. Throughout our lifetime, we accumulate damage generated by UV radiation. UV causes inflammation, immune changes, physical changes, impaired wound healing and DNA damage that promotes cellular senescence and carcinogenesis. Melanoma is the deadliest form of skin cancer and among the malignancies of highest increasing incidence over the last several decades. Melanoma incidence is directly related to age, with highest rates in individuals over the age of 55 years, making it a clear age-related disease. In this review, we will focus on UV-induced carcinogenesis and photo aging along with natural protective mechanisms that reduce amount of “realized” solar radiation dose and UV-induced injury. We will focus on the theoretical use of forskolin, a plant-derived pharmacologically active compound to protect the skin against UV injury and prevent aging symptoms by up-regulating melanin production. We will discuss its use as a topically-applied root-derived formulation of the Plectranthus barbatus (Coleus forskolii) plant that grows naturally in Asia and that has long been used in various Aryuvedic teas and therapeutic preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Amaro-Ortiz
- The Graduate Center for Toxicology, the Markey Cancer Center and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Betty Yan
- The Graduate Center for Toxicology, the Markey Cancer Center and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - John A D'Orazio
- The Graduate Center for Toxicology, the Markey Cancer Center and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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9
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Wang Y, Marling SJ, McKnight SM, Danielson AL, Severson KS, Deluca HF. Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by 300-315nm ultraviolet light. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 536:81-6. [PMID: 23747577 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating disease, with lowest incidence in equatorial regions and highest incidence in temperate regions. This relationship is believed to be related to sunlight or UV light exposure. Recent evidence with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, established that this suppression is not mediated by vitamin D production. UV is comprised of three general wave bands: UVC (100-280nm), UVB (280-320nm) and UVA (320-400nm). In the present study we used four lamps that emit different wavelengths of UV: (1) broad band UVB (BB-UVB: 280-320nm); (2) narrow band UVB (NB-UVB: 300-315nm); (3) broad band UVA (BB-UVA: 300-400nm); and (4) long wavelength UVA (UVA-1: 340-400nm). The effect of these light sources was studied in vitamin D-sufficient C57BL/6 mice. The NB-UVB largely accounted for the suppression and delay of onset of EAE by BB-UVB. In contrast, UVA-1 failed to suppress EAE severity at low (∼2.5KJ/m(2)), medium (∼5.0KJ/m(2)) and high (∼10.0KJ/m(2)) doses. Serum calcium and 25-(OH)D3 levels were unchanged after both NB-UVB and UVA-1 treatments. The results demonstrate that NB-UVB (300-315nm) is largely responsible for light-induced suppression of EAE and its effect is not via production of vitamin D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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10
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Rao AR, Sindhuja HN, Dharmesh SM, Sankar KU, Sarada R, Ravishankar GA. Effective inhibition of skin cancer, tyrosinase, and antioxidative properties by astaxanthin and astaxanthin esters from the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:3842-51. [PMID: 23473626 DOI: 10.1021/jf304609j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Astaxanthin mono- (AXME) and diesters (AXDE) were characterized and examined for anticancer potency with total carotenoids (TC) and astaxanthin (AX) against UV-7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced skin cancer model in rat. At 200 μg/kg bw, AXDE and AXME reduced UV-DMBA-induced tumor incidences up to 96 and 88%, respectively, when compared to AX (66%) and TC (85%). UV-DMBA has been known to generate high levels of free radicals and tyrosinase enzyme, leading to characteristic symptoms of skin pigmentation and tumor initiation. Intriguingly, ~7-fold increase in tyrosinase and 10-fold decrease in antioxidant levels were normalized by AXDE and AXME as opposed to only ~1.4-2.2-fold by AX and TC, respectively. This result together with the appearance of 72 and 58 ng/mL of retinol in the serum of respective AXE-treated (AXDE + AXME) and AX-treated animals suggested that better anticancer potency of AXEs could be due to increased bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambati Ranga Rao
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Department, ‡Biochemistry & Nutrition Department, and #Food Engineering Department, Central Food Technological Research Institute, CSIR , Mysore 570 020, Karnataka, India
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Yu BC, Lee DS, Bae SM, Jung WK, Chun JH, Urm SH, Lee DY, Heo SJ, Park SG, Seo SK, Yang JW, Choi JS, Park WS, Choi IW. The effect of cilostazol on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and type I procollagen in ultraviolet-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. Life Sci 2013; 92:282-8. [PMID: 23333827 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM Cilostazol is a selective inhibitor of type III phosphodiesterase that inhibits platelet aggregation. Cilostazol is a useful vasodilator, antithrombotic, and cardiotonic agent. Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation increases the production of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) during skin photoaging. The UVB-induced increase of MMP-1 results in connective tissue damage, and the skin becomes wrinkled and aged. Here, we investigated the capacity of cilostazol to inhibit MMP-1 expression in UVB-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. MAIN METHODS Cultured human dermal fibroblasts were irradiated with UVB, followed by the addition of cilostazol to the culture medium. KEY FINDINGS Post-treatment with cilostazol attenuated UVB-induced production of MMP-1 and prevented the reduction of type I procollagen. Cilostazol inhibited UVB irradiation-induced phosphorylation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling molecules Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 kinase, as well as activator protein-1 (AP-1) in dermal fibroblasts. SIGNIFICANCE Overall, these results demonstrate that cilostazol regulates UVB-induced MMP-1 expression and type I procollagen synthesis by inhibiting MAPK signaling and AP-1 activity. Therefore, we suggest that cilostazol may be useful for the prevention and treatment of skin photodamage caused by UVB-irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeng Chul Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Kosin University, Busan, Republic of Korea
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Durán-Giner N, Encinas S, Miranda MA. Solar filters as feasible acceptors of atomic oxygen. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2013; 12:725-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3pp25407k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Pluemsamran T, Onkoksoong T, Panich U. Caffeic Acid and Ferulic Acid Inhibit UVA-Induced Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 through Regulation of Antioxidant Defense System in Keratinocyte HaCaT Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:961-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01118.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Xia Q, Chiang HM, Zhou YT, Yin JJ, Liu F, Wang C, Guo L, Fu PP. Phototoxicity of kava - formation of reactive oxygen species leading to lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2012; 40:1271-88. [PMID: 23227797 PMCID: PMC5743056 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x12500942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Kava is one of the most widely sold herbal dietary supplements in the United States. It has been reported that, besides exhibiting hepatotoxicity, kava also possesses photosensitivity and induces dermopathy in humans. In this study, we determined that UVA irradiation of kava in the presence of a lipid, methyl linoleate, generated lipid peroxidation which was mediated by singlet oxygen generated during photoirradiation. The six major kavalactones(yangonin, 7,8-dihydrokawa in, kawain, 7,8-dihydromethysticin, methysticin, and 5,6-dehydrokawain) were also studied in parallel; only 5,6-dehydrokawain and yangonin-induced a low level of lipid peroxidation. UVA irradiation of kava in human HaCaT skin keratinocytes induced cytotoxicity which was mediated by oxidative stress, led to DNA strand cleavage, and produced 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) adduct. Study by the electron spin resonance (ESR) method revealed that UVA irradiation of kava produced singlet oxygen and carbon-centered radicals. The overall results suggest that kava is photocytotoxic and photogenotoxic, both mediated by free radicals generated during photoirradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsu Xia
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Hsiu-Mei Chiang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Ting Zhou
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Jun-Jie Yin
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Fang Liu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Lei Guo
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Peter P. Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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