1
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Wal P, Wal A. CBD: A Potential Lead against Hair Loss, Alopecia, and its Potential Mechanisms. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2024; 21:e200723218949. [PMID: 37475557 DOI: 10.2174/1570163820666230720153607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, the majority of the population suffers from the problem of hair loss. It leads to disturbed mental health, lower self-confidence, and a lot more problems. A lot of the hair loss therapies available are not reliable and lead to recurrence and side effects after some time. Cannabinoids (CBD) have recently become quite popular for their benefits against hair loss. CBD oil preparations have been used both internally and externally for oral and topical use, respectively. Due to the presence of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the body, which naturally targets CB1 and CB2 receptors, the control of hair fall is possible. CBD is used topically for hair loss, whereas it is administered orally for the treatment and management of a medical condition, i.e., alopecia. AIM/OBJECTIVE The present review aimed to provide an in-depth study on hair loss and its management using CBD and its associated mechanisms. METHODS Electronic databases, such as ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, PubMed, Wiley, Springer, and Scopus, were thoroughly searched for information about how CBD is used, how it works, and what role it plays in treating alopecia and hair loss. RESULTS This review has highlighted the use of CBD-based hair loss therapy, and described various types of hair loss and their treatments. This review also details the phytocannabinoids and the potential mechanisms of CBD's activity against hair loss and alopecia. CONCLUSION The data obtained from the literature regarding CBD and hair loss provide a scientific basis for CBD use in alopecia. Additionally, a more precise and comprehensive study concerning CBD needs to be carried out at the pre-clinical and clinical levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Wal
- Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy) NH19 Bhaunti Kanpur, India
| | - Ankita Wal
- Department of Pharmacy, Pranveer Singh Institute of Technology (Pharmacy) NH19 Bhaunti Kanpur, India
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2
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Sharma A, Mohapatra H, Arora K, Babbar R, Arora R, Arora P, Kumar P, Algın Yapar E, Rani K, Meenu M, Babu MA, Kaur M, Sindhu RK. Bioactive Compound-Loaded Nanocarriers for Hair Growth Promotion: Current Status and Future Perspectives. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3739. [PMID: 37960095 PMCID: PMC10649697 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Hair loss (alopecia) has a multitude of causes, and the problem is still poorly defined. For curing alopecia, therapies are available in both natural and synthetic forms; however, natural remedies are gaining popularity due to the multiple effects of complex phytoconstituents on the scalp with fewer side effects. Evidence-based hair growth promotion by some plants has been reported for both traditional and advanced treatment approaches. Nanoarchitectonics may have the ability to evolve in the field of hair- and scalp-altering products and treatments, giving new qualities to hair that can be an effective protective layer or a technique to recover lost hair. This review will provide insights into several plant and herbal formulations that have been reported for the prevention of hair loss and stimulation of new hair growth. This review also focuses on the molecular mechanisms of hair growth/loss, several isolated phytoconstituents with hair growth-promoting properties, patents, in vivo evaluation of hair growth-promoting activity, and recent nanoarchitectonic technologies that have been explored for hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Sharma
- School of Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Bhoranj (Tikker–Kharwarian), Hamirpur 176041, India;
| | - Harapriya Mohapatra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Kanika Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Ritchu Babbar
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Rashmi Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Poonam Arora
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Wits Advanced Drug Delivery Platform Research Unit, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Therapeutic Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa;
| | - Evren Algın Yapar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, Türkiye;
| | - Kailash Rani
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (H.M.); (K.A.); (R.B.); (R.A.); (P.A.); (K.R.)
| | - Maninder Meenu
- Department of Agri-Biotechnology, National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute, Mohali 143005, India;
| | | | - Maninderjit Kaur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India;
| | - Rakesh K. Sindhu
- School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201306, India
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3
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Wang S, Kang Y, Qi F, Jin H. Genetics of hair graying with age. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 89:101977. [PMID: 37276979 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Hair graying is an early and obvious phenotypic and physiological trait with age in humans. Several recent advances in molecular biology and genetics have increased our understanding of the mechanisms of hair graying, which elucidate genes related to the synthesis, transport, and distribution of melanin in hair follicles, as well as genes regulating these processes above. Therefore, we review these advances and examine the trends in the genetic aspects of hair graying from enrichment theory, Genome-Wide association studies, whole exome sequencing, gene expression studies, and animal models for hair graying with age, aiming to overview the changes in hair graying at the genetic level and establish the foundation for future research. Meanwhile, by summarizing the genetics, it's of great value to explore the possible mechanism, treatment, or even prevention of hair graying with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sifan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuanbo Kang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shuaifuyuan1#, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100730, P.R.China
| | - Fei Qi
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Hongzhong Jin
- Department of Dermatology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, National Clinical Research Center for Dermatologic and Immunologic Diseases, Beijing 100730, China.
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4
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Castro AR, Portinha C, Logarinho E. The Emergent Power of Human Cellular vs Mouse Models in Translational Hair Research. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:1021-1028. [PMID: 35962707 PMCID: PMC9585950 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Different animal models have been used for hair research and regeneration studies based on the similarities between animal and human skins. Primary knowledge on hair follicle (HF) biology has arisen from research using mouse models baring spontaneous or genetically engineered mutations. These studies have been crucial for the discovery of genes underlying human hair cycle control and hair loss disorders. Yet, researchers have become increasingly aware that there are distinct architectural and cellular features between the mouse and human HFs, which might limit the translation of findings in the mouse models. Thus, it is enticing to reason that the spotlight on mouse models and the unwillingness to adapt to the human archetype have been hampering the emergence of the long-awaited human hair loss cure. Here, we provide an overview of the major limitations of the mainstream mouse models for human hair loss research, and we underpin a future course of action using human cell bioengineered models and the emergent artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Castro
- Aging and Aneuploidy Group, IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Saúde Viável-Insparya Hair Center, Porto, Portugal.,Doctoral Program in Biomedical Engineering, Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Elsa Logarinho
- Aging and Aneuploidy Group, IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,i3S, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Saúde Viável-Insparya Hair Center, Porto, Portugal
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5
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Mori M, Liu C, Yoshizawa T, Miyahara H, Dai J, Igarashi Y, Cui X, Li Y, Kang X, Higuchi K. Polygenic control of the wavy coat of the NCT mouse: involvement of an intracisternal A particle insertional mutation of the protease, serine 53 (Prss53) gene, and a modifier gene. Mamm Genome 2022; 33:451-464. [PMID: 35067752 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09926-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Nakano cataract mouse (NCT) manifests a wavy coat for their first hair as a genetic trait. In this study, we explored the molecular genetic basis of the wavy coat. We revealed by crossing experiments that the wavy coat is controlled by a major gene on chromosome 7 of NCT, homozygosity of which is a prerequisite for developing the wavy coat, and by a gene on chromosome 9 with a minor effect to reinforce the manifestation of the trait. In humans, a polymorphism of the protease, serine 53 (PRSS53) gene on the homologous chromosome is known to be associated with curly scalp hair. We then investigated the Prss53 gene and discovered that NCT has an insertion of an intracisternal A particle element in the first intron of the gene. Nevertheless, the expression of the Prss53 is not altered in the NCT skin both in transcript and protein levels. Subsequently, we created C57BL/6J-Prss53em1 knockout mice and found that these mice manifest vague wavy coats. A portion of backcross and intercross mice between the C57BL/6J-Prss53em1 and NCT manifested intense or vague wavy coats. These findings demonstrate the polygenic nature of the wavy coat of NCT and Prss53 knockout mice and highlight the similarity of the trait to the curly hair of humans associated with the PRSS53 alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Mori
- Department of NeuroHealth Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan. .,Department of Aging Biology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan. .,Department of Aging Biology, Institute of Pathogenesis and Disease Prevention, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Aging Biology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshizawa
- Division of Animal Research, Research Center for Supports to Advanced Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Hiroki Miyahara
- Department of NeuroHealth Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Jian Dai
- Department of NeuroHealth Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Yuichi Igarashi
- Department of Aging Biology, Institute of Pathogenesis and Disease Prevention, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Xiaoran Cui
- Department of Aging Biology, Institute of Pathogenesis and Disease Prevention, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Aging Biology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Xiaojing Kang
- Department of Aging Biology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Keiichi Higuchi
- Department of NeuroHealth Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.,Department of Aging Biology, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan.,Department of Aging Biology, Institute of Pathogenesis and Disease Prevention, Shinshu University Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
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6
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Wang S, Wu T, Sun J, Li Y, Yuan Z, Sun W. Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals the Molecular Anatomy of Sheep Hair Follicle Heterogeneity and Wool Curvature. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:800157. [PMID: 34993204 PMCID: PMC8724054 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.800157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wool is the critical textile raw material which is produced by the hair follicle of sheep. Therefore, it has important implications to investigate the molecular mechanism governing hair follicle development. Due to high cellular heterogeneity as well as the insufficient cellular, molecular, and spatial characterization of hair follicles on sheep, the molecular mechanisms involved in hair follicle development and wool curvature of sheep remains largely unknown. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies have made it possible to comprehensively dissect the cellular composition of complex skin tissues and unveil the differentiation and spatial signatures of epidermal and hair follicle development. However, such studies are lacking so far in sheep. Here, single-cell suspensions from the curly wool and straight wool lambskins were prepared for unbiased scRNA-seq. Based on UAMP dimension reduction analysis, we identified 19 distinct cell populations from 15,830 single-cell transcriptomes and characterized their cellular identity according to specific gene expression profiles. Furthermore, novel marker gene was applied in identifying dermal papilla cells isolated in vitro. By using pseudotime ordering analysis, we constructed the matrix cell lineage differentiation trajectory and revealed the dynamic gene expression profiles of matrix progenitors' commitment to the hair shaft and inner root sheath (IRS) cells. Meanwhile, intercellular communication between mesenchymal and epithelial cells was inferred based on CellChat and the prior knowledge of ligand–receptor pairs. As a result, strong intercellular communication and associated signaling pathways were revealed. Besides, to clarify the molecular mechanism of wool curvature, differentially expressed genes in specific cells between straight wool and curly wool were identified and analyzed. Our findings here provided an unbiased and systematic view of the molecular anatomy of sheep hair follicle comprising 19 clusters; revealed the differentiation, spatial signatures, and intercellular communication underlying sheep hair follicle development; and at the same time revealed the potential molecular mechanism of wool curvature, which will give important new insights into the biology of the sheep hair follicle and has implications for sheep breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhe Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Tianyi Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jingyi Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zehu Yuan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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7
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Tian Y, Yang X, Du J, Zeng W, Wu W, Di J, Huang X, Tian K. Differential Methylation and Transcriptome Integration Analysis Identified Differential Methylation Annotation Genes and Functional Research Related to Hair Follicle Development in Sheep. Front Genet 2021; 12:735827. [PMID: 34659357 PMCID: PMC8515899 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.735827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair follicle growth and development are a complex and long-term physiological process, which is regulated by a variety of physical factors and signal pathways. Increasing the understanding of the epigenetic regulation and function of candidate genes related to hair follicle development will help to better understand the molecular regulatory mechanisms of hair follicle development. In this study, the methylated DNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeDIP-seq) was used to obtain the genome-wide methylation map of the hair follicular development of Super Merino sheep in six stages (fetal skin tissue at 65d, 85d, 105d, 135d, 7d, and 30d after birth). Combined with the results of previous RNA-sequencing, 65 genes were screened out that were both differential methylation and differential expression, including EDN1, LAMC2, NR1D1, RORB, MyOZ3, and WNT2 gene. Differential methylation genes were enriched in Wnt, TNF, TGF-beta, and other signaling pathways related to hair follicle development. The bisulfite sequencing PCR results and MeDIP-seq were basically consistent, indicating that the sequencing results were accurate. As a key gene in the Wnt signaling pathway, both differential methylation and expression gene identified by MeDIP-seq and RNA-seq, further exploration of the function of WNT2 gene revealed that the DNA methylation of exon 5 (CpG11 site) promoted the expression of WNT2 gene. The overexpression vector of lentivirus pLEX-MCS-WNT2 was constructed, and WNT2 gene effectively promoted the proliferation of sheep skin fibroblasts. The results showed that WNT2 gene could promote the growth and development of skin and hair follicles. The results of this study will provide a theoretical basis for further research on sheep hair follicle development and gene regulation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuezhen Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Cashmere and Wool Sheep, Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Xuemei Yang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jianwen Du
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Weidan Zeng
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- The Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Cashmere and Wool Sheep, Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Jiang Di
- The Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Cashmere and Wool Sheep, Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Xixia Huang
- College of Animal Science, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
| | - Kechuan Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Genetics Breeding and Reproduction of Xinjiang Cashmere and Wool Sheep, Institute of Animal Science, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, Urumqi, China
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8
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Yousaf A, Kolodney MS. GWAS Identifies Three Susceptibility Loci for Trichilemmal Cysts. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1221-1223.e5. [PMID: 34537190 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Yousaf
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Michael S Kolodney
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA.
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9
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Žnidarič M, Žurga ŽM, Maver U. Design of In Vitro Hair Follicles for Different Applications in the Treatment of Alopecia-A Review. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040435. [PMID: 33923738 PMCID: PMC8072628 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The hair research field has seen great improvement in recent decades, with in vitro hair follicle (HF) models being extensively developed. However, due to the cellular complexity and number of various molecular interactions that must be coordinated, a fully functional in vitro model of HFs remains elusive. The most common bioengineering approach to grow HFs in vitro is to manipulate their features on cellular and molecular levels, with dermal papilla cells being the main focus. In this study, we focus on providing a better understanding of HFs in general and how they behave in vitro. The first part of the review presents skin morphology with an emphasis on HFs and hair loss. The remainder of the paper evaluates cells, materials, and methods of in vitro growth of HFs. Lastly, in vitro models and assays for evaluating the effects of active compounds on alopecia and hair growth are presented, with the final emphasis on applications of in vitro HFs in hair transplantation. Since the growth of in vitro HFs is a complicated procedure, there is still a great number of unanswered questions aimed at understanding the long-term cycling of HFs without losing inductivity. Incorporating other regions of HFs that lead to the successful formation of different hair classes remains a difficult challenge.
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10
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Geueke A, Niemann C. Stem and progenitor cells in sebaceous gland development, homeostasis and pathologies. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:588-597. [PMID: 33599012 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sebaceous glands (SGs), typically associated with hair follicles, are critical for the homeostasis and function of mammalian skin. The main physiological function of SGs is the production and holocrine secretion of sebum to lubricate and protect the skin. Defective SGs have been linked to a variety of skin disorders, including acne, seborrheic dermatitis and formation of sebaceous tumors. Thus, a better understanding how SGs are formed and maintained is important to unravel the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms of SG pathologies and to find better and effective therapies. Over the last two decades, research has come a long way from the initial identification of skin epithelial stem cells to the isolation and functional characterization of multiple stem cell pools as well as a better understanding of their unique and complex activities that drive skin homeostasis and operate in skin pathologies. Here, we discuss recent progress in unravelling cellular mechanisms underlying SG development, homeostasis and sebaceous tumor formation and assess the role of stem and progenitor cells in controlling SG physiology and disease processes. The development of elegant in vivo imaging as well as various in vitro and ex vivo stem cell and SG tissue models will advance mechanistic studies on SG function and allow drug screening and testing for efficient and successful targeting SG pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Geueke
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CMMC Research Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Catherin Niemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CMMC Research Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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11
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Hintze M, Griesing S, Michels M, Blanck B, Wischhof L, Hartmann D, Bano D, Franz T. Alopecia in Harlequin mutant mice is associated with reduced AIF protein levels and expression of retroviral elements. Mamm Genome 2021; 32:12-29. [PMID: 33367954 PMCID: PMC7878237 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-020-09854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the contribution of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, in supporting hair growth. We report that pelage abnormalities developed during hair follicle (HF) morphogenesis in Harlequin (Hq) mutant mice. Fragility of the hair cortex was associated with decreased expression of genes encoding structural hair proteins, though key transcriptional regulators of HF development were expressed at normal levels. Notably, Aifm1 (R200 del) knockin males and Aifm1(R200 del)/Hq females showed minor hair defects, despite substantially reduced AIF levels. Furthermore, we cloned the integrated ecotropic provirus of the Aifm1Hq allele. We found that its overexpression in wild-type keratinocyte cell lines led to down-regulation of HF-specific Krt84 and Krtap3-3 genes without altering Aifm1 or epidermal Krt5 expression. Together, our findings imply that pelage paucity in Hq mutant mice is mechanistically linked to severe AIF deficiency and is associated with the expression of retroviral elements that might potentially influence the transcriptional regulation of structural hair proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Hintze
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Medical Department, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Griesing
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Dept. of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, 100, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Marion Michels
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Birgit Blanck
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lena Wischhof
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Hartmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniele Bano
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Franz
- Institute of Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty, UKB, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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12
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Guan Y, Yang YJ, Nagarajan P, Ge Y. Transcriptional and signalling regulation of skin epithelial stem cells in homeostasis, wounds and cancer. Exp Dermatol 2020; 30:529-545. [PMID: 33249665 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The epidermis and skin appendages are maintained by their resident epithelial stem cells, which undergo long-term self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. Upon injury, stem cells are activated to mediate re-epithelialization and restore tissue function. During this process, they often mount lineage plasticity and expand their fates in response to damage signals. Stem cell function is tightly controlled by transcription machineries and signalling transductions, many of which derail in degenerative, inflammatory and malignant dermatologic diseases. Here, by describing both well-characterized and newly emerged pathways, we discuss the transcriptional and signalling mechanisms governing skin epithelial homeostasis, wound repair and squamous cancer. Throughout, we highlight common themes underscoring epithelial stem cell plasticity and tissue-level crosstalk in the context of skin physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinglu Guan
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Youn Joo Yang
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yejing Ge
- Department of Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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13
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Weber EL, Lai YC, Lei M, Jiang TX, Chuong CM. Human Fetal Scalp Dermal Papilla Enriched Genes and the Role of R-Spondin-1 in the Restoration of Hair Neogenesis in Adult Mouse Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:583434. [PMID: 33324639 PMCID: PMC7726222 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.583434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Much remains unknown about the regulatory networks which govern the dermal papilla’s (DP) ability to induce hair follicle neogenesis, a capacity which decreases greatly with age. To further define the core genes which characterize the DP cell and to identify pathways prominent in DP cells with greater hair inductive capacity, comparative transcriptome analyses of human fetal and adult dermal follicular cells were performed. 121 genes were significantly upregulated in fetal DP cells in comparison to both fetal dermal sheath cup (DSC) cells and interfollicular dermal (IFD) populations. Comparison of the set of enriched human fetal DP genes with human adult DP, newborn mouse DP, and embryonic mouse dermal condensation (DC) cells revealed differences in the expression of Wnt/β-catenin, Shh, FGF, BMP, and Notch signaling pathways. We chose R-spondin-1, a Wnt agonist, for functional verification and show that exogenous administration restores hair follicle neogenesis from adult mouse cells in skin reconstitution assays. To explore upstream regulators of fetal DP gene expression, we identified twenty-nine transcription factors which are upregulated in human fetal DP cells compared to adult DP cells. Of these, seven transcription factor binding motifs were significantly enriched in the candidate promoter regions of genes differentially expressed between fetal and adult DP cells, suggesting a potential role in the regulatory network which confers the fetal DP phenotype and a possible relationship to the induction of follicle neogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L Weber
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Division of Plastic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Yung-Chih Lai
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Mingxing Lei
- Integrative Stem Cell Center, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,111 Project Laboratory of Biomechanics and Tissue Repair, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Xin Jiang
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cheng-Ming Chuong
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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14
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O'Sullivan JDB, Nicu C, Picard M, Chéret J, Bedogni B, Tobin DJ, Paus R. The biology of human hair greying. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 96:107-128. [PMID: 32965076 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hair greying (canities) is one of the earliest, most visible ageing-associated phenomena, whose modulation by genetic, psychoemotional, oxidative, senescence-associated, metabolic and nutritional factors has long attracted skin biologists, dermatologists, and industry. Greying is of profound psychological and commercial relevance in increasingly ageing populations. In addition, the onset and perpetuation of defective melanin production in the human anagen hair follicle pigmentary unit (HFPU) provides a superb model for interrogating the molecular mechanisms of ageing in a complex human mini-organ, and greying-associated defects in bulge melanocyte stem cells (MSCs) represent an intriguing system of neural crest-derived stem cell senescence. Here, we emphasize that human greying invariably begins with the gradual decline in melanogenesis, including reduced tyrosinase activity, defective melanosome transfer and apoptosis of HFPU melanocytes, and is thus a primary event of the anagen hair bulb, not the bulge. Eventually, the bulge MSC pool becomes depleted as well, at which stage greying becomes largely irreversible. There is still no universally accepted model of human hair greying, and the extent of genetic contributions to greying remains unclear. However, oxidative damage likely is a crucial driver of greying via its disruption of HFPU melanocyte survival, MSC maintenance, and of the enzymatic apparatus of melanogenesis itself. While neuroendocrine factors [e.g. alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), ß-endorphin, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)], and micropthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) are well-known regulators of human hair follicle melanocytes and melanogenesis, how exactly these and other factors [e.g. thyroid hormones, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), P-cadherin, peripheral clock activity] modulate greying requires more detailed study. Other important open questions include how HFPU melanocytes age intrinsically, how psychoemotional stress impacts this process, and how current insights into the gerontobiology of the human HFPU can best be translated into retardation or reversal of greying.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D B O'Sullivan
- Dr. Philip Frost Department for Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, U.S.A
| | - Carina Nicu
- Dr. Philip Frost Department for Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, U.S.A
| | - Martin Picard
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 622 W 168th Street, PH1540N, New York, 10032, U.S.A
| | - Jérémy Chéret
- Dr. Philip Frost Department for Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, U.S.A
| | - Barbara Bedogni
- Dr. Philip Frost Department for Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, U.S.A
| | - Desmond J Tobin
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dr. Philip Frost Department for Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, 33136, U.S.A.,Monasterium Laboratory, Skin & Hair Research Solutions GmbH, Münster, D-48149, Germany.,Centre for Dermatology Research, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, U.K
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15
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Integrative Analysis of Methylome and Transcriptome Reveals the Regulatory Mechanisms of Hair Follicle Morphogenesis in Cashmere Goat. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040969. [PMID: 32295263 PMCID: PMC7226977 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in humans and mice have revealed that hair follicle morphogenesis relies on tightly coordinated ectodermal–mesodermal interactions, involving multiple signals and regulatory factors. DNA methylation and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) play a critical role in early embryonic skin development by controlling gene expression. Acting as an indirect regulator, lncRNA could recruit DNA methyltransferases to specific genomic sites to methylate DNA. However, the molecular regulation mechanisms underlying hair follicle morphogenesis is unclear in cashmere goat. In this study, RNA-seq and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) in embryonic day 65 (E 65) and E 120 skin tissues of cashmere goat were used to reveal this complex regulatory process. The RNA-seq, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry results showed that Wnt signaling played an important role in both hair follicle induction and differentiation stage; transcriptional factors (TFs), including HOXC13, SOX9, SOX21, JUNB, LHX2, VDR, and GATA3, participated in hair follicle differentiation via specific expression at E 120. Subsequently, the combination of WGBS and RNA-seq analysis showed that the expression of some hair follicle differentiation genes and TF genes were negatively correlated with the DNA methylation level generally. A portion of hair follicle differentiation genes were methylated and repressed in the hair follicle induction stage but were subsequently demethylated and expressed during the hair follicle differentiation stage, suggesting that DNA methylation plays an important role in hair morphogenesis by regulating associated gene expression. Furthermore, 45 upregulated and 147 downregulated lncRNAs in E 120 compared with E 65 were identified by lncRNA mapping, and then the potential differentially expressed lncRNAs associated with DNA methylation on the target gene were revealed. In conclusion, critical signals and genes were revealed during hair follicle morphogenesis in the cashmere goat. In this process, DNA methylation was lower in the hair follicle differentiation compared with the hair follicle induction stage and may play an important role in hair morphogenesis by regulating associated gene expression. Furthermore, potential lncRNAs associated with DNA methylation on target genes were delineated. This study enriches the regulatory network and molecular mechanisms on hair morphogenesis.
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16
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Hereditary Trichilemmal Cysts are Caused by Two Hits to the Same Copy of the Phospholipase C Delta 1 Gene (PLCD1). Sci Rep 2020; 10:6035. [PMID: 32265483 PMCID: PMC7138793 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62959-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The autosomal dominant presentation of trichilemmal cysts is one of the most common single gene familial diseases in humans. However, the genetic basis for the inheritance and genesis of these lesions has remained unknown. We first studied patients with multiple trichilemmal cysts using exome and Sanger sequencing. Remarkably, 21 of 21 trichilemmal cysts from 16 subjects all harbored a somatic p.S745L (c.2234 G > A) mutation in phospholipase C delta 1 (PLCD1), a proposed tumor suppressor gene. In addition to this specific somatic mutation in their tumors, 16 of the 17 subjects with multiple trichilemmal cysts were also heterozygous for a p.S460L (c.1379 G > A) germline variant in PLCD1 which is normally present in only about 6% of this population. The one patient of 17 that did not show the p.S460L germline variant had a germline p.E455K (c.1363 C > T) mutation in the same exon of PLCD1. Among 15 additional subjects, with a history suggesting a single sporadic trichilemmal cyst, six were likely familial due to the presence of the p.S460L germline variant. Of the remaining truly sporadic trichilemmal cysts that could be sequenced, only half showed the p.S745L somatic mutation in contrast to 100% of the familial cysts. Surprisingly, in contrast to Knudsen’s two hit hypothesis, the p.S745L somatic mutation was always on the same chromosome as the p.S460L germline variant. Our results indicate that familial trichilemmal cysts is an autosomal dominant tumor syndrome resulting from two hits to the same allele of PLCD1 tumor suppressor gene. The c.1379 G > A base change and neighboring bases are consistent with a mutation caused by ultraviolet radiation. Our findings also indicate that approximately one-third of apparently sporadic trichilemmal cysts are actually familial with incomplete penetrance. Sequencing data suggests that the remaining, apparently sporadic, trichilemmal cysts are genetically distinct from familial cysts due to a lack of the germline mutations that underlie familial cysts and a decreased prevalence of the p.S745L somatic mutation relative to familial trichilemmal cysts.
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17
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Houschyar KS, Borrelli MR, Tapking C, Popp D, Puladi B, Ooms M, Chelliah MP, Rein S, Pförringer D, Thor D, Reumuth G, Wallner C, Branski LK, Siemers F, Grieb G, Lehnhardt M, Yazdi AS, Maan ZN, Duscher D. Molecular Mechanisms of Hair Growth and Regeneration: Current Understanding and Novel Paradigms. Dermatology 2020; 236:271-280. [PMID: 32163945 DOI: 10.1159/000506155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hair is a defining feature of mammals and has critical functions, including protection, production of sebum, apocrine sweat and pheromones, social and sexual interactions, thermoregulation, and provision of stem cells for skin homeostasis, regeneration, and repair. The hair follicle (HF) is considered a "mini-organ," consisting of intricate and well-organized structures which originate from HF stem and progenitor cells. Dermal papilla cells are the main components of the mesenchymal compartments in the hair bulb and are instrumental in generating signals to regulate the behavior of neighboring epithelial cells during the hair cycle. Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions within the dermal papilla niche drive HF embryonic development as well as the postnatal hair growth and regeneration cycle. This review summarizes the current understanding of HF development, repair, and regeneration, with special focus on cell signaling pathways governing these processes. In particular, we discuss emerging paradigms of molecular signaling governing the dermal papilla-epithelial cellular interactions during hair growth and maintenance and the recent progress made towards tissue engineering of human hair follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khosrow Siamak Houschyar
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Mimi R Borrelli
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Christian Tapking
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Department of Hand, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Burn Trauma Center, BG Trauma Center Ludwigshafen, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Popp
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Behrus Puladi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark Ooms
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
| | - Malcolm P Chelliah
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Susanne Rein
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Center, Clinic St. Georg, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dominik Pförringer
- Clinic and Policlinic of Trauma Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Dominik Thor
- College of Pharmacy, University of Florida Gainesville, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Georg Reumuth
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Christoph Wallner
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ludwik K Branski
- Department of Surgery, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Galveston, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Frank Siemers
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery, Burn Unit, Trauma Center Bergmannstrost Halle, Halle, Germany
| | - Gerrit Grieb
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Havelhoehe, Teaching Hospital of the Charité Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Lehnhardt
- Department of Plastic Surgery, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Amir S Yazdi
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Zeshaan N Maan
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dominik Duscher
- Department of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany,
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18
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Gentile P, Garcovich S. Advances in Regenerative Stem Cell Therapy in Androgenic Alopecia and Hair Loss: Wnt pathway, Growth-Factor, and Mesenchymal Stem Cell Signaling Impact Analysis on Cell Growth and Hair Follicle Development. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050466. [PMID: 31100937 PMCID: PMC6562814 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of stem cells has been reported to improve hair regrowth in several therapeutic strategies, including reversing the pathological mechanisms, that contribute to hair loss, regeneration of hair follicles, or creating hair using the tissue-engineering approach. Although various promising stem cell approaches are progressing via pre-clinical models to clinical trials, intraoperative stem cell treatments with a one-step procedure offer a quicker result by incorporating an autologous cell source without manipulation, which may be injected by surgeons through a well-established clinical practice. Many authors have concentrated on adipose-derived stromal vascular cells due to their ability to separate into numerous cell genealogies, platelet-rich plasma for its ability to enhance cell multiplication and neo-angiogenesis, as well as human follicle mesenchymal stem cells. In this paper, the significant improvements in intraoperative stem cell approaches, from in vivo models to clinical investigations, are reviewed. The potential regenerative instruments and functions of various cell populaces in the hair regrowth process are discussed. The addition of Wnt signaling in dermal papilla cells is considered a key factor in stimulating hair growth. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived signaling and growth factors obtained by platelets influence hair growth through cellular proliferation to prolong the anagen phase (FGF-7), induce cell growth (ERK activation), stimulate hair follicle development (β-catenin), and suppress apoptotic cues (Bcl-2 release and Akt activation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Gentile
- Surgical Science Department, Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Unit, University of "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Simone Garcovich
- Institute of Dermatology, F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCSS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.
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19
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Owczarczyk-Saczonek A, Krajewska-Włodarczyk M, Kruszewska A, Banasiak Ł, Placek W, Maksymowicz W, Wojtkiewicz J. Therapeutic Potential of Stem Cells in Follicle Regeneration. Stem Cells Int 2018; 2018:1049641. [PMID: 30154860 PMCID: PMC6098866 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1049641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alopecia is caused by a variety of factors which affect the hair cycle and decrease stem cell activity and hair follicle regeneration capability. This process causes lower self-acceptance, which may result in depression and anxiety. However, an early onset of androgenic alopecia is associated with an increased incidence of the metabolic syndrome and an increased risk of the cardiac ischaemic disease. The ubiquity of alopecia provides an encouragement to seek new, more effective therapies aimed at hair follicle regeneration and neoregeneration. We know that stem cells can be used to regenerate hair in several therapeutic strategies: reversing the pathological mechanisms which contribute to hair loss, regeneration of complete hair follicles from their parts, and neogenesis of hair follicles from a stem cell culture with isolated cells or tissue engineering. Hair transplant has become a conventional treatment technique in androgenic alopecia (micrografts). Although an autologous transplant is regarded as the gold standard, its usability is limited, because of both a limited amount of material and a reduced viability of cells obtained in this way. The new therapeutic options are adipose-derived stem cells and stem cells from Wharton's jelly. They seem an ideal cell population for use in regenerative medicine because of the absence of immunogenic properties and their ease of obtainment, multipotential character, ease of differentiating into various cell lines, and considerable potential for angiogenesis. In this article, we presented advantages and limitations of using these types of cells in alopecia treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Owczarczyk-Saczonek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | | | - Anna Kruszewska
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Łukasz Banasiak
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, L. Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Toruń, Poland
| | - Waldemar Placek
- Department of Dermatology, Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Wojciech Maksymowicz
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Wojtkiewicz
- Foundation for Nerve Cell Regeneration, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
- Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
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20
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Nie Y, Li S, Zheng X, Chen W, Li X, Liu Z, Hu Y, Qiao H, Qi Q, Pei Q, Cai D, Yu M, Mou C. Transcriptome Reveals Long Non-coding RNAs and mRNAs Involved in Primary Wool Follicle Induction in Carpet Sheep Fetal Skin. Front Physiol 2018; 9:446. [PMID: 29867522 PMCID: PMC5968378 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine primary hair follicle induction is driven by the communication between the mesenchyme and epithelium and mostly governed by signaling pathways including wingless-related integration site (WNT), ectodysplasin A receptor (EDAR), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), and fibroblast growth factor (FGF), as observed in genetically modified mouse models. Sheep skin may serve as a valuable system for hair research owing to the co-existence of sweat glands with wool follicles in trunk skin and asynchronized wool follicle growth pattern similar to that of human head hair follicles. However, the mechanisms underlying wool follicle development remain largely unknown. To understand how long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and mRNAs function in primary wool follicle induction in carpet wool sheep, we conducted high-throughput RNA sequencing and revealed globally altered lncRNAs (36 upregulated and 26 downregulated), mRNAs (228 elevated and 225 decreased), and 80 differentially expressed novel transcripts. Several key signals in WNT (WNT2B and WNT16), BMP (BMP3, BMP4, and BMP7), EDAR (EDAR and EDARADD), and FGF (FGFR2 and FGF20) pathways, and a series of lncRNAs, including XLOC_539599, XLOC_556463, XLOC_015081, XLOC_1285606, XLOC_297809, and XLOC_764219, were shown to be potentially important for primary wool follicle induction. GO and KEGG analyses of differentially expressed mRNAs and potential targets of altered lncRNAs were both significantly enriched in morphogenesis biological processes and transforming growth factor-β, Hedgehog, and PI3K-Akt signaling, as well as focal adhesion and extracellular matrix-receptor interactions. The prediction of mRNA-mRNA and lncRNA-mRNA interaction networks further revealed transcripts potentially involved in primary wool follicle induction. The expression patterns of mRNAs and lncRNAs of interest were validated by qRT-PCR. The localization of XLOC_297809 and XLOC_764219 both in placodes and dermal condensations was detected by in situ hybridization, indicating important roles of lncRNAs in primary wool follicle induction and skin development. This is the first report elucidating the gene network of lncRNAs and mRNAs associated with primary wool follicle early development in carpet wool sheep and will shed new light on selective wool sheep breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Nie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaomei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - XinTing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenshuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueer Li
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong Hu
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai, China
| | - Haisheng Qiao
- Qinghai Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai, China
| | - Quanqing Qi
- Sanjiaocheng Sheep Breeding Farm, Qinghai, China
| | - Quanbang Pei
- Sanjiaocheng Sheep Breeding Farm, Qinghai, China
| | - Danzhuoma Cai
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Qinghai, China
| | - Mei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunyan Mou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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21
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Severin RK, Li X, Qian K, Mueller AC, Petukhova L. Computational derivation of a molecular framework for hair follicle biology from disease genes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16303. [PMID: 29176608 PMCID: PMC5701154 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about genetic drivers of disease increases the efficiency of interpreting patient DNA sequence and helps to identify and prioritize biological points of intervention. Discoveries of genes with single mutations exerting substantial phenotypic impact reliably provide new biological insight, although such approaches tend to generate knowledge that is disjointed from the complexity of biological systems governed by elaborate networks. Here we sought to facilitate diagnostic sequencing for hair disorders and assess the underlying biology by compiling an archive of 684 genes discovered in studies of monogenic disorders and identifying molecular annotations enriched by them. To demonstrate utility for this dataset, we performed two data driven analyses. First, we extracted and analyzed data implicating enriched signaling pathways and identified previously unrecognized contributions from Hippo signaling. Second, we performed hierarchical clustering on the entire dataset to investigate the underlying causal structure of hair disorders. We identified 35 gene clusters representing genetically derived biological modules that provide a foundation for the development of a new disease taxonomy grounded in biology, rather than clinical presentations alone. This Resource will be useful for diagnostic sequencing in patients with diseases affecting the hair follicle, improved characterization of hair follicle biology, and methods development in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Severin
- Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xinwei Li
- Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kun Qian
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Lynn Petukhova
- Department of Dermatology, College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA.
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22
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Lin CL, Xu R, Yi JK, Li F, Chen J, Jones EC, Slutsky JB, Huang L, Rigas B, Cao J, Zhong X, Snider AJ, Obeid LM, Hannun YA, Mao C. Alkaline Ceramidase 1 Protects Mice from Premature Hair Loss by Maintaining the Homeostasis of Hair Follicle Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2017; 9:1488-1500. [PMID: 29056331 PMCID: PMC5829345 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramides and their metabolites are important for the homeostasis of the epidermis, but much remains unknown about the roles of specific pathways of ceramide metabolism in skin biology. With a mouse model deficient in the alkaline ceramidase (Acer1) gene, we demonstrate that ACER1 plays a key role in the homeostasis of the epidermis and its appendages by controlling the metabolism of ceramides. Loss of Acer1 elevated the levels of various ceramides and sphingoid bases in the skin and caused progressive hair loss in mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that loss of Acer1 widened follicular infundibulum and caused progressive loss of hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) due to reduced survival and stemness. These results suggest that ACER1 plays a key role in maintaining the homeostasis of HFSCs, and thereby the hair follicle structure and function, by regulating the metabolism of ceramides in the epidermis. Acer1 is a skin-specific ceramidase that controls the catabolism of ceramides Acer1 plays a key role in the homeostasis of the epidermis and its appendages Acer1−/− mice suffer from progressive alopecia Loss of Acer1 progressively depletes the population of hair follicle stem cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Li Lin
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Medicine and Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, HSC T15-023, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ruijuan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Medicine and Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, HSC T15-023, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jae Kyo Yi
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Medicine and Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, HSC T15-023, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Medicine and Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, HSC T15-023, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Evan C Jones
- Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jordan B Slutsky
- Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Liqun Huang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Basil Rigas
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Jian Cao
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhong
- Industrial Technology Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ashley J Snider
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Medicine and Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, HSC T15-023, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Lina M Obeid
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Medicine and Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, HSC T15-023, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Medicine and Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, HSC T15-023, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Cungui Mao
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Medicine and Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, HSC T15-023, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Dermatology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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Ji ZH, Chen J, Gao W, Zhang JY, Quan FS, Hu JP, Yuan B, Ren WZ. Cutaneous transcriptome analysis in NIH hairless mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182463. [PMID: 28787439 PMCID: PMC5546695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with spontaneous coat mutations are ideal animal models for studying skin development and tumorigenesis. In this study, skin hair growth cycle abnormalities were examined in NIH hairless mice 42 days after birth (P42) by using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. To examine the gene expression patterns in the skin of mutant mice, the dorsal skin of P42 female NIH mice and NIH hairless mice was sequenced by RNA-Seq, and 5,068 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified (false discovery rate [FDR] ≥ 2, P < 0.05). A pathway analysis showed that basal cell carcinoma, the cell cycle and the Hippo, Hedgehog and Wnt signaling pathways were up-regulated in NIH hairless mice. Previous studies have shown that these pathways are closely associated with cell proliferation, cell cycle, organ size and cancer development. In contrast, signal transduction, bacterial and parasitic infection, and receptor-mediated pathways, including calcium signaling, were down-regulated in NIH hairless mice. A gene interaction network analysis was performed to identify genes related to hair follicle development. To verify the reliability of the RNA-Seq results, we used q-PCR to analyze 12 key genes identified from the gene interaction network analysis, including eight down-regulated and four up-regulated genes, and the results confirmed the reliability of the RNA-Seq results. Finally, we constructed the differential gene expression profiles of mutant mice by RNA-Seq. NIH hairless mice exhibited abnormalities in hair development and immune-related pathways. Pik3r1 and Pik3r3 were identified as key genes, laying the foundation for additional in-depth studies of hairless mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hao Ji
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jian Chen
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jin-Yu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Fu-Shi Quan
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jin-Ping Hu
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Bao Yuan
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Ren
- Department of Laboratory Animals, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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24
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Ehrmann C, Schneider MR. Genetically modified laboratory mice with sebaceous glands abnormalities. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4623-4642. [PMID: 27457558 PMCID: PMC11108334 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sebaceous glands (SG) are exocrine glands that release their product by holocrine secretion, meaning that the whole cell becomes a secretion following disruption of the membrane. SG may be found in association with a hair follicle, forming the pilosebaceous unit, or as modified SG at different body sites such as the eyelids (Meibomian glands) or the preputial glands. Depending on their location, SG fulfill a number of functions, including protection of the skin and fur, thermoregulation, formation of the tear lipid film, and pheromone-based communication. Accordingly, SG abnormalities are associated with several diseases such as acne, cicatricial alopecia, and dry eye disease. An increasing number of genetically modified laboratory mouse lines develop SG abnormalities, and their study may provide important clues regarding the molecular pathways regulating SG development, physiology, and pathology. Here, we summarize in tabulated form the available mouse lines with SG abnormalities and, focusing on selected examples, discuss the insights they provide into SG biology and pathology. We hope this survey will become a helpful information source for researchers with a primary interest in SG but also as for researchers from unrelated fields that are unexpectedly confronted with a SG phenotype in newly generated mouse lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ehrmann
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlon R Schneider
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, LMU Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25, 81377, Munich, Germany.
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25
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Smith AA, Li J, Liu B, Hunter D, Pyles M, Gillette M, Dhamdhere GR, Abo A, Oro A, Helms JA. Activating Hair Follicle Stem Cells via R-spondin2 to Stimulate Hair Growth. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1549-1558. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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26
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Lv X, Sun W, Yin J, Ni R, Su R, Wang Q, Gao W, Bao J, Yu J, Wang L, Chen L. An Integrated Analysis of MicroRNA and mRNA Expression Profiles to Identify RNA Expression Signatures in Lambskin Hair Follicles in Hu Sheep. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157463. [PMID: 27404636 PMCID: PMC4942090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Wave patterns in lambskin hair follicles are an important factor determining the quality of sheep’s wool. Hair follicles in lambskin from Hu sheep, a breed unique to China, have 3 types of waves, designated as large, medium, and small. The quality of wool from small wave follicles is excellent, while the quality of large waves is considered poor. Because no molecular and biological studies on hair follicles of these sheep have been conducted to date, the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of different wave patterns is currently unknown. The aim of this article was to screen the candidate microRNAs (miRNA) and genes for the development of hair follicles in Hu sheep. Two-day-old Hu lambs were selected from full-sib individuals that showed large, medium, and small waves. Integrated analysis of microRNA and mRNA expression profiles employed high-throughout sequencing technology. Approximately 13, 24, and 18 differentially expressed miRNAs were found between small and large waves, small and medium waves, and medium and large waves, respectively. A total of 54, 190, and 81 differentially expressed genes were found between small and large waves, small and medium waves, and medium and large waves, respectively, by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. Differentially expressed genes were classified using gene ontology and pathway analyses. They were found to be mainly involved in cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, growth, immune response, and ion transport, and were associated with MAPK and the Notch signaling pathway. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses of differentially-expressed miRNA and genes were consistent with sequencing results. Integrated analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression indicated that, compared to small waves, large waves included 4 downregulated miRNAs that had regulatory effects on 8 upregulated genes and 3 upregulated miRNAs, which in turn influenced 13 downregulated genes. Compared to small waves, medium waves included 13 downregulated miRNAs that had regulatory effects on 64 upregulated genes and 4 upregulated miRNAs, which in turn had regulatory effects on 22 downregulated genes. Compared to medium waves, large waves consisted of 13 upregulated miRNAs that had regulatory effects on 48 downregulated genes. These differentially expressed miRNAs and genes may play a significant role in forming different patterns, and provide evidence for the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of hair follicles of varying patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Lv
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wei Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jinfeng Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Rong Ni
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Rui Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qingzeng Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wen Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiarui Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Bureau of Suzhou City, Suzhou, China
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27
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Taatjes DJ, Roth J. The Histochemistry and Cell Biology omnium-gatherum: the year 2015 in review. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 145:239-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1417-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Oh JW, Kloepper J, Langan EA, Kim Y, Yeo J, Kim MJ, Hsi TC, Rose C, Yoon GS, Lee SJ, Seykora J, Kim JC, Sung YK, Kim M, Paus R, Plikus MV. A Guide to Studying Human Hair Follicle Cycling In Vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:34-44. [PMID: 26763421 PMCID: PMC4785090 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hair follicles (HFs) undergo lifelong cyclical transformations, progressing through stages of rapid growth (anagen), regression (catagen), and relative "quiescence" (telogen). Given that HF cycling abnormalities underlie many human hair growth disorders, the accurate classification of individual cycle stages within skin biopsies is clinically important and essential for hair research. For preclinical human hair research purposes, human scalp skin can be xenografted onto immunocompromised mice to study human HF cycling and manipulate long-lasting anagen in vivo. Although available for mice, a comprehensive guide on how to recognize different human hair cycle stages in vivo is lacking. In this article, we present such a guide, which uses objective, well-defined, and reproducible criteria, and integrates simple morphological indicators with advanced, (immuno)-histochemical markers. This guide also characterizes human HF cycling in xenografts and highlights the utility of this model for in vivo hair research. Detailed schematic drawings and representative micrographs provide examples of how best to identify human HF stages, even in suboptimally sectioned tissue, and practical recommendations are given for designing human-on-mouse hair cycle experiments. Thus, this guide seeks to offer a benchmark for human hair cycle stage classification, for both hair research experts and newcomers to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Oh
- Hair Transplantation Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea; Department of Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Ewan A Langan
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Comprehensive Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Yongsoo Kim
- Division of Molecular Pathology, the Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joongyeub Yeo
- Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Min Ji Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tsai-Ching Hsi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Christian Rose
- Dermatohistologisches Labor Rose/Bartsch, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ghil Suk Yoon
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Seok-Jong Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - John Seykora
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jung Chul Kim
- Hair Transplantation Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea; Department of Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Young Kwan Sung
- Department of Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Moonkyu Kim
- Hair Transplantation Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Korea; Department of Immunology, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea.
| | - Ralf Paus
- Dermatology Research Centre, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
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29
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Sundberg JP, Silva KA, King LE, Pratt CH. Skin Diseases in Laboratory Mice: Approaches to Drug Target Identification and Efficacy Screening. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1438:199-224. [PMID: 27150092 PMCID: PMC5301944 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3661-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
A large variety of mouse models for human skin, hair, and nail diseases are readily available from investigators and vendors worldwide. Mouse skin is a simple organ to observe lesions and their response to therapy, but identifying and monitoring the progress of treatments of mouse skin diseases can still be challenging. This chapter provides an overview on how to use the laboratory mouse as a preclinical tool to evaluate efficacy of new compounds or test potential new uses for compounds approved for use for treating an unrelated disease. Basic approaches to handling mice, applying compounds, and quantifying effects of the treatment are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609-1500, USA.
| | - Kathleen A Silva
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609-1500, USA
| | - Lloyd E King
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C Herbert Pratt
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609-1500, USA
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30
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Geyfman M, Plikus MV, Treffeisen E, Andersen B, Paus R. Resting no more: re-defining telogen, the maintenance stage of the hair growth cycle. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 90:1179-96. [PMID: 25410793 PMCID: PMC4437968 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hair follicle (HF) represents a prototypic ectodermal-mesodermal interaction system in which central questions of modern biology can be studied. A unique feature of these stem-cell-rich mini-organs is that they undergo life-long, cyclic transformations between stages of active regeneration (anagen), apoptotic involution (catagen), and relative proliferative quiescence (telogen). Due to the low proliferation rate and small size of the HF during telogen, this stage was conventionally thought of as a stage of dormancy. However, multiple lines of newly emerging evidence show that HFs during telogen are anything but dormant. Here, we emphasize that telogen is a highly energy-efficient default state of the mammalian coat, whose function centres around maintenance of the hair fibre and prompt responses to its loss. While actively retaining hair fibres with minimal energy expenditure, telogen HFs can launch a new regeneration cycle in response to a variety of stimuli originating in their autonomous micro-environment (including its stem cell niche) as well as in their external tissue macro-environment. Regenerative responses of telogen HFs change as a function of time and can be divided into two sub-stages: early 'refractory' and late 'competent' telogen. These changing activities are reflected in hundreds of dynamically regulated genes in telogen skin, possibly aimed at establishing a fast response-signalling environment to trauma and other disturbances of skin homeostasis. Furthermore, telogen is an interpreter of circadian output in the timing of anagen initiation and the key stage during which the subsequent organ regeneration (anagen) is actively prepared by suppressing molecular brakes on hair growth while activating pro-regenerative signals. Thus, telogen may serve as an excellent model system for dissecting signalling and cellular interactions that precede the active 'regenerative mode' of tissue remodeling. This revised understanding of telogen biology also points to intriguing new therapeutic avenues in the management of common human hair growth disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Geyfman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Maksim V. Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elsa Treffeisen
- Department of Dermatology, Kligman Labouratories, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bogi Andersen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute for Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ralf Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
- Institute of Inflammation and Repair, and Dermatology Centre, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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31
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A 1-bp deletion in Fgf5 causes male-dominant long hair in the Syrian hamster. Mamm Genome 2015; 26:630-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-015-9608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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32
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Gab1 and Mapk Signaling Are Essential in the Hair Cycle and Hair Follicle Stem Cell Quiescence. Cell Rep 2015; 13:561-572. [PMID: 26456821 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gab1 is a scaffold protein that acts downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases. Here, we produced conditional Gab1 mutant mice (by K14- and Krox20-cre) and show that Gab1 mediates crucial signals in the control of both the hair cycle and the self-renewal of hair follicle stem cells. Remarkably, mutant hair follicles do not enter catagen, the destructive phase of the hair cycle. Instead, hair follicle stem cells lose quiescence and become exhausted, and thus no stem cell niches are established in the bulges. Moreover, conditional sustained activation of Mapk signaling by expression of a gain-of-function Mek1(DD) allele (by Krox20-cre) rescues hair cycle deficits and restores quiescence of the stem cells. Our data thus demonstrate an essential role of Gab1 downstream of receptor tyrosine kinases and upstream of Shp2 and Mapk in the regulation of the hair cycle and the self-renewal of hair follicle stem cells.
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34
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Liu B, Xu Y, Li WL, Zeng L. Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed skin proteins in iRhom2(Uncv) mice. BMB Rep 2015; 48:19-24. [PMID: 24667173 PMCID: PMC4345637 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.1.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A mouse homozygous for the spontaneous mutation uncovered (Uncv) has a hairless phenotype. A 309-bp non-frameshift deletion mutation in the N-terminal cytoplasmic domain of iRhom2 was identified in Uncv mice (iRhom2Uncv) using target region sequencing. The detailed molecular basis for how the iRhom2 mutation causes the hairless phenotype observed in the homozygous iRhom2Uncv mouse remains unknown. To identify differentially expressed proteins in the skin of wild-type and homozygous iRhom2Uncv littermates at postnatal day 5, proteomic approaches, including two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were used. Twelve proteins were differentially expressed in the skin in a comparison between wild-type and homozygous iRhom2Uncv mice. A selection of the proteomic results were tested and verified using qRT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. These data indicate that differentially expressed proteins, especially KRT73, MEMO1 and Coro-1, might participate in the mechanism by which iRhom2 regulates the development of murine skin. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(1): 19-24]
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Liu
- Institute of JingFeng Medical Laboratory Animal, 20 Dongdajie, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- Institute of JingFeng Medical Laboratory Animal, 20 Dongdajie, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- Institute of JingFeng Medical Laboratory Animal, 20 Dongdajie, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Lin Zeng
- Institute of JingFeng Medical Laboratory Animal, 20 Dongdajie, Fengtai, Beijing 100071, China
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35
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Transcription Factor CTIP2 Maintains Hair Follicle Stem Cell Pool and Contributes to Altered Expression of LHX2 and NFATC1. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2593-2602. [PMID: 26176759 PMCID: PMC4640969 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Transcription factor CTIP2 (COUP-TF-interacting protein 2), also known as BCL11B, is expressed in hair follicles of embryonic and adult skin. Ctip2-null mice exhibit reduced hair follicle density during embryonic development. In contrast, conditional inactivation of Ctip2 in epidermis (Ctip2ep−/− mice) leads to a shorter telogen and premature entry into anagen during the second phase of hair cycling without a detectable change in the number of hair follicles. Keratinocytes of the bulge stem cells niche of Ctip2ep−/− mice proliferate more and undergo reduced apoptosis than the corresponding cells of wild-type mice. However, premature activation of follicular stem cells in mice lacking CTIP2 leads to the exhaustion of this stem cell compartment in comparison to Ctip2L2/L2 mice, which retained quiescent follicle stem cells. CTIP2 modulates expression of genes encoding EGFR and NOTCH1 during formation of hair follicles, and those encoding NFATC1 and LHX2 during normal hair cycling in adult skin. The expression of most of these genes is disrupted in mice lacking CTIP2 and these alterations may underlie the phenotype of Ctip2-null and Ctip2ep−/− mice. CTIP2 appears to serve as a transcriptional organizer that integrates input from multiple signaling cues during hair follicle morphogenesis and hair cycling.
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Watabe R, Yamaguchi T, Kabashima-Kubo R, Yoshioka M, Nishio D, Nakamura M. Leptin controls hair follicle cycling. Exp Dermatol 2015; 23:228-9. [PMID: 24494978 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is a cytokine well known for its ability to control body weight and energy metabolism. Several lines of evidence have recently revealed that leptin also plays an important role in wound healing and immune modulation in skin. Sumikawa et al. Exp Dermatol 2014 evaluated the effect of leptin on hair follicle cycling using mutant and wild-type mice. They report that leptin is produced in dermal papilla cells in hair follicles and that leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice show an abnormality in hair follicle cycling. Moreover, leptin injection induced the transition into the growth stage of the hair cycle (anagen). On this basis, it now deserves exploration whether leptin-mediated signalling is a key stimulus for anagen induction and whether this may be targeted to manage human hair disorders with defect in the control of hair follicle cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Watabe
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Fibroblast growth factors stimulate hair growth through β-catenin and Shh expression in C57BL/6 mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:730139. [PMID: 25685806 PMCID: PMC4313060 DOI: 10.1155/2015/730139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Growth factors are involved in the regulation of hair morphogenesis and cycle hair growth. The present study sought to investigate the hair growth promoting activities of three approved growth factor drugs, fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF-10), acidic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-1), and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), and the mechanism of action. We observed that FGFs promoted hair growth by inducing the anagen phase in telogenic C57BL/6 mice. Specifically, the histomorphometric analysis data indicates that topical application of FGFs induced an earlier anagen phase and prolonged the mature anagen phase, in contrast to the control group. Moreover, the immunohistochemical analysis reveals earlier induction of β-catenin and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in hair follicles of the FGFs-treated group. These results suggest that FGFs promote hair growth by inducing the anagen phase in resting hair follicles and might be a potential hair growth-promoting agent.
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Omoto D, Yamaguchi T, Haruyama S, Kabashima-Kubo R, Yoshioka M, Nishio D, Nakamura M. Is Wnt5a overexpression sufficient for generating a psoriasis-like phenotype in transgenic mice? Exp Dermatol 2014; 24:183-4. [PMID: 25496533 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Omoto
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Hair follicle morphogenesis and epidermal homeostasis in we/we wal/wal mice with postnatal alopecia. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 143:481-96. [PMID: 25366125 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mice with skin and hair follicle (HF) defects are common models of human skin disorders. A mutant strain with the we/we wal/wal genotype develops alopecia. We found the hair shaft structure in the pelage of mutant mice to have significant defects. Although these mice lose their hair at 21 days, a label-retaining cell population persists in HFs until at least day 54. Depilation-induced anagen was accomplished in we/we wal/wal mutants but the resulting hair shafts were short and extremely deformed. Serious abnormalities in epidermis stratification and HF morphogenesis exist in we/we wal/wal homozygous E18.5 embryos. There were significantly fewer HF primordia in this mutant compared with wild type. We discovered specific structures, identified as invalid placodes, positive for ectodysplasin A1 receptor, nuclear β-catenin, and LEF1, which failed to invaginate, produced a double basal-like layer of epidermal cells, and lacked cylindrical keratinocytes. Specification of dermal papillae (DP) was impaired, and the papillary dermis expressed alkaline phosphatase and LEF1. We also detected DP-like groups of intensively stained cells in the absence of visible signs of folliculogenesis in the epidermis. We showed differentiation disturbances in the mutant embryonic E18.5 epidermis and HFs: The cornified layer was absent, the width of the spinous layer was reduced, and HFs lacked LEF1-positive precortex cells. In this study, we used a very interesting and useful mouse model of alopecia. The presence of symptoms of skin disorders in we/we wal/wal murine embryos correlates with the postnatal skin phenotype. This correlation may help to evaluate reasons of alopecia.
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Deciphering the functions of the hair follicle infundibulum in skin physiology and disease. Cell Tissue Res 2014; 358:697-704. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-014-1999-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Ceramide synthase 4 deficiency in mice causes lipid alterations in sebum and results in alopecia. Biochem J 2014; 461:147-58. [PMID: 24738593 DOI: 10.1042/bj20131242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Five ceramide synthases (CerS2-CerS6) are expressed in mouse skin. Although CerS3 has been shown to fulfill an essential function during skin development, neither CerS6- nor CerS2-deficient mice show an obvious skin phenotype. In order to study the role of CerS4, we generated CerS4-deficient mice (Cers4-/-) and CerS4-specific antibodies. With these biological tools we analysed the tissue distribution and determined the cell-type specific expression of CerS4 in suprabasal epidermal layers of footpads as well as in sebaceous glands of the dorsal skin. Loss of CerS4 protein leads to an altered lipid composition of the sebum, which is more solidified and therefore might cause progressive hair loss due to physical blocking of the hair canal. We also noticed a strong decrease in C20 1,2-alkane diols consistent with the decrease of wax diesters in the sebum of Cers4-/- mice. Cers4-/- mice at 12 months old display additional epidermal tissue destruction due to dilated and obstructed pilary canals. Mass spectrometric analyses additionally show a strong decrease in C20-containing sphingolipids.
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Early stages of we/we wal/wal mouse hair morphogenesis: light and fluorescent microscopy of the whole-mount epidermis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:856978. [PMID: 24991569 PMCID: PMC4065771 DOI: 10.1155/2014/856978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In adult skin, hair follicles cyclically self-renew in a manner that recapitulates embryonic hair follicle morphogenesis. The most common pathology of hair in adults is alopecia, which is hair loss to different extent. There are a number of murine models of alopecia including spontaneous mutations. In the present study, we worked with double homozygous we/we wal/wal mice which demonstrate symptoms closely resembling human alopecia. Using whole-mount preparations of epidermis of E18.5 embryos we show that hair follicle defects can be revealed as early as during embryonic morphogenesis in these mutants. The number of hair follicles was reduced almost 1.5-fold in mutant skin. The shape of the early stage small follicles was altered in mutant animals as compared to control ones. Additionally, follicles of mutant embryos were wider at the point of conjunction with interfollicular epidermis. We believe that the mutant mice studied represent a fascinating model to address the problem of hair loss. We demonstrated alterations in the morphogenesis of embryonic hair follicle in we/we wal/wal double homozygous mice developing alopecia postnatally. We suppose that incorrect morphogenesis of hair follicles during embryogenesis is closely related to alopecia in the adult life. Unveiling the mechanisms involved in altered embryogenesis may elucidate the pathogenesis of alopecia.
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DeStefano GM, Kurban M, Anyane-Yeboa K, Dall'Armi C, Di Paolo G, Feenstra H, Silverberg N, Rohena L, López-Cepeda LD, Jobanputra V, Fantauzzo KA, Kiuru M, Tadin-Strapps M, Sobrino A, Vitebsky A, Warburton D, Levy B, Salas-Alanis JC, Christiano AM. Mutations in the cholesterol transporter gene ABCA5 are associated with excessive hair overgrowth. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004333. [PMID: 24831815 PMCID: PMC4022463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited hypertrichoses are rare syndromes characterized by excessive hair growth that does not result from androgen stimulation, and are often associated with additional congenital abnormalities. In this study, we investigated the genetic defect in a case of autosomal recessive congenital generalized hypertrichosis terminalis (CGHT) (OMIM135400) using whole-exome sequencing. We identified a single base pair substitution in the 5' donor splice site of intron 32 in the ABC lipid transporter gene ABCA5 that leads to aberrant splicing of the transcript and a decrease in protein levels throughout patient hair follicles. The homozygous recessive disruption of ABCA5 leads to reduced lysosome function, which results in an accumulation of autophagosomes, autophagosomal cargos as well as increased endolysosomal cholesterol in CGHT keratinocytes. In an unrelated sporadic case of CGHT, we identified a 1.3 Mb cryptic deletion of chr17q24.2-q24.3 encompassing ABCA5 and found that ABCA5 levels are dramatically reduced throughout patient hair follicles. Collectively, our findings support ABCA5 as a gene underlying the CGHT phenotype and suggest a novel, previously unrecognized role for this gene in regulating hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M. DeStefano
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mazen Kurban
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Kwame Anyane-Yeboa
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Claudia Dall'Armi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Heather Feenstra
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nanette Silverberg
- St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Luis Rohena
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Vaidehi Jobanputra
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Katherine A. Fantauzzo
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maija Kiuru
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Marija Tadin-Strapps
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Antonio Sobrino
- New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anna Vitebsky
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Dorothy Warburton
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Brynn Levy
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Purba TS, Haslam IS, Poblet E, Jiménez F, Gandarillas A, Izeta A, Paus R. Human epithelial hair follicle stem cells and their progeny: current state of knowledge, the widening gap in translational research and future challenges. Bioessays 2014; 36:513-25. [PMID: 24665045 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial hair follicle stem cells (eHFSCs) are required to generate, maintain and renew the continuously cycling hair follicle (HF), supply cells that produce the keratinized hair shaft and aid in the reepithelialization of injured skin. Therefore, their study is biologically and clinically important, from alopecia to carcinogenesis and regenerative medicine. However, human eHFSCs remain ill defined compared to their murine counterparts, and it is unclear which murine eHFSC markers really apply to the human HF. We address this by reviewing current concepts on human eHFSC biology, their immediate progeny and their molecular markers, focusing on Keratin 15 and 19, CD200, CD34, PHLDA1, and EpCAM/Ber-EP4. After delineating how human eHFSCs may be selectively targeted experimentally, we close by defining as yet unmet key challenges in human eHFSC research. The ultimate goal is to transfer emerging concepts from murine epithelial stem cell biology to human HF physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talveen S Purba
- The Dermatology Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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McElwee KJ, Gilhar A, Tobin DJ, Ramot Y, Sundberg JP, Nakamura M, Bertolini M, Inui S, Tokura Y, Jr LEK, Duque-Estrada B, Tosti A, Keren A, Itami S, Shoenfeld Y, Zlotogorski A, Paus R. What causes alopecia areata? Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:609-26. [PMID: 23947678 PMCID: PMC4094373 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathobiology of alopecia areata (AA), one of the most frequent autoimmune diseases and a major unsolved clinical problem, has intrigued dermatologists, hair biologists and immunologists for decades. Simultaneously, both affected patients and the physicians who take care of them are increasingly frustrated that there is still no fully satisfactory treatment. Much of this frustration results from the fact that the pathobiology of AA remains unclear, and no single AA pathogenesis concept can claim to be universally accepted. In fact, some investigators still harbour doubts whether this even is an autoimmune disease, and the relative importance of CD8(+) T cells, CD4(+) T cells and NKGD2(+) NK or NKT cells and the exact role of genetic factors in AA pathogenesis remain bones of contention. Also, is AA one disease, a spectrum of distinct disease entities or only a response pattern of normal hair follicles to immunologically mediated damage? During the past decade, substantial progress has been made in basic AA-related research, in the development of new models for translationally relevant AA research and in the identification of new therapeutic agents and targets for future AA management. This calls for a re-evaluation and public debate of currently prevalent AA pathobiology concepts. The present Controversies feature takes on this challenge, hoping to attract more skin biologists, immunologists and professional autoimmunity experts to this biologically fascinating and clinically important model disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. J. McElwee
- Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A. Gilhar
- Laboratory for Skin, Research, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Marta Bertolini
| | - D. J. Tobin
- Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Y. Ramot
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah- Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - J. P. Sundberg
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA; Division of Dermatology, Skin Disease Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M. Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan Yoshiki Tokura
| | - M. Bertolini
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany Yehuda Shoenfeld
| | - S. Inui
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y. Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - L. E. King Jr
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA; Division of Dermatology, Skin Disease Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - B. Duque-Estrada
- Instituto de Dermatologia Prof. Rubem David Azulay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Antonella Tosti
| | - A Tosti
- Department of Dermatology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - A. Keren
- Laboratory for Skin, Research, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Marta Bertolini
| | - S. Itami
- Department of Regenerative Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y. Shoenfeld
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - A. Zlotogorski
- Department of Dermatology, Hadassah- Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - R. Paus
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lübeck, Germany; Institute of Inflammation and Repair, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK ,
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Hwang WS, Kim HI, Kim YJ, Kang BC, Lee HS, Oh KH, Lee DS, Yeom SC. Pregnancy in postpartum estrus induces inflammatory milk production and catagen specific pup skin inflammation in interleukin-10 deficient mice. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 72:225-32. [PMID: 23928228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interleukin 10 deficient mice (IL-10(-/-)) showed high incidence of pup alopecia compared to other strains, and pup alopecia was caused by skin inflammation and was recoverable. Pup alopecia of B6.IL-10(-/-) might be related with maternal factor and interleukin-10 deficient phenotype. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were elucidating of maternal factors for inflammatory milk production and characterization of pup alopecia in IL-10(-/-) mice. METHODS Incidences of pup alopecia were analyzed with 13 breeding cases. Comparison between control and alopecia pups and its dams, were conducted with histological examination (H&E, TUNEL assay, immunohistochemistry for F4/80, iNOS, CD206, Gr-1, CD4, CD8, CD11c and CD326), fostering test, forced weaning test, qPCR for tyrosine hydroxylase, flow cytometry, IL-10 inhibition test, BMDM stimulation test and LC/MS analysis. RESULTS Presence of pregnancy in postpartum estrus showed significant correlation with inflammatory milk production and mammary gland involution in B6.IL-10(-/-) mice. There were no different mass in inflammatory milk, but different ionization intensity was detected. Inflammatory milk directly induced hepatocyte steatosis, catagen stage specific hair breaking and alopeicia in pups. Histologically, hypertropy of outer root sheath and macrophage/neutrophil infiltration were typical. CONCLUSION B6.IL-10(-/-) dam with stress such as PPE could produce untimely mammary gland involution and inflammatory milk production. Interleukin 10 is important for maternal stress regulation and protecting inflammatory milk production, also influence severity of pup skin inflammation and alopecia. Remarkably, inflammatory milk induced hepatocyte steatosis, and it could indicate there is abnormal lipid metabolism. This was first report for catagen specific alopecia in mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Sung Hwang
- Biomedical Center for Animal Resource and Development, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea
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