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Lorenzo-Sanz L, Lopez-Cerda M, da Silva-Diz V, Artés MH, Llop S, Penin RM, Bermejo JO, Gonzalez-Suarez E, Esteller M, Viñals F, Espinosa E, Oliva M, Piulats JM, Martin-Liberal J, Muñoz P. Cancer cell plasticity defines response to immunotherapy in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5352. [PMID: 38914547 PMCID: PMC11196727 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) approaches have changed the therapeutic landscape for many tumor types. However, half of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) patients remain unresponsive or develop resistance. Here, we show that, during cSCC progression in male mice, cancer cells acquire epithelial/mesenchymal plasticity and change their immune checkpoint (IC) ligand profile according to their features, dictating the IC pathways involved in immune evasion. Epithelial cancer cells, through the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, and mesenchymal cancer cells, through the CTLA-4/CD80 and TIGIT/CD155 pathways, differentially block antitumor immune responses and determine the response to ICB therapies. Accordingly, the anti-PD-L1/TIGIT combination is the most effective strategy for blocking the growth of cSCCs that contain both epithelial and mesenchymal cancer cells. The expression of E-cadherin/Vimentin/CD80/CD155 proteins in cSCC, HNSCC and melanoma patient samples predicts response to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Collectively, our findings indicate that the selection of ICB therapies should take into account the epithelial/mesenchymal features of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Lorenzo-Sanz
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Lopez-Cerda
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victoria da Silva-Diz
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, 08901, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Marta H Artés
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Llop
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa M Penin
- Pathology Service, Bellvitge University Hospital/IDIBELL, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Oriol Bermejo
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Bellvitge University Hospital/IDIBELL, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Gonzalez-Suarez
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Molecular Oncology, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain
- Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), 08908, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Viñals
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Physiological Sciences Department, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona (UB), 08908, Barcelona, Spain
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO)/IDIBELL, 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enrique Espinosa
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer (CIBERONC), ISCIII, 28029, Madrid, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Autonomous University of Madrid (UAM), 28046, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Oliva
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M Piulats
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Martin-Liberal
- Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Purificación Muñoz
- Oncobell Program, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), 08908, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Kovacs D, Flori E, Bastonini E, Mosca S, Migliano E, Cota C, Zaccarini M, Briganti S, Cardinali G. Targeting Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Counteracts the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Keratinocyte-Derived Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17379. [PMID: 38139209 PMCID: PMC10743516 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system regulates physiological processes, and the modulation of endogenous endocannabinoid (eCB) levels is an attractive tool to contrast the development of pathological skin conditions including cancers. Inhibiting FAAH (fatty acid amide hydrolase), the degradation enzyme of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) leads to the increase in AEA levels, thus enhancing its biological effects. Here, we evaluated the anticancer property of the FAAH inhibitor URB597, investigating its potential to counteract epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process crucially involved in tumor progression. The effects of the compound were determined in primary human keratinocytes, ex vivo skin explants, and the squamous carcinoma cell line A431. Our results demonstrate that URB597 is able to hinder the EMT process by downregulating mesenchymal markers and reducing migratory potential. These effects are associated with the dampening of the AKT/STAT3 signal pathways and reduced release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tumorigenic lipid species. The ability of URB597 to contrast the EMT process provides insight into effective approaches that may also include the use of FAAH inhibitors for the treatment of skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Kovacs
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.K.); (E.F.); (E.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Enrica Flori
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.K.); (E.F.); (E.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Emanuela Bastonini
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.K.); (E.F.); (E.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Sarah Mosca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.K.); (E.F.); (E.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Emilia Migliano
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carlo Cota
- Genetic Research, Molecular Biology and Dermatopathology Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.Z.)
| | - Marco Zaccarini
- Genetic Research, Molecular Biology and Dermatopathology Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (C.C.); (M.Z.)
| | - Stefania Briganti
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.K.); (E.F.); (E.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.)
| | - Giorgia Cardinali
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy; (D.K.); (E.F.); (E.B.); (S.M.); (S.B.)
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3
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Andrades E, Toll A, Deza G, Segura S, Gimeno R, Espadas G, Sabidó E, Haro N, Pozo ÓJ, Bódalo M, Torres P, Pujol RM, Hernández-Muñoz I. Loss of dyskerin facilitates the acquisition of metastatic traits by altering the mevalonate pathway. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201692. [PMID: 36732018 PMCID: PMC9899484 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The initial dissemination of cancer cells from many primary tumors implies intravasation to lymphatic nodes or blood vessels. To investigate the mechanisms involved, we analyzed the expression of small non-coding RNAs in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), a prevalent tumor that mainly spreads to lymph nodes. We report the reduced expression of small nucleolar RNAs in primary cSCCs that metastasized when compared to non-metastasizing cSCCs, and the progressive loss of DKC1 (dyskerin, which stabilizes the small nucleolar RNAs) along the metastasis. DKC1 depletion in cSCC cells triggered lipid metabolism by altering the mevalonate pathway and the acquisition of metastatic traits. Treatment of DKC1-depleted cells with simvastatin, an inhibitor of the mevalonate pathway, blocked the expression of proteins involved in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Consistently, the expression of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase 1 was associated with pathological features of high metastatic risk in cSCC patients. Our data underpin the relevance of the mevalonate metabolism in metastatic dissemination and pave the possible incorporation of therapeutic approaches among the antineoplastic drugs used in routine patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Andrades
- Group of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Dermatological Diseases, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustí Toll
- Group of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Dermatological Diseases, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, University of Barcelona and Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gustavo Deza
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sonia Segura
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Gimeno
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Espadas
- Proteomics Unit, Centre de Regulació Genòmica, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Sabidó
- Proteomics Unit, Centre de Regulació Genòmica, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Haro
- Applied Metabolomics Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar J Pozo
- Applied Metabolomics Research Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Bódalo
- MARGenomics, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paloma Torres
- Group of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Dermatological Diseases, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon M Pujol
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Hernández-Muñoz
- Group of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Dermatological Diseases, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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Flori E, Mosca S, Cardinali G, Briganti S, Ottaviani M, Kovacs D, Manni I, Truglio M, Mastrofrancesco A, Zaccarini M, Cota C, Piaggio G, Picardo M. The Activation of PPARγ by (2Z,4E,6E)-2-methoxyocta-2,4,6-trienoic Acid Counteracts the Epithelial–Mesenchymal Transition Process in Skin Carcinogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071007. [PMID: 37048080 PMCID: PMC10093137 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the most common UV-induced keratinocyte-derived cancer, and its progression is characterized by the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) process. We previously demonstrated that PPARγ activation by 2,4,6-octatrienoic acid (Octa) prevents cutaneous UV damage. We investigated the possible role of the PPARγ activators Octa and the new compound (2Z,4E,6E)-2-methoxyocta-2,4,6-trienoic acid (A02) in targeting keratinocyte-derived skin cancer. Like Octa, A02 exerted a protective effect against UVB-induced oxidative stress and DNA damage in NHKs. In the squamous cell carcinoma A431 cells, A02 inhibited cell proliferation and increased differentiation markers’ expression. Moreover, Octa and even more A02 counteracted the TGF-β1-dependent increase in mesenchymal markers, intracellular ROS, the activation of EMT-related signal transduction pathways, and cells’ migratory capacity. Both compounds, especially A02, counterbalanced the TGF-β1-induced cell membrane lipid remodeling and the release of bioactive lipids involved in EMT. In vivo experiments on a murine model useful to study cell proliferation in adult animals showed the reduction of areas characterized by active cell proliferation in response to A02 topical treatment. In conclusion, targeting PPARγ may be useful for the prevention and treatment of keratinocyte-derived skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Flori
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.F.); (M.P.)
| | - Sarah Mosca
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Cardinali
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Briganti
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Ottaviani
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Kovacs
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Manni
- SAFU Unit, Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Roma, Italy
| | - Mauro Truglio
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Mastrofrancesco
- Laboratory of Cutaneous Physiopathology and Integrated Center of Metabolomics Research, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Zaccarini
- Genetic Research, Molecular Biology and Dermatopathology Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Cota
- Genetic Research, Molecular Biology and Dermatopathology Unit, San Gallicano Dermatological Institute, IRCCS, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Piaggio
- SAFU Unit, Department of Research, Diagnosis and Innovative Technologies, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144 Roma, Italy
| | - Mauro Picardo
- Faculty of Medicine, Unicamillus International Medical University, 00131 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.F.); (M.P.)
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5
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Wang T, Rho O, Eguiarte-Solomon F, DiGiovanni J. Twist1 as a target for prevention of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:62-76. [PMID: 36373194 PMCID: PMC9772054 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) represents an important clinical problem requiring novel approaches for both prevention and treatment. The transcription factor, Twist-related protein 1 (Twist1), has been identified as having a key mechanistic role in the development and progression of cSCC. Studies in relevant mouse models of cSCC have shown that Twist1 regulates epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and stemness driving progression and metastasis of cSCC. In addition, further research has shown that Twist1 regulates the balance between keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation and therefore impacts earlier stages of cSCC development. Through use of keratinocyte specific Twist1 knockout models, a role for this gene in keratinocyte stem cell homeostasis has been revealed. As a transcription factor, Twist1 regulates a large number of genes both in a positive, as well as a negative manner across several interdependent pathways. Studies in keratinocyte specific knockout models have shown that Twist1 upregulates the expression of genes involved in proliferation, stemness, and EMT while downregulating the expression of genes associated with differentiation. Furthermore, a number of compounds, including naturally occurring compounds, have been identified that target Twist1 and can block its effects in cancer cells and in keratinocytes in vivo. Collectively, the current understanding of Twist1 function in cSCC development and progression suggests that it represents a potential target for prevention and treatment of cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingzeng Wang
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, United States
| | - Okkyung Rho
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, United States
| | - Fernando Eguiarte-Solomon
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, United States
| | - John DiGiovanni
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, United States
- Center for Molecular Carcinogenesis and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, United States
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78723, United States
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6
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Genenger B, Perry JR, Ashford B, Ranson M. A tEMTing target? Clinical and experimental evidence for epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (a scoping systematic review). Discov Oncol 2022; 13:42. [PMID: 35666359 PMCID: PMC9170863 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a disease with globally rising incidence and poor prognosis for patients with advanced or metastatic disease. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a driver of metastasis in many carcinomas, and cSCC is no exception. We aimed to provide a systematic overview of the clinical and experimental evidence for EMT in cSCC, with critical appraisal of type and quality of the methodology used. We then used this information as rationale for potential drug targets against advanced and metastatic cSCC. All primary literature encompassing clinical and cell-based or xenograft experimental studies reporting on the role of EMT markers or related signalling pathways in the progression of cSCC were considered. A screen of 3443 search results yielded 86 eligible studies comprising 44 experimental studies, 22 clinical studies, and 20 studies integrating both. From the clinical studies a timeline illustrating the alteration of EMT markers and related signalling was evident based on clinical progression of the disease. The experimental studies reveal connections of EMT with a multitude of factors such as genetic disorders, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and matrix remodelling via matrix metalloproteinases and urokinase plasminogen activator. Additionally, EMT was found to be closely tied to environmental factors as well as to stemness in cSCC via NFκB and β-catenin. We conclude that the canonical EGFR, canonical TGF-βR, PI3K/AKT and NFκB signalling are the four signalling pillars that induce EMT in cSCC and could be valuable therapeutic targets. Despite the complexity, EMT markers and pathways are desirable biomarkers and drug targets for the treatment of advanced or metastatic cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Genenger
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jay R Perry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce Ashford
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
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7
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Stefanovic N, Fitzmaurice CJ, Ormond P, Irvine AD, Barry RB. Risk Factors for Distant Metastasis in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Br J Dermatol 2022; 187:435-436. [PMID: 35318643 PMCID: PMC9545550 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.21250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Stefanovic
- Department of Clinical Medicine, St. James' Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor J Fitzmaurice
- Department of Clinical Medicine, St. James' Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick Ormond
- Department of Dermatology, St. James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan D Irvine
- Department of Clinical Medicine, St. James' Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Dermatology, St. James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rupert B Barry
- Department of Dermatology, St. James' Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in vulvar cancer with and without inguinal lymph node involvement. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2021; 148:1183-1193. [PMID: 34495397 PMCID: PMC9015993 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-021-03715-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is associated with increased metastatic spread and poor prognosis. Data on vulvar carcinoma are limited. Methods Thirty-two cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva (16 with and 16 without inguinal lymph node metastases) and their lymph node deposits were evaluated for immunohistochemical expression of EMT markers (vimentin, cyclin D1, e-cadherin), p16, p53 and Ki-67. Results of EMT-immunostainings were compared to lymph node involvement and expression of p53 and p16. The micro-anatomical staining pattern for EMT markers comparing the tumor center with the front of invasion was analysed in each tumor. Results There was no difference in the expression of EMT markers between node negative and node positive tumors. Staining for vimentin and cyclin D1 was seen within tumor cells at the front of invasion in 100 and 84.4% of the tumors, respectively. The majority of cases (68.7%) showed negative or reduced staining for e-cadherin in this micro-anatomical localization. Tumor cells within the lymph node metastases showed positive staining for e-cadherin in 75% and for cyclin D1 in 49% of the cells but were negative for vimentin in 13 out of 16 cases (81.3%). Tumors with aberrant p53 staining represented a non-significant higher vimentin but significantly higher cyclin D1 expression at the front of invasion than those with p53 wild-type pattern. Conclusion The present study shows no differences in the expression of EMT markers between node positive and node negative vulvar cancers. The evaluation of immunostaining within the micro-anatomical context indicates that an EMT-phenotype is restricted to the tumor cells at the front of invasion. Paired analyses of vulvar carcinomas and their lymph node deposits suggest mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) in the metastatic deposits. Immunohistochemical staining results may suggest that EMT is more prevalent in vulvar cancer with aberrant p53 staining. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00432-021-03715-2.
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9
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Meyer T, Sand M, Schmitz L, Stockfleth E. The Role of Circular RNAs in Keratinocyte Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164240. [PMID: 34439394 PMCID: PMC8392367 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte carcinomas (KC) include basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCC) and represents the most common cancer in Europe and North America. Both entities are characterized by a very high mutational burden, mainly UV signature mutations. Predominately mutated genes in BCC belong to the sonic hedgehog pathway, whereas, in cSCC, TP53, CDKN2A, NOTCH1/2 and others are most frequently mutated. In addition, the dysregulation of factors associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) was shown in invasive cSCC. The expression of factors associated with tumorigenesis can be controlled in several ways and include non-coding RNA molecules, such as micro RNAs (miRNA) long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) and circular RNAs (circRNA). To update findings on circRNA in KC, we reviewed 13 papers published since 2016, identified in a PubMed search. In both BCC and cSCC, numerous circRNAs were identified that were differently expressed compared to healthy skin. Some of them were shown to target miRNAs that are also dysregulated in KC. Moreover, some studies confirmed the biological functions of individual circRNAs involved in cancer development. Thus, circRNAs may be used as biomarkers of disease and disease progression and represent potential targets of new therapeutic approaches for KC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Meyer
- Department of Dermatology St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-234-5096014
| | - Michael Sand
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Josef-Hospital, Heidbergweg 22–24, 45257 Essen, Germany;
| | - Lutz Schmitz
- Institute of Dermatopathology, MVZ Corius DermPath Bonn, GmbH, Trierer Strasse 70–72, 53115 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Eggert Stockfleth
- Department of Dermatology St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, 44791 Bochum, Germany;
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10
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The Correlation Between Immunohistochemistry Findings and Metastasis in Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Review. Dermatol Surg 2021; 47:313-318. [PMID: 33165065 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000002850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common type of skin cancer. Only 2% to 5% of SCCs metastasize; however, those do carry a poor prognosis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is widely used by pathologists to characterize skin cancers and provide clinically useful information. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the potential prognostic associations between IHC findings and metastasis in SCC. METHODS Searches were conducted in MEDLINE via PubMed for articles published between 1999 and 2019. Search criteria included key words "immunohistochemistry" and "cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma." Six hundred and fifty-three articles were returned and screened, which ultimately left 31 for inclusion in our manuscript. RESULTS Thirty-one articles analyzed in this review included a discussion of the expression of a particular IHC marker and the associated risk of metastasis and/or clinical utility of IHC markers in SCC, especially metastatic SCC. Markers that had several or more studies supporting clinical utility were E-cadherin, podoplanin, CD8+ T cells, PD-L1, epidermal growth factor receptor, and Cyclin D1. CONCLUSION Immunohistochemistry profiling of SCC may be useful in select cases when providing a prognosis remains challenging and in identification of potential therapeutic targets for high-risk or metastatic tumors.
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Liao C, Wang Q, An J, Long Q, Wang H, Xiang M, Xiang M, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Liu J, Guan X. Partial EMT in Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Snapshot. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3036-3047. [PMID: 34421348 PMCID: PMC8375241 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.61566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the process of cancer EMT, some subgroups of cancer cells simultaneously exhibit both mesenchymal and epithelial characteristics, a phenomenon termed partial EMT (pEMT). pEMT is a plastic state in which cells coexpress epithelial and mesenchymal markers. In squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), pEMT is regulated, and the phenotype is maintained via the HIPPO pathway, NOTCH pathway and TGF-β pathways and by microRNAs, lncRNAs and the cancer microenvironment (CME); thus, SCC exhibits aggressive tumorigenic properties and high stemness, which leads collective migration and therapy resistance. Few studies have reported therapeutic interventions to address cells that have undergone pEMT, and this approach may be an effective way to inhibit the plasticity, drug resistance and metastatic potential of SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liao
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
- Microbial Resources and Drug Development Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, Life Sciences Institute, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Jiaxing An
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Qian Long
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Meiling Xiang
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Mingli Xiang
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Yujie Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Yulin Liu
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
- Oral Disease Research Key Laboratory of Guizhou Tertiary Institution, School of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563006, China
| | - Xiaoyan Guan
- Department of Orthodontics II, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
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Hippo Signaling Pathway as a New Potential Target in Non-Melanoma Skin Cancers: A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11070680. [PMID: 34357052 PMCID: PMC8306788 DOI: 10.3390/life11070680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs), including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), are the most frequently diagnosed cancers in humans, however, their exact pathogenesis is not fully understood. In recent years, it has been hypothesized that the recently discovered Hippo pathway could play a detrimental role in cutaneous carcinogenesis, but no direct connections have been made. The Hippo pathway and its effector, YAP, are responsible for tissue growth by accelerating cell proliferation, however, YAP upregulation and overexpression have also been reported in numerous types of tumors. There is also evidence that disrupted YAP/Hippo signaling is responsible for cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis. In this short review, we will explore whether the Hippo pathway is an important regulator of skin carcinogenesis and if it could be a promising target for future therapies.
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Downregulation of ARMC8 promotes tumorigenesis through activating Wnt/β-catenin pathway and EMT in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. J Dermatol Sci 2021; 102:184-192. [PMID: 34016486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant expression of Armadillo repeat containing 8 (ARMC8) plays crucial roles in tumor growth and metastasis of various cancers. The specific role of ARMC8 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is yet to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of ARMC8 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cSCC development and provide translational insights for future therapeutics. METHODS cSCC tumor specimens were used to determine the ARMC8 by immunohistochemistry. Three cSCC cell lines including HSC-1, HSC-5 and A431 as well as BALB/C mouse tumor model was utilized to study the potential mechanisms in tumorigenesis. RESULTS Our data identified ARMC8 as a direct downstream target of miR-664. We found that ARMC8 was remarkably low expression in cSCC patient specimens and cSCC cell lines. Knockdown of ARMC8 promotes tumorigenic behaviors such as increased cell proliferation, migration and invasion capacities in vitro and enhanced tumorigenicity in xenograft mouse model. Whereas ARMC8 over-expression inhibits tumorigenesis in cSCC. Together, it revealed ARMC8 functions as a tumor suppressor via restraining Wnt/β-catenin pathway and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cSCC. CONCLUSION Our data verifies that aberrant expression of ARMC8 plays a vital role in carcinogenesis of cSCC. And overexpression of ARMC8 will facilitate future development of cSCC therapeutic interventions.
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14
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Luteolin and cancer metastasis suppression: focus on the role of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Med Oncol 2021; 38:66. [PMID: 33950369 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01508-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a physiological process that assumes a primary role in the induction of cancer metastasis. This results in increased cell renewal, and resistance to cell death and therapies. EMT, therefore, represents an effective strategy for regulating cancerous cell activity. A need for efficacy and low cytotoxicity epithelial to mesenchymal transition modifying drugs has led to the investigational testing of the efficacy of plethora of different groups of phytonutrients. Luteolin is a natural flavonoid inhibits the growth of cancer cells by various mechanisms, such as the stimulation of cancer cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, inhibition of cell replication, tumor growth, improvement of drug resistance, prevention of cancer cell intrusiveness and metastasis. This review article focuses on the anti-cancer and anti-metastatic potential of luteolin targeting various transcription factors, markers and signaling pathways associated with the repression of epithelial to mesenchymal transition.
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Pogorzelska-Dyrbus J, Szepietowski JC. Adhesion Molecules in Non-melanoma Skin Cancers: A Comprehensive Review. In Vivo 2021; 35:1327-1336. [PMID: 33910810 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the most frequently diagnosed cancers, generating significant medical and financial problems. Cutaneous carcinogenesis is a very complex process characterized by genetic and molecular alterations, and mediated by various proteins and pathways. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are transmembrane proteins responsible for cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesion, engaged in all steps of tumor progression. Based on their structures they are divided into five major groups: cadherins, integrins, selectins, immunoglobulins and CD44 family. Cadherins, integrins and CD44 are the most studied in the context of non-melanoma skin cancers. The differences in expression of adhesion molecules may be related to the invasiveness of these tumors, through the loss of tissue integrity, neovascularization and alterations in intercellular signaling processes. In this article, each group of CAMs is briefly described and the present knowledge on their role in the development of non-melanoma skin cancers is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek C Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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16
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Mulvaney PM, Massey PR, Yu KK, Drinan JE, Schmults CD. Differential Molecular Expression Patterns Associated with Metastasis in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 141:2161-2169. [PMID: 33771528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.02.741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The majority of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas are treated by surgical removal; however, approximately 4% of tumors will metastasize. Molecular expression testing may improve accuracy in estimating the prognosis and defining the mechanisms important in the disease progression, which may impact response to therapy. Using PubMed (MEDLINE) and EMBASE, a systematic review was performed to evaluate studies published from January 2005 to August 2019 reporting tumor protein or RNA expression along with either outcomes (metastasis or death) or a comparison of primary with metastatic tumor samples. Inclusion criteria were met by 45 studies containing 81 comparisons of 44 distinct proteins and 25 microRNAs. On meta-analysis of studies analyzing primary tumor samples in terms of later outcomes, high primary tumor expression of PD-L1 (OR = 2.34, 95% confidence interval = 1.09-5.02, P = 0.030), EGFR (OR = 2.57, 95% confidence interval = 1.24-5.33, P = 0.011), and podoplanin (OR = 2.33, 95% confidence interval = 1.00-5.41, P = 0.049) conferred increased odds for metastasis. In comparison, metastatic tissue was more likely to have a high expression of PD-L1 than primary tissue (OR = 3.13, 95% confidence interval = 1.00-9.75, P = 0.049). Further studies are needed to confirm whether testing for PD-L1, EGFR, and podoplanin expression aids in cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas prognostic estimation of metastasis or death or predicts response to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Mulvaney
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paul R Massey
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kenneth K Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jack E Drinan
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chryslayne D Schmults
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a highly prevalent malignancy frequently occurring on body surfaces chronically exposed to ultraviolet radiation. While a large majority of tumors remain localized to the skin and immediate subcutaneous tissue and are cured with surgical excision, a small subset of patients with cSCC will develop metastatic disease. Risk stratification for cSCC is performed using clinical staging systems, but given a high mutational burden and advances in targeted and immunotherapy, there is growing interest in molecular predictors of high-risk disease. RECENT FINDINGS Recent literature on the risk for metastasis in cSCC includes notable findings in genes involved in cell-cycle regulation, tumor suppression, tissue invasion and microenvironment, interactions with the host-immune system, and epigenetic regulation. SUMMARY cSCC is a highly mutated tumor with complex carcinogenesis. Regulators of tumor growth and local invasion are numerous and increasingly well-understood but drivers of metastasis are less established. Areas of importance include central system regulators (NOTCH, miRNAs), proteins involved in tissue invasion (podoplanin, E-cadherin), and targets of existing and emerging therapeutics (PD-1, epidermal growth factor receptor). Given the complexity of cSCC carcinogenesis, the use of machine learning algorithms and computational genomics may provide ultimate insight and prospective studies are needed to verify clinical relevance.
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Noguchi S, Hattori A, Tanimoto N, Nishida R, Hirano K, Wada Y, Matsuyama S, Shimada T, Akiyoshi H. Establishing cell lines for canine tonsillar and non-tonsillar oral squamous cell carcinoma and identifying characteristics associated with malignancy. Tissue Cell 2020; 67:101408. [PMID: 32835941 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2020.101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Canine tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) shows a higher metastasis rate than non-tonsillar oral SCC (NTSCC). The mechanisms of metastasis for TSCC have been less studied, because both TSCC and NTSCC cell lines are few. In this study, 6 cloned TSCC (TSCCLN#1-#6), which were from a metastatic lymph node, and 2 cloned NTSCC (oSCC-1 and -4) cell lines, which were from the primary lesion, were established, and their characteristics were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results showed that increased expression level of Vimentin in TSCC cell lines and increased expression levels of mesenchymal markers including Vimentin, Snail, and Slug in NTSCC cell lines corelated with the malignant phenotypes such as the cell growth and colony formation abilities in vitro. However, expression levels of mesenchymal markers and in vitro characteristics were unrelated to tumorigenic ability in nude mice. Additionally, the expression levels of E-cadherin and Vimentin were also evaluated by immunohistochemistry using the formalin-fixed paraffin embedded canine oral SCC tissues, and the results show that the expression level of Vimentin in TSCC was higher than in NTSCC. In conclusion, the cell lines established in this study might contribute to elucidating the mechanisms involved in TSCC metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Noguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan.
| | - Asuka Hattori
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Nanami Tanimoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Ruisa Nishida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Kazuya Hirano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Yusuke Wada
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsuyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Radiology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Terumasa Shimada
- Veterinary Medical Center, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Hideo Akiyoshi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku Ourai Kita, Izumisano-shi, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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Cañueto J, Tejera-Vaquerizo A, Redondo P, Botella-Estrada R, Puig S, Sanmartin O. A review of terms used to define cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with a poor prognosis. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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The Role of Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma : Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Cutaneous SCC. Curr Treat Options Oncol 2020; 21:47. [PMID: 32350682 DOI: 10.1007/s11864-020-00735-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OPINION STATEMENT The capacity of cells to modify their phenotypes from epithelial to mesenchymal (epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT) and vice versa provides them with a dynamic plasticity essential for human life, from embryogenesis to wound healing. Current knowledge about carcinogenetic mechanisms leaves little doubts on the pivotal participation of these interchangeable processes in cancer development, and their influence has been quite clearly established in the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. A complex and ordered interplay of signals induces the shift between both phenotypes, providing cells with the most suitable state at every moment to face the next step in tumor invasion and dissemination. Some stimulatory triggers have opposite effects according to the biological context and in many cases exert collateral functions. This scenario makes finding an ideal therapeutic target difficult but provides the opportunity to intervene simultaneously at many different levels with small actions such as targeting the tumor environment. In any case, advances in knowledge of the EMT mechanisms and their influence on carcinogenesis and drug resistance will greatly influence the therapeutic strategies for many human tumors, including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma.
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A review of terms used to define cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with a poor prognosis. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2020; 111:281-290. [PMID: 32359704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common cancer in humans and its incidence is both underestimated and on the rise. cSCC is referred to in the literature as high-risk cSCC, locally advanced cSCC, metastatic cSCC, advanced cSCC, and aggressive cSCC. These terms can give rise to confusion and are not always well defined. In this review, we aim to clarify the concepts underlying these terms with a view to standardizing the description of this tumor, something we believe is necessary in light of the new drugs that have been approved or are in development for cSCC.
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Wysong A, Newman JG, Covington KR, Kurley SJ, Ibrahim SF, Farberg AS, Bar A, Cleaver NJ, Somani AK, Panther D, Brodland DG, Zitelli J, Toyohara J, Maher IA, Xia Y, Bibee K, Griego R, Rigel DS, Meldi Plasseraud K, Estrada S, Sholl LM, Johnson C, Cook RW, Schmults CD, Arron ST. Validation of a 40-gene expression profile test to predict metastatic risk in localized high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2020; 84:361-369. [PMID: 32344066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2020.04.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current staging systems for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) have limited positive predictive value for identifying patients who will experience metastasis. OBJECTIVE To develop and validate a gene expression profile (GEP) test for predicting risk for metastasis in localized, high-risk cSCC with the goal of improving risk-directed patient management. METHODS Archival formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary cSCC tissue and clinicopathologic data (n = 586) were collected from 23 independent centers in a prospectively designed study. A GEP signature was developed using a discovery cohort (n = 202) and validated in a separate, nonoverlapping, independent cohort (n = 324). RESULTS A prognostic 40-GEP test was developed and validated, stratifying patients with high-risk cSCC into classes based on metastasis risk: class 1 (low risk), class 2A (high risk), and class 2B (highest risk). For the validation cohort, 3-year metastasis-free survival rates were 91.4%, 80.6%, and 44.0%, respectively. A positive predictive value of 60% was achieved for the highest-risk group (class 2B), an improvement over staging systems, and negative predictive value, sensitivity, and specificity were comparable to staging systems. LIMITATIONS Potential understaging of cases could affect metastasis rate accuracy. CONCLUSION The 40-GEP test is an independent predictor of metastatic risk that can complement current staging systems for patients with high-risk cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Wysong
- University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
| | | | | | | | | | - Aaron S Farberg
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York; Arkansas Dermatology Skin Cancer Center, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Anna Bar
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | | | - David Panther
- Zitelli and Brodland, P.C. Skin Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David G Brodland
- Zitelli and Brodland, P.C. Skin Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John Zitelli
- Zitelli and Brodland, P.C. Skin Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ian A Maher
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Yang Xia
- Brooke Army Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Kristin Bibee
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Estrada
- Castle Biosciences, Inc, Phoenix, Arizona; Affiliated Dermatology, Scottsdale, Arizona
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarah T Arron
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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OVOL2-Mediated ZEB1 Downregulation May Prevent Promotion of Actinic Keratosis to Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030618. [PMID: 32106476 PMCID: PMC7141138 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Progression of actinic keratosis (AK) to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is rare. Most cases of AK remain as intraepidermal lesions, owing to the suppression of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Ovo-like transcriptional repressor 1 (OVOL1) and ovo-like zinc finger 2 (OVOL2) are important modulators of EMT in some tumors, but their roles in skin tumors remain elusive. This study elucidated the roles of OVOL1/2 in AK and cSCC using 30 AK/30 cSCC clinical samples, and an A431 human SCC cell line using immunohistochemistry and molecular biological approaches. Immunohistochemically, OVOL1/2 were upregulated in AK and downregulated in cSCC. Meanwhile, EMT-related factors, vimentin and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) were downregulated in AK and upregulated in cSCC. Moreover, ZEB1 expression was higher in tumors in which OVOL2 expression was low. Thus, we observed an inverse association between OVOL2 and ZEB1 expression in AK and cSCC. Although knockdown of OVOL1 or OVOL2 increased the mRNA and protein levels of ZEB1, only OVOL2 knockdown increased the invasive ability of A431. In conclusion, OVOL2 inhibits ZEB1 expression and may inhibit the promotion of AK into cSCC. OVOL2/ZEB1 axis may be a potential target for preventing the development of cSCC.
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Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Skin Cancers: A Review. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2019; 2019:3851576. [PMID: 31934531 PMCID: PMC6942705 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3851576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in physiologic processes such as embryogenesis and wound healing. A similar mechanism occurs in some tumors where cells leave the epithelial layer and gain mesenchymal particularities in order to easily migrate to other tissues. This process can explain the invasiveness and aggressiveness of these tumors which metastasize, by losing the epithelial phenotype (loss of E-cadherin, desmoplakin, and laminin-1) and acquiring mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin). Complex changes and interactions happen between the tumor cells and the microenvironment involving different pathways, transcription factors, altered expression of adhesion molecules, reorganization of cytoskeletal proteins, production of ECM-degrading enzymes, and changes in specific microRNAs. The purpose of this review is to determine particularities of the EMT process in the most common malignant cutaneous tumors (squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma) which still have an increasingly high incidence. More studies are required on this topic in order to establish clear correlations. High costs related to skin cancer therapies in general as well as high impact on patients' quality of life demand finding new, reliable prognostic and therapeutic markers with significant public health impact.
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Bakshi A, Shafi R, Nelson J, Cantrell WC, Subhadarshani S, Andea A, Athar M, Elmets CA. The clinical course of actinic keratosis correlates with underlying molecular mechanisms. Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:995-1002. [PMID: 31299087 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinic keratoses (AKs) are common premalignant skin lesions triggered by excessive ultraviolet exposure. The majority of AKs regress or persist, but some progress to squamous cell carcinomas. Biomarkers associated with their persistence, progression and regression have not been characterized. OBJECTIVES We performed skin biopsies in patients with extensive actinic damage to identify biomarkers that correlate with clinical progression and regression of AKs. METHODS This was an observational study of a cohort of patients with extensive actinic damage. AKs were mapped on a clear plastic template in 26 patients at months 3, 6, 9 and 11. Biopsies were taken from randomly selected, predetermined AKs and were evaluated for p53, E-cadherin, Snail, Slug and Twist. The study is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00027976. RESULTS p53 exhibited greater expression in clinically apparent AKs (histological score 2·89 ± 1·45) than in regressed AKs (0·75 ± 0·96); P < 0·01. There was also significantly less membrane E-cadherin, the lack of which is a marker of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, in clinically apparent AKs (1·89 ± 1·81) than in sun-exposed skin (3·07 ± 1·75); P < 0·005. The E-cadherin transcription repressors Snail, Slug and Twist were increased in AKs compared with sun-exposed skin. A limitation of the study is that measurement of histological biomarkers was not a primary end point. In addition, patients were allowed to apply sunscreens. CONCLUSIONS At the molecular level, loss of E-cadherin and an increase in p53 are linked to the dynamic interplay between the persistence, progression and regression of AKs. What's already known about this topic? Actinic keratoses (AKs) are common dysplastic epidermal lesions that result from chronic and excessive ultraviolet exposure. Biomarkers associated with progression and regression of AK have not been characterized. What does this study add? Decreased E-cadherin and increased p53, Snail, Slug and Twist (E-cadherin transcription factors) were associated with progression from AK to nonmelanoma skin cancer. What is the translational message? Strategies targeting these molecules may be effective in reversing rising skin cancer rates. E-cadherin, p53, Snail, Slug and Twist are potential biomarkers that may be used to assess the efficacy of existing chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bakshi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A.,Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - R Shafi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A
| | - J Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A
| | - W C Cantrell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A
| | - S Subhadarshani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A
| | - A Andea
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - M Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A
| | - C A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A
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26
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Zhang L, Shan X, Chen Q, Xu D, Fan X, Yu M, Yan Q, Liu J. Downregulation of HDAC3 by ginsenoside Rg3 inhibits epithelial-mesenchymal transition of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma through c-Jun acetylation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:22207-22219. [PMID: 31192452 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The metastatic rate of human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) has increased in recent years. Despite the current advances in therapies, effective treatments remain lacking. Ginsenoside 20(R)-Rg3 is an effective antitumor monomer extracted from ginseng, but the role of Rg3 in CSCC remains unknown. It has been reported that aberrantly elevated histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) is involved in tumor malignancy in multiple malignant tumors. However, the effects of HDAC3 on the regulation of c-Jun acetylation in tumor epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and migration have not been clearly illuminated. In our research, the immunohistochemistry staining results of skin tissue microarrays showed that HDAC3 staining was increased in CSCC compared with the normal dermal tissue. Then, we found that Rg3 treatment (25 and 50 μg/ml) inhibited CSCC cell (A431 and SCC12 cells) EMT through increasing E-cadherin and decreasing N-cadherin, vimentin, and Snail expression. Wound-healing and transwell assays showed that Rg3 could inhibit migration. Meanwhile, Rg3 significantly downregulated the expression of HDAC3 in CSCC cells as detected by real-time quantitative PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence. Importantly, c-Jun acetylation was increased by the downregulation of HDAC3 with HDAC3 shRNA, and the downregulation was associated with CSCC cell EMT inhibition. Collectively, our results showed that downregulation of HDAC3 by Rg3 or shHDAC3 treatment resulted in c-Jun acetylation, which in turn inhibited CSCC cell EMT. These results indicate that HDAC3 could potentially serve as a therapeutic target therapeutic target for CSCC. Rg3 is an attractive and efficient agent that has oncotherapeutic effects and requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Institute (College) of Integrative Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiu Shan
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qun Chen
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Dayu Xu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinling Fan
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ming Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiu Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Liaoning Provincial Core Lab of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiwei Liu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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27
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Clinical significance of epithelial–mesenchymal transition-related markers expression in the micrometastatic sentinel lymph node of NSCLC. Clin Transl Oncol 2019; 22:381-391. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-019-02138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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28
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Koike Y, Yozaki M, Kuwatsuka Y, Utani A. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in Bowen's disease when arising de novo and acquiring invasive capacity. J Dermatol 2018; 45:748-750. [PMID: 29864224 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.14290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Koike
- Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Mariko Yozaki
- Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kuwatsuka
- Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Utani
- Department of Dermatology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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29
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Hernández-Ruiz E, Toll A, García-Diez I, Andrades E, Ferrandiz-Pulido C, Masferrer E, Yébenes M, Jaka A, Gimeno J, Gimeno R, García-Patos V, Pujol RM, Hernández-Muñoz I. The Polycomb proteins RING1B and EZH2 repress the tumoral pro-inflammatory function in metastasizing primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:503-513. [PMID: 29394319 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common malignancy in humans and approximately 5% metastasize, usually to regional lymph nodes. Epigenetic regulation of gene expression may allow tumoral cells to acquire new functions in order to escape from the primary tumor. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression and function of proteins of the Polycomb family of epigenetic regulators in the metastatic process of cSCC. A higher expression of RING1B and EZH2 was detected by immunohistochemistry in a series of primary cSCC tumors that metastasized (MSCCs) when compared with non-metastasizing cSCCs (non-MSCCs). Stable downregulation of RING1B and EZH2 in cSCC cells results in enhanced expression of inflammatory cytokines and activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Accordingly, non-MSCCs display higher levels of membranous pS176-inhibitor of NF-kB kinase, and their stroma is enriched in neutrophils and eosinophils when compared with MSCCs. In vitro, hematopoietic cells exhibit a substantial migratory response to supernatants from Polycomb-depleted cSCC cells. Altogether, these data indicate that RING1B and EZH2 repress the innate inflammatory cSCC function and impair tumor immunosurveillance and suggest that patients with high-risk cSCCs could benefit from clinical therapies addressed to harness the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Hernández-Ruiz
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar. Parc de Salut Mar.,Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustí Toll
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar. Parc de Salut Mar.,Group of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Dermatological Diseases, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Evelyn Andrades
- Group of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Dermatological Diseases, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Ferrandiz-Pulido
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emili Masferrer
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Yébenes
- Department of Dermatology, Corporació Sanitària i Universitària Parc Taulí, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Ane Jaka
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Javier Gimeno
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar. Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Gimeno
- Department of Immunology, Hospital del Mar. Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç García-Patos
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón M Pujol
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar. Parc de Salut Mar.,Group of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Dermatological Diseases, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Hernández-Muñoz
- Group of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Dermatological Diseases, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Mineshige T, Ogihara K, Kamiie J, Sugahara G, Chambers JK, Uchida K, Madarame H, Shirota K. Increased expression of the stromal fibroblast-secreted periostin in canine squamous cell carcinomas. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:473-479. [PMID: 29415922 PMCID: PMC5880828 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) shows highly invasive and locally destructive growth. In animal models and human cancer cases, periostin plays a critical role in the enhancement of cancer growth; however, the
mechanism of involvement in canine cancers remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the involvement of periostin in the pathophysiology of SCC in dogs. We examined the localization of periostin and
periostin-producing cells in 20 SCC and three squamous papilloma specimens. Furthermore, we focused on transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, which was assumed to be an inducing factor of periostin, using culture cells. By
immunohistochemistry, limited periostin expression in the stroma was observed in all squamous papillomas. In SCC, periostin protein diffusely expressed at the tumor invasion front of cancer growth. In
situ hybridization revealed that periostin mRNA was expressed in the stromal fibroblasts in SCC. In vitro analysis determined that canine SCC cells expressed significantly higher levels of
TGF-β1 mRNA compared with canine keratinocytes. In addition, recombinant TGF-β1 induced secretion of periostin from cultured dermal fibroblasts. These data suggest that periostin produced by stromal fibroblasts may be
involved in the pathophysiology of canine SCC. TGF-β1 derived from SCC cells may stimulate fibroblasts to produce periostin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Mineshige
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan.,Present address: Marmoset Research Department, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 3-25-12 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-0821, Japan
| | - Kikumi Ogihara
- Laboratory of Environmental Pathology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Junichi Kamiie
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Go Sugahara
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - James Kenn Chambers
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Uchida
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroo Madarame
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kinji Shirota
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5201, Japan
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31
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Wollina U, Riedel I, Abushika MR, Lotti T, Tchernev G. Giant Pendulous Carcinosarcoma - Squamous Cell Carcinoma-Type - of the Leg - A Case Report and Review of the Literature. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:112-114. [PMID: 29484002 PMCID: PMC5816276 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous carcinosarcoma (CCS) is a rare non-melanoma skin cancer with a biphasic growth pattern. A tumour is composed of epithelial and mesenchymal cells that show clonality. In most cases, CCS develops in the head-and-neck region on the chronic sun-exposed skin of males. Here, we describe an 80-year-old female patient who developed a giant, pendulous CCS on the leg. A tumour was surgically removed. We found no evidence of metastatic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Wollina
- Städtisches Klinikum Dresden - Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Dresden, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Ina Riedel
- Städtisches Klinikum Dresden - Institute of Pathology "Georg Schmorl" Dresden, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Mohammad R Abushika
- Städtisches Klinikum Dresden - Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Dresden, Sachsen, Germany
| | - Torello Lotti
- University G. Marconi of Rome - Dermatology and Venereology, Rome, Italy
| | - Georgi Tchernev
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical Institute of Ministry of Interior, Sofia, Bulgaria.,Onkoderma, Policlinic for Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Sofia, Bulgaria
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32
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Gaide O, Hohl D. Shed Skin Cancer, Not Collagen XVII: A New Approach to Targeting Skin Cancer Progression. Mol Ther 2018; 26:8-9. [PMID: 29249396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Gaide
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Lausanne, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hohl
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital Lausanne, CHUV, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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33
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GRIM-19 represses the proliferation and invasion of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma cells associated with downregulation of STAT3 signaling. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1169-1176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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34
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Iotzova-Weiss G, Freiberger SN, Johansen P, Kamarachev J, Guenova E, Dziunycz PJ, Roux GA, Neu J, Hofbauer GFL. TLR4 as a negative regulator of keratinocyte proliferation. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185668. [PMID: 28982115 PMCID: PMC5628845 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
TLR4 is an innate immune receptor with expression in human skin, keratinocytes as well as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the skin. In the present study we investigate the role of TLR4 as a negative regulator of keratinocyte proliferation. We present here that the expression of TLR4 increased with the differentiation of cultured keratinocytes in a passage-dependent manner or under calcium-rich conditions. Moreover, the down-regulation of TLR4 by specific knockdown increased the proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes in vitro. In addition, subcutaneously injected HaCaT keratinocytes with shTLR4 formed growing tumors in nude mice. In contrast, we observed lower proliferation and increased migration in vitro of the SCC13 cell line stably overexpressing TLR4 in comparison to SCC13 TLR4 negative cells. In vivo, SCC13 TLR4-overexpressing tumors showed delayed growth in comparison to TLR4 negative tumors. The overexpression of TLR4 in SCC13 tumor cells was followed by phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and JNK and increased expression of ATF3. In gene expression arrays, the overexpression of TLR4 in tumor cells correlated with gene expression of ATF-3, IL-6, CDH13, CXCL-1 and TFPI. In summary, TLR4 negatively regulates the proliferation of keratinocytes and its overexpression reduces tumor growth of SCC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pål Johansen
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jivko Kamarachev
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuella Guenova
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Piotr J. Dziunycz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume A. Roux
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Neu
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Saenz-Sardà X, Carrato C, Pérez-Roca L, Puig L, Ferrándiz C, Ariza A, Fernández-Figueras MT. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition contributes to invasion in squamous cell carcinomas originated from actinic keratosis through the differentiated pathway, whereas proliferation plays a more significant role in the classical pathway. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 32:581-586. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Saenz-Sardà
- Division of Oncology and Pathology; Department of Clinical Sciences Lund; Lund University; Lund Sweden
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - C. Carrato
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Pathology; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - L. Pérez-Roca
- Department of Pathology; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - L. Puig
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - C. Ferrándiz
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Dermatology; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - A. Ariza
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Pathology; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
| | - M.-T. Fernández-Figueras
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
- Department of Pathology; Hospital Universitari General de Catalunya-QuironSalud; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; Barcelona Spain
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36
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Mizrahi A, Barzilai A, Gur-Wahnon D, Ben-Dov IZ, Glassberg S, Meningher T, Elharar E, Masalha M, Jacob-Hirsch J, Tabibian-Keissar H, Barshack I, Roszik J, Leibowitz-Amit R, Sidi Y, Avni D. Alterations of microRNAs throughout the malignant evolution of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: the role of miR-497 in epithelial to mesenchymal transition of keratinocytes. Oncogene 2017; 37:218-230. [PMID: 28925390 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skin carcinogenesis is known to be a multi-step process with several stages along its malignant evolution. We hypothesized that transformation of normal epidermis to cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is causally linked to alterations in microRNAs (miRNA) expression. For this end we decided to evaluate their alterations in the pathologic states ending in cSCC. Total RNA was extracted from formalin fixed paraffin embedded biopsies of five stages along the malignant evolution of keratinocytes towards cSCC: Normal epidermis, solar elastosis, actinic keratosis KIN1-2, advanced actinic keratosis KIN3 and well-differentiated cSCC. Next-generation small RNA sequencing was performed. We found that 18 miRNAs are overexpressed and 28 miRNAs are underexpressed in cSCC compared to normal epidermis. miR-424, miR-320, miR-222 and miR-15a showed the highest fold change among the overexpressed miRNAs. And miR-100, miR-101 and miR-497 showed the highest fold change among the underexpressed miRNAs. Heat map of hierarchical clustering analysis of significantly changed miRNAs and principle component analysis disclosed that the most prominent change in miRNAs expression occurred in the switch from 'early' stages; normal epidermis, solar elastosis and early actinic keratosis to the 'late' stages of epidermal carcinogenesis; late actinic keratosis and cSCC. We found several miRNAs with 'stage specific' alterations while others display a clear 'gradual', either progressive increase or decrease in expression along the malignant evolution of keratinocytes. The observed alterations focused in miRNAs involved in the regulation of AKT/mTOR or in those involved in epithelial to mesenchymal transition. We chose to concentrate on the evaluation of the molecular role of miR-497. We found that it induces reversion of epithelial to mesenchymal transition. We proved that SERPINE-1 is its biochemical target. The present study allows us to further study the pathways that are regulated by miRNAs along the malignant evolution of keratinocytes towards cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mizrahi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - A Barzilai
- Department of Dermatology and Institute of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - D Gur-Wahnon
- Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology and Hypertension Services, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - I Z Ben-Dov
- Laboratory of Medical Transcriptomics, Nephrology and Hypertension Services, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S Glassberg
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - T Meningher
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - E Elharar
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - M Masalha
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - J Jacob-Hirsch
- Center for Cancer Research, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - H Tabibian-Keissar
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - I Barshack
- Faculty of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Department of Pathology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - J Roszik
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - R Leibowitz-Amit
- Faculty of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Institute of Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Y Sidi
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.,Faculty of Medicine, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - D Avni
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine C, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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Alonso-Lecue P, de Pedro I, Coulon V, Molinuevo R, Lorz C, Segrelles C, Ceballos L, López-Aventín D, García-Valtuille A, Bernal JM, Mazorra F, Pujol RM, Paramio J, Ramón Sanz J, Freije A, Toll A, Gandarillas A. Inefficient differentiation response to cell cycle stress leads to genomic instability and malignant progression of squamous carcinoma cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2901. [PMID: 28661481 PMCID: PMC5520915 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) or epidermoid cancer is a frequent and aggressive malignancy. However in apparent paradox it retains the squamous differentiation phenotype except for very dysplastic lesions. We have shown that cell cycle stress in normal epidermal keratinocytes triggers a squamous differentiation response involving irreversible mitosis block and polyploidisation. Here we show that cutaneous SCC cells conserve a partial squamous DNA damage-induced differentiation response that allows them to overcome the cell division block. The capacity to divide in spite of drug-induced mitotic stress and DNA damage made well-differentiated SCC cells more genomically instable and more malignant in vivo. Consistently, in a series of human biopsies, non-metastatic SCCs displayed a higher degree of chromosomal alterations and higher expression of the S phase regulator Cyclin E and the DNA damage signal γH2AX than the less aggressive, non-squamous, basal cell carcinomas. However, metastatic SCCs lost the γH2AX signal and Cyclin E, or accumulated cytoplasmic Cyclin E. Conversely, inhibition of endogenous Cyclin E in well-differentiated SCC cells interfered with the squamous phenotype. The results suggest a dual role of cell cycle stress-induced differentiation in squamous cancer: the resulting mitotic blocks would impose, when irreversible, a proliferative barrier, when reversible, a source of genomic instability, thus contributing to malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Alonso-Lecue
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Isabel de Pedro
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Vincent Coulon
- Institut de Genétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, CNRS/UM2, Montpellier, France
| | - Rut Molinuevo
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Corina Lorz
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Segrelles
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Ceballos
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | | | | | - José M Bernal
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Francisco Mazorra
- Clínica Mompía, Mompía, Spain.,Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Ramón M Pujol
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jesús Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Department of Basic Research, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Ramón Sanz
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain.,Clínica Mompía, Mompía, Spain.,Department of Plastic Surgery, Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander, Spain
| | - Ana Freije
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
| | - Agustí Toll
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Gandarillas
- Cell Cycle, Stem Cell Fate and Cancer Laboratory, Instituto de Investigación Marqués de Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain.,INSERM, Languedoc-Roussillon, Montpellier, France
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38
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Cho Z, Konishi E, Kanemaru M, Isohisa T, Arita T, Kawai M, Tsutsumi M, Mizutani H, Takenaka H, Ozawa T, Tsuruta D, Katoh N, Asai J. Podoplanin expression in peritumoral keratinocytes predicts aggressive behavior in extramammary Paget's disease. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 87:29-35. [PMID: 28381343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have demonstrated podoplanin expression in several tumors, which has been associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis. Podoplanin expression in peritumoral cells such as cancer-associated fibroblasts also correlates with tumor progression in several cancers. However, podoplanin expression and its association with extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) remain unclear. OBJECTIVE In this study, we examined whether the presence of podoplanin expression in tumor cells or peritumoral basal keratinocytes correlated with aggressive behavior in patients with EMPD and investigated the mechanisms of podoplanin-mediated tumor invasion in this disorder. METHODS Skin samples of 37 patients with EMPD were investigated by immunohistochemical analysis. The functions of podoplanin in keratinocytes were examined in vitro by RT-PCR and with invadopodia gelatin-degradation assays using HaCaT cells. RESULTS Podoplanin was not identified in tumor cells in all cases. Podoplanin expression in peritumoral basal keratinocytes was observed in 25 patients (67.6%). In in situ EMPD, 50% of cases (9 in 18) exhibited podoplanin-positive keratinocytes, whereas 84.2% (16 in 19) demonstrated positive staining in invasive EMPD (P<0.05). Podoplanin expression in peritumoral keratinocytes was also associated with tumor thickness (P<0.005). By immunohistochemical analysis, podoplanin-positive peritumoral keratinocytes were found to be negative for E-cadherin, one of the major adhesion molecules of keratinocytes, which might contribute to tumor invasion into the dermis through a crack in the basal cell layer induced by down-regulation of cell adhesion therein. We further found that podoplanin-positive keratinocytes exhibited invadopodia, which are thought to function in the migration of cancer cells through tissue barriers, indicating that podoplanin-positive peritumoral basal keratinocytes might assist tumor invasion by degrading the extracellular matrix. CONCLUSION The presence of podoplanin expression in peritumoral keratinocytes correlates with aggressive behavior in EMPD and might therefore serve as a useful prognostic marker for patients with EMPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaigen Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiichi Konishi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mai Kanemaru
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taro Isohisa
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takahiro Arita
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minako Kawai
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Miho Tsutsumi
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiromi Mizutani
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideya Takenaka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ozawa
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norito Katoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun Asai
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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39
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Cañueto J, Cardeñoso-Álvarez E, Cosano-Quero A, Santos-Briz Á, Fernández-López E, Pérez-Losada J, Román-Curto C. The expression of podoplanin is associated with poor outcome in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2016; 44:144-151. [DOI: 10.1111/cup.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cañueto
- Servicio de Dermatología; Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL); Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
| | | | | | - Ángel Santos-Briz
- Servicio de Patología; Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
| | - Emilia Fernández-López
- Servicio de Dermatología; Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL); Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
| | - Jesús Pérez-Losada
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL); Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (IBMCC); Centro de investigación del Cáncer (CIC), Universidad de Salamanca/CSIC; Salamanca Spain
| | - Concepción Román-Curto
- Servicio de Dermatología; Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL); Hospital Universitario de Salamanca; Salamanca Spain
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Abstract
Non-melanoma skin cancer represents one-third of all malignancies and its incidence is expected to rise until the year 2040. Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) represents 20 % of all non-melanoma skin cancer and is a deadly threat owing to its ability to metastasize to any organ in the body. Therefore, a better understanding of cSCC is essential to strengthen preventative measures and curable treatment options. Currently, research demonstrates that cSCC is diagnosed at a rate of 15-35 per 100,000 people and is expected to increase 2-4 % per year. With respect to metastatic cSCC, this disease is more common in men; people over the age of 75 years; and inhabitants of the south and mid-west USA. In 2010, the American Joint Committee on Cancer updated the Cancer Staging Manual's primary tumor designation to now include high-risk factors; however, factors such as immunosuppression and tumor recurrence were not included. Other staging systems such as Brigham and Women's Hospital have allowed for increased stratification of cSCC. High-risk cSCC is defined as a cSCC that is staged as N0, extends beyond basement membrane, and has high-risk features associated with sub-clinical metastasis. High-risk features are depth of invasion (>2 mm), poor histological differentiation, high-risk anatomic location (face, ear, pre/post auricular, genitalia, hands, and feet), perineural involvement, recurrence, multiple cSCC tumors, and immunosuppression. Epidermal growth factor receptor and nuclear active IκB kinase (IKK) expression are also predictive of metastatic capabilities. Clinically, the initial lesions of a cSCC tumor can present as a painless plaque-like or verrucous tumor that can ultimately progress to being large, necrotic, and infected. Tumors can also present with paresthesias or lymphadenopathy depending on the location involved. With respect to prognosis, metastatic cSCC is lethal, with several large studies demonstrating a mortality rate of >70 %. Therefore, treatment of metastatic cSCC is difficult and depends on the location involved and extent of metastasis. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and any combination of the above. Surgery alone can be used for metastatic cSCC treatment, but is not as effective as surgery in conjunction with radiation therapy. Radiation therapy has some success as a monotherapy in low-risk or cosmetically sensitive areas such as the external ear, eyelid or nose. According to the 2013 National Comprehensive Cancer Network Guidelines, cisplatin as a single agent or combined with 5-fluorouracil hold the strongest support for the treatment of metastatic cSCC; however, the supporting evidence is inconsistent and a curative chemotherapeutic approach is still lacking. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors are a newer class of agents being used in metastatic cSCC and hold some promise as a therapy for this disease. Other areas of interest in finding curative treatments for metastatic cSCC include p53, hypermethylation of specific genes, chromatin remodeling genes, and the RAS/RTK/PI3K pathway. This review addresses the epidemiology, staging, risk factors, clinical presentation, management, and new trends in the treatment of high-risk and metastatic cSCC.
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41
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Toll A, Salgado R, Espinet B, Díaz-Lagares A, Hernández-Ruiz E, Andrades E, Sandoval J, Esteller M, Pujol RM, Hernández-Muñoz I. MiR-204 silencing in intraepithelial to invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma progression. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:53. [PMID: 27457246 PMCID: PMC4960761 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-016-0537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin cancer and frequently progresses from an actinic keratosis (AK), a sun-induced keratinocyte intraepithelial neoplasia (KIN). Epigenetic mechanisms involved in the phenomenon of progression from AK to cSCC remain to be elicited. Methods Expression of microRNAs in sun-exposed skin, AK and cSCC was analysed by Agilent microarrays. DNA methylation of miR-204 promoter was determined by bisulphite treatment and pyrosequencing. Identification of miR-204 targets and pathways was accomplished in HaCat cells. Immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze STAT3 activation and PTPN11 expression in human biopsies. Results cSCCs display a marked downregulation of miR-204 expression when compared to AK. DNA methylation of miR-204 promoter was identified as one of the repressive mechanisms that accounts for miR-204 silencing in cSCC. In HaCaT cells miR-204 inhibits STAT3 and favours the MAPK signaling pathway, likely acting through PTPN11, a nuclear tyrosine phosphatase that is a direct miR-204 target. In non-peritumoral AK lesions, activated STAT3, as detected by pY705-STAT3 immunofluorescence, is retained in the membrane and cytoplasm compartments, whereas AK lesions adjacent to cSCCs display activated STAT3 in the nuclei. Conclusions Our data suggest that miR-204 may act as a “rheostat” that controls the signalling towards the MAPK pathway or the STAT3 pathway in the progression from AK to cSCC. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12943-016-0537-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustí Toll
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Group of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Dermatological Diseases, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Rocío Salgado
- Cytogenetics Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca Espinet
- Cytogenetics Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel Díaz-Lagares
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Evelyn Andrades
- Group of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Dermatological Diseases, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Juan Sandoval
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manel Esteller
- Cancer Epigenetics and Biology Program (PEBC), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Physiological Sciences II, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ramón M Pujol
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Group of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Dermatological Diseases, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Hernández-Muñoz
- Group of Inflammatory and Neoplastic Dermatological Diseases, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Barcelona, Spain.
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42
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WNT Signaling in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Future Treatment Strategy? J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1760-1767. [PMID: 27448706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.05.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma are less well established than those for other common skin cancers, but recent evidence has highlighted a potentially critical role for WNT signaling in both the development and progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. WNT pathways are aberrantly regulated in multiple tumor types (albeit in a context-dependent manner), and this has stimulated the development of WNT inhibitory compounds for cancer treatment. In this review, we examine existing evidence for a role of WNT signaling in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and discuss if WNT inhibition represents a realistic therapeutic strategy for the future.
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43
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Wang S, Cao KE, He Q, Yin Z, Zhou J. miR-199a-5p induces cell invasion by suppressing E-cadherin expression in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:97-101. [PMID: 27347107 PMCID: PMC4906706 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing quantity of evidence exists to suggest that microRNAs are significant regulators of multiple cellular processes. When expressed aberrantly in different types of cancer, including cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), they play key roles in tumorigenesis and progression. The aberrant expression of miR-199a-5p has been observed to contribute to carcinogenesis in various types of cancer. However, the role of miR-199a-5p in the progression of cSCC metastasis remains largely unknown. In this study, we determined that miR-199a-5p was the upstream regulator of CDH1 (E-cadherin) and that it could suppress the expression of E-cadherin in cSCC cells. In addition, miR-199a-5p mimics significantly induced cell invasion and the activity of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9 in cSCC cells. In conclusion, these results are likely to aid in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of cSCC progression. In addition, the findings provide a new theoretical basis to further investigate miR-199a-5p as a potential biomarker and a promising approach in cSCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - K E Cao
- Department of Oncology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Quanyong He
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoqi Yin
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, P.R. China
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44
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Study of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Atypical Fibroxanthoma and Undifferentiated Pleomorphic Sarcoma to Discern an Epithelial Origin. Am J Dermatopathol 2016; 38:270-7. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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45
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Asai J, Hirakawa S, Sakabe JI, Kishida T, Wada M, Nakamura N, Takenaka H, Mazda O, Urano T, Suzuki-Inoue K, Tokura Y, Katoh N. Platelets Regulate the Migration of Keratinocytes via Podoplanin/CLEC-2 Signaling during Cutaneous Wound Healing in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 186:101-8. [PMID: 26597882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Podoplanin is an endogenous ligand for C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2), which is expressed on platelets. Recent evidence indicates that this specific marker of lymphatic endothelial cells is also expressed by keratinocytes at the edge of wounds. However, whether podoplanin or platelets play a role in keratinocyte activity during wound healing remains unknown. We evaluated the effect of podoplanin expression levels on keratinocyte motility using cultured primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). Down-regulation of podoplanin in NHEKs via transfection with podoplanin siRNA inhibited their migration, indicating that podoplanin plays a mandatory role in this process. In addition, down-regulation of podoplanin was correlated with up-regulation of E-cadherin, suggesting that podoplanin-mediated stimulation of keratinocyte migration is associated with a loss of E-cadherin. Both the addition of platelets and treatment with CLEC-2 inhibited the migration of NHEKs. The down-regulation of RhoA activity and the up-regulation of E-cadherin in keratinocytes were also induced by CLEC-2. In conclusion, these results suggest that podoplanin/CLEC-2 signaling regulates keratinocyte migration via modulating E-cadherin expression through RhoA signaling. Altering the regulation of keratinocyte migration by podoplanin might be a novel therapeutic approach to improve wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Asai
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Hirakawa
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Sakabe
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tsunao Kishida
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Makoto Wada
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naomi Nakamura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideya Takenaka
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsumei Urano
- Department of Physiology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Katsue Suzuki-Inoue
- Department of Clinical and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Norito Katoh
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Berning M, Prätzel-Wunder S, Bickenbach JR, Boukamp P. Three-Dimensional In Vitro Skin and Skin Cancer Models Based on Human Fibroblast-Derived Matrix. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:958-70. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Berning
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Prätzel-Wunder
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jackie R. Bickenbach
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Petra Boukamp
- Department of Genetics of Skin Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- IUF–Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, Germany
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47
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Toll A, Margalef P, Masferrer E, Ferrándiz-Pulido C, Gimeno J, Pujol RM, Bigas A, Espinosa L. Active nuclear IKK correlates with metastatic risk in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Dermatol Res 2015; 307:721-9. [PMID: 26094020 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-015-1579-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
About 5% of all cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs) metastasize, which is the principal cause of death by this type of cancer. However, to date there are no reliable biomarkers that categorize those SCC patients that will progress to metastasis. Nuclear active IKKα diminishes Maspin levels in prostate cancer facilitating its metastatic potential. In this paper, we describe the immunohistochemical analysis of active IKK and Maspin in 56 metastasizing and 51 non-metastasizing primary cSCC to measure their association with cancer behaviour. We also determined the effect of inhibiting IKK activity in SCC cell growth and migration in vitro. We found that high levels of nuclear active IKK in the primary tumour are predictive of cSCC metastatic capacity, in particular when combined with poor tumour differentiation and a history of tumour recurrence. Active IKK inversely correlated with Maspin levels in cSCC tumours, and samples negative for Maspin are exclusively found in the metastatic group. Mechanistically, IKK activity regulates cellular motility and SCC cell survival. Our results indicate that nuclear active IKK is a robust biomarker to predict cSCC outcome, and suggest the possibility of targeting IKK activity as a future therapy for treating metastatic cSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agusti Toll
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pol Margalef
- Stem Cells and Cancer Research Laboratory, Institut Hospital del Mar Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Francis Crick Institute, Clare Hall Laboratory, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, EN6 3LD, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Emili Masferrer
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Javier Gimeno
- Pathology Department, Parc de Salut Mar. Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon Maria Pujol
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Bigas
- Stem Cells and Cancer Research Laboratory, Institut Hospital del Mar Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lluis Espinosa
- Stem Cells and Cancer Research Laboratory, Institut Hospital del Mar Investigacions Mèdiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
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48
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May M, Brookman-May S, Burger M, Koch S, Otto W, Bründl J, Albrecht K, Denzinger S. A switch from epithelial to mesenchymal properties correlates with lymphovascular invasion in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:641-5. [PMID: 26092595 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to assess the incidence and prognostic role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EMT) in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis (SCCP). Sixty tumor specimens of surgically treated SCCP patients characterized by a central histopathologic review were stained with antibodies against E-cadherin, N-cadherin, β-catenin, and vimentin. Staining profiles were scored by two independent raters, and correlated with pertinent clinical and pathological parameters and cancer-specific mortality (CSM; median follow-up: 34 months, interquartile range: 6-60 months). Correlation statistics proved good interobserver agreement in staining evaluation (K-values between 0.62 and 1.00, all p<0.001). Based on consensus decision between both raters, 36 study cases (60%) showed a switch from E-cadherin to N-cadherin (as a hallmark of EMT), which correlated with the presence of lymphovascular invasion (ρ=0.287, p=0.026) while failing to interfere with CSM. Although cadherin switch was correlated with a loss of membranous β-catenin expression (ρ=0.629, p<0.001), none of the study cases showed nuclear β-catenin expression, and only three EMT cases (8.3%) had tumor buds revealing vimentin expression. Our data suggest that roughly half of surgically treated SCCP cases exhibit EMT, a parameter correlating with lymphovascular invasion. However, further studies are clearly needed to validate the so far unresolved possible role of cadherin switch in terms of predicting nodal spread in patients with SCCP. Moreover, the apparently complex mechanisms driving EMT in SCCP should be explored by future studies, as knowledge about these might provide a so far unexploited basis for the development of novel targeted therapies against SCCP with metastatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias May
- Department of Urology, St. Elisabeth Clinic Straubing, Straubing, Germany.
| | | | - Maximilian Burger
- Departments of Urology, Regensburg University, St. Josef Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Koch
- Institute of Pathology at the HELIOS Clinic Bad Saarow, Charité-University Medicine Academic Teaching Hospital, Bad Saarow, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Otto
- Departments of Urology, Regensburg University, St. Josef Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Bründl
- Departments of Urology, Regensburg University, St. Josef Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Knut Albrecht
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Denzinger
- Departments of Urology, Regensburg University, St. Josef Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
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Piskareva O, Harvey H, Nolan J, Conlon R, Alcock L, Buckley P, Dowling P, Henry M, O'Sullivan F, Bray I, Stallings RL. The development of cisplatin resistance in neuroblastoma is accompanied by epithelial to mesenchymal transition in vitro. Cancer Lett 2015; 364:142-55. [PMID: 25960282 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a challenging childhood malignancy, with a very high percentage of patients relapsing following acquisition of drug resistance, thereby necessitating the identification of mechanisms of drug resistance as well as new biological targets contributing to the aggressive pathogenicity of the disease. In order to investigate the molecular pathways that are involved with drug resistance in neuroblastoma, we have developed and characterised cisplatin resistant sublines SK-N-ASCis24, KellyCis83 and CHP-212Cis100, integrating data of cell behaviour, cytotoxicity, genomic alterations and modulation of protein expression. All three cisplatin resistant cell lines demonstrated cross resistance to temozolomide, etoposide and irinotecan, all of which are drugs in re-initiation therapy. Array CGH analysis indicated that resistant lines have acquired additional genomic imbalances. Differentially expressed proteins were identified by mass spectrometry and classified by bioinformatics tools according to their molecular and cellular functions and their involvement into biological pathways. Significant changes in the expression of proteins involved with pathways such as actin cytoskeletal signalling (p = 9.28E-10), integrin linked kinase (ILK) signalling (p = 4.01E-8), epithelial adherens junctions signalling (p = 5.49E-8) and remodelling of epithelial adherens junctions (p = 5.87E-8) pointed towards a mesenchymal phenotype developed by cisplatin resistant SK-N-ASCis24. Western blotting and confocal microscopy of MYH9, ACTN4 and ROCK1 coupled with invasion assays provide evidence that elevated levels of MYH9 and ACTN4 and reduced levels of ROCK1 contribute to the increased ROCK1-independent migratory potential of SK-N-ASCis24. Therefore, our results suggest that epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is a feature during the development of drug resistance in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Piskareva
- Cancer Genetics Group, Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland.
| | - Harry Harvey
- Cancer Genetics Group, Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - John Nolan
- Cancer Genetics Group, Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Ross Conlon
- Cancer Genetics Group, Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Leah Alcock
- Cancer Genetics Group, Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Patrick Buckley
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Beaumont Hospital, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, The National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | | | - Finbarr O'Sullivan
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Isabella Bray
- Cancer Genetics Group, Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Raymond L Stallings
- Cancer Genetics Group, Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland
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50
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Masferrer E, Ferrándiz-Pulido C, Masferrer-Niubò M, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Gil I, Pont A, Servitje O, García de Herreros A, Lloveras B, García-Patos V, Pujol RM, Toll A, Hernández-Muñoz I. Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in Penile Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Urol 2015; 193:699-705. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emili Masferrer
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Ferrándiz-Pulido
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Magalí Masferrer-Niubò
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfredo Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Gil
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Pont
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Octavi Servitje
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio García de Herreros
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belen Lloveras
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenç García-Patos
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramon M. Pujol
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustí Toll
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Hernández-Muñoz
- Department of Dermatology, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (EM), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology (BL), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology (RMP, AT), Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (CF-P, VG-P), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Urology, Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Mèdiques (AR-R), Barcelona, Spain
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