1
|
Conley J, Perry JR, Ashford B, Ranson M. Ex vivo therapeutic screening of metastatic cSCC: A review of methodological considerations for clinical implementation. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e15089. [PMID: 38659312 DOI: 10.1111/exd.15089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common malignancy worldwide, with most deaths caused by locally advanced and metastatic disease. Treatment of resectable metastases is typically limited to invasive surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy; however, many patients fail to respond and there is minimal data to predict response or propose effective alternatives. Precision medicine could improve this, though genomic biomarkers remain elusive in the high mutational background and genomic complexity of cSCC. A phenotypic approach to precision medicine using patient-derived ex vivo tumour models is gaining favour for its capacity to directly assess biological responses to therapeutics as a functional, predictive biomarker. However, the use of ex vivo models for guiding therapeutic selection has yet to be employed for metastatic cSCC. This review will therefore evaluate the existing experimental models of metastatic cSCC and discuss how ex vivo methods could overcome the shortcomings of these existing models. Disease-specific considerations for a prospective methodological pipeline will also be discussed in the context of precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Conley
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jay R Perry
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bruce Ashford
- Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
El Salamouni NS, Buckley BJ, Lee R, Ranson M, Kelso MJ, Yu H. Ion Transport and Inhibitor Binding by Human NHE1: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations and Free Energy Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:440-450. [PMID: 38185879 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
The human Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE1) plays a crucial role in maintaining intracellular pH by regulating the electroneutral exchange of a single intracellular H+ for one extracellular Na+ across the plasma membrane. Understanding the molecular mechanisms governing ion transport and the binding of inhibitors is of importance in the development of anticancer therapeutics targeting NHE1. In this context, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations based on the recent cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of outward- and inward-facing conformations of NHE1. These simulations allowed us to explore the dynamics of the protein, examine the ion-translocation pore, and confirm that Asp267 is the ion-binding residue. Our free energy calculations did not show a significant difference between Na+ and K+ binding at the ion-binding site. Consequently, Na+ over K+ selectivity cannot be solely explained by differences in ion binding. Our MD simulations involving NHE1 inhibitors (cariporide and amiloride analogues) maintained stable interactions with Asp267 and Glu346. Our study highlights the importance of the salt bridge between the positively charged acylguanidine moiety and Asp267, which appears to play a role in the competitive inhibitory mechanism for this class of inhibitors. Our computational study provides a detailed mechanistic interpretation of experimental data and serves the basis of future structure-based inhibitor design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nehad S El Salamouni
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Buckley
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Richmond Lee
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Michael J Kelso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Haibo Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Quantum Biotechnology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Perry JR, Genenger B, Thind AS, Ashford B, Ranson M. PIK Your Poison: The Effects of Combining PI3K and CDK Inhibitors against Metastatic Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Vitro. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:370. [PMID: 38254859 PMCID: PMC10814950 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a very common skin malignancy with poor prognosis for patients with locally advanced or metastatic cSCC (mcSCC). PI3K/AKT/mTOR and cell cycle signalling pathways are often dysregulated in mcSCC. A combination drug approach has been theorised to overcome the underwhelming clinical performance of targeted inhibitors as single agents. This study investigates the potential of targeted inhibition of the p110α-subunit of PI3K with PIK-75 or BGT226 (P13Ki), and of CDK1/2/5/9 with dinaciclib (CDKi) as single agents and in combination. The patient-derived mcSCC cell lines, UW-CSCC1 and UW-CSCC2, were used to assess cell viability, migration, cell signalling, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis. PIK-75, BGT226, and dinaciclib exhibited strong cytotoxic potency as single agents. Notably, the non-malignant HaCaT cell line was unaffected. In 2D cultures, PIK-75 synergistically enhanced the cytotoxic effects of dinaciclib in UW-CSCC2, but not UW-CSCC1. Interestingly, this pattern was reversed in 3D spheroid models. Despite the combination of PIK-75 and dinaciclib resulting in an increase in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and reduced cell motility, these differences were largely negligible compared to their single-agent counterpart. The differential responses between the cell lines correlated with driver gene mutation profiles. These findings suggest that personalised medicine approaches targeting PI3K and CDK pathways in combination may yield some benefit for mcSCC, and that more complex 3D models should be considered for drug responsiveness studies in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay R. Perry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizon, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (B.G.); (A.S.T.)
| | - Benjamin Genenger
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizon, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (B.G.); (A.S.T.)
| | - Amarinder Singh Thind
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizon, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (B.G.); (A.S.T.)
- Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia;
| | - Bruce Ashford
- Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia;
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizon, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (B.G.); (A.S.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yeo N, Genenger B, Aghmesheh M, Thind A, Napaki S, Perry J, Ashford B, Ranson M, Brungs D. Sex as a Predictor of Response to Immunotherapy in Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5026. [PMID: 37894393 PMCID: PMC10605413 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 3-5% of patients with cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) develop advanced disease, accounting for roughly 1% of all cancer deaths in Australia. Immunotherapy has demonstrated significant clinical benefit in advanced CSCC in several key phase II studies; however, there are limited data for patients treated outside of clinical trials. This is particularly relevant in advanced CSCC, which is most often seen in elderly patients with significant comorbidities. Thus, we aim to describe our experience with immunotherapy in a cohort of patients with advanced CSCC in Australia. We retrospectively reviewed all advanced CSCC patients treated with immunotherapy within the Illawarra and Shoalhaven Local Health District. Among the 51 patients treated with immunotherapy, there was an objective response rate (ORR) of 53% and disease control rate (DCR) of 67%. Our most significant predictor of response was sex, with male patients more likely to have better responses compared to female patients (DCR 85% vs. 41%, p < 0.0001), as well as improved progression-free survival (HR 4.6, 95%CI 1.9-10.8, p = 0.0007) and overall survival (HR 3.0, 95%CI 1.3-7.1, p = 0.006). Differential expression analysis of 770 immune-related genes demonstrated an impaired CD8 T-cell response in female patients. Our observed ORR of 53% is similar to that described in current literature with durable responses seen in the majority of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Yeo
- Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District (ISLHD), NSW Health, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Benjamin Genenger
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | | | - Amarinder Thind
- Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District (ISLHD), NSW Health, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Sarbar Napaki
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
- Anatomical Pathology, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
- Southern IML/Sonic Healthcare, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Jay Perry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Bruce Ashford
- Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District (ISLHD), NSW Health, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | - Daniel Brungs
- Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District (ISLHD), NSW Health, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kudryashova TV, Zaitsev S, Jiang L, Buckley BJ, McGuckin JP, Goncharov D, Zhyvylo I, Lin D, Newcomb G, Piper B, Bogamuwa S, Saiyed A, Teos L, Ranson M, Wolters PJ, Kelso MJ, Poncz M, DeLisser HM, Cines DB, Goncharova EA, Farkas L, Stepanova V. PAI-1 Deficiency Drives Pulmonary Vascular Smooth Muscle Remodeling and Pulmonary Hypertension. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.21.558893. [PMID: 37790328 PMCID: PMC10542168 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.21.558893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive and potentially a rapidly fatal disease characterized by vasoconstriction and remodeling of small pulmonary arteries (PA) leading to increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart failure. Central to the remodeling process is a switch of the smooth muscle cells in small PAs (PASMC) to a proliferative, apoptosis-resistant phenotype. There is reason to suspect that the plasminogen activator system may play an important role in the remodeling program in PAH based on its roles in vascular post-injury restenosis, fibrosis, angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is the primary physiological inhibitor of the plasminogen activators - urokinase-type and tissue-type (uPA and tPA, respectively). Immunohisto- chemical and immunoblot analyses revealed that PAI-1 was deficient in smooth muscle areas of small remodeled PAs and early-passage PASMC from subjects with PAH compared to non-PAH controls. PAI1-/- male and female mice developed spontaneous pulmonary vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension (PH) as evidenced by significant increase in PA medial thickness, systolic right ventricular pressure, and right ventricular hypertrophy. Lastly, the uPA inhibitors upamostat (WX-671) and amiloride analog BB2-30F down-regulated mTORC1 and SMAD3, restored PAI-1 levels, reduced proliferation, and induced apoptosis in human PAH PASMC. We examined the effect of inhibition of uPA catalytic activity by BB2-30F on the development of SU5416/Hypoxia (SuHx)-induced PH in mice. Vehicletreated SuHx-exposed mice had up-regulated mTORC1 in small PAs, developed pulmonary vascular remodeling and PH, as evidenced by significant increase of PA MT, sRVP, RV hypertrophy, and a significant decrease in the pulmonary artery acceleration time/pulmonary ejection time (PAAT/PET) ratio compared to age- and sex-matched normoxia controls, whereas BB2-30F-treated group was protected from all these pathological changes. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that PAI-1 down- regulation in PASMC from human PAH lungs promotes PASMC hyper-proliferation, remodeling, and spontaneous PH due to unopposed uPA activation. Further studies are needed to determine the potential benefits of targeting the PAI-1/uPA imbalance to attenuate the progression and/or reverse pulmonary vascular remodeling and PH.
Collapse
|
6
|
Gupta R, Strbenac D, Satgunaseelan L, Cheung VKY, Narayanappa H, Ashford B, Mitchell J, Thind A, Palme CE, Ch'ng S, Low THH, Wykes J, Willet CE, Chew T, Yang J, Ranson M, Clark JR. Comparing Genomic Landscapes of Oral and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: Quest for Novel Diagnostic Markers. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100190. [PMID: 37080394 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common head and neck malignancy arising from the oral mucosa and the skin. The histologic and immunohistochemical features of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (HNcSCC) are similar, making it difficult to identify the primary site in cases of metastases. With the advent of immunotherapy, reliable distinction of OSCC and HNcSCC at metastatic sites has important treatment and prognostic implications. Here, we investigate and compare the genomic landscape of OSCC and HNcSCC to identify diagnostically useful biomarkers. Whole-genome sequencing data from 57 OSCC and 41 HNcSCC patients were obtained for tumor and matched normal samples. Tumor mutation burden (TMB), Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) mutational signatures, frequent chromosomal alterations, somatic single nucleotide, and copy number variations were analyzed. The median TMB of 3.75 in primary OSCC was significantly lower (P < .001) than that of 147.51 mutations/Mb in primary HNcSCC. The COSMIC mutation signatures were significantly different (P < .001) between OSCC and HNcSCC. OSCC showed COSMIC single-base substitution (SBS) mutation signature 1 and AID/APOBEC activity-associated signature 2 and/or 13. All except 1 HNcSCC from hair-bearing scalp showed UV damage-associated COSMIC SBS mutation signature 7. Both OSCC and HNcSCC demonstrated a predominance of tumor suppressor gene mutations, predominantly TP53. The most frequently mutated oncogenes were PIK3CA and MUC4 in OSCC and HNcSCC, respectively. The metastases of OSCC and HNcSCC demonstrated TMB and COSMIC SBS mutation signatures similar to their primary counterparts. The combination of high TMB and UV signature in a metastatic keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma suggests HNcSCC as the primary site and may also facilitate decisions regarding immunotherapy. HNcSCC and OSCC show distinct genomic profiles despite histologic and immunohistochemical similarities. Their genomic characteristics may underlie differences in behavior and guide treatment decisions in recurrent and metastatic settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruta Gupta
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Dario Strbenac
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Laveniya Satgunaseelan
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Veronica Ka-Yan Cheung
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Harini Narayanappa
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, NSW Health Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bruce Ashford
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jenny Mitchell
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Amarinder Thind
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carsten E Palme
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sydney Ch'ng
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Institute of Academic Surgery, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tsu-Hui Hubert Low
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - James Wykes
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cali E Willet
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Informatics Hub, Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tracy Chew
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Informatics Hub, Core Research Facilities, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jean Yang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan R Clark
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Royal Prince Alfred Institute of Academic Surgery, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Genenger B, McAlary L, Perry JR, Ashford B, Ranson M. Protocol for the generation and automated confocal imaging of whole multi-cellular tumor spheroids. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102331. [PMID: 37300829 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-cellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) have found widespread use in pre-clinical research. However, their complex three-dimensional structure makes immunofluorescent staining and imaging challenging. Here, we present a protocol for whole spheroid staining and automated imaging using laser-scanning confocal microscopy. We describe steps for cell culture, seeding of spheroids and transfer of MCTS, and adhesion to Ibidi chamber slides. We then detail fixation, immunofluorescent staining based on optimized reagent concentrations and incubation times, and confocal imaging facilitated by glycerol-based optical clearing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Genenger
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Luke McAlary
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jay R Perry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce Ashford
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Finol-Urdaneta RK, McArthur JR, Aboelela A, Bujaroski RS, Majed H, Rangel A, Adams DJ, Ranson M, Kelso MJ, Buckley BJ. Automated Patch Clamp Screening of Amiloride and 5- N, N-Hexamethyleneamiloride Analogs Identifies 6-Iodoamiloride as a Potent Acid-Sensing Ion Channel Inhibitor. Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37260417 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are transmembrane sensors of extracellular acidosis and potential drug targets in several disease indications, including neuropathic pain and cancer metastasis. The K+-sparing diuretic amiloride is a moderate nonspecific inhibitor of ASICs and has been widely used as a probe for elucidating ASIC function. In this work, we screened a library of 6-substituted and 5,6-disubstituted amiloride analogs using a custom-developed automated patch clamp protocol and identified 6-iodoamiloride as a potent ASIC1 inhibitor. Follow-up IC50 determinations in tsA-201 cells confirmed higher ASIC1 inhibitory potency for 6-iodoamiloride 94 (hASIC1 94 IC50 = 88 nM, cf. amiloride 11 IC50 = 1.7 μM). A similar improvement in activity was observed in ASIC3-mediated currents from rat dorsal root ganglion neurons (rDRG single-concentration 94 IC50 = 230 nM, cf. 11 IC50 = 2.7 μM). 6-Iodoamiloride represents the amiloride analog of choice for studying the effects of ASIC inhibition on cell physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rocio K Finol-Urdaneta
- Electrophysiology Facility for Cell Phenotyping and Drug Discovery, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Jeffrey R McArthur
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Ashraf Aboelela
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sphinx University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Richard S Bujaroski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Australian Translational Medicinal Chemistry Facility (ATMCF), Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hiwa Majed
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Alejandra Rangel
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - David J Adams
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Michael J Kelso
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Buckley
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience and Molecular Horizons Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumar AA, Vine KL, Ranson M. Recent Advances in Targeting the Urokinase Plasminogen Activator with Nanotherapeutics. Mol Pharm 2023. [PMID: 37119285 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
The aberrant proteolytic landscape of the tumor microenvironment is a key contributor of cancer progression. Overexpression of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) and/or its associated cell-surface receptor (uPAR) in tumor versus normal tissue is significantly associated with worse clinicopathological features and poorer patient survival across multiple cancer types. This is linked to mechanisms that facilitate tumor cell invasion and migration, via direct and downstream activation of various proteolytic processes that degrade the extracellular matrix─ultimately leading to metastasis. Targeting uPA has thus long been considered an attractive anticancer strategy. However, poor bioavailability of several uPA-selective small-molecule inhibitors has limited early clinical progress. Nanodelivery systems have emerged as an exciting method to enhance the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of existing chemotherapeutics, allowing increased circulation time, improved bioavailability, and targeted delivery to tumor tissue. Combining uPA inhibitors with nanoparticle-based delivery systems thus offers a remarkable opportunity to overcome existing PK challenges associated with conventional uPA inhibitors, while leveraging potent candidates into novel targeted nanotherapeutics for an improved anticancer response in uPA positive tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashna A Kumar
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Kara L Vine
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hosen SMZ, Uddin MN, Xu Z, Buckley BJ, Perera C, Pang TCY, Mekapogu AR, Moni MA, Notta F, Gallinger S, Pirola R, Wilson J, Ranson M, Goldstein D, Apte M. Metastatic phenotype and immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Key role of the urokinase plasminogen activator (PLAU). Front Immunol 2022; 13:1060957. [PMID: 36591282 PMCID: PMC9794594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1060957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies have revealed the role of dysregulated urokinase plasminogen activator (encoded by PLAU) expression and activity in several pathways associated with cancer progression. However, systematic investigation into the association of PLAU expression with factors that modulate PDAC (pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma) progression is lacking, such as those affecting stromal (pancreatic stellate cell, PSC)-cancer cell interactions, tumour immunity, PDAC subtypes and clinical outcomes from potential PLAU inhibition. Methods This study used an integrated bioinformatics approach to identify prognostic markers correlated with PLAU expression using different transcriptomics, proteomics, and clinical data sets. We then determined the association of dysregulated PLAU and correlated signatures with oncogenic pathways, metastatic phenotypes, stroma, immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment (TME) and clinical outcome. Finally, using an in vivo orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer, we confirmed the predicted effect of inhibiting PLAU on tumour growth and metastasis. Results Our analyses revealed that PLAU upregulation is not only associated with numerous other prognostic markers but also associated with the activation of various oncogenic signalling pathways, aggressive phenotypes relevant to PDAC growth and metastasis, such as proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stemness, hypoxia, extracellular cell matrix (ECM) degradation, upregulation of stromal signatures, and immune suppression in the tumour microenvironment (TME). Moreover, the upregulation of PLAU was directly connected with signalling pathways known to mediate PSC-cancer cell interactions. Furthermore, PLAU upregulation was associated with the aggressive basal/squamous phenotype of PDAC and significantly reduced overall survival, indicating that this subset of patients may benefit from therapeutic interventions to inhibit PLAU activity. Our studies with a clinically relevant orthotopic pancreatic model showed that even short-term PLAU inhibition is sufficient to significantly halt tumour growth and, importantly, eliminate visible metastasis. Conclusion Elevated PLAU correlates with increased aggressive phenotypes, stromal score, and immune suppression in PDAC. PLAU upregulation is also closely associated with the basal subtype type of PDAC; patients with this subtype are at high risk of mortality from the disease and may benefit from therapeutic targeting of PLAU.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Zahid Hosen
- Pancreatic Research Group, SWS Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Md. Nazim Uddin
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Pancreatic Research Group, SWS Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Buckley
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Chamini Perera
- Pancreatic Research Group, SWS Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Tony C. Y. Pang
- Pancreatic Research Group, SWS Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alpha Raj Mekapogu
- Pancreatic Research Group, SWS Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Faiyaz Notta
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- PanCuRx Translational Research Initiative, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ron Pirola
- Pancreatic Research Group, SWS Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeremy Wilson
- Pancreatic Research Group, SWS Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - David Goldstein
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Department of Medical Oncology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Minoti Apte
- Pancreatic Research Group, SWS Clinical Campus, School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia,*Correspondence: Minoti Apte,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tincknell G, Naveed A, Nankervis J, Mukhtiar A, Piper AK, Becker TM, Chantrill L, Aghmesheh M, Vine KL, Ranson M, Brungs D. HER2-Positive Gastroesophageal Cancers Are Associated with a Higher Risk of Brain Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235754. [PMID: 36497236 PMCID: PMC9735596 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain metastasis from gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas (GOCs) is a rare but a devastating diagnosis. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a prognostic and predictive biomarker in GOCs. The association of HER2 with GOC brain metastasis is not known. We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with GOCs with known HER2 status between January 2015 and November 2021. HER2 was assessed on either the primary tumour or metastasis by immunohistochemistry or in situ hybridization. The diagnosis of brain metastasis was made on standard imaging techniques in patients with symptoms or signs. HER2 results were available for 201 patients, with 34 patients (16.9%) HER2 positive. A total of 12 patients developed symptomatic brain metastasis from GOCs, of which 7 (58.3%) were HER2 positive. The development of symptomatic brain metastasis was significantly higher in the HER2-positive GOCs (OR8.26, 95%CI 2.09-35.60; p = 0.0009). There was no significant association of HER2 status and overall survival in patients with brain metastasis. Although the rate of brain metastasis remains low in GOCs, the incidence of symptomatic brain metastasis was significantly higher in patients with HER2-positive tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary Tincknell
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Cancer Care Centre, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Asma Naveed
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Southern IML, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
| | | | | | - Ann-Katrin Piper
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Therese M. Becker
- Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW 2170, Australia
- UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Lorraine Chantrill
- Illawarra Cancer Care Centre, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Morteza Aghmesheh
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Cancer Care Centre, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Kara Lea Vine
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Daniel Brungs
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Cancer Care Centre, Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-2-4222-5200
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ferguson AL, Sharman AR, Allen RO, Ye T, Lee JH, Low THH, Ch'ng S, Palme CE, Ashford B, Ranson M, Clark JR, Patrick E, Gupta R, Palendira U. High-Dimensional and Spatial Analysis Reveals Immune Landscape-Dependent Progression in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:4677-4688. [PMID: 36044477 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-22-1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The tumor immune microenvironment impacts the biological behavior of the tumor, but its effect on clinical outcomes in head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (HNcSCC) is largely unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We compared the immune milieu of high-risk HNcSCC that never progressed to metastasis with those that metastasized using multiparameter imaging mass cytometry. The cohort included both immunosuppressed patients (IS) and patients with an absence of clinical immune-suppression (ACIS). Spatial analyses were used to identify cellular interactions that were associated with tumor behavior. RESULTS Nonprogressing primary HNcSCC were characterized by higher CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell responses, including numerically increased regulatory T cells. In contrast, primary lesions from HNcSCC patients who progressed were largely devoid of T cells with lower numbers of innate immune cells and increased expression of checkpoint receptors and in the metastatic lesions were characterized by an accumulation of B cells. Spatial analysis reveals multiple cellular interactions associated with nonprogressing primary tumors that were distinct in primary tumors of disease-progressing patients. Cellular regional analysis of the tumor microenvironment also shows squamous cell-enriched tumor regions associated with primary nonprogressing tumors. CONCLUSIONS Effective responses from both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment are essential for immune control of primary HNcSCC. Our findings indicate that the early events that shape the immune responses in primary tumors dictate progression and disease outcomes in HNcSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela L Ferguson
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ashleigh R Sharman
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ruth O Allen
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Thomas Ye
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jenny H Lee
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tsu-Hui H Low
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sydney Ch'ng
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Institute of Academic Surgery, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carsten E Palme
- The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bruce Ashford
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan R Clark
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,The Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Royal Prince Alfred Institute of Academic Surgery, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ellis Patrick
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Westmead Institute for Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Central Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Theme, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Thind AS, Ashford B, Strbenac D, Mitchell J, Lee J, Mueller SA, Minaei E, Perry JR, Ch’ng S, Iyer NG, Clark JR, Gupta R, Ranson M. Whole genome analysis reveals the genomic complexity in metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:919118. [PMID: 35982973 PMCID: PMC9379253 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.919118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is a highly morbid disease requiring radical surgery and adjuvant therapy, which is associated with a poor prognosis. Yet, compared to other advanced malignancies, relatively little is known of the genomic landscape of metastatic CSCC. We have previously reported the mutational signatures and mutational patterns of CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) regions in metastatic CSCC. However, many other genomic components (indel signatures, non-coding drivers, and structural variants) of metastatic CSCC have not been reported. To this end, we performed whole genome sequencing on lymph node metastases and blood DNA from 25 CSCC patients with regional metastases of the head and neck. We designed a multifaceted computational analysis at the whole genome level to provide a more comprehensive perspective of the genomic landscape of metastatic CSCC. In the non-coding genome, 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) regions of EVC (48% of specimens), PPP1R1A (48% of specimens), and ABCA4 (20% of specimens) along with the tumor-suppressing long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) LINC01003 (64% of specimens) were significantly functionally altered (Q-value < 0.05) and represent potential non-coding biomarkers of CSCC. Recurrent copy number loss in the tumor suppressor gene PTPRD was observed. Gene amplification was much less frequent, and few genes were recurrently amplified. Single nucleotide variants driver analyses from three tools confirmed TP53 and CDKN2A as recurrently mutated genes but also identified C9 as a potential novel driver in this disease. Furthermore, indel signature analysis highlighted the dominance of ID signature 13 (ID13) followed by ID8 and ID9. ID9 has previously been shown to have no association with skin melanoma, unlike ID13 and ID8, suggesting a novel pattern of indel variation in metastatic CSCC. The enrichment analysis of various genetically altered candidates shows enrichment of “TGF-beta regulation of extracellular matrix” and “cell cycle G1 to S check points.” These enriched terms are associated with genetic instability, cell proliferation, and migration as mechanisms of genomic drivers of metastatic CSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amarinder Singh Thind
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce Ashford
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Bruce Ashford,
| | - Dario Strbenac
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenny Mitchell
- Illawarra Shoalhaven Local Health District, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenny Lee
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon A. Mueller
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zurich University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elahe Minaei
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jay R. Perry
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Sydney Ch’ng
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - N. Gopalakrishna Iyer
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National Cancer Center, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jonathan R. Clark
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Institute of Academic Surgery, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Anatomical Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Genenger B, Perry JR, Ashford B, Ranson M. A tEMTing target? Clinical and experimental evidence for epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the progression of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (a scoping systematic review). Discov Oncol 2022; 13:42. [PMID: 35666359 PMCID: PMC9170863 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is a disease with globally rising incidence and poor prognosis for patients with advanced or metastatic disease. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a driver of metastasis in many carcinomas, and cSCC is no exception. We aimed to provide a systematic overview of the clinical and experimental evidence for EMT in cSCC, with critical appraisal of type and quality of the methodology used. We then used this information as rationale for potential drug targets against advanced and metastatic cSCC. All primary literature encompassing clinical and cell-based or xenograft experimental studies reporting on the role of EMT markers or related signalling pathways in the progression of cSCC were considered. A screen of 3443 search results yielded 86 eligible studies comprising 44 experimental studies, 22 clinical studies, and 20 studies integrating both. From the clinical studies a timeline illustrating the alteration of EMT markers and related signalling was evident based on clinical progression of the disease. The experimental studies reveal connections of EMT with a multitude of factors such as genetic disorders, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and matrix remodelling via matrix metalloproteinases and urokinase plasminogen activator. Additionally, EMT was found to be closely tied to environmental factors as well as to stemness in cSCC via NFκB and β-catenin. We conclude that the canonical EGFR, canonical TGF-βR, PI3K/AKT and NFκB signalling are the four signalling pillars that induce EMT in cSCC and could be valuable therapeutic targets. Despite the complexity, EMT markers and pathways are desirable biomarkers and drug targets for the treatment of advanced or metastatic cSCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Genenger
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| | - Jay R Perry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce Ashford
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Minaei E, Mueller SA, Ashford B, Thind AS, Mitchell J, Perry JR, Genenger B, Clark JR, Gupta R, Ranson M. Cancer Progression Gene Expression Profiling Identifies the Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor as a Biomarker of Metastasis in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:835929. [PMID: 35480116 PMCID: PMC9035872 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.835929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) of the head and neck region is the second most prevalent skin cancer, with metastases to regional lymph nodes occurring in 2%–5% of cases. To further our understanding of the molecular events characterizing cSCC invasion and metastasis, we conducted targeted cancer progression gene expression and pathway analysis in non-metastasizing (PRI-) and metastasizing primary (PRI+) cSCC tumors of the head and neck region, cognate lymph node metastases (MET), and matched sun-exposed skin (SES). The highest differentially expressed genes in metastatic (MET and PRI+) versus non-metastatic tumors (PRI-) and SES included PLAU, PLAUR, MMP1, MMP10, MMP13, ITGA5, VEGFA, and various inflammatory cytokine genes. Pathway enrichment analyses implicated these genes in cellular pathways and functions promoting matrix remodeling, cell survival and migration, and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, which were all significantly activated in metastatic compared to non-metastatic tumors (PRI-) and SES. We validated the overexpression of urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR, encoded by PLAUR) in an extended patient cohort by demonstrating higher uPAR staining intensity in metastasizing tumors. As pathway analyses identified epidermal growth factor (EGF) as a potential upstream regulator of PLAUR, the effect of EGF on uPAR expression levels and cell motility was functionally validated in human metastatic cSCC cells. In conclusion, we propose that uPAR is an important driver of metastasis in cSCC and represents a potential therapeutic target in this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Minaei
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon A. Mueller
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Zurich University Hospital University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bruce Ashford
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra and Shoalhaven Local Health District (ISLHD), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Amarinder Singh Thind
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jenny Mitchell
- Illawarra and Shoalhaven Local Health District (ISLHD), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jay R. Perry
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin Genenger
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan R. Clark
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Institute of Academic Surgery, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O’Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- NSW Health Pathology, Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Marie Ranson,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Cater JH, Mañucat-Tan NB, Georgiou DK, Zhao G, Buhimschi IA, Wyatt AR, Ranson M. A Novel Role for Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Type-2 as a Hypochlorite-Resistant Serine Protease Inhibitor and Holdase Chaperone. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071152. [PMID: 35406715 PMCID: PMC8997907 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2 (PAI-2), a member of the serpin family, is dramatically upregulated during pregnancy and in response to inflammation. Although PAI-2 exists in glycosylated and non-glycosylated forms in vivo, the majority of in vitro studies of PAI-2 have exclusively involved the intracellular non-glycosylated form. This study shows that exposure to inflammation-associated hypochlorite induces the oligomerisation of PAI-2 via a mechanism involving dityrosine formation. Compared to plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), both forms of PAI-2 are more resistant to hypochlorite-induced inactivation of its protease inhibitory activity. Holdase-type extracellular chaperone activity plays a putative non-canonical role for PAI-2. Our data demonstrate that glycosylated PAI-2 more efficiently inhibits the aggregation of Alzheimer’s disease and preeclampsia-associated amyloid beta peptide (Aβ), compared to non-glycosylated PAI-2 in vitro. However, hypochlorite-induced modification of non-glycosylated PAI-2 dramatically enhances its holdase activity by promoting the formation of very high-molecular-mass chaperone-active PAI-2 oligomers. Both PAI-2 forms protect against Aβ-induced cytotoxicity in the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line in vitro. In the villous placenta, PAI-2 is localised primarily to syncytiotrophoblast with wide interpersonal variation in women with preeclampsia and in gestational-age-matched controls. Although intracellular PAI-2 and Aβ staining localised to different placental cell types, some PAI-2 co-localised with Aβ in the extracellular plaque-like aggregated deposits abundant in preeclamptic placenta. Thus, PAI-2 potentially contributes to controlling aberrant fibrinolysis and the accumulation of misfolded proteins in states characterised by oxidative and proteostasis stress, such as in Alzheimer’s disease and preeclampsia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordan H. Cater
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia;
- School of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
| | - Noralyn B. Mañucat-Tan
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute and College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, Australia; (N.B.M.-T.); (D.K.G.)
| | - Demi K. Georgiou
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute and College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, Australia; (N.B.M.-T.); (D.K.G.)
| | - Guomao Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (G.Z.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Irina A. Buhimschi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Illinois at Chicago College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (G.Z.); (I.A.B.)
| | - Amy R. Wyatt
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute and College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park 5042, Australia; (N.B.M.-T.); (D.K.G.)
- Correspondence: (A.R.W.); (M.R.)
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia;
- School of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, Australia
- Correspondence: (A.R.W.); (M.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kumar AA, Buckley BJ, Ranson M. The Urokinase Plasminogen Activation System in Pancreatic Cancer: Prospective Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets. Biomolecules 2022; 12:152. [PMID: 35204653 PMCID: PMC8961517 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive malignancy that features high recurrence rates and the poorest prognosis of all solid cancers. The urokinase plasminogen activation system (uPAS) is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology and clinical outcomes of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which accounts for more than 90% of all pancreatic cancers. Overexpression of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) or its cell surface receptor uPAR is a key step in the acquisition of a metastatic phenotype via multiple mechanisms, including the increased activation of cell surface localised plasminogen which generates the serine protease plasmin. This triggers multiple downstream processes that promote tumour cell migration and invasion. Increasing clinical evidence shows that the overexpression of uPA, uPAR, or of both is strongly associated with worse clinicopathological features and poor prognosis in PDAC patients. This review provides an overview of the current understanding of the uPAS in the pathogenesis and progression of pancreatic cancer, with a focus on PDAC, and summarises the substantial body of evidence that supports the role of uPAS components, including plasminogen receptors, in this disease. The review further outlines the clinical utility of uPAS components as prospective diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for PDAC, as well as a rationale for the development of novel uPAS-targeted therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashna A. Kumar
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin J. Buckley
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.A.K.); (B.J.B.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
S El Salamouni N, Buckley BJ, Jiang L, Huang M, Ranson M, Kelso MJ, Yu H. Disruption of Water Networks is the Cause of Human/Mouse Species Selectivity in Urokinase Plasminogen Activator (uPA) Inhibitors Derived from Hexamethylene Amiloride (HMA). J Med Chem 2021; 65:1933-1945. [PMID: 34898192 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) plays a critical role in tumor cell invasion and migration and is a promising antimetastasis target. 6-Substituted analogues of 5-N,N-(hexamethylene)amiloride (HMA) are potent and selective uPA inhibitors that lack the diuretic and antikaliuretic properties of the parent drug amiloride. However, the compounds display pronounced selectivity for human over mouse uPA, thus confounding interpretation of data from human xenograft mouse models of cancer. Here, computational and experimental findings reveal that residue 99 is a key contributor to the observed species selectivity, whereby enthalpically unfavorable expulsion of a water molecule by the 5-N,N-hexamethylene ring occurs when residue 99 is Tyr (as in mouse uPA). Analogue 7 lacking the 5-N,N-hexamethylene ring maintained similar water networks when bound to human and mouse uPA and displayed reduced selectivity, thus supporting this conclusion. The study will guide further optimization of dual-potent human/mouse uPA inhibitors from the amiloride class as antimetastasis drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nehad S El Salamouni
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Buckley
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Longguang Jiang
- National Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Centre on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Mingdong Huang
- National Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Centre on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Michael J Kelso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Haibo Yu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
West J, Satapathy S, Whiten DR, Kelly M, Geraghty NJ, Proctor EJ, Sormanni P, Vendruscolo M, Buxbaum JN, Ranson M, Wilson MR. Neuroserpin and transthyretin are extracellular chaperones that preferentially inhibit amyloid formation. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabf7606. [PMID: 34890220 PMCID: PMC8664251 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf7606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuroserpin is a secreted protease inhibitor known to inhibit amyloid formation by the Alzheimer’s beta peptide (Aβ). To test whether this effect was constrained to Aβ, we used a range of in vitro assays to demonstrate that neuroserpin inhibits amyloid formation by several different proteins and protects against the associated cytotoxicity but, unlike other known chaperones, has a poor ability to inhibit amorphous protein aggregation. Collectively, these results suggest that neuroserpin has an unusual chaperone selectivity for intermediates on the amyloid-forming pathway. Bioinformatics analyses identified a highly conserved 14-residue region containing an α helix shared between neuroserpin and the thyroxine-transport protein transthyretin, and we subsequently demonstrated that transthyretin also preferentially inhibits amyloid formation. Last, we used rationally designed neuroserpin mutants to demonstrate a direct involvement of the conserved 14-mer region in its chaperone activity. Identification of this conserved region may prove useful in the future design of anti-amyloid reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer West
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sandeep Satapathy
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Daniel R. Whiten
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, NSW 2065, Australia
| | - Megan Kelly
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Nicholas J. Geraghty
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Emma-Jayne Proctor
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Pietro Sormanni
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Joel N. Buxbaum
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Protego Biopharma, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Mark R. Wilson
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Li X, Buckley B, Stoletov K, Jing Y, Ranson M, Lewis JD, Kelso M, Fliegel L. Roles of the Na +/H + Exchanger Isoform 1 and Urokinase in Prostate Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413263. [PMID: 34948058 PMCID: PMC8705693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a leading cause of cancer-associated deaths in men over 60 years of age. Most patients are killed by tumor metastasis. Recent evidence has implicated a role of the tumor microenvironment and urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) in cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. Here, we examine the role of the Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 1 (NHE1) and uPA in DU 145 prostate cancer cell migration and colony formation. Knockout of NHE1 reduced cell migration. The effects of a series of novel NHE1/uPA hexamethylene-amiloride-based inhibitors with varying efficacy towards NHE1 and uPA were examined on prostate cancer cells. Inhibition of NHE1-alone, or with inhibitors combining NHE1 or uPA inhibition-generally did not prevent prostate cancer cell migration. However, uPA inhibition-but not NHE1 inhibition-prevented anchorage-dependent colony formation. Application of inhibitors at concentrations that only saturate uPA inhibition decreased tumor invasion in vivo. The results suggest that while knockout of NHE1 affects cell migration, these effects are not due to NHE1-dependent proton translocation. Additionally, while neither NHE1 nor uPA activity was critical in cell migration, only uPA activity appeared to be critical in anchorage-dependent colony formation of DU 145 prostate cancer cells and invasion in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuju Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; (X.L.); (Y.J.)
| | - Benjamin Buckley
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (B.B.); (M.R.); (M.K.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Konstantin Stoletov
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; (K.S.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Yang Jing
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; (X.L.); (Y.J.)
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (B.B.); (M.R.); (M.K.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - John D. Lewis
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; (K.S.); (J.D.L.)
| | - Mike Kelso
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (B.B.); (M.R.); (M.K.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Larry Fliegel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; (X.L.); (Y.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-492-1848
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Thind AS, Monga I, Thakur PK, Kumari P, Dindhoria K, Krzak M, Ranson M, Ashford B. Demystifying emerging bulk RNA-Seq applications: the application and utility of bioinformatic methodology. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6330938. [PMID: 34329375 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant innovations in next-generation sequencing techniques and bioinformatics tools have impacted our appreciation and understanding of RNA. Practical RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) applications have evolved in conjunction with sequence technology and bioinformatic tools advances. In most projects, bulk RNA-Seq data is used to measure gene expression patterns, isoform expression, alternative splicing and single-nucleotide polymorphisms. However, RNA-Seq holds far more hidden biological information including details of copy number alteration, microbial contamination, transposable elements, cell type (deconvolution) and the presence of neoantigens. Recent novel and advanced bioinformatic algorithms developed the capacity to retrieve this information from bulk RNA-Seq data, thus broadening its scope. The focus of this review is to comprehend the emerging bulk RNA-Seq-based analyses, emphasizing less familiar and underused applications. In doing so, we highlight the power of bulk RNA-Seq in providing biological insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amarinder Singh Thind
- University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Isha Monga
- Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | | | - Pallawi Kumari
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kiran Dindhoria
- Institute of Microbial Technology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Marie Ranson
- University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Bruce Ashford
- University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Eviston TJ, Minaei E, Mueller SA, Ahmadi N, Ashford B, Clark JR, West N, Zhang P, Gupta R, Ranson M. Gene expression profiling of perineural invasion in head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13192. [PMID: 34162930 PMCID: PMC8222302 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92335-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Perineural invasion (PNI) is frequently associated with aggressive clinical behaviour in head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (HNcSCC) leading to local recurrence and treatment failure. This study evaluates the gene expression profiles of HNcSCC with PNI using a differential expression analysis approach and constructs a tailored gene panel for sensitivity and specificity analysis. 45 cases of HNcSCC were stratified into three groups (Extensive, Focal and Non PNI) based on predefined clinicopathological criteria. Here we show HNcSCC with extensive PNI demonstrates significant up- and down-regulation of 144 genes associated with extracellular matrix interactions, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, cell adhesion, cellular motility, angiogenesis, and cellular differentiation. Gene expression of focal and non PNI cohorts were indistinguishable and were combined for further analyses. There is clinicopathological correlation between gene expression analysis findings and disease behaviour and a tailored panel of 10 genes was able to identify extensive PNI with 96% sensitivity and 95% specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Eviston
- The Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Elahe Minaei
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Simon A Mueller
- The Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Navid Ahmadi
- The Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce Ashford
- The Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra and Shoalhaven Local Health District (ISLHD), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan R Clark
- The Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Royal Prince Alfred Institute of Academic Surgery, Sydney Local Health District, Sydney, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicholas West
- Systems Biology and Data Science, Griffith Systems Biology Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Ping Zhang
- Systems Biology and Data Science, Griffith Systems Biology Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Buckley BJ, Aboelela A, Majed H, Bujaroski RS, White KL, Powell AK, Wang W, Katneni K, Saunders J, Shackleford DM, Charman SA, Cook GM, Kelso MJ, Ranson M. Systematic evaluation of structure-property relationships and pharmacokinetics in 6-(hetero)aryl-substituted matched pair analogs of amiloride and 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 37:116116. [PMID: 33799173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The K+-sparing diuretic amiloride elicits anticancer activities in multiple animal models. During our recent medicinal chemistry campaign aiming to identify amiloride analogs with improved properties for potential use in cancer, we discovered novel 6-(hetero)aryl-substituted amiloride and 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride (HMA) analogs with up to 100-fold higher potencies than the parent compounds against urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), one of amiloride's putative anticancer targets, and no diuretic or antikaliuretic effects. Here, we report the systematic evaluation of structure-property relationships (lipophilicity, aqueous solubility and in vitro metabolic stability in human and mouse liver microsomes) in twelve matched pair analogs selected from our 6-substituted amiloride and HMA libraries. Mouse plasma stability, plasma protein binding, Caco-2 cell permeability, cardiac ion channel activity and pharmacokinetics in mice (PO and IV) and rats (IV) are described alongside amiloride and HMA comparators for a subset of the four most promising matched-pair analogs. The findings combined with earlier uPA activity/selectivity and other data ultimately drove selection of two analogs (AA1-39 and AA1-41) that showed efficacy in separate mouse cancer metastasis studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Buckley
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW 2750, Australia.
| | - Ashraf Aboelela
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Hiwa Majed
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Richard S Bujaroski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Karen L White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew K Powell
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Wen Wang
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kasiram Katneni
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jessica Saunders
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - David M Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Otago 9016, New Zealand
| | - Michael J Kelso
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW 2750, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Buckley BJ, Kumar A, Aboelela A, Bujaroski RS, Li X, Majed H, Fliegel L, Ranson M, Kelso MJ. Screening of 5- and 6-Substituted Amiloride Libraries Identifies Dual-uPA/NHE1 Active and Single Target-Selective Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062999. [PMID: 33804289 PMCID: PMC8000185 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The K+-sparing diuretic amiloride shows off-target anti-cancer effects in multiple rodent models. These effects arise from the inhibition of two distinct cancer targets: the trypsin-like serine protease urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), a cell-surface mediator of matrix degradation and tumor cell invasiveness, and the sodium-hydrogen exchanger isoform-1 (NHE1), a central regulator of transmembrane pH that supports carcinogenic progression. In this study, we co-screened our library of 5- and 6-substituted amilorides against these two targets, aiming to identify single-target selective and dual-targeting inhibitors for use as complementary pharmacological probes. Closely related analogs substituted at the 6-position with pyrimidines were identified as dual-targeting (pyrimidine 24 uPA IC50 = 175 nM, NHE1 IC50 = 266 nM, uPA selectivity ratio = 1.5) and uPA-selective (methoxypyrimidine 26 uPA IC50 = 86 nM, NHE1 IC50 = 12,290 nM, uPA selectivity ratio = 143) inhibitors, while high NHE1 potency and selectivity was seen with 5-morpholino (29 NHE1 IC50 = 129 nM, uPA IC50 = 10,949 nM; NHE1 selectivity ratio = 85) and 5-(1,4-oxazepine) (30 NHE1 IC50 = 85 nM, uPA IC50 = 5715 nM; NHE1 selectivity ratio = 67) analogs. Together, these amilorides comprise a new toolkit of chemotype-matched, non-cytotoxic probes for dissecting the pharmacological effects of selective uPA and NHE1 inhibition versus dual-uPA/NHE1 inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Buckley
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.K.); (A.A.); (R.S.B.); (H.M.); (M.R.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW 2750, Australia
- Correspondence: (B.J.B.); (M.J.K.); Tel.: +61-2-4221-5085 (M.J.K.)
| | - Ashna Kumar
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.K.); (A.A.); (R.S.B.); (H.M.); (M.R.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ashraf Aboelela
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.K.); (A.A.); (R.S.B.); (H.M.); (M.R.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Richard S. Bujaroski
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.K.); (A.A.); (R.S.B.); (H.M.); (M.R.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Xiuju Li
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; (X.L.); (L.F.)
| | - Hiwa Majed
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.K.); (A.A.); (R.S.B.); (H.M.); (M.R.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Larry Fliegel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; (X.L.); (L.F.)
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.K.); (A.A.); (R.S.B.); (H.M.); (M.R.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Michael J. Kelso
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; (A.K.); (A.A.); (R.S.B.); (H.M.); (M.R.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Correspondence: (B.J.B.); (M.J.K.); Tel.: +61-2-4221-5085 (M.J.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Perry J, Minaei E, Engels E, Ashford BG, McAlary L, Clark JR, Gupta R, Tehei M, Corde S, Carolan M, Ranson M. Thulium oxide nanoparticles as radioenhancers for the treatment of metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Phys Med Biol 2020; 65:215018. [PMID: 32726756 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/abaa5d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Metastases from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) occur in 2%-5% of cases. Surgery is the standard treatment, often combined with adjuvant radiotherapy. Concurrent carboplatin treatment with post-operative radiotherapy may be prescribed, although it has not shown benefit in recent clinical trials in high-risk cSCC patients. The novel high-Z nanoparticle thulium (III) oxide has been shown to enhance radiation dose delivery to brain tumors by specific uptake of these nanoparticles into the cancerous tissue. As the dose-enhancement capacity of thulium oxide nanoparticles following radiotherapy against metastatic cSCC cells is unknown, its efficacy as a radiosensitizer was evaluated, with and without carboplatin. Novel and validated human patient-derived cell lines of metastatic cSCC were used. The sensitivity of the cells to radiation was investigated using short-term proliferation assays as well as clonogenic survival as the radiobiological endpoint. Briefly, cells were irradiated with 125 kVp orthovoltage x-rays (0-6 Gy) with and without thulium oxide nanoparticles (99.9% trace metals basis; 50 µg ml-1) or low dose carboplatin pre-sensitization. Cellular uptake of the nanoparticles was first confirmed by microscopy and found to have no impact on short-term cell survival for the cSCC cells, highlighting the biocompatibility of thulium oxide nanoparticles. Clonogenic cell survival assays confirmed radio-sensitization when exposed to thulium nanoparticles, with the cell sensitivity increasing by a factor of 1.24 (calculated at the 10% survival fraction) for the irradiated cSCC cells. The combination of carboplatin with thulium oxide nanoparticles with irradiation did not result in significant further reductions in survival compared to nanoparticles alone. This is the first study to provide in vitro data demonstrating the independent radiosensitization effect of high-Z nanoparticles against metastatic cSCC with or without carboplatin. Further preclinical investigations with radiotherapy plus high-Z nanoparticles for the management of metastatic cSCC are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay Perry
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), NSW 2170, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Buckley BJ, Ali U, Kelso MJ, Ranson M. The Urokinase Plasminogen Activation System in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Pathophysiological Roles and Prospective Therapeutic Targets. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:970-981. [PMID: 30516104 PMCID: PMC6700755 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666181204164140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic and progressive inflammatory disease characterized in its early stages by synovial hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration and later by irreversible joint tissue destruction. The Plasminogen Activation System (PAS) is associated with a wide range of physiological and pathophysiological states involving fibrinolysis, inflammation and tissue remodeling. Various components of the PAS are implicated in the pathophysiology of RA. Urokinase Plasminogen Activator (uPA) in particular is a pro-inflammatory mediator that appears to play an important role in the bone and cartilage destruction associated with RA. Clinical studies have shown that uPA and its receptor uPAR are overexpressed in synovia of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Further, genetic knockdown and antibody-mediated neutralization of uPA have been shown to be protective against induction or progression of arthritis in animal models. The pro-arthritic role of uPA is differentiated from its haemodynamic counterpart, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which appears to play a protective role in RA animal models. This review summarises available evidence supporting the PAS as a critical determinant of RA pathogenesis and highlights opportunities for the development of novel uPAS-targeting therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Buckley
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Umar Ali
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Michael J Kelso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ariens R, Becattini C, Bender M, Bergmeier W, Castoldi E, Devreese K, Ellis M, Gailani D, Ignjatovic V, James PD, Kerrigan S, Lambert M, Lee LH, Levi M, Maugeri N, Meijers J, Melero-Martin J, Michelson AD, Mingozzi F, Neeves K, Ni H, Olsson AK, Prohászka Z, Ranson M, Riva N, Senis Y, van Ommen CH, Vaughan DE, Weisel J. Illustrated State-of-the-Art Capsules of the ISTH 2020 Congress. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2020; 4:680-713. [PMID: 32685876 PMCID: PMC7354406 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The 2020 Congress of the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) was held virtually July 12-15, 2019, due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. The congress convenes annually to discuss clinical and basic topics in hemostasis and thrombosis. Each year, the program includes State of Art (SOA) lectures given by prominent scientists. Presenters are asked to create Illustrated Capsules of their talks, which are concise illustrations with minimal explanatory text. Capsules cover major themes of the presentation, and these undergo formal peer review for inclusion in this article. Owing to the shift to a virtual congress this year, organizers reduced the program size. There were 39 SOA lectures virtually presented, and 29 capsules (9 from talks omitted from the virtual congress) were both submitted and successful in peer review, and are included in this article. Topics include the roles of the hemostatic system in inflammation, infection, immunity, and cancer, platelet function and signaling, platelet function disorders, megakaryocyte biology, hemophilia including gene therapy, phenotype tests in hemostasis, von Willebrand factor, anticoagulant factor V, computational driven discovery, endothelium, clinical and basic aspects of thrombotic microangiopathies, fibrinolysis and thrombolysis, antithrombotics in pediatrics, direct oral anticoagulant management, and thrombosis and hemostasis in pregnancy. Capsule authors invite virtual congress attendees to refer to these capsules during the live presentations and participate on Twitter in discussion. Research and Practice in Haemostasis and Thrombosis will release 2 tweets from @RPTHJournal during each presentation, using #IllustratedReview, #CoagCapsule and #ISTH2020. Readers are also welcome to utilize capsules for teaching and ongoing education.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Ariens
- Discovery and Translational Science Department Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine University of Leeds Leeds UK
| | - Cecilia Becattini
- Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine - Stroke Unit University of Perugia Perugia Italy
| | - Markus Bender
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine - Chair I University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center Würzburg Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics UNC Blood Research Center University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Elisabetta Castoldi
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) Maastricht University Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Devreese
- Coagulation Laboratory Department of Laboratory Medicine Ghent University Hospital Ghent University Ghent Belgium
- Coagulation Laboratory Department of Diagnostic Sciences Ghent University Hospital Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Martin Ellis
- Hematology Institute and Blood Bank Meir Medical Center and Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - David Gailani
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville TN USA
| | - Vera Ignjatovic
- Haematology Research Team Murdoch Children's Research Institute Department of Paediatrics The University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | | | - Steven Kerrigan
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences Irish Centre for Vascular Biology Dublin Ireland
| | - Michele Lambert
- Department of Pediatrics Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Lai Heng Lee
- Department of Haematology Singapore General Hospital SingHealth Singapore City Singapore
| | - Marcel Levi
- University College London Hospitals London UK
| | - Norma Maugeri
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University Milano Italy
| | - Joost Meijers
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine Amsterdam University Medical Centers University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis Sanquin Research Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Alan D Michelson
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston MA USA
| | | | - Keith Neeves
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Colorado School of Mines Golden CO USA
| | - Heyu Ni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science of St. Michael's Hospital University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Anna-Karin Olsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Zoltán Prohászka
- Research Laboratory 3rd Department of Internal Medicine MTA-SE Research Group of Immunology and Hematology Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Semmelweis University Budapest Hungary
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience University of Wollongong Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Nicoletta Riva
- Department of Pathology Faculty of Medicine and Surgery University of Malta Msida Malta
| | - Yotis Senis
- Directeur de Recherche Etablissement Français du Sang Grand Est Inserm UMR-S1255 Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Cornelia H van Ommen
- Department of Pediatric Hematology Oncology Erasmus MC Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - John Weisel
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Montgomery AP, Dobie C, Szabo R, Hallam L, Ranson M, Yu H, Skropeta D. Design, synthesis and evaluation of carbamate-linked uridyl-based inhibitors of human ST6Gal I. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115561. [PMID: 32616185 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Sialic acid at the terminus of cell surface glycoconjugates is a critical element in cell-cell recognition, receptor binding and immune responses. Sialyltransferases (ST), the enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of sialylated glycans are highly upregulated in cancer and the resulting hypersialylation of the tumour cell surface correlates strongly with tumour growth, metastasis and drug resistance. Inhibitors of human STs, in particular human ST6Gal I, are thus expected to be valuable chemical tools for the discovery of novel anticancer drugs. Herein, we report on the computationally-guided design and development of uridine-based inhibitors that replace the charged phosphodiester linker of known ST inhibitors with a neutral carbamate to improve pharmacokinetic properties and synthetic accessibility. A series of 24 carbamate-linked uridyl-based compounds were synthesised by coupling aryl and hetaryl α-hydroxyphosphonates with a 5'-amino-5'-deoxyuridine fragment. The inhibitory activities of the newly synthesised compounds against recombinant human ST6Gal I were determined using a luminescent microplate assay, and five promising inhibitors with Ki's ranging from 1 to 20 µM were identified. These results show that carbamate-linked uridyl-based compounds are a potential new class of readily accessible, non-cytotoxic ST inhibitors to be further explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Montgomery
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Christopher Dobie
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Rémi Szabo
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Laura Hallam
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Haibo Yu
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Danielle Skropeta
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Buckley BJ, Majed H, Aboelela A, Minaei E, Jiang L, Fildes K, Cheung CY, Johnson D, Bachovchin D, Cook GM, Huang M, Ranson M, Kelso MJ. 6-Substituted amiloride derivatives as inhibitors of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator for use in metastatic disease. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:126753. [PMID: 31679971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The oral K+-sparing diuretic amiloride shows anti-cancer side-activities in multiple rodent models. These effects appear to arise, at least in part, through moderate inhibition of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA, Ki = 2.4 µM), a pro-metastatic trypsin-like serine protease that is upregulated in many aggressive solid malignancies. In applying the selective optimization of side-activity (SOSA) approach, a focused library of twenty two 6-substituted amiloride derivatives were prepared, with multiple examples displaying uPA inhibitory potencies in the nM range. X-ray co-crystal structures revealed that the potency increases relative to amiloride arise from increased occupancy of uPA's S1β subsite by the appended 6-substituents. Leading compounds were shown to have high selectivity over related trypsin-like serine proteases and no diuretic or anti-kaliuretic effects in rats. Compound 15 showed anti-metastatic effects in a xenografted mouse model of late-stage lung metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Buckley
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Hiwa Majed
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Ashraf Aboelela
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Elahe Minaei
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Longguang Jiang
- National Joint Biomdical Engineering Research Centre on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Karen Fildes
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, NSW 2522, Australia; Graduate School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Otago 9016, New Zealand
| | - Darren Johnson
- Tri-institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10065, USA
| | - Daniel Bachovchin
- Tri-institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NY 10065, USA; Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Otago 9016, New Zealand
| | - Mingdong Huang
- National Joint Biomdical Engineering Research Centre on Photodynamic Technologies, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Michael J Kelso
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, NSW 2522, Australia; Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ly D, Donahue D, Walker MJ, Ploplis VA, McArthur JD, Ranson M, Castellino FJ, Sanderson-Smith ML. Characterizing the role of tissue-type plasminogen activator in a mouse model of Group A streptococcal infection. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:412-417. [PMID: 31009808 PMCID: PMC7707001 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Plasmin(ogen) acquisition is critical for invasive disease initiation by Streptococcus pyogenes (GAS). Host urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) plays a role in mediating plasminogen activation for GAS dissemination, however the contribution of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) to GAS virulence is unknown. Using novel tPA-deficient ALBPLG1 mice, our study revealed no difference in mouse survival, bacterial dissemination or the pathology of GAS infection in the absence of tPA in AlbPLG1/tPA-/- mice compared to AlbPLG1 mice. This study suggests that tPA has a limited role in this humanized model of GAS infection, further highlighting the importance of its counterpart uPA in GAS disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diane Ly
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Deborah Donahue
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Mark J Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Victoria A Ploplis
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Jason D McArthur
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Francis J Castellino
- W. M. Keck Center for Transgene Research, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Martina L Sanderson-Smith
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
De Vincenzo A, Belli S, Franco P, Telesca M, Iaccarino I, Botti G, Carriero MV, Ranson M, Stoppelli MP. Paracrine recruitment and activation of fibroblasts by c-Myc expressing breast epithelial cells through the IGFs/IGF-1R axis. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:2827-2839. [PMID: 31381136 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are among the most abundant stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME), progressively differentiating into activated, motile, myofibroblast-like, protumorigenic cells referred to as Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs). To investigate the mechanisms by which epithelial cells direct this transition, the early stages of tumorigenesis were exemplified by indirect cocultures of WI-38 or human primary breast cancer fibroblasts with human mammary epithelial cells expressing an inducible c-Myc oncogene (MCF10A-MycER). After c-Myc activation, the conditioned medium (CM) of MCF10A-MycER cells significantly enhanced fibroblast activation and mobilization. As this was accompanied by decreased insulin-like growth factor binding protein-6 (IGFBP-6) and increased insulin-like growth factor-1 and IGF-II (IGF-I, IGF-II) in the CM, IGFs were investigated as key chemotactic factors. Silencing IGFBP-6 or IGF-I or IGF-II expression in epithelial cells or blocking Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) activity on fibroblasts significantly altered fibroblast mobilization. Exposure of WI-38 fibroblasts to CM from induced MCF10A-MycER cells or to IGF-II upregulated FAK phosphorylation on Tyr397 , as well as the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), features associated with CAF phenotype and increased cell migratory/invasive behavior. In three-dimensional (3D)-organotypic assays, WI-38 or human primary fibroblasts, preactivated with either CM from MCF10A-MycER cells or IGFs, resulted in a permissive TME that enabled nontransformed MCF10A matrix invasion. This effect was abolished by inhibiting IGF-1R activity. Thus, breast epithelial cell oncogenic activation and stromal fibroblast transition to CAFs are linked through the IGFs/IGF-1R axis, which directly promotes TME remodeling and increases tumor invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna De Vincenzo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Belli
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Franco
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Marialucia Telesca
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Ingram Iaccarino
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy.,Hematopathology Section, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Pathology Unit, IRCCS National Cancer Institute "Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Maria V Carriero
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IRCCS National Cancer Institute "Fondazione G. Pascale", Naples, Italy
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria Patrizia Stoppelli
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zilberg C, Lee MW, Kraitsek S, Ashford B, Ranson M, Shannon K, Iyer NG, Ch'ng S, Low THH, Palme C, Clark J, Gupta R, Yu B. Is high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck a suitable candidate for current targeted therapies? J Clin Pathol 2019; 73:17-22. [PMID: 31300530 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-206038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common malignancy, most frequently affecting the head and neck. Treatment often requires surgery and can have significant functional morbidity. Research into disease pathogenesis and second line medical management of cSCC is limited. We assess genetic mutations in high-risk, primary head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (HNcSCC) that may hinder or be beneficial for use of targeted therapy in disease management. METHODS Genetic alterations and variant allele frequencies (VAFs) were analysed using a clinically relevant 48 gene panel in 10 primary high-risk non-metastatic treatment-naïve HNcSCC to evaluate applicability of targeted therapeutics. Variants present at all VAFs were evaluated for pathogenicity. Somatic mutation patterns of individual tumours were analysed. RESULTS High-risk HNcSCC showed a high proportion (82%) of C to T transitions in keeping with ultraviolet-mediated damage. There was significant intratumour genetic heterogeneity in this cohort (MATH scores 20-89) with the two patients <45 years of age showing highest intratumour heterogeneity. TP53 was altered at VAF >22% in all cases, and mutations with highest VAF were observed in tumour suppressor genes in 80%. 70% of cases demonstrated at least one mutation associated with treatment resistance (KIT S821F, KIT T670I, RAS mutations at codons 12 and 13). CONCLUSION We demonstrate high proportion tumour suppressor loss of function mutations, high intratumour genetic heterogeneity, and presence of well recognised resistance mutations in treatment naïve primary HNcSCC. These factors pose challenges for successful utilisation of targeted therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Zilberg
- Medicine, Gosford Hospital, Gosford, New South Wales, Australia .,Medicine, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Spiridoula Kraitsek
- Medical Genomics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bruce Ashford
- Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerwin Shannon
- The Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N Gopalakrishna Iyer
- Sinnghealth/Duke-NUS Head and Neck Centre, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sydney Ch'ng
- The Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Central Clinical School Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tsu-Hui Hubert Low
- The Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Central Clinical School Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carsten Palme
- The Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia.,Central Clinical School Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan Clark
- The Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Anatomic Pathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Bing Yu
- Molecular and Clinical Genetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Brungs D, Lochhead A, Iyer A, Illemann M, Colligan P, Hirst NG, Splitt A, Liauw W, Vine KL, Pathmanandavel S, Carolan M, Becker TM, Aghmesheh M, Ranson M. Expression of cancer stem cell markers is prognostic in metastatic gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Pathology 2019; 51:474-480. [PMID: 31230819 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma is a common and highly lethal malignancy. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have a key role in the development and progression of metastatic disease. While expression of CSC markers CD44, CD133 and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) in locoregional gastroesophageal cancer is known to be associated with poorer clinical outcomes, the significance of CSC marker expression in distal metastatic disease is unknown. We investigated the clinicopathological and prognostic associations of the CSC markers, CD44, CD133, and ALDH1, on metastatic deposits from gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas, and evaluated the association of CSC expression with urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) expression. Of the 36 patients included in the study, 16 (44%) were positive for CD44, 13 (36%) were positive for CD133, and 26 (72%) were positive for ALDH1. CD44 expression was significantly associated with poorer overall survival (OS) in univariate [hazard ratio (HR) 2.9, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3-6.9, p=0.008] and multivariate analyses (HR 2.5, 95%CI 1.1-6.2, p=0.04). ALDH1 expression was significantly associated with poorer OS in univariate (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.01-5.7, p=0.04) analysis but was not significant in multivariate analysis. Both CD44 and ALDH1 expression were significantly associated with uPAR expression. We found no association between CD133 expression and OS. CD44 expression on metastatic disease from gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas is an independent prognostic marker associated with poorer OS. These results expand current evidence to support the role of CSCs as biomarkers in metastatic gastroesophageal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brungs
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia.
| | | | - Anita Iyer
- Southern IML Pathology, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin Illemann
- Biotech Research Innovation Centre - BRIC, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Ashleigh Splitt
- Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Winston Liauw
- Department of Medical Oncology, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kara L Vine
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Martin Carolan
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia
| | - Therese M Becker
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, NSW, Australia; South Western Medical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, Australia; Centre for Circulating Tumour Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Morteza Aghmesheh
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Clingan PR, Ackland SP, Brungs D, Souza P, Aghmesheh M, Garg MB, Ranson RD, Parker S, Jokela R, Ranson M. First‐in‐human phase I study of infusional and bolus schedules of Deflexifol, a novel 5‐fluorouracil and leucovorin formulation, after failure of standard treatment. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2019; 15:151-157. [DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip R. Clingan
- Southern Medical Day Care Centre Wollongong Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute Wollongong Australia
| | | | - Daniel Brungs
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute Wollongong Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BioscienceUniversity of Wollongong Wollongong Australia
| | - Paul Souza
- Western Sydney University School of Medicine Sydney Australia
| | - Morteza Aghmesheh
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute Wollongong Australia
- Illawarra Cancer Care Centre Wollongong Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute Wollongong Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular BioscienceUniversity of Wollongong Wollongong Australia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Buckley BJ, Aboelela A, Minaei E, Jiang LX, Xu Z, Ali U, Fildes K, Cheung CY, Cook SM, Johnson DC, Bachovchin DA, Cook GM, Apte M, Huang M, Ranson M, Kelso MJ. 6-Substituted Hexamethylene Amiloride (HMA) Derivatives as Potent and Selective Inhibitors of the Human Urokinase Plasminogen Activator for Use in Cancer. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8299-8320. [PMID: 30130401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is the cause of death in the majority (∼90%) of malignant cancers. The oral potassium-sparing diuretic amiloride and its 5-substituted derivative 5 -N, N-(hexamethylene)amiloride (HMA) reportedly show robust antitumor/metastasis effects in multiple in vitro and animal models. These effects are likely due, at least in part, to inhibition of the urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), a key protease determinant of cell invasiveness and metastasis. This study reports the discovery of 6-substituted HMA analogs that show nanomolar potency against uPA, high selectivity over related trypsin-like serine proteases, and minimal inhibitory effects against epithelial sodium channels (ENaC), the diuretic and antikaliuretic target of amiloride. Reductions in lung metastases were demonstrated for two analogs in a late-stage experimental mouse metastasis model, and one analog completely inhibited formation of liver metastases in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of pancreatic cancer. The results support further evaluation of 6-substituted HMA derivatives as uPA-targeting anticancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Buckley
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Ashraf Aboelela
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Elahe Minaei
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Longguang X Jiang
- National Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Centre on Photodynamic Technologies , Fuzhou University , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Zhihong Xu
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School , University of New South Wales, and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research , Liverpool , NSW 2170 , Australia
| | - Umar Ali
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Karen Fildes
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Graduate School of Medicine , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Otago , Otago 9016 , New Zealand
| | - Simon M Cook
- Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Darren C Johnson
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Daniel A Bachovchin
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States.,Chemical Biology Program , Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York , New York 10065 , United States
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology , University of Otago , Otago 9016 , New Zealand
| | - Minoti Apte
- Pancreatic Research Group, South Western Sydney Clinical School , University of New South Wales, and Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research , Liverpool , NSW 2170 , Australia
| | - Mingdong Huang
- National Joint Biomedical Engineering Research Centre on Photodynamic Technologies , Fuzhou University , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Marie Ranson
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| | - Michael J Kelso
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry & Molecular Bioscience , University of Wollongong , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia.,Illawarra Health & Medical Research Institute , Wollongong , NSW 2522 , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Minaei E, Brungs D, Engels E, Vine K, Tehei M, Corde S, Ranson M. PO-437 Drug and radio sensitivity profile of a primary CTC cell line derived from a patient with metastatic neuroendocrine tumour of the distal oesophagus. ESMO Open 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/esmoopen-2018-eacr25.948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
37
|
Brungs D, Aghmesheh M, de Souza P, Carolan M, Clingan P, Rose J, Ranson M. Safety and Efficacy of Oxaliplatin Doublet Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Elderly Patients With Stage III Colon Cancer. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2018; 17:e549-e555. [PMID: 29861156 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colon cancer is common in the elderly, but owing to under representation in clinical trials, the benefit of standard therapies is uncertain in this age group. We aimed to clarify the efficacy and complications of adjuvant oxaliplatin and fluoropyrimidine chemotherapy for patients 70 years and older with stage III colon cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS All patients with stage III colon adenocarcinoma were identified from an Australian cancer registry (2006-2013). Multivariable Cox hazard regression was used to determine prognostic factors for all-cause mortality. Chemotherapy complications were quantified using discontinuation rates, hospital admissions, and mortality for 12 months after starting chemotherapy. RESULTS A total of 2164 patients fulfilled our inclusion criteria, including 1080 (49.9%) patients ≥ 70 years. Patients ≥ 70 years were less likely to receive adjuvant chemotherapy (60.7% vs. 89.6%) or oxaliplatin doublet chemotherapy (18.8% vs. 71.2%). Older patients receiving oxaliplatin were more likely to cease treatment early (18.7% vs. 7.6%) and require hospital admission (67.0% vs. 53.5%). The addition of oxaliplatin provided an overall survival benefit for patients < 70 years (hazard ratio, 0.44; 95% confidence interval, 0.3-0.6; P < .0001) and for patients ≥ 70 years (hazard ratio, 0.64; 95% confidence interval, 0.5-0.9; P = .005). CONCLUSIONS Despite a modestly increased rate of hospital admission and early chemotherapy cessation, we demonstrate a persistent survival benefit for the addition of oxaliplatin to a fluoropyrimidine as adjuvant treatment for stage III colon cancer in elderly patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brungs
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, Australia; CONCERT - Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Morteza Aghmesheh
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, Australia; CONCERT - Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Paul de Souza
- CONCERT - Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation, New South Wales, Australia; Medical Oncology Department, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, Australia; South Western Medical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martin Carolan
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, Australia; CONCERT - Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Philip Clingan
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, Australia
| | - June Rose
- Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; CONCERT - Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Belfiore L, Spenkelink LM, Ranson M, van Oijen AM, Vine KL. Quantification of ligand density and stoichiometry on the surface of liposomes using single-molecule fluorescence imaging. J Control Release 2018; 278:80-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
39
|
Li F, Gorle AK, Ranson M, Vine KL, Kinobe R, Feterl M, Warner JM, Keene FR, Collins JG, Day AI. Probing the pharmacokinetics of cucurbit[7, 8 and 10]uril: and a dinuclear ruthenium antimicrobial complex encapsulated in cucurbit[10]uril. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:4172-4179. [PMID: 28443914 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00724h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The relatively non-toxic family of cucurbit[n]uril, Q[n], have shown considerable potential in vitro as drug delivery agents, with only a few examples of pharmacokinetic (PK) studies for drug⊂Q[n]. Drug-free Q[n] PK studies are the next step in determining the pharmacological applicability in their drug delivery potential. The results for the first PK and bio-distribution of drug-free 14C-Q[7] are described for administration via intravenous (i.v.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) dosing. A study of oral administration of drug-free 14C-Q[8] has also been undertaken to determine the time course for the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), absorption and subsequent bio-distribution. Q[10], a potential drug carrier for larger drugs, was evaluated for its effect on the PK profile of a dinuclear ruthenium complex (Rubb12), a potential antimicrobial agent. The Rubb12⊂Q[10] complex and free Rubb12 were administered by i.v. to determine differences in Rubb12 plasma concentrations and organ accumulation. Interestingly, the PK profiles and bio-distribution observed for Q[7] showed similarities to those of Rubb12⊂Q[10]. Drug-free Q[7] has a relatively fast plasma clearance and a generally low organ accumulation except for the kidneys. Drug-free Q[8] showed a low absorption from the GIT into the blood stream but the small percentage absorbed reflected the organ accumulation of Q[7]. These results provide a better understanding of the probable PK profile and bio-distribution for a drug⊂Q[n] through the influence of the drug delivery vehicle and the positive clearance of drug-free Q[n] via the kidneys supports its potential value in future drug delivery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfei Li
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
| | - Anil K Gorle
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Biological Sciences, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Kara L Vine
- School of Biological Sciences, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Robert Kinobe
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia and Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Marshall Feterl
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia and Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M Warner
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia and Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - F Richard Keene
- Centre for Biodiscovery and Molecular Development of Therapeutics, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia and School of Physical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
| | - J Grant Collins
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
| | - Anthony I Day
- School of Physical, Environmental and Mathematical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Australian Defence Force Academy, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Belfiore L, Saunders DN, Ranson M, Thurecht KJ, Storm G, Vine KL. Towards clinical translation of ligand-functionalized liposomes in targeted cancer therapy: Challenges and opportunities. J Control Release 2018; 277:1-13. [PMID: 29501721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of therapeutic resistance to targeted anticancer therapies remains a significant clinical problem, with intratumoral heterogeneity playing a key role. In this context, improving the therapeutic outcome through simultaneous targeting of multiple tumor cell subtypes within a heterogeneous tumor is a promising approach. Liposomes have emerged as useful drug carriers that can reduce systemic toxicity and increase drug delivery to the tumor site. While clinically used liposomal drug formulations show marked therapeutic advantages over free drug formulations, ligand-functionalized liposomes that can target multiple tumor cell subtypes may further improve the therapeutic efficacy by facilitating drug delivery to a broader population of tumor cells making up the heterogeneous tumor tissue. Ligand-directed liposomes enable the so-called active targeting of cell receptors via surface-attached ligands that direct drug uptake into tumor cells or tumor-associated stromal cells, and so can increase the selectivity of drug delivery. Despite promising preclinical results demonstrating improved targeting and anti-tumor effects of ligand-directed liposomes, there has been limited translation of this approach to the clinic. Key challenges for translation include the lack of established methods to scale up production and comprehensively characterize ligand-functionalized liposome formulations, as well as the inadequate recapitulation of in vivo tumors in the preclinical models currently used to evaluate their performance. Herein, we discuss the utility of recent ligand-directed liposome approaches, with a focus on dual-ligand liposomes, for the treatment of solid tumors and examine the drawbacks limiting their progression to clinical adoption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Belfiore
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Darren N Saunders
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Kristofer J Thurecht
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), Centre for Advanced Imaging (CAI), Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gert Storm
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, CG, The Netherlands
| | - Kara L Vine
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Brungs D, Lynch D, Luk AWS, Minaei E, Ranson M, Aghmesheh M, Vine KL, Carolan M, Jaber M, de Souza P, Becker TM. Cryopreservation for delayed circulating tumor cell isolation is a valid strategy for prognostic association of circulating tumor cells in gastroesophageal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:810-818. [PMID: 29467551 PMCID: PMC5807939 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i7.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To demonstrate the feasibility of cryopreservation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for prognostic circulating tumor cell (CTC) detection in gastroesophageal cancer.
METHODS Using 7.5 mL blood samples collected in EDTA tubes from patients with gastroesopheagal adenocarcinoma, CTCs were isolated by epithelial cell adhesion molecule based immunomagnetic capture using the IsoFlux platform. Paired specimens taken during the same blood draw (n = 15) were used to compare number of CTCs isolated from fresh and cryopreserved PBMCs. Blood samples were processed within 24 h to recover the PBMC fraction, with PBMCs used for fresh analysis immediately processed for CTC isolation. Cryopreservation of PBMCs lasted from 2 wk to 25.2 mo (median 14.6 mo). CTCs isolated from pre-treatment cryopreserved PBMCs (n = 43) were examined for associations with clinicopathological variables and survival outcomes.
RESULTS While there was a significant trend to a decrease in CTC numbers associated with cryopreserved specimens (mean number of CTCs 34.4 vs 51.5, P = 0.04), this was predominately in samples with a total CTC count of > 50, with low CTC count samples less affected (P = 0.06). There was no significant association between the duration of cryopreservation and number of CTCs. In cryopreserved PBMCs from patient samples prior to treatment, a high CTC count (> 17) was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) (n = 43, HR = 4.4, 95%CI: 1.7-11.7, P = 0.0013). In multivariate analysis, after controlling for sex, age, stage, ECOG performance status, and primary tumor location, a high CTC count remained significantly associated with a poorer OS (HR = 3.7, 95%CI: 1.2-12.4, P = 0.03).
CONCLUSION PBMC cryopreservation for delayed CTC isolation is a valid strategy to assist with sample collection, transporting and processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brungs
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - David Lynch
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales 2000, Australia
- Centre for Circulating Tumor Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney 2170, Australia
| | - Alison WS Luk
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Elahe Minaei
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Morteza Aghmesheh
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Kara L Vine
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Martin Carolan
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Mouhannad Jaber
- Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong 2500, Australia
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales 2000, Australia
| | - Paul de Souza
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales 2000, Australia
- Centre for Circulating Tumor Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney 2170, Australia
- South Western Medical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2170, Australia
| | - Therese M Becker
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales 2000, Australia
- Centre for Circulating Tumor Cell Diagnostics and Research, Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney 2170, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Sydney 2170, Australia
- South Western Medical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2170, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zilberg C, Lee MW, Yu B, Ashford B, Kraitsek S, Ranson M, Shannon K, Cowley M, Iyer NG, Palme CE, Ch'ng S, Low THH, O'Toole S, Clark JR, Gupta R. Analysis of clinically relevant somatic mutations in high-risk head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:275-287. [PMID: 28984303 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is the second most prevalent malignancy, most frequently occurring in the head and neck (head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma). Treatment of locally advanced or metastatic disease is associated with functional morbidity and disfigurement. Underlying genetic mechanisms are poorly understood. Targeted sequencing of 48 clinically relevant genes was performed on DNA extracted from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded high-risk primary head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas that remained non-metastatic at minimum follow-up of 24 months. Associations of somatic mutations with clinicopathologic characteristics were evaluated and compared with those described in the literature for metastatic disease. Alterations in 44 cancer-associated genes were identified. TP53 was mutated in 100% of cases; APC, ATM, ERBB4, GNAQ, KIT, RB1 and ABL1 were altered in 60% of cases. FGFR2 mutations (40%) were exclusively seen in patients with perineural invasion. MLH1 mutations were exclusively seen in the two younger patients (<45 years). Lower incidences of NOTCH1 mutations were observed compared with that described in metastatic head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in the literature. Somatic mutations susceptible to EGFR inhibitors, and other small molecular targeted therapeutics were seen in 60% of cases. This study provides insights into somatic mutations in non-metastatic, high-risk head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma and identifies potential therapeutic targets. Alterations in FGFR2 and NOTCH1 may have roles in local and distant disease progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Zilberg
- Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Bing Yu
- Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Medical Genomics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Bruce Ashford
- Illawarra and Shoalhaven Local Health District (ISLHD), Wollongong, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, Australia
| | - Spiridoula Kraitsek
- Department of Medical Genomics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Wollongong, Australia.,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Liverpool, Australia
| | - Kerwin Shannon
- The Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, Australia
| | - Mark Cowley
- Kinghorn Cancer Centre and Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - N Gopalakrishna Iyer
- Singhealth/Duke-NUS Head and Neck Center, National Cancer Center Singapore (NCCS), Singapore
| | - Carsten E Palme
- Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sydney Ch'ng
- Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, Australia
| | - Tsu-Hui Hubert Low
- Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sandra O'Toole
- Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan R Clark
- Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,The Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Brungs D, Chen J, Aghmesheh M, Vine KL, Becker TM, Carolan MG, Ranson M. The urokinase plasminogen activation system in gastroesophageal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 8:23099-23109. [PMID: 28416743 PMCID: PMC5410288 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The urokinase plasminogen activation (uPA) system is a crucial pathway for tumour invasion and establishment of metastasis. Although there is good evidence that uPA system expression is a clinically relevant biomarker in some solid tumours, its role in gastroesophageal cancer is uncertain. Results We identified 22 studies encompassing 1966 patients which fulfilled the inclusion criteria. uPA, uPAR, or PAI-1 expression is significantly associated with high risk clinicopathological features. High uPA expression is associated with a shorter RFS (HR 1.90 95% 1.16–3.11, p = 0.01) and OS (HR 2.21 95% CI 1.74–2.80, p < 0.0001). High uPAR expression is associated with poorer OS (HR 2.21 95%CI 1.82–2.69, p < 0.0001). High PAI-1 expression is associated with shorter RFS (HR 1.96 96% CI 1.07–3.58, p = 0.03) and OS (HR 1.84 95%CI 1.28–2.64, p < 0.0001). There was no significant association between PAI-2 expression and OS (HR 0.97 95%CI 0.48–1.94, p < 0.92) although data was limited. Materials and Methods We undertook a systematic review evaluating expression of uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1/SerpinE1) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2/SerpinB2) on primary oesophageal, gastro-oesophageal junction, and gastric adenocarcinomas. We performed a meta-analysis of clinicopathological associations, overall survival (OS) and recurrence free survival (RFS). Conclusions We conclude that the uPA system is a clinically relevant biomarker in primary gastroesophageal cancer, with higher expression of uPA, uPAR and PAI-1 associated with higher risk disease and poorer prognosis. This also highlights the potential utility of the uPA system as a therapeutic target for improved treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brungs
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, Australia.,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julia Chen
- St George Cancer Centre, St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Morteza Aghmesheh
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, Australia.,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kara L Vine
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Therese M Becker
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Hospital, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Liverpool, Australia.,South Western Medical School, University of New South Wales, Liverpool, Australia
| | - Martin G Carolan
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, Australia.,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lobov S, Croucher DR, Saunders DN, Ranson M. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 inhibits cell surface associated tissue plasminogen activator in vitro. Thromb Haemost 2017. [DOI: 10.1160/th08-02-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryRegulation of cellular plasminogen activation is necessary for maintenance of tissue homeostasis. Despite increasing evidence for co-expression of tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type-2 (PAI-2;SERPINB2) under patho/physiological conditions, the inhibition of cell-bound tPAmediated plasminogen activation by PAI-2 has not been addressed. Here we show that PAI-2 can inhibit cell-bound tPA activity in vitro and thus prevent plasmin formation. We also examined the potential involvement in this inhibition of the annexin II heterotetramer (AIIt), one of the many well characterized cell-surface co/receptors for tPA and plasminogen that efficiently promotes plasminogen activation. This receptor was of interest because AIIt has also been shown to directly bind PAI-2. Characterization of these potential interactions using purified protein systems revealed that PAI-2 directly bound AIIt via the p11 (S100A10) subunit. However, PAI-2 prevented AIIt/tPA-mediated plasminogen activation by its classic serpin inhibitory activity rather than through competition with tPA/plasminogen for binding. Further analysis showed that PAI-2 inhibited cell bound tPA-induced plasmin activity in both an AIIt-dependent and -independent manner. These data open new possibilities for further investigations regarding the regulation of cellular plasmin generation in vivo, especially in tissues where PAI-2 and tPA may be co-expressed.
Collapse
|
45
|
Harris NLE, Vennin C, Conway JRW, Vine KL, Pinese M, Cowley MJ, Shearer RF, Lucas MC, Herrmann D, Allam AH, Pajic M, Morton JP, Biankin AV, Ranson M, Timpson P, Saunders DN. SerpinB2 regulates stromal remodelling and local invasion in pancreatic cancer. Oncogene 2017; 36:4288-4298. [PMID: 28346421 PMCID: PMC5537606 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer has a devastating prognosis, with an overall 5-year survival rate of ~8%, restricted treatment options and characteristic molecular heterogeneity. SerpinB2 expression, particularly in the stromal compartment, is associated with reduced metastasis and prolonged survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) and our genomic analysis revealed that SERPINB2 is frequently deleted in PDAC. We show that SerpinB2 is required by stromal cells for normal collagen remodelling in vitro, regulating fibroblast interaction and engagement with collagen in the contracting matrix. In a pancreatic cancer allograft model, co-injection of PDAC cancer cells and SerpinB2-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) resulted in increased tumour growth, aberrant remodelling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and increased local invasion from the primary tumour. These tumours also displayed elevated proteolytic activity of the primary biochemical target of SerpinB2-urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). In a large cohort of patients with resected PDAC, we show that increasing uPA mRNA expression was significantly associated with poorer survival following pancreatectomy. This study establishes a novel role for SerpinB2 in the stromal compartment in PDAC invasion through regulation of stromal remodelling and highlights the SerpinB2/uPA axis for further investigation as a potential therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N L E Harris
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - C Vennin
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - J R W Conway
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - K L Vine
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - M Pinese
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - M J Cowley
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - R F Shearer
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - M C Lucas
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - D Herrmann
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - A H Allam
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - M Pajic
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - J P Morton
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Australian Pancreatic Cancer Genome Initiative
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Glasgow, Scotland
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - A V Biankin
- Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - M Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- Centre for Medical and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - P Timpson
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- St Vincent’s Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - D N Saunders
- Kinghorn Cancer Center, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Constantinescu P, Brown RA, Wyatt AR, Ranson M, Wilson MR. Amorphous protein aggregates stimulate plasminogen activation, leading to release of cytotoxic fragments that are clients for extracellular chaperones. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14425-14437. [PMID: 28710283 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.786657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The misfolding of proteins and their accumulation in extracellular tissue compartments as insoluble amyloid or amorphous protein aggregates are a hallmark feature of many debilitating protein deposition diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, prion diseases, and type II diabetes. The plasminogen activation system is best known as an extracellular fibrinolytic system but was previously reported to also be capable of degrading amyloid fibrils. Here we show that amorphous protein aggregates interact with tissue-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen, via an exposed lysine-dependent mechanism, to efficiently generate plasmin. The insoluble aggregate-bound plasmin is shielded from inhibition by α2-antiplasmin and degrades amorphous protein aggregates to release smaller, soluble but relatively hydrophobic fragments of protein (plasmin-generated protein fragments (PGPFs)) that are cytotoxic. In vitro, both endothelial and microglial cells bound and internalized PGPFs before trafficking them to lysosomes. Clusterin and α2-macroglobulin bound to PGPFs to significantly ameliorate their toxicity. On the basis of these findings, we hypothesize that, as part of the in vivo extracellular proteostasis system, the plasminogen activation system may work synergistically with extracellular chaperones to safely clear large and otherwise pathological protein aggregates from the body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marie Ranson
- From the Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Proteostasis and Disease Research Centre, and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Clingan PR, Ackland SP, Ranson M, Brungs D, Aghmesheh M, Tafreshi A, Garg MB, Parker S, Henderson A, Jokela R, De Souza PL. Deflexifol (a novel formulation of 5FU): Phase 1 dose escalation study of infusional and bolus schedules after failure of standard treatment. J Clin Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2529 Background: 5-Fluorouracil (5FU) is administered in combination with leucovorin (LV) to enhance clinical activity. However, simultaneous administration is not feasible as 5FU and LV are chemically incompatible, so the maximum possible interaction for benefit is not achieved Deflexifol, an all in one formulation of 5FU/LV with cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD 100mg/ml, 5-FU 15mg/ml & LV 1mg/ml) at physiological pH, was developed to improve efficacy and tolerance. Methods: A phase I dose-escalation trial to assess the safety, tolerability, MTD and DLT of Deflexifol given in two schedules has been completed. Secondary objectives included the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile and efficacy outcomes. Cohorts of patients with advanced malignancy after failure of standard treatment received Deflexifol as 46-h infusion Q2W or bolus weekly x6 in a standard 3+3 phase I design with no intra-patient dose escalation from dose level 1: 375mg/m² bolus or 1200mg/m² infusional up to dose level 5: 575mg/m² bolus or 3600mg/m² infusional. PK sampling of 5FU and dihydroFU was conducted on all patients to assess PK variability and adequacy of dosing. Results: 40 patients (21 infusional, 19 bolus) with breast (7), colorectal (24), other GI (6) & NSCLC (3) received a total 293 courses of treatment. No > grade 1 toxicity was noted at 375-475 mg/m2 bolus, or at 1200-2400 mg/m2 infusion. The DLT in bolus schedule was grade 3 diarrhea and myelosuppression at 575 mg/m2, with no DLT in the infusion schedule at the maximum dose 3600 mg/m2. The MTD have been established for both treatment arms: bolus 525mg/m²; 46-h infusion 3,600mg/m², with no grade IV toxicity observed. Other grade 3 toxicities were nausea, vomiting, and raised liver function tests. 5FU PK in this mixture is similar to 5FU alone. Encouraging efficacy results were seen with partial response in 1 patient and stable disease in 23 patients. Median PFS was (12.3 wks) and OS was (24.8 wks). Conclusions: Deflexifol has little toxicity and is effective in bolus and infusion schedules at doses equal to or greater than those feasible with 5FU and LV infused separately. A first-line phase II study in combination with oxaliplatin is planned. Clinical trial information: 044867.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | | | - Ali Tafreshi
- Illawarra Cancer Care Centre, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul L. De Souza
- University of Western Sydney School of Medicine, Liverpool, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ackland SP, Garg MB, Ranson M, Jokela R, Brungs D, Aghmesheh M, Tafreshi A, Ranson RD, Parker S, De Souza PL, Clingan PR. Deflexifol (a novel formulation of 5FU): Pharmacokinetics in a phase 1 trial in comparison to 5FU. J Clin Oncol 2017. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
2530 Background: Simultaneous administration of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) and leucovorin (LV) is generally not feasible as 5FU and LV are chemically incompatible (CaPO4 crystals), so the maximum possible interaction for benefit is not achieved. Deflexifol, an all in one formulation of 5FU/LV with cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD 100mg/ml, 5-FU 15mg/ml & LV 1mg/ml) at pH 7, was developed to overcome this problem. Methods: Limited sampling PK was done with dose 1 and 6 in a standard 3+3 phase I trial of Deflexifol given in two schedules (46-h infusion Q2W or bolus weekly x6) with no intrapatient dose escalation, at doses shown in Table. Sample times were infusion: 0, 2, 46h; bolus: 0, 0.2, 0.4, 1, 24h. 5FU and dihydroFU were measured as per Ackland et al, Anal Biochem 1997. 5FU AUC, clearance (CLR) and t1/2 were estimated for each patient to assess PK variability and adequacy of dosing compared to previous reports. Results: 40 patients were treated (21 infusion, 19 bolus, median age 67, 19 M, 21 F). The MTD(bolus) was 575 mg/m2, with no DLT in infusion schedule to 3600 mg/m2. PK showed substantial inter-patient variability – CLR(bolus) 21-900 L/h, t1/2 0.11-0.52 h, with intra-patient dose 6 CLR = 54-117% of dose 1, and a trend to increased AUC (mg/L.h) with dose (Table). Infusion CLR and AUC estimates were highly variable (CLR range 2-1200), with many cases with insufficient data. Compared to historical data with 5FU alone, AUC was likely subtherapeutic until 475mg/m2 bolus and for many patients with infusion <3000mg/m2. Conclusions: 5FU PK with Deflexifol is similar to 5FU alone. No evidence of saturation of kinetics over this dose range was seen, or induction of metabolism with repeated dosing. In each schedule AUC data supports the clinical impression of reduced toxicity at the same dose of 5FU. Accurate estimation of infusion PK requires more than 2 timepoints. PK in a phase II study is planned. Clinical trial information: 044867. [Table: see text]
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marie Ranson
- School of Biological Sciences, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Ali Tafreshi
- Illawarra Cancer Care Centre, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | | | - Paul L. De Souza
- University of Western Sydney School of Medicine, Liverpool, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Brungs D, Aghmesheh M, de Souza P, Ng W, Chua W, Carolan M, Clingan P, Healey E, Rose J, Tubaro T, Ranson M. Sidedness is prognostic in locoregional colon cancer: an analysis of 9509 Australian patients. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:251. [PMID: 28390415 PMCID: PMC5385038 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Right sided colon cancer (RsCC) is proposed to be a distinct disease entity to left sided colon cancer (LsCC). We seek to confirm primary tumour location as an independent prognostic factor in locoregional colorectal cancer. METHODS All patients with stage I - III primary adenocarcinoma of colon were identified from the New South Wales (NSW) clinical cancer registry (2006-2013). Primary tumour location (RsCC vs LsCC) survival analyses were conducted using the Kaplan-Meier method, and adjusted hazard ratios for 5-year all-cause mortality (OS) and 5-year cancer specific mortality (CSS) were obtained using Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS We identified 9509 patients including 5051 patients with RsCC and 4458 with LsCC. Patients with RsCC were more likely to be older, female, have a higher Charlson comorbidity index, and have worse tumour prognostic factors. In univariate analysis of all stages combined, those patients with RsCC had a worse overall survival (OS, HR 1.20 95% CI 1.11-1.29, p < 0.0001), although this was not significant in the multivariate analysis (HR 0.96 95% CI 0.89-1.04, p = 0.35). Stage I patients with RsCC had a trend to improved OS (multivariate HR 0.84 95% CI 0.69-1.01, p = 0.07) and a significantly improved CSS (multivariate HR 0.51 95% CI 0.35-0.75, p = 0.0006). In stage II patients with RsCC there was a significantly improved OS (multivariate HR 0.85 95% CI 0.75-0.98, p = 0.02) and CSS (multivariate HR 0.59 95% CI 0.45-0.78, p = 0.0002) compared to LsCC. In stage III patients, those with RsCC had a worse OS (multivariate HR 1.13 95% CI 1.01-1.26, p = 0.032) and a trend to worse CSS (multivariate HR 1.12 95% CI 0.94-1.33, p = 0.22). CONCLUSIONS Primary tumour location is an important prognostic factor in locoregional colon cancer with an effect that varies by stage. RsCC is associated with lower all-cause mortality in stage II, and higher all-cause mortality in stage III.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brungs
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. .,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. .,Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia. .,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Morteza Aghmesheh
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Paul de Souza
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Medical Oncology Department, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,South Western Medical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Weng Ng
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Medical Oncology Department, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wei Chua
- CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Medical Oncology Department, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Martin Carolan
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip Clingan
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Emma Healey
- Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - June Rose
- Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Tameika Tubaro
- Illawarra Cancer Centre, Wollongong Hospital, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.,CONCERT-Translational Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Ashford BG, Clark J, Gupta R, Iyer NG, Yu B, Ranson M. Reviewing the genetic alterations in high-risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: A search for prognostic markers and therapeutic targets. Head Neck 2017; 39:1462-1469. [PMID: 28370784 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is second only in incidence to basal cell carcinoma (BCC), effecting up to 500 000 people in the United States annually. Metastasis to regional lymph nodes occurs in approximately 5% of cases and imparts significant morbidity. Standard treatment in this group involves a combination of surgery and adjuvant radiation. Currently, there are no clinically useful biomarkers of metastatic potential in primary cutaneous SCC and histological predictors can be unreliable. The high level of mutational burden in normal UV-exposed skin has hampered the search for novel drivers of invasive disease, and indeed metastatic potential. This review outlines the clinical problems in high-risk and metastatic cutaneous SCCs, reviews the known genetic events and molecular mechanisms in high-risk primary cutaneous SCC and metastasis, and identifies avenues for further investigation and potential therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G Ashford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra and Shoalhaven Local Health District (ISLHD), Loftus Street, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500, Australia.,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Liverpool, New South Wales, 2170, Australia
| | - Jonathan Clark
- Sydney Head and Neck Cancer Institute, Department of Head and Neck Surgery Chris O'Brien Lifehouse, 119-143 Missenden Road, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia.,Central Clinical School, the University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.,South Western Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Goulburn Street, Liverpool, New South Wales, 2170, Australia
| | - Ruta Gupta
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Road, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia.,University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - N Gopalakrishna Iyer
- Singhealth/Duke-NUS Head and Neck Center, National Cancer Center, Singapore (NCCS), 11 Hospital Drive, Singapore, 169610
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Missenden Road, Camperdown, New South Wales, 2050, Australia.,University of Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Marie Ranson
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute (IHMRI), Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia.,Centre for Oncology Education and Research Translation (CONCERT), Liverpool, New South Wales, 2170, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|