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McKinley BJ, Allen ME, Michels N. Photodistributed Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: a systematic review and proposal for a new diagnostic classification. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:188. [PMID: 37303053 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exposure is commonly reported as a risk factor for Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). However, minimal evaluation of photo-induced SJS/TEN has been conducted. Thus, this review identifies all cases of SJS/TEN that are linked to an acute exposure of UVR and outlines the unifying characteristics of these cases. Furthermore, the theoretical pathogenesis, differential diagnoses, and proposed diagnostic criteria are defined. METHODS PubMed, Google Scholar, and other databases and websites were searched from inception to September 2021 to identify studies that met inclusion criteria. The following keywords were utilized: "Stevens-Johnson syndrome" and "toxic epidermal necrolysis" with "ultraviolet," "photodistributed," "photo-induced," "photosensitivity," and "photo." One reviewer assessed study characteristics, with confirmation by a second. The risk of bias was assessed independently by another. RESULTS Thirteen patient cases were identified, all reporting ultraviolet radiation prior to rash onset and an underlying causal drug. Case classifications included 7/13 SJS and 6/13 TEN. All cases described the rash as photodistributed with UVR exposure prior to rash onset (delay of 1-3 days) and a causal drug. 10 cases provided evidence that the photodistributed rash lacked linear demarcation (as in a sunburn) with satellite target-like lesions. No cases described a flu-like prodrome. DISCUSSION Mucositis, palmar and plantar rash, a positive Nikolsky sign, and a prolonged disease course can help distinguish from photosensitive reactions, while a negative direct immunofluorescence test is important to distinguish from other photo-induced disorders. CONCLUSION Physicians should be aware that UVR may precipitate SJS/TEN in patients taking susceptible drugs. After a 24-h delay from UVR exposure, a non-distinct, photodistributed rash appears with no flu-like prodrome and progresses for at least 48 h to include vesiculobullous eruptions and mucous membrane involvement. Photodistributed SJS/TEN appears to be photo-drug-induced with a unique onset and rash presentation that should be recognized as a distinct diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake Jeffrey McKinley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 4500 San Pablo Rd S, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Mitchell Edger Allen
- Department of Primary Care, Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ivins, UT, 84738, USA
| | - Nicole Michels
- Department of Medical Humanities and Biomedical Sciences, Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine, 8401 S. Chambers Road, Parker, CO, 80134, USA.
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2
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Fares MM, Radaydeh SK, AlAmeen HM. Green Tannins /Avocado Oil Composites; Suncare and Skincare Materials. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
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3
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Moustakas H, Date MS, Kumar M, Schultz TW, Liebler DC, Penning TM, Salvito DT, Api AM. An End Point-Specific Framework for Read-Across Analog Selection for Human Health Effects. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:2324-2334. [PMID: 36458907 PMCID: PMC9768807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Integrating computational chemistry and toxicology can improve the read-across analog approach to fill data gaps in chemical safety assessment. In read-across, structure-related parameters are compared between a target chemical with insufficient test data and one or more materials with sufficient data. Recent advances have focused on enhancing the grouping or clustering of chemicals to facilitate toxicity prediction via read-across. Analog selection ascertains relevant features, such as physical-chemical properties, toxicokinetic-related properties (bioavailability, metabolism, and degradation pathways), and toxicodynamic properties of chemicals with an emphasis on mechanisms or modes of action. However, each human health end point (genotoxicity, skin sensitization, phototoxicity, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity, and local respiratory toxicity) provides a different critical context for analog selection. Here six end point-specific, rule-based schemes are described. Each scheme creates an end point-specific workflow for filling the target material data gap by read-across. These schemes are intended to create a transparent rationale that supports the selected read-across analog(s) for the specific end point under study. This framework can systematically drive the selection of read-across analogs for each end point, thereby accelerating the safety assessment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Moustakas
- Research
Institute of Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff
Lake, New Jersey 07677, United States,
| | - Mihir S. Date
- Roivant
Sciences, 151 W 42 St, 15th Floor, New York, New York 10036, United
States
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Mars
Advanced Research Institute, Mars Incorporated, 110 Edison Pl, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Terry W. Schultz
- The
University of Tennessee, College of Veterinary
Medicine, 2407 River Drive, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996-4500, United States
| | - Daniel C. Liebler
- Department
of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, B3301A Medical Center North 465
21st Avenue South, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6350, United States
| | - Trevor M. Penning
- Center
of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, The University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, 1315 Biomedical Research Building
(BRB) II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-3083, United States
| | - Daniel T. Salvito
- Research
Institute of Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff
Lake, New Jersey 07677, United States
| | - Anne Marie Api
- Research
Institute of Fragrance Materials, Inc., 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff
Lake, New Jersey 07677, United States
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4
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A State-of-the-Art Review on the Alternatives to Animal Testing for the Safety Assessment of Cosmetics. COSMETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cosmetics9050090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost a decade after the stipulated deadline in the 7th amendment to the EU Cosmetics Directive, which bans the marketing of animal-tested cosmetics in the EU from 2013, animal experimentation for cosmetic-related purposes remains a topic of animated debate. Cosmetic industry continues to be scrutinised for the practice, despite its leading role in funding and adopting innovation in this field. This paper aims to provide a state-of-the-art review of the field on alternative testing methods, also known as New Approach Methodologies (NAMs), with the focus on assessing the safety of cosmetic ingredients and products. It starts with innovation drivers and global regulatory responses, followed by an extensive, endpoint-specific overview of accepted/prospective NAMs. The overview covers main developments in acute toxicity, skin corrosion/irritation, serious eye damage/irritation, skin sensitisation, repeated dose toxicity, reproductive toxicity/endocrine disruption, mutagenicity/genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, photo-induced toxicity, and toxicokinetics. Specific attention was paid to the emerging in silico methodology. This paper also provides a brief overview of the studies on public perception of animal testing in cosmetics. It concludes with a view that educating consumers and inviting them to take part in advocacy could be an effective tool to achieve policy changes, regulatory acceptance, and investment in innovation.
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5
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Guan LL, Lim HW, Mohammad TF. Recognizing photoallergy, phototoxicity, and immune-mediated photodermatoses. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2022; 149:1206-1209. [PMID: 35396082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2022.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linna L Guan
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, Mich
| | - Henry W Lim
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, Mich
| | - Tasneem F Mohammad
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, Mich.
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6
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Phiske M, Kalathil A, Someshwar S. Photoallergic reaction to cephalosporin: Hitherto unreported. INDIAN JOURNAL OF DRUGS IN DERMATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/ijdd.ijdd_13_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
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7
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Ohtake H, Tokuyoshi Y, Iyama Y, Nukaga T, Nishida H, Ohtake T, Hirota M, Yamada K, Seto Y, Sato H, Kouzuki H, Onoue S. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay-based photosafety screening for complex ingredients: Modification of the ROS assay protocol. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:483-492. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Ohtake
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yasuharu Tokuyoshi
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yosuke Iyama
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | | | | | | | | - Kohei Yamada
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yoshiki Seto
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Hideyuki Sato
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | | | - Satomi Onoue
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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8
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Mamede R, Pereira F, Aires-de-Sousa J. Machine learning prediction of UV-Vis spectra features of organic compounds related to photoreactive potential. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23720. [PMID: 34887473 PMCID: PMC8660842 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Machine learning (ML) algorithms were explored for the classification of the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of organic molecules based on molecular descriptors and fingerprints generated from 2D chemical structures. Training and test data (~ 75 k molecules and associated UV-Vis data) were assembled from a database with lists of experimental absorption maxima. They were labeled with positive class (related to photoreactive potential) if an absorption maximum is reported in the range between 290 and 700 nm (UV/Vis) with molar extinction coefficient (MEC) above 1000 Lmol-1 cm-1, and as negative if no such a peak is in the list. Random forests were selected among several algorithms. The models were validated with two external test sets comprising 998 organic molecules, obtaining a global accuracy up to 0.89, sensitivity of 0.90 and specificity of 0.88. The ML output (UV-Vis spectrum class) was explored as a predictor of the 3T3 NRU phototoxicity in vitro assay for a set of 43 molecules. Comparable results were observed with the classification directly based on experimental UV-Vis data in the same format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Mamede
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Florbela Pereira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - João Aires-de-Sousa
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
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9
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Nishida H, Ohtake T, Ashikaga T, Hirota M, Onoue S, Seto Y, Tokura Y, Kouzuki H. In chemico sequential testing strategy for assessing the photoallegic potential. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 77:105245. [PMID: 34509602 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Several non-animal testing methods to assess photoallergic potential have been developed so far, while none of them have yet to be validated and regulatory accepted. Currently, some photoreactivity assays such as UV-VIS spectral analysis and ROS assay are generally used for initial photosafety assessments because of their high sensitivity. However, they have a low specificity, generating a high percentage of false positive results, and the development of a follow-up assessment method is desired. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an in chemico photoallergy testing method, photo-direct peptide reactivity assay (photo-DPRA). Based on photosafety information, 34 photoallergens and 16 non-photoallergens were selected and subjected to UV-VIS spectral analysis, ROS/micellar ROS assays, photo-DPRA, sequential testing strategy (STS) consisting of all three methods, and 3T3 neutral red uptake phototoxicity testing (3T3 NRU PT). Combination of the methods addressing the key events of photoallergy exhibited high prediction performance. Our results showed the proposed strategy would be useful to predict the photoallergic potential of chemicals as the follow-up assessment for false positive chemicals by UV/VIS spectral analysis and ROS assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Nishida
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, 1-2-11, Takashima, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 220-0011, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ohtake
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, 1-2-11, Takashima, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 220-0011, Japan.
| | - Takao Ashikaga
- Division of Risk Assessment, Center for Biological Safety and Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26 Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
| | - Morihiko Hirota
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, 1-2-11, Takashima, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 220-0011, Japan
| | - Satomi Onoue
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Seto
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Tokura
- Allergic Disease Research Center, Chutoen General Medical Center, 1-1 Shobugaike, Kakegawa, Shizuoka 436-0040, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kouzuki
- Shiseido Global Innovation Center, 1-2-11, Takashima, Nishi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 220-0011, Japan
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10
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Onoue S. [Establishment and International Harmonization of Photosafety Testing Strategy]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:807-812. [PMID: 34078785 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Considerable attention has been drawn to predict a photosafety hazard on new chemicals. A number of phototoxins tend to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) via energy transfer mechanisms following UV/VIS excitation, including superoxide and singlet oxygen. Then, ROS assay has been designed to assess photoreactivity of pharmaceuticals, of which the principle is to monitor types I and II photochemical reactions of the test chemicals when exposed to simulated sunlight. This simple analytical test could be used to screen potential chemical scaffolds, leads, and candidate drugs to identify and/or select away from those having phototoxic potential. The validation study for the ROS assay has been being carried out by the Japan Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association (JPMA), supervised by the Japanese Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods (JaCVAM). Although several false positives appeared, the ROS assay on 42 coded chemicals has provided no false negative predictions. The validation study tentatively indicates satisfactory outcomes in terms of transferability, intra- and inter-laboratory variability, and predictive capacity. Thus, a negative result in this ROS assay would indicate a very low probability of phototoxicity, whereas a positive result would be a flag for follow-up assessment. Upon international harmonization activities supported by several agencies and industrial groups, ROS assay was successfully adopted as International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) S10 guideline (2014) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) test guideline 495 (2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Satomi Onoue
- Laboratory of Biopharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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11
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Willis JA, Cheburkanov V, Kassab G, Soares JM, Blanco KC, Bagnato VS, Yakovlev VV. Photodynamic viral inactivation: Recent advances and potential applications. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2021; 8:021315. [PMID: 34084253 PMCID: PMC8132927 DOI: 10.1063/5.0044713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which are growing at a frightening rate worldwide, has put the world on a long-standing alert. The COVID-19 health crisis reinforced the pressing need to address a fast-developing pandemic. To mitigate these health emergencies and prevent economic collapse, cheap, practical, and easily applicable infection control techniques are essential worldwide. Application of light in the form of photodynamic action on microorganisms and viruses has been growing and is now successfully applied in several areas. The efficacy of this approach has been demonstrated in the fight against viruses, prompting additional efforts to advance the technique, including safety use protocols. In particular, its application to suppress respiratory tract infections and to provide decontamination of fluids, such as blood plasma and others, can become an inexpensive alternative strategy in the fight against viral and bacterial infections. Diverse early treatment methods based on photodynamic action enable an accelerated response to emerging threats prior to the availability of preventative drugs. In this review, we evaluate a vast number of photodynamic demonstrations and first-principle proofs carried out on viral control, revealing its potential and encouraging its rapid development toward safe clinical practice. This review highlights the main research trends and, as a futuristic exercise, anticipates potential situations where photodynamic treatment can provide a readily available solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jace A. Willis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Vsevolod Cheburkanov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Giulia Kassab
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jennifer M. Soares
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kate C. Blanco
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vladislav V. Yakovlev
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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12
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Natural components in sunscreens: Topical formulations with sun protection factor (SPF). Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 134:111161. [PMID: 33360043 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Artificial sunscreens are already gaining traction in order to protect the skin from sunburns, photoaging and photocarcinogenesis. However, the efficacy and safety of most artificial sunscreen constituents are hindered by their photostability, toxicity and damage to marine ecosystems. Natural selection and evolution have ensured that plants and animals have developed effective protective mechanisms against the deleterious side effects of oxidative stress and ultraviolet radiation (UV). Hence, natural antioxidants such as sun blockers are drawing considerable attention. The exact mechanism by which natural components act as sunscreen molecules has not been clearly established. However, conjugated π system is reported to play an important role in protecting the vital genetic material within the organism. Compared to artificial sunscreens, natural sunscreens with strong UV absorptive capacities are largely limited by low specific extinction value and by their inability to spread in large-scale sunscreen cosmetic applications. Previous studies have documented that natural components exert their photoprotective effects (such as improved skin elasticity and hydration, skin texture, and wrinkles) through their antioxidant effects, and through the regulation of UV-induced skin inflammation, barrier impairment and aging. This review focuses on natural antioxidant topical formulations with sun protection factor (SPF). Lignin, melanin, silymarin and other ingredients have been added to high sun protection nature sunscreens without any physical or chemical UV filters. This paper also provides a reference for adopting novel technical measures (extracting high content components, changing the type of solution, optimizing formulation, applying Nano technology, et al) to design and prepare nature sunscreen formulations equated with commercial sunscreen formulations. Another strategy is to add natural antioxidants from plants, animals, microorganisms and marine organisms as special enhancer or modifier ingredients to reinforce SPF values. Although the photoprotective effects of natural components have been established, their deleterious side effects have not been elucidated.
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13
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Lozzi F, Di Raimondo C, Lanna C, Diluvio L, Mazzilli S, Garofalo V, Dika E, Dellambra E, Coniglione F, Bianchi L, Campione E. Latest Evidence Regarding the Effects of Photosensitive Drugs on the Skin: Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Clinical Manifestations. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E1104. [PMID: 33213076 PMCID: PMC7698592 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosensitivity induced by drugs is a widely experienced problem, concerning both molecule design and clinical practice. Indeed, photo-induced cutaneous eruptions represent one of the most common drug adverse events and are frequently an important issue to consider in the therapeutic management of patients. Phototoxicity and photoallergy are the two different pathogenic mechanisms involved in photosensitization. Related cutaneous manifestations are heterogeneous, depending on the culprit drug and subject susceptibility. Here we report an updated review of the literature with respect to pathogenic mechanisms of photosensitivity, clinical manifestations, patient management, and prediction and evaluation of drug-induced photosensitivity. We present and discuss principal groups of photosensitizing drugs (antimicrobials, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-hypertensives, anti-arrhythmics, cholesterol, and glycemia-lowering agents, psychotropic drugs, chemotherapeutics, etc.) and their main damage mechanisms according to recent evidence. The link between the drug and the cutaneous manifestation is not always clear; more investigations would be helpful to better predict drug photosensitizing potential, prevent and manage cutaneous adverse events and find the most appropriate alternative therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Lozzi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Cosimo Di Raimondo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Caterina Lanna
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Laura Diluvio
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Sara Mazzilli
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Virginia Garofalo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Emi Dika
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine-DIMES, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti, 1-40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Elena Dellambra
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cell Biology, Istituto Dermopatico dell’Immacolata–Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IDI-IRCCS), via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy;
| | - Filadelfo Coniglione
- Department of Clinical Science and Translational Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luca Bianchi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Elena Campione
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Tor Vergata University, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (C.D.R.); (C.L.); (L.D.); (S.M.); (V.G.)
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Reviewing the effects of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics as photosensitizing drugs on the risk of skin cancer. J Hypertens 2020; 37:1950-1958. [PMID: 31145177 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000002136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thiazide diuretics and particularly hydrochlorothiazide were recently linked to an increased risk of skin cancer, which was attributed to the photosensitizing properties of these drugs. Given the widespread use of thiazide diuretics, a potential skin cancer promoting effect would impose an important public health concern. OBJECTIVE To critically appraise in a narrative review, the association between use of thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics and risk of skin cancer. METHODS We evaluated chemical structures and photosensitizing potential of selected thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics. Moreover, we searched PubMed up to December 2018 for observational studies assessing the association between use of thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics and risk of skin cancer. Study quality was assessed for major methodological biases. RESULTS Commonly used thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics carry resonating structural components, such as sulfonamide groups that contribute to their photosensitizing activity. Overall, 13 observational (9 case-control, 4 cohort) studies assessed the association between use of different thiazide or thiazide-like diuretics and risk of several skin cancer types. Of those, nine studies showed positive associations ranging from 3% increased risk for bendroflumethiazide and basal cell carcinoma to 311% increased risk for thiazide diuretics and squamous cell carcinoma. All studies had important design-related methodological limitations including potential confounding by indication, detection bias, and time-window bias. CONCLUSION Commonly used thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics have photosensitizing potential, and some observational studies with important methodological limitations have linked their use to an increased risk of skin cancer. Well designed observational studies are needed to provide more solid evidence on this possible association.
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15
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Molins-Molina O, Pérez-Ruiz R, Lence E, González-Bello C, Miranda MA, Jiménez MC. Photobinding of Triflusal to Human Serum Albumin Investigated by Fluorescence, Proteomic Analysis, and Computational Studies. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1028. [PMID: 31616294 PMCID: PMC6764118 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Triflusal is a platelet antiaggregant employed for the treatment and prevention of thromboembolic diseases. After administration, it is biotransformed into its active metabolite, the 2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid (HTB). We present here an investigation on HTB photobinding to human serum albumin (HSA), the most abundant protein in plasma, using an approach that combines fluorescence, MS/MS, and peptide fingerprint analysis as well as theoretical calculations (docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies). The proteomic analysis of HTB/HSA photolysates shows that HTB addition takes place at the ε-amino groups of the Lys137, Lys199, Lys205, Lys351, Lys432, Lys525, Lys541 and Lys545 residues and involves replacement of the trifluoromethyl moiety of HTB with a new amide function. Only Lys199 is located in an internal pocket of the protein, and the remaining modified residues are placed in the external part. Docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies reveal that HTB supramolecular binding to HSA occurs in the "V-cleft" region and that the process is assisted by the presence of Glu/Asp residues in the neighborhood of the external Lys, in agreement with the experimentally observed modifications. In principle, photobinding can occur with other trifluoroaromatic compounds and may be responsible for the appearance of undesired photoallergic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Molins-Molina
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilio Lence
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Concepción González-Bello
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel A Miranda
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - M Consuelo Jiménez
- Departamento de Química/Instituto de Tecnología Química UPV-CSIC, Universitat Politécnica de València, Valencia, Spain
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16
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Direct in situ labeling of target drugs with a fluorophore probe to improve MALDI-MS detection sensitivity in micro-liter plasma. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10787. [PMID: 31346224 PMCID: PMC6658545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47147-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used for symptomatic relief from fever, inflammation, and chronic pain associated with a variety of human disorders. Long-term usage of these drugs can result in severe syndromes; hence, their dose should be controlled carefully and their side effects such as Stevens–Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, phototoxicity, acute interstitial nephritis, gastrointestinal bleeding, cardiovascular diseases, and liver injury should be considered. Furthermore, the widely used combination of NSAIDs as over-the-counter (OTC) drugs with other drugs leads to adverse drug–drug interactions. Therefore, development of a throughput method to rapidly screen 20 NSAIDs in biological samples is necessary to safeguard human health. In this work, we selected a suitable fluorophore probe coupled with in situ micro-labeling (<2 min) on stainless plate for the fast detection of NSAIDs in plasma samples at the micro-liter level (5 μL) without complicated sample preparation and separation. Every step undertaken in the protocol was also at the micro-liter level; thus, a small amount of blood collected from the human finger will suffice to determine the drug concentration in blood using the proposed method. Furthermore, the proposed method we developed was also matched the modern trends of green analytical chemistry towards miniaturization of analytical methodologies.
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17
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Phototoxic risk assessment on benzophenone UV filters: In vitro assessment and a theoretical model. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 60:180-186. [PMID: 31154060 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenones (BPs), filtering out both UVA and UVB rays, are widely used in a great variety of sunscreens and personal care products. However, they have not been extensively studied for the mechanisms of UV-absorbing toxicity. In this study, we used CPZ (chlorpromazine) as a positive control and SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) as a negative control, and the phototoxic of BP-1, BP-3 and BP-4 were investigated in vitro assays using three cell types under different UV exposure conditions. This was followed by setting up a theoretical model, which was adopted to predict and compare the phototoxicity. It was found that Balb/c 3T3 (Balb/c 3T3 fibroblast cell lines) showed sensitivity to UVA+ and UVB+ exposure, while the HS68 (human HS68 fibroblast cell lines) to UVA+ and the HaCaT (human HaCaT keratinocyte cell lines) to UVB+. The test compound, BP-1, was detected to be phototoxic at UVA+ conditions, but BP-3 and BP-4 were discovered to be non-phototoxic at UVA+ conditions. This demonstrated that BP-1, BP-3 and BP-4 remained low-risk chemicals under UVB+ condition. The theoretical calculation of the energy gap (EGAP) showed BP-1(EGAP) > BP-3(EGAP) > BP-4(EGAP).
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18
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Maeda Y, Hirosaki H, Yamanaka H, Takeyoshi M. New approach to predict photoallergic potentials of chemicals based on murine local lymph node assay. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1316-1322. [PMID: 29797419 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Photoallergic dermatitis, caused by pharmaceuticals and other consumer products, is a very important issue in human health. However, S10 guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization do not recommend the existing prediction methods for photoallergy because of their low predictability in human cases. We applied local lymph node assay (LLNA), a reliable, quantitative skin sensitization prediction test, to develop a new photoallergy prediction method. This method involves a three-step approach: (1) ultraviolet (UV) absorption analysis; (2) determination of no observed adverse effect level for skin phototoxicity based on LLNA; and (3) photoallergy evaluation based on LLNA. Photoallergic potential of chemicals was evaluated by comparing lymph node cell proliferation among groups treated with chemicals with minimal effect levels of skin sensitization and skin phototoxicity under UV irradiation (UV+) or non-UV irradiation (UV-). A case showing significant difference (P < .05) in lymph node cell proliferation rates between UV- and UV+ groups was considered positive for photoallergic reaction. After testing 13 chemicals, seven human photoallergens tested positive and the other six, with no evidence of causing photoallergic dermatitis or UV absorption, tested negative. Among these chemicals, both doxycycline hydrochloride and minocycline hydrochloride were tetracycline antibiotics with different photoallergic properties, and the new method clearly distinguished between the photoallergic properties of these chemicals. These findings suggested high predictability of our method; therefore, it is promising and effective in predicting human photoallergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Maeda
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Saitama, Japan.,The United Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Haruka Hirosaki
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hidenori Yamanaka
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Takeyoshi
- Chemicals Assessment and Research Center, Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute, Saitama, Japan
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Tokura
- Department of Dermatology; Hamamatsu University School of Medicine; Hamamatsu Japan
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20
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Toyoda A, Itagaki H. Development of an in vitro photosafety evaluation method utilizing intracellular ROS production in THP-1 cells. J Toxicol Sci 2018; 43:247-256. [PMID: 29618713 DOI: 10.2131/jts.43.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Photoreactive compounds that may experience exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can lead to the intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may cause phototoxic and photoallergenic responses. Here, we developed a novel in vitro photosafety assay and investigated whether it could be used to predict phototoxicity and photosensitivity by measuring changes in intracellular ROS production. THP-1 cells that had previously taken up 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2',7'-difluorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (carboxy-H2DFFDA), a ROS-sensitive fluorescent reagent, were exposed to photoreactive substances such as phototoxic and photoallergenic materials and then subjected to with UV-A irradiation (5 J/cm2). The fluorescence intensity was subsequently measured using a flow cytometer, and the intracellular ROS production was calculated. A statistically significant increase in ROS following treatment with photoreactive substances was observed in cells irradiated with UV-A. In contrast, no significant increase was observed for non-photoreactive substances in comparison to the control solution. Next, to confirm the impact of intracellular ROS on the photosensitive response, changes in CD86 and CD54 expression were measured following quencher addition during the photo human cell line activation test (photo h-CLAT). The results confirmed the reduction of CD86 and CD54 expression in response to photoallergenic substances following quencher addition. Together, these findings suggest that intracellular ROS production is involved in photosensitizing reactions. Therefore, we suggest that the developed method utilizing intracellular ROS production as an index may be useful as a novel in vitro evaluation tool for photoreactive substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Toyoda
- POLA Chemical Industries, Inc.,Yokohama National University
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21
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Kim HJ, Lee E, Lee M, Ahn S, Kim J, Liu J, Jin SH, Ha J, Bae IH, Lee TR, Noh M. Phosphodiesterase 4B plays a role in benzophenone-3-induced phototoxicity in normal human keratinocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 338:174-181. [PMID: 29183759 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone-3 (BP-3), which is extensively used in organic sunscreen, has phototoxic potential in human skin. Phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) has a well-established role in inflammatory responses in immune cells. Currently, it is unknown if PDE4B is associated with BP-3-induced phototoxicity in normal human keratinocytes (NHKs). We found that BP-3 significantly increased PDE4B expression in ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated NHKs. Notably, BP-8, a sunscreen agent that shares the 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl methanone moiety with BP-3, also upregulated PDE4B expression in NHKs. Upon UVB irradiation, BP-3 upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, such as prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin 8, and S100A7, and downregulated the level of cornified envelope associated proteins, which are important in the development of the epidermal permeability barrier. The additive effects of UVB-activated BP-3 on the expression of both pro-inflammatory mediators and cornified envelope associated proteins were antagonized by treatment with the PDE4 inhibitor rolipram. The BP-3 and UVB co-stimulation-induced PDE4B upregulation and its association with the upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators and the downregulation of epidermal differentiation markers were confirmed in a reconstituted three dimensional human epidermis model. Therefore, PDE4B has a role in the mechanism of BP-3-induced phototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoung-June Kim
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeounggi-do 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingjing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyoun Ha
- Toxicology Division, IEC Korea, Suwon 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Hong Bae
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeounggi-do 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeounggi-do 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Lee JH, Kim SM, Jung CG, Park HS, Shin YS. Photosensitivity caused by dronedarone: A case report. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2017. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2017.5.6.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ho Lee
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - So-Min Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Chang-Gyu Jung
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Hae-Sim Park
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Yoo Seob Shin
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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23
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Toyoda A, Sugiyama M, Furihata S, Nishizumi K, Omori T, Itagaki H. Development of a modified 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test protocol for evaluation of poorly water-soluble substances. J Toxicol Sci 2017; 42:569-577. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.42.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Toyoda
- POLA Chemical Industries, Inc
- Yokohama National University
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