High prevalence of systemic rheumatic diseases in women with type 1 diabetes

Relationship between type 1 diabetes and autoimmune diseases in european populations: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study

Background

Previous studies have suggested an association between Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and autoimmune diseases (AIDs), but the causal relationship remains unclear. Therefore, this study utilizes publicly available Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) databases and employs a two-sample Mendelian Randomization (MR) approach to explore the causal relationships between T1D and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

Methods

Summary GWAS data for T1D, SLE, RA, and IBD were downloaded from open GWAS databases and the International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium (IIBDGC). We employed a series of methods to select instrumental variables closely related to T1D. To enhance the reliability of our conclusions, we applied multiple robust analytical methods, with the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method as the primary approach. Validation and meta-analysis were conducted using the FinnGen consortium. Additionally, we assessed heterogeneity, pleiotropy, and sensitivity to ensure the robustness of our conclusions.

Results

A potential causal association was found between T1D and SLE (OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.26 - 1.49, P < 0.001), which was further confirmed by meta-analysis. Similarly, a potential causal association was found between T1D and RA (OR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.17 - 1.50, P < 0.001), and this was also confirmed by meta-analysis. Although the association between T1D and IBD showed P < 0.05, the leave-one-out test did not pass, and further meta-analysis indicated no significant statistical association between them.

Conclusion

Our study reveals the relationships between T1D and three clinically common autoimmune diseases (SLE, RA, and IBD). This research supplements previous studies and provides a reference for future clinical work.

Prevalence of latent and overt polyautoimmunity in type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Patients afflicted by type 1 diabetes (T1D) exhibit polyautoimmunity (PolyA). However, the frequency and distribution of PolyA in T1D is still unknown.

OBJECTIVE

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to define the prevalence of latent and overt PolyA in individuals with T1D.

METHODS

Following PRISMA guidelines, a comprehensive search across medical databases identified studies on latent and overt PolyA in T1D. Two researchers independently screened, extracted data, and assessed study quality. A random effects model was utilized to calculate the pooled prevalence, along with its corresponding 95 % confidence interval (CI), for latent PolyA and overt PolyA. Meta-regression analysis was conducted to study the effect of study designs, age, sex, and duration of disease on pooled prevalence.

RESULTS

A total of 158 articles, encompassing a diverse composition of study designs were scrutinized. The analysis included 270,890 individuals with a confirmed diagnosis of T1D. The gender was evenly distributed (50.30 % male). Notably, our analysis unveiled an overt PolyA prevalence rate of 8.50 % (95 % CI, 6.77 to 10.62), with North America having the highest rates (14.50 %, 95 % CI, 7.58 to 24.89). This PolyA profile was further characterized by a substantial incidence of concurrent autoimmune thyroid disease (7.44 %, 95 % CI, 5.65 to 9.74). Moreover, we identified a notable prevalence of latent PolyA in the T1D population, quantified at 14.45 % (95 % CI, 11.17 to 18.49) being most frequent in Asia (23.29 %, 95 % CI, 16.29 to 32.15) and Oceania (21.53 %, 95 % CI, 16.48 to 27.62). Remarkably, this latent PolyA phenomenon primarily featured an array of autoantibodies, including rheumatoid factor, followed by Ro52, thyroid peroxidase antibodies, and thyroglobulin antibodies. Duration of the disease was associated with a highest frequency of latent (β: 0.0456, P-value: 0.0140) and overt PolyA (β: 0.0373, P-value: 0.0152). No difference in the pooled prevalence by study design was observed.

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis constitutes a substantial advancement in the realm of early detection of PolyA in the context of T1D. Individuals with T1D should regularly undergo assessments to identify potential concurrent autoimmune diseases, especially as they age.

ABCC8-Related Monogenic Diabetes Presenting Like Type 1 Diabetes in an Adolescent

Background

Identifying cases of diabetes caused by single gene mutations between the more common type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a difficult but important task. We report the diagnosis of ATP-binding cassette transporter sub-family C member 8 (ABCC8)-related monogenic diabetes in a 35-year-old woman with a protective human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele who was originally diagnosed with T1D at 18 years of age.

Case Report

Patient A presented with polyuria, polydipsia, and hypertension at the age of 18 years and was found to have a blood glucose > 500 mg/dL (70-199 mg/dL) and an HbA1C (hemoglobin A1C) >14% (4%-5.6%). She had an unmeasurable C-peptide but no urine ketones. She was diagnosed with T1D and started on insulin therapy. Antibody testing was negative. She required low doses of insulin and later had persistence of low but detectable C-peptide. At the age of 35 years, she was found to have a protective HLA allele, and genetic testing revealed a pathogenic mutation in the ABCC8 gene. The patient was then successfully transitioned to sulfonylurea therapy.

Discussion

Monogenic diabetes diagnosed in adolescence typically presents with mild to moderate hyperglycemia, positive family history and, in some cases, other organ findings or dysfunction. The patient in this report presented with very high blood glucose, prompting the diagnosis of T1D. When she was found to have a protective HLA allele, further investigation revealed the mutation in the sulfonylurea receptor gene, ABCC8.

Conclusion

Patients suspected of having T1D but with atypical clinical characteristics such as negative autoantibodies, low insulin requirements, and persistence of C-peptide should undergo genetic testing for monogenic diabetes.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Autoimmune Diseases: A Critical Review of the Association and the Application of Personalized Medicine

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is a common hyperglycemic disease characterized by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas. Various attempts have been made to understand the complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors which lead to the development of the autoimmune response in an individual. T1DM is frequently associated with other autoimmune illnesses, the most common being autoimmune thyroid disorders affecting more than 90% of people with T1D and autoimmune disorders. Antithyroid antibodies are present in around 20% of children with T1D at the start of the illness and are more frequent in girls. Patients with T1DM often have various other co-existing multi-system autoimmune disorders including but not limited to thyroid diseases, parathyroid diseases, celiac disease, vitiligo, gastritis, skin diseases, and rheumatic diseases. It is a consistent observation in clinics that T1DM patients have other autoimmune disorders which in turn affect their prognosis. Concomitant autoimmune illness might affect diabetes care and manifest itself clinically in a variety of ways. A thorough understanding of the complex pathogenesis of this modern-day epidemic and its association with other autoimmune disorders has been attempted in this review in order to delineate the measures to prevent the development of these conditions and limit the morbidity of the afflicted individuals as well. The measures including antibody screening in susceptible individuals, early identification and management of other autoimmune disorders, and adoption of personalized medicine can significantly enhance the quality of life of these patients. Personalized medicine has recently gained favor in the scientific, medical, and public domains, and is frequently heralded as the future paradigm of healthcare delivery. With the evolution of the ‘omics’, the individualization of therapy is not only closer to reality but also the need of the hour.

Etiology and Risk Factors for Rheumatoid Arthritis: A State-of-the-Art Review

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is the most common systemic inflammatory rheumatic disease. It is associated with significant burden at the patient and societal level. Extensive efforts have been devoted to identifying a potential cause for the development of RA. Epidemiological studies have thoroughly investigated the association of several factors with the risk and course of RA. Although a precise etiology remains elusive, the current understanding is that RA is a multifactorial disease, wherein complex interactions between host and environmental factors determine the overall risk of disease susceptibility, persistence and severity. Risk factors related to the host that have been associated with RA development may be divided into genetic; epigenetic; hormonal, reproductive and neuroendocrine; and comorbid host factors. In turn, environmental risk factors include smoking and other airborne exposures; microbiota and infectious agents; diet; and socioeconomic factors. In the present narrative review, aimed at clinicians and researchers in the field of RA, we provide a state-of-the-art overview of the current knowledge on this topic, focusing on recent progresses that have improved our comprehension of disease risk and development.

Multiple autoimmune syndrome complicating the management of diabetic retinopathy

Purpose

Observations

Conclusion and Importance