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Haleem A, Rosenthal Z, Lee DJ. Access to Sudden Hearing Loss Care at Urgent Care Centers. Laryngoscope 2024. [PMID: 38953603 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare patient access to urgent care centers (UCCs) with a diagnosis of sudden hearing loss based on insurance. METHODS One hundred twenty-five random UCCs in states with Medicaid expansion and 125 random UCCs in states without Medicaid expansion were contacted by a research assistant posing as a family member seeking care on behalf of a patient with a one-week history of sudden, unilateral hearing loss. Each clinic was called once as a Medicaid patient and once as a private insurance (PI) patient for 500 total calls. Each phone encounter was evaluated for insurance acceptance and self-pay price. Secondary outcomes included other measures of timely/accessible care. Chi-square/McNemar's tests and independent/paired sample t-tests were performed to determine whether there were statistically significant differences between expansion status and insurance type. Calls ended before answering questions were not included in the analysis. RESULTS Medicaid acceptance rate was significantly lower than PI (68.1% vs. 98.4%, p < 0.001). UCCs in Medicaid expansion states were significantly more likely to accept Medicaid (76.8% vs. 59.2%, p = 0.003). The mean wage-adjusted self-pay price was significantly greater in states with Medicaid expansion at $169.84 than in states without at $145.34 when called as a Medicaid patient (mean difference: $24.50, 95% Confidence Interval: $0.45-$48.54, p = 0.046). The rates of referral to an emergency department and self-pay price nondisclosure rates were greater for Medicaid calls than for private insurance calls (8.2% vs. 0.4% and 17.4% vs. 5.8%; p < 0.001 for both). CONCLUSION Medicaid patients with otologic emergencies face reduced access to care at UCCs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afash Haleem
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, U.S.A
| | - Zachary Rosenthal
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
| | - Daniel J Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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Wittman JT, Bullard KM, Benoit SR. Trends in Preventive Care Services Among U.S. Adults With Diagnosed Diabetes, 2008-2020. Diabetes Care 2023; 46:2285-2291. [PMID: 37844212 DOI: 10.2337/dc23-1119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preventive care services are important to prevent or delay complications associated with diabetes. We report trends in receipt of six American Diabetes Association-recommended preventive care services during 2008-2020. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We used 2008-2020 data from the cross-sectional Medical Expenditures Panel Survey to calculate the proportion of U.S. adults ≥18 years of age with diagnosed diabetes who reported receiving preventive care services, overall and by subpopulation (n = 25,616). We used joinpoint regression to identify trends during 2008-2019. The six services completed in the past year included at least one dental examination, dilated-eye examination, foot examination, and cholesterol test; at least two A1C tests, and an influenza vaccine. RESULTS From 2008 to 2020, proportions of U.S. adults with diabetes receiving any individual preventive care service ranged from 32.6% to 89.9%. From 2008 to 2019, overall trends in preventive services among these adults were flat except for an increase in influenza vaccination (average annual percent change: 2.6% [95% CI 1.1%, 4.2%]). Trend analysis of subgroups was heterogeneous: influenza vaccination and A1C testing showed improvements among several subgroups, whereas cholesterol testing (patients aged 45-64 years; less than a high school education; Medicaid insurance) and dental visits (uninsured) declined. In 2020, 8.2% (95% CI 4.5%, 11.9%) of those with diabetes received none of the recommended preventive care services. CONCLUSIONS Other than influenza vaccination, we observed no improvement in preventive care service use among U.S. adults with diabetes. These data highlight services and specific subgroups that could be targeted to improve preventive care among adults with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Wittman
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Kai McKeever Bullard
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Stephen R Benoit
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Huguet N, Dinh D, Hwang J, Marino M, Larson AE, Suchocki A, DeVoe JE. The Impact of the Affordable Care Act Medicaid Expansion on Acute Diabetes Complications Among Community Health Center Patients. J Prim Care Community Health 2023; 14:21501319231171437. [PMID: 37139559 PMCID: PMC10161334 DOI: 10.1177/21501319231171437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluates whether patients residing in expansion states have a greater increase in outpatient diagnoses of acute diabetes complications than those living in non-expansion states following the implementation of the Affordable Care Act (ACA). METHODS This retrospective cohort study uses electronic health records (EHR) from 10,665 non-pregnant patients, aged 19 to 64 years old who were diagnosed with diabetes in 2012 or 2013 from 347 community health centers (CHCs) across 16 states (11 expansion and 5 non-expansion states). Patients included had ≥1 outpatient ambulatory visit in each of these periods: pre-ACA: 2012 to 2013, post-ACA: 2014 to 2016, and post-ACA: 2017 to 2019. Acute diabetes-related complications were identified using International Classification Diseases (ICD-9-CM and ICD-10-CM) codes classification and could occur on or after diagnosis of diabetes. We performed difference-in-differences (DID) analysis using a generalized estimating equation to compare the change in rates of acute diabetes complications by year and by Medicaid expansion status. RESULTS There was a greater increase after year 2015 in visits related to abnormal blood glucose among patient living in Medicaid expansion states than in non-expansion states (2017 DID = 0.041, 95% CI = 0.027-0.056). Although both visits due to any acute diabetes complications and infection-related diabetes complications were higher among patients living in Medicaid expansion states, there was no difference in the trend overtime between expansion and non-expansion states. CONCLUSION We found a significantly greater rate of visits for abnormal blood glucose in patients receiving care in expansion states relative to patients in CHCs in non-expansion states starting in 2015. Additional resources for these clinics, such as the ability to provide blood glucose monitoring devices or mailed/delivered medications, could substantially benefit patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dang Dinh
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jun Hwang
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Miguel Marino
- Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Oregon Health & Science University—Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA
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Tekin Z, Saygili M. The Association Between Medicaid Expansion and Diabetic Ketoacidosis Hospitalizations. Cureus 2022; 14:e30631. [PMID: 36426322 PMCID: PMC9682969 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a potentially fatal complication of uncontrolled diabetes and remains a significant source of morbidity and mortality even though it is considered preventable. Diabetes is a chronic illness that requires constant monitoring and regular check-ups. Delaying or foregoing necessary diabetes care due to a lack of health insurance can result in severe complications. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid expansion is intended to increase access to healthcare and improve health outcomes. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the ACA Medicaid expansion and hospitalizations with DKA. Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study used discharge records from 2010 to 2017 for hospitals in Texarkana, located on the border of Texas and Arkansas. The study employed a difference-in-differences method. Patients from Arkansas, which expanded Medicaid in 2014, constituted the treatment group, while those from Texas, which did not adopt the expansion, were the control group. A triple difference methodology was used to compare the impact of the expansion on patients with different socioeconomic backgrounds. The main outcome measure was DKA per 1000 discharges. Results A total of 89,184 inpatient discharges from Texarkana hospitals were analyzed; 43,286 patients were from Arkansas (48.54%) and 45,898 (51.46%) were from Texas. Even though DKA cases increased from pre-expansion (2010-2013) to post-expansion (2014-2017) period among patients from Arkansas (by a mean of 4.33) and Texas (by a mean of 8.28), the increase was milder among Arkansas patients with an adjusted decrease of 4.17 per 1000 discharges (95% CI: -5.04 to -3.31; p<0.001), implying a 42% lower risk of hospitalizations with DKA compared to the baseline averages. The triple difference analysis suggested that the decrease in incidences was more pronounced for patients from low-income areas with an adjusted decrease of 13.47 per 1000 discharges (95% CI: -22.45 to -4.49; p=0.003). Conclusions Based on our findings, Medicaid expansion decreases hospitalizations with DKA, presumably due to better monitoring and care of diabetes made possible by increasing access to healthcare among individuals with low incomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehra Tekin
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Christus Trinity Clinic, Tyler, USA
| | - Meryem Saygili
- Social Sciences/Economics, The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, USA
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Shao Y, Stoecker C. The Effect of Louisiana Medicaid Expansion on Affordability of Health Care. Public Health Rep 2022; 137:912-920. [PMID: 34478334 PMCID: PMC9379846 DOI: 10.1177/00333549211041410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Louisiana extended Medicaid coverage on July 1, 2016, to previously ineligible populations. We aimed to estimate the effect of Louisiana's Medicaid expansion on self-reported affordability of health care. METHODS We used 2011-2019 data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). The BRFSS measured affordability of health care by asking respondents 2 questions: (1) whether they could not see a doctor due to cost in the previous 12 months and (2) whether they could not get a prescribed medication due to cost in the previous 12 months. We estimated difference-in-differences and difference-in-difference-in-differences analytical models using multivariable linear regression that compared trends in Louisiana with trends in states that did not expand Medicaid during the study period. RESULTS Compared with adults aged <65 with annual household income >138% of the federal poverty level (FPL) in nonexpansion states, Medicaid expansion in Louisiana decreased the percentage of adults aged <65 with annual household income ≤138% FPL who reported being unable to see a doctor due to cost by 5.1 percentage points (95% CI, -6.5 to -3.6; P < .001) and unable to afford prescribed medication by 7.9 percentage points (95% CI, -9.2 to -6.6; P < .001). We found similar estimates when we limited the comparison group to Southern nonexpansion states. CONCLUSIONS Louisiana's Medicaid expansion lowered cost barriers to health care. Further research may find improvements in health care affordability in states that have not yet expanded Medicaid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Shao
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine,
New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Charles Stoecker
- Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine,
New Orleans, LA, USA
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McInerney M, McCormack G, Mellor JM, Sabik LM. Association of Medicaid Expansion With Medicaid Enrollment and Health Care Use Among Older Adults With Low Income and Chronic Condition Limitations. JAMA HEALTH FORUM 2022; 3:e221373. [PMID: 35977244 PMCID: PMC9166222 DOI: 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2022.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Question Was the expansion of Medicaid to working-age adults under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) associated with changes in Medicaid enrollment and health care use among older adults with low income and chronic condition limitations? Findings In this cross-sectional study of 7153 US adults 65 years or older with low income, ACA Medicaid expansion was associated with significant increases in the likelihood of Medicaid enrollment and outpatient health care use among those with chronic condition limitations. No associations were found between ACA Medicaid expansion and Medicaid enrollment and health care use among those without such limitations. Meaning In this study, expansion of Medicaid to working-age adults was associated with increased Medicaid enrollment and outpatient health care use among older adults with low income and chronic condition limitations who were enrolled in Medicare. Importance Medicaid is an important source of supplemental coverage for older Medicare beneficiaries with low income. Research has shown that Medicaid expansion under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) was associated with increased Medicaid coverage for previously eligible older adults with low income, but there has been little research on whether their health care use increased or whether such changes differed by beneficiaries’ health status. Objective To assess whether the ACA Medicaid expansion to working-age adults was associated with increased Medicaid enrollment and health care use among older adults with low income with and without chronic condition limitations. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study used data from the National Health Interview Survey from 2010 to 2017 for adults 65 years or older with low income (≤100% of the federal poverty level). Data were analyzed from November 2020 to March 2022. Exposure Residence in a state with Medicaid expansion for working-age adults. Main Outcomes and Measures The main outcomes were Medicaid coverage and health care use, measured by physician office visits and inpatient hospital care. Survey weights were used in calculating descriptive statistics and regression estimates. In multivariate analysis, difference-in-differences models were used to compare changes in outcomes over time between respondents in Medicaid expansion states and respondents in nonexpansion states. Results Of 21 859 adults included in the study, 7153 had chronic condition limitations (4983 [70.1%] female; mean [SD] age, 76.0 [0.1] years) and 14 706 did not have chronic condition limitations (9609 [66.3%] female; mean [SD] age, 74.85 [0.08] years). Of those with chronic condition limitations, 2707 (36.7%) were enrolled in Medicaid, 2816 (39.4%) had an office visit in the past 2 weeks, and 2152 (30.7%) used inpatient hospital care in the past year. Medicaid expansion was associated with differential increases in the likelihood of having Medicaid (4.92 percentage points; 95% CI, 0.25-9.60 percentage points; P = .04) and having an office visit in the past 2 weeks (5.31 percentage points; 95% CI, 0.10-10.51 percentage points; P = .046) compared with nonexpansion. There were no differential changes between expansion and nonexpansion states in receipt of inpatient hospital care (−0.62 percentage points; 95% CI, −5.39 to 4.14 percentage points; P = .79). Among adults without chronic condition limitations, 3159 (19.8%) were enrolled in Medicaid, and no differential changes between expansion and nonexpansion states in Medicaid enrollment (−0.24 percentage points; 95% CI, −3.06 to 2.57 percentage points; P = .86) or health care use were found. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, ACA Medicaid expansion for working-age adults was associated with increased Medicaid enrollment and outpatient health care use among older adults with low income and chronic condition limitations who were dually eligible for Medicare and Medicaid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa McInerney
- Department of Economics, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
- National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Grace McCormack
- Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer M. Mellor
- Department of Economics, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia
- Schroeder Center for Health Policy, William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia
| | - Lindsay M. Sabik
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Luo T, Yan C, Zhang X. Heterogeneity of Urban and Rural Areas in Association of Fringe Benefits and Depression: A Cross-Sectional Study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:811165. [PMID: 35186845 PMCID: PMC8852277 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.811165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fringe benefits are an important social support in the work scenario, but empirical research on their effect on the mental health of employees is lacking. This study aims to analyse the relationship between different fringe benefits and depression in urban and rural areas. Methods Chi-square analysis was used to describe the distribution differences of individual characteristics between urban and rural areas in depression groups. Logistic regression was used to further estimate the relationship between fringe benefits and depression between urban and rural areas. Results People with free lunch in urban areas are less likely to suffer from depression. People with food subsidies in rural areas are also less likely to suffer from depression. The abnormal result is people with housing subsidies in rural areas are more likely to be depressed. The effects of job type and contract on depression were different between urban and rural areas. Conclusions Employers in urban areas should focus on providing free lunch and the quality of lunch, whereas in rural areas, catering subsidies may be a more appropriate way to improve the mental health of employees. The psychological status of rural workers who receive housing subsidies and have contracts also needs attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwen Luo
- Department of Health Management, School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Science of Hubei Province, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaoyang Yan
- Department of Health Management, School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Science of Hubei Province, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Chaoyang Yan
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Health Management, School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- The Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Science of Hubei Province, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Xiang Zhang
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Downing NR, Akinlotan M, Thornhill CW. The impact of childhood sexual abuse and adverse childhood experiences on adult health related quality of life. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 120:105181. [PMID: 34247038 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been shown to be associated with adult physical, psychological, and socioeconomic well-being, indicative of poor health-related quality of life (HRQoL). However, the association between child sexual abuse (CSA) and adult HRQoL, independent of other ACEs, has been less well examined. OBJECTIVES To examine associations between self-reported CSA, including the nature of CSA, and adult HRQoL. PARTICIPANTS Data are from 10,624 respondents to CSA and HRQoL questions on the 2015 Texas Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System survey. METHODS Analyses included chi square and t-tests to compare sociodemographic and HRQoL differences among those with and without history of CSA. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to evaluate associations between nature of CSA and HRQoL, controlling for covariates. RESULTS The prevalence of self-reported CSA in the sample was 10.3%. Compared to the non-exposed group, individuals exposed to CSA were more likely to report their general health as poor (AOR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.09-2.09), report 14 or more physical unhealthy days (AOR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.06-2.02), 14 or more mental unhealthy days (AOR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.30-2.64), and 14 or more activity limitation days (AOR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.58-3.10) in a month. HRQoL outcomes were worse for respondents who reported being forced to have sex as a child compared with those who reported being touched or forced to touch someone. CONCLUSIONS Self-reported CSA is associated with lower HRQoL. The association varies by the nature of reported sexual abuse. Understanding the long-term impacts of CSA can inform adult treatment options and policies to prevent and treat CSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy R Downing
- Texas A&M University College of Nursing, United States of America.
| | - Marvellous Akinlotan
- Texas A&M University College of Nursing, United States of America; Texas A&M University School of Public Health, United States of America
| | - Carly W Thornhill
- Texas A&M University College of Education and Human Development, United States of America
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Sumarsono A, Buckley LF, Machado SR, Wadhera RK, Warraich HJ, Desai RJ, Everett BM, McGuire DK, Fonarow GC, Butler J, Pandey A, Vaduganathan M. Medicaid Expansion and Utilization of Antihyperglycemic Therapies. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:2684-2690. [PMID: 32887711 PMCID: PMC8051258 DOI: 10.2337/dc20-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Certain antihyperglycemic therapies modify cardiovascular and kidney outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes, but early uptake in practice appears restricted to particular demographics. We examine the association of Medicaid expansion with use of and expenditures related to antihyperglycemic therapies among Medicaid beneficiaries. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We employed a difference-in-difference design to analyze the association of Medicaid expansion on prescription of noninsulin antihyperglycemic therapies. We used 2012-2017 national and state Medicaid data to compare prescription claims and costs between states that did (n = 25) and did not expand (n = 26) Medicaid by January 2014. RESULTS Following Medicaid expansion in 2014, average noninsulin antihyperglycemic therapies per state/1,000 enrollees increased by 4.2%/quarter in expansion states and 1.6%/quarter in nonexpansion states. For sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA), quarterly growth rates per 1,000 enrollees were 125.3% and 20.7% for expansion states and 87.6% and 16.0% for nonexpansion states, respectively. Expansion states had faster utilization of SGLT2i and GLP-1RA than nonexpansion states. Difference-in-difference estimates for change in volume of prescriptions after Medicaid expansion between expansion versus nonexpansion states was 1.68 (95% CI 1.09-2.26; P < 0.001) for all noninsulin therapies, 0.125 (-0.003 to 0.25; P = 0.056) for SGLT2i, and 0.12 (0.055-0.18; P < 0.001) for GLP-1RA. CONCLUSIONS Use of noninsulin antihyperglycemic therapies, including SGLT2i and GLP-1RA, increased among low-income adults in both Medicaid expansion and nonexpansion states, with a significantly greater increase in overall use and in GLP-1RA use in expansion states. Future evaluation of the population-level health impact of expanded access to these therapies is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Sumarsono
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, and Division of Hospital Medicine, Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, TX
| | - Leo F Buckley
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sara R Machado
- London School of Economics and Political Science, London, U.K
| | - Rishi K Wadhera
- Richard A. and Susan F. Smith Center for Outcomes Research in Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Haider J Warraich
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Department of Medicine, Cardiology Section, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA
| | - Rishi J Desai
- Division of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Brendan M Everett
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Preventive Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Darren K McGuire
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX
| | - Gregg C Fonarow
- Ahmanson-UCLA Cardiomyopathy Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Javed Butler
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS
| | - Ambarish Pandey
- Division of Cardiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center and Parkland Health and Hospital System, Dallas, TX
| | - Muthiah Vaduganathan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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