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Kim GY, Kim S, Chang JS, Pyo SW. Advancements in Methods of Classification and Measurement Used to Assess Tooth Mobility: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med 2023; 13:142. [PMID: 38202149 PMCID: PMC10779763 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13010142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Evaluating tooth mobility is clinically significant, not only for diagnosing periodontal tissues but also in determining the overall periodontal treatment plan. Numerous studies related to tooth mobility have been conducted over the years, including the proposal of various classifications as well as the development of electronic devices for objective measurement. However, there is still no consensus on the measurement methods and criteria for assessing tooth mobility. In this study, we provide a comprehensive review of past and current tooth mobility classification and measurement methods. In order to propose a new method to intuitively evaluate tooth mobility based on previous studies, a digital approach capable of recording tooth micromovements induced by dynamic load should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Se-Wook Pyo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Gangnam Severance Dental Hospital, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea; (G.Y.K.); (S.K.); (J.-S.C.)
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Mert Eren M, Celebi AT, İçer E, Baykasoğlu C, Mugan A, Yücel T, Yıldız E. Biomechanical Behavior Evaluation of Resin Cement with Different Elastic Modulus on Porcelain Laminate Veneer Restorations Using Micro-CT-Based Finite Element Analysis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2378. [PMID: 36984260 PMCID: PMC10054651 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to evaluate the biomechanical behavior of the porcelain laminate veneer restorations (PLV) of the maxillary central incisor luted with two types of resin cements having different incisal preparations: butt joint and palatal chamfer. Biomechanical analyses were performed using the micro-CT-based finite element models, and von Mises stress and strain values of the PLV, resin cement, adhesive layer, and tooth structure were computed. The PLV with butt joint preparation showed larger stress values than those of restored with palatal chamfer preparation, regardless of the elasticity of the cement and loading conditions. An increase in the elasticity modulus of the resin cement induced slightly larger stresses on the adhesive layer, tooth tissues, and restorative materials. Overall, this study demonstrates the role of the preparation design and luting materials on the mechanical behavior of the PLV restorations and discusses the potential failure mechanisms of the PLV restorations under different loading mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Mert Eren
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Altınbas University, 34147 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Alper Tunga Celebi
- Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Esra İçer
- Department of Informatics, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Cengiz Baykasoğlu
- Faculty of Engineering Mechanical Engineering Department, Hitit University, 19030 Çorum, Türkiye
| | - Ata Mugan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, 34437 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Taner Yücel
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Esra Yıldız
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, 34116 Istanbul, Türkiye
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Wang D, Akbari A, Jiang F, Liu Y, Chen J. The effects of different types of periodontal ligament material models on stresses computed using finite element models. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2022; 162:e328-e336. [PMID: 36307342 PMCID: PMC9722581 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Finite element (FE) method has been used to calculate stress in the periodontal ligament (PDL), which is crucial in orthodontic tooth movement. The stress depends on the PDL material property, which varies significantly in previous studies. This study aimed to determine the effects of different PDL properties on stress in PDL using FE analysis. METHODS A 3-dimensional FE model was created consisting of a maxillary canine, its surrounding PDL, and alveolar bone obtained from cone-beam computed tomography scans. One Newton of intrusion force was applied vertically to the crown. Then, the hydrostatic stress and the von Mises stress in the PDL were computed using different PDL material properties, including linear elastic, viscoelastic, hyperelastic, and fiber matrix. Young's modulus (E), used previously from 0.01 to 1000 MPa, and 3 Poisson's ratios, 0.28, 0.45, and 0.49, were simulated for the linear elastic model. RESULTS The FE analyses showed consistent patterns of stress distribution. The high stresses are mostly concentrated at the apical area, except for the linear elastic models with high E (E >15 MPa). However, the magnitude varied significantly from -14.77 to -127.58 kPa among the analyzed patients. The E-stress relationship was not linear. The Poisson's ratio did not affect the stress distribution but significantly influenced the stress value. The hydrostatic stress varied from -14.61 to -95.48 kPa. CONCLUSIONS Different PDL material properties in the FE modeling of dentition do not alter the stress distributions. However, the magnitudes of the stress significantly differ among the patients with the tested material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongcai Wang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Ind; Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Amin Akbari
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Feifei Jiang
- Soft Robotics Research Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
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Cheng Y, Liu X, Chen X, Li X, Fang S, Wang W, Ma Y, Jin Z. The three-dimensional displacement tendency of teeth depending on incisor torque compensation with clear aligners of different thicknesses in cases of extraction: a finite element study. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:499. [DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Despite the popularity of clear aligner treatment, the effect of the thickness of these aligners has not been fully investigated. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of incisor torque compensation with different thicknesses of clear aligner on the three-dimensional displacement tendency of teeth in cases of extraction.
Methods
Three-dimensional finite element models of the maxillary dentition with extracted first premolars, maxilla, periodontal ligaments, attachments, and aligners were constructed and subject to Finite Element Analysis (FEA). Two groups of models were created: (1) with 0.75 mm-thick aligners and (2) with 0.5 mm-thick aligners. A loading method was developed to simulate the action of clear aligners for the en masse retraction of the incisors. Power ridges of different heights were applied to both groups to mimic torque control, and the power ridges favoring the translation of the central incisors were selected. Then, we used ANSYS software to analyze the initial displacement of teeth and the principle stress on the PDL.
Results
Distal tipping, lingual tipping and extrusion of the incisors, distal tipping and extrusion of the canines, and mesial tipping and intrusion of the posterior teeth were all generated by clear aligner therapy. With the 0.5 mm-thick aligner, a power ridge of 0.7 mm could cause bodily retraction of the central incisors. With the 0.75 mm-thick aligner, a power ridge of 0.25 mm could cause translation of the central incisors. Aligner torque compensation created by the power ridges generated palatal root torque and intrusion of the incisors, intrusion of the canines, mesial tipping and the intrusion of the second premolar; these effects were more significant with a 0.75 mm-thick aligner. After torque compensation, the stress placed on the periodontal ligament of the incisors was distributed more evenly with the 0.75 mm-thick aligner.
Conclusions
The torque compensation caused by power ridges can achieve incisor intrusion and palatal root torque. Appropriate torque compensation with thicker aligners should be designed to ensure bodily retraction of anterior teeth and minimize root resorption, although more attention should be paid to the anchorage control of posterior teeth in cases of extraction.
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Dorado S, Arias A, Jimenez-Octavio JR. Biomechanical Modelling for Tooth Survival Studies: Mechanical Properties, Loads and Boundary Conditions-A Narrative Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:7852. [PMID: 36363451 PMCID: PMC9657341 DOI: 10.3390/ma15217852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent biomechanical studies have focused on studying the response of teeth before and after different treatments under functional and parafunctional loads. These studies often involve experimental and/or finite element analysis (FEA). Current loading and boundary conditions may not entirely represent the real condition of the tooth in clinical situations. The importance of homogenizing both sample characterization and boundary conditions definition for future dental biomechanical studies is highlighted. The mechanical properties of dental structural tissues are presented, along with the effect of functional and parafunctional loads and other environmental and biological parameters that may influence tooth survival. A range of values for Young's modulus, Poisson ratio, compressive strength, threshold stress intensity factor and fracture toughness are provided for enamel and dentin; as well as Young's modulus and Poisson ratio for the PDL, trabecular and cortical bone. Angles, loading magnitude and frequency are provided for functional and parafunctional loads. The environmental and physiological conditions (age, gender, tooth, humidity, etc.), that may influence tooth survival are also discussed. Oversimplifications of biomechanical models could end up in results that divert from the natural behavior of teeth. Experimental validation models with close-to-reality boundary conditions should be developed to compare the validity of simplified models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Dorado
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Arias
- Department of Conservative and Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Complutense University, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus R. Jimenez-Octavio
- Instituto de Investigación Tecnológica, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería ICAI, Universidad Pontificia Comillas, 28015 Madrid, Spain
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Avci T, Omezli MM, Torul D. Investigation of the biomechanical stability of Cfr-PEEK in the treatment of mandibular angulus fractures by finite element analysis. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2022; 123:610-615. [PMID: 35545189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to explore the effectiveness of Cfr-PEEK, in the fixation of unfavorable fractures of mandibular angulus by comparing it with the titanium and resorbable biomaterials. 8 different fixation models were created. In the first 4 groups, a single mini plate was applied to the upper edge of the fracture line by the Champy method. In the other 4 groups, an additional plate was placed on the lower edge of the fracture line. In these models, titanium, resorbable and Cfr-PEEK plate/screw systems were investigated by the finite element analysis method. The highest Von Mises stress was observed on the upper plate in the group 5 while the lowest was seen in the lower plate in the group 7. The highest stress values on the screws were observed on the screws placed closer to the fracture line. Considering the stresses on the bone around the screws, the highest Pmax and Pmin values were seen in group 5, and the lowest values were seen in the group 7. The highest displacement was observed in the group 3, while the lowest was observed in the group 5. According to the results it can be said that Cfr-PEEK plate/screw systems may provide advantages by decreasing the stresses on the fixation systems over the titanium plates and providing more stable fixation over the resorbable systems. Cfr-PEEK plates of 2 mm thickness seems to be a potential alternative to 1 mm thick titanium plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tolunay Avci
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey.
| | | | - Damla Torul
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
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Cheng Y, Gao J, Fang S, Wang W, Ma Y, Jin Z. Torque movement of the upper anterior teeth using a clear aligner in cases of extraction: a finite element study. Prog Orthod 2022; 23:26. [PMID: 35909188 PMCID: PMC9339452 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-022-00421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clear aligner treatment has become popular over recent years. It is necessary to identify methods by which we could avoid the bowing effect in extractions with clear aligner. The present study was to identify the appropriate method to design torque movement involving the upper anterior teeth of extraction cases, in order to maintain or improve the axis and torque of the upper anterior teeth with a clear aligner during movement and closure of the extraction space. Results As the height of the power ridge increased, the rotation angle of the upper central incisor in the sagittal direction decreased gradually and the location of the rotation center changed significantly; the rotation center moved in the apical direction and then changed to the crown side. The highest von-Mises stress of the upper central incisor root, periodontal ligaments, and alveolar bone, showed little change as the power ridge height increased. When the axial inclination of the upper central incisor was normal (U1-SN = 105°), the tendency of movement for the upper central incisor approached translation with a power ridge height of 0.7 mm (corresponding distorted angle: 5.8415). When the axial inclination of the upper central incisor was oversized (U1-SN = 110°), the axial inclination of the upper central incisor reduced to normal following completion of the anterior segment retraction with a power ridge of 0.4 mm (corresponding distorted angle: 3.4265). Conclusion Analysis indicates that pure palatal tipping movement of the upper anterior teeth is generated without torque control, thus resulting in the bowing effect. The required torque control of the upper anterior teeth with oversize axial inclination is weaker than that of the upper anterior teeth with normal axial inclination because limited torque loss is expected for oversize axial inclination teeth. Variation sensitivity of the rotation center should be considered carefully due to biological problems when designing translation of the upper anterior teeth with normal axial inclination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Shishu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Urumql DW Innovation InfoTech Co., Ltd, Xinjiang, 830000, China
| | - Yanning Ma
- Shanxi Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| | - Zuolin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Mapar A, Taheri-Nassaj N, Shen J, Komari O, Sheets CG, Earthman JC. Finite Element Study of Periodontal Ligament Properties for a Maxillary Central Incisor and a Mandibular Second Molar Under Percussion Conditions. J Med Biol Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40846-022-00724-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
The quantitative percussion diagnostics (QPD) response of a mandibular second molar and a maxillary central incisor including their supporting ligament/bone structure was simulated using dynamic 3D finite element analysis (FEA). The focus of the work was on the role of the periodontal ligament (PDL) which acts as a damper in the dental structure and dissipates occlusal forces transmitted from the tooth surface to the surrounding bone.
Methods
Several FEA models were developed to examine the effects of mechanical characteristics that have been reported for the PDL. Specifically, the effects of changing the PDL’s quasi-static elastic modulus and Rayleigh damping properties were predicted.
Results
The present FEA simulations indicate that the PDL can significantly reduce forces for both the incisor and the molar compared to when there is no PDL (i.e. ankylosed tooth) as long as the quasi-static elastic modulus of the PDL is among the lowest reported (~ 0.1 MPa). In addition, the FEA simulations for both the incisor and molar with this lower value of the PDL quasi-static elastic modulus are also in reasonably good agreement with experimental percussion data. A simple approximation for partitioning Rayleigh damping properties between the hard and soft tissues was also found to provide reasonable values of overall damping that are consistent with experimental data.
Conclusion
The overall findings indicate that using a quasi-static elastic modulus of approximately 0.1 MPa for the PDL in combination with Rayleigh damping gives realistic predictions of the mechanical response of a tooth under QPD loading conditions.
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Ovy EG, Romanyk DL, Flores Mir C, Westover L. Modelling and evaluating periodontal ligament mechanical behaviour and properties: A scoping review of current approaches and limitations. Orthod Craniofac Res 2021; 25:199-211. [PMID: 34355507 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This scoping review is intended to synthesize the techniques proposed to model the tooth-periodontal ligament-bone complex (TPBC), while also evaluating the suggested periodontal ligament (PDL) material properties. It is concentrated on the recent advancements on the PDL and TPBC models, while identifying the advantages and limitations of the proposed approaches. Systematic searches were conducted up to December 2020 for articles that proposed PDL models to assess orthodontic tooth movement in Compendex, Web of Science, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and Scopus databases. Although there have been many studies focused on the evaluation of PDL material properties through numerous modelling approaches, only a handful of approaches have been identified to investigate the interface properties of the PDL as a complete dynamical system (TPBC models). Past reviews on the analytical and experimental determination of the PDL properties already show a concerning range in reported output values-some nearly six orders of magnitude in difference-that strongly suggested the need for further investigation. Surprisingly, it has not yet been possible to determine a narrower range of values for the PDL material properties. Moreover, very few scientific approaches address the TPBC as an integrated complex system model. In consequence, current methods for capturing the PDL material behaviour in a clinical setting are limited and inconclusive. This synthesis encourages more systematic, pragmatic and phenomenological research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enaiyat Ghani Ovy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dan L Romanyk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carlos Flores Mir
- Department of Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Lindsey Westover
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Vukicevic AM, Zelic K, Milasinovic D, Sarrami-Foroushani A, Jovicic G, Milovanovic P, Djuric M, Filipovic N, Frangi AF. OpenMandible: An open-source framework for highly realistic numerical modelling of lower mandible physiology. Dent Mater 2021; 37:612-624. [PMID: 33602549 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Computer modeling of lower mandible physiology remains challenging because prescribing realistic material characteristics and boundary conditions from medical scans requires advanced equipment and skill sets. The objective of this study is to provide a framework that could reduce simplifications made and inconsistency (in terms of geometry, materials, and boundary conditions) among further studies on the topic. METHODS The OpenMandible framework offers: 1) the first publicly available multiscale model of the mandible developed by combining cone beam computerized tomography (CBCT) and μCT imaging modalities, and 2) a C++ software tool for the generation of simulation-ready models (tet4 and hex8 elements). In addition to the application of conventional (Neumann and Dirichlet) boundary conditions, OpenMandible introduces a novel geodesic wave propagation - based approach for incorporating orthotropic micromechanical characteristics of cortical bone, and a unique algorithm for modeling muscles as uniformly directed vectors. The base intact model includes the mandible (spongy and compact bone), 14 teeth (comprising dentin, enamel, periodontal ligament, and pulp), simplified temporomandibular joints, and masticatory muscles (masseter, temporalis, medial, and lateral pterygoid). RESULTS The complete source code, executables, showcases, and sample data are freely available on the public repository: https://github.com/ArsoVukicevic/OpenMandible. It has been demonstrated that by slightly editing the baseline model, one can study different "virtual" treatments or diseases, including tooth restoration, placement of implants, mandible bone degradation, and others. SIGNIFICANCE OpenMandible eases the community to undertake a broad range of studies on the topic, while increasing their consistency and reproducibility. At the same time, the needs for dedicated equipment and skills for developing realistic simulation models are significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arso M Vukicevic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Ksenija Zelic
- Laboratory for Anthropology, Institute of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danko Milasinovic
- Faculty of Hotel Management and Tourism in Vrnjačka Banja, University of Kragujevac, Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia
| | - Ali Sarrami-Foroushani
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), School of Computing and School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gordana Jovicic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Petar Milovanovic
- Laboratory for Anthropology, Institute of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Djuric
- Laboratory for Anthropology, Institute of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nenad Filipovic
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Alejandro F Frangi
- Centre for Computational Imaging and Simulation Technologies in Biomedicine (CISTIB), School of Computing and School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Medical Imaging Research Center (MIRC), University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Cardiovascular Sciences and Electrical Engineering Departments, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Upper Second Molar Distalization with Clear Aligners: A Finite Element Study. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10217739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Among orthodontists and scientists, in the last years, upper molar distalization has been a debated topic in the orthodontic aligner field. However, despite that few clinical studies have been published, no insights on aligners’ biomechanics regarding this movement are available. The aim of this study was to assess, through finite element analysis, the force system resulting in the upper arch during second maxillary molar distalization with clear aligners and variable attachments settings. The average tooth distalization was found to be 0.029, with buccal flaring of the upper incisors in all attachment configurations. The mesial deformation of the aligner was registered to be 0.2 mm on average. Different pressure areas on the interface between aligners and upper molars were registered, with the mesial attachment surface to be directly involved when present. Periodontal ligament pressure was reported to range between 67 g/cm2 and 132 g/cm2. Configurations with rectangular attachments from second molar-to-canine and from first molar-to-canine present, in an in silico environment, almost equal efficiency in distalizing the upper second molar. However, attachments from the second molar to the canine are suggested to be adopted in clinical environments due to greater feasibility in everyday practice.
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12
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Gupta M, Madhok K, Kulshrestha R, Chain S, Kaur H, Yadav A. Determination of stress distribution on periodontal ligament and alveolar bone by various tooth movements - A 3D FEM study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2020; 10:758-763. [PMID: 33117644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The purpose of this study was to evaluate the stress distribution on the maxillary central incisors by various tooth movements using three-dimensional finite element modeling with varying periodontal ligament (PDL) thickness and different alveolar bone height (at the apex and alveolar crest). Material and methods A Finite Element Modeling model was created using surface data of the tooth using SolidWorks Software. Different types of force (intrusion, extrusion, tipping, and bodily movement) were applied on the maxillary central incisor, with two different periodontal ligament thickness (0.15 mm and 0.24 mm) and alveolar bone height (at the apex and alveolar crest). Stress generated due to force applied due to different types of tooth movement was calculated and compared. Results Maximum stresses generated under intrusion, extrusion, tipping, bodily movement were 9.0421 E-003 N/mm2 for 0.15 mm pdl at alveolar bone, 7.2833 E-5 N/mm2for 0.24 mm pdl labio-lingually, 9.1792 E-002 N/mm2 at 0.15 mm pdl at alveolar bone height and 6.2208 E-6 N/mm2 for 0.24 mm pdl at alveolar crest respectively. Conclusion The stress pattern seen was nearly the same in all the cases in both PDL thickness. The maximum stress pattern was found to be at the apex of the central incisor, reducing from apex to the cervical region. Intrusion, extrusion, and tipping movement showed the greatest amount of relative stress at the apex of the maxillary central incisor. The bodily movement produced forces at root apex and distributed it all over.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Gupta
- Consulting Orthodontist, Private Practice, New Delhi, India
| | - Kriti Madhok
- Consulting Prosthodontist, Private Practice, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit Kulshrestha
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Terna Dental College and Hospital, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Stephen Chain
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Chandra Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Harmeet Kaur
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics BBD Dental College, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Lena Sezici Y, Gediz M, Akış AA, Sarı G, Duran GS, Dindaroğlu F. Displacement and stress distribution of Kilroy spring and nickel-titanium closed-coil spring during traction of palatally impacted canine: A 3-dimensional finite element analysis. Orthod Craniofac Res 2020; 23:471-478. [PMID: 32492259 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the stress distribution and initial displacements during traction of palatally impacted canine between Kilroy and nickel-titanium (NiTi) closed-coil springs by means of the finite element analysis. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION A finite element method analysis of two traction methods for a maxillary impacted canine. MATERIALS AND METHODS The corresponding periodontal ligaments (PDLs), brackets, molar tubes and a 0.019 × 0.025-in base stainless-steel (SS) wire were modelled and imported to ANSYS SpaceClaim version 2020 R1. Traction was simulated under two different set-ups with equal force magnitude (60 g); (1) the Kilroy spring, which is made of 0.016-inch SS, and (2) the NiTi closed -coil spring. Von Mises stress distributions and initial displacements of the maxillary teeth were analysed. RESULTS In both mechanics, while the highest stress was seen on the impacted canine (Kilroy, 10.41 kPa; NiTi closed-coil, 5.27 kPa), the stress distribution decreased as the distance from the impacted canine increased. The Kilroy spring showed a greater total displacement (465.60 μm) on the impacted canine. The higher stresses on the adjacent lateral (5.29 kPa) and premolar (6.41 kPa) occurred with the Kilroy spring. CONCLUSIONS The Kilroy spring yielded higher stresses than the NiTi closed-coil spring on the impacted canine and the adjacent teeth. The difference between distribution of the stresses over the impacted canine induced greater displacement with the Kilroy spring, particularly in the vertical direction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meltem Gediz
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Gözde Sarı
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Celal Bayar, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Gökhan Serhat Duran
- Department of Orthodontics, Gülhane Faculty of Dentistry, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Furkan Dindaroğlu
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
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Numerical Simulation of Mandible Bone Remodeling under Tooth Loading: A Parametric Study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14887. [PMID: 31624317 PMCID: PMC6797806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51429-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone adapts to the change of mechanical stimulus by bone remodeling activities. A number of numerical algorithms have been developed to model the adaptive bone remodeling under mechanical loads for orthopedic and dental applications. This paper examines the effects of several model parameters on the computed apparent bone density in mandible under normal chewing and biting forces. The density change rate was based on the strain energy density per unit mass. The algorithms used in this study containing an equilibrium zone (lazy zone) and saturated values of density change rate provides certain stability to result in convergence without discontinuous checkerboard patterns. The parametric study shows that when different boundary conditions were applied, the bone density distributions at convergence were very different, except in the vicinity of the applied loads. Compared with the effects of boundary conditions, the models are less sensitive to the choice of initial density values. Several models starting from different initial density values resulted in similar but not exactly the same bone density distribution at convergence. The results also show that higher reference value of mechanical stimulus resulted in lower average bone density at convergence. Moreover, the width of equilibrium zone did not substantially affect the average density at convergence. However, with increasing width, the areas with the highest and the lowest bone density areas were all reduced. The limitations of the models and challenges for future work were discussed for the better agreement between the computed results and the in vivo data.
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Cortona A, Rossini G, Parrini S, Deregibus A, Castroflorio T. Clear aligner orthodontic therapy of rotated mandibular round-shaped teeth: A finite element study. Angle Orthod 2019; 90:247-254. [PMID: 31469592 DOI: 10.2319/020719-86.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate, using the finite element method, the orthodontic rotational movement of a lower second premolar obtained with clear aligners, analyzing different staging and attachment configurations. MATERIALS AND METHODS A CAD model including a complete lower dental arch (with element 4.5 mesially rotated 30°) and the corresponding periodontal ligaments, attachments, and aligner was designed and imported to finite element software. Starting from the CAD model, six projects were created to simulate the following therapeutic combinations for correcting element 4.5 position: (1) without attachments, (2) single attachment placed on the buccal surface of element 4.5, (3) three attachments placed on the buccal surfaces of teeth 4.4 to 4.6. For each project, both 1.2° and 3° of aligner activation were considered. RESULTS All the analyzed configurations revealed a clockwise rotation movement of element 4.5 on the horizontal plane. Models with attachments showed a greater tooth displacement pattern than models without attachments. Simulations with attachments and 3° of aligner activation exhibited the best performance concerning tooth movement but registered high stresses in the periodontal ligaments, far from the ideal stress levels able to produce tooth rotational movement. CONCLUSIONS The model with a single attachment and 1.2° of aligner activation was the most efficient, followed by the three attachment model with the same degree of activation. Aligner activation should not exceed 1.2° to achieve better control of movement and reasonable stress in periodontal structures.
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Bonab MF, Mojra A, Shirazi M. A numerical-experimental study on thermal evaluation of orthodontic tooth movement during initial phase of treatment. J Therm Biol 2019; 80:45-55. [PMID: 30784487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The most desired target of orthodontic treatment is tooth movement as a result of application of efficient force system. In this study, effect of tooth loading is studied on temperature profile around the tooth at early stages of treatment. The basis of temperature variation is increase of cell number and activities in periodontium as a result of compression and tension of this layer. Highest cellular activities occur in the beginning of loading procedure and aim to reduce mechanical stress in the periodontium which finally ends up with orthodontic tooth movement during couple of years. To find out the correlation between temperature variation and the applied force, in vivo experiments are conducted on ten rats and temperature is measured in specific time periods. It is observed that temperature is higher in direction of the net force about 0.3℃. Next, numerical finite element analysis is carried out on the rat tooth model. Mechanical stress results show that regions with compressive stress have rather high temperature in the experiments. Mechanical stress on periodontium-bone interface is multiplied by a coefficient to simulate cellular activities on this boundary as a heat source and thermal analysis is carried out to obtain temperature profile. The thermo-mechanical coefficient is identified for each rat by imposing the experimental temperatures on numerical outputs. For assessment of a treatment efficiency and deduction of the applied force, temperatures could be measured experimentally and compared with the corresponding numerical analysis temperature result obtained by employing the thermo-mechanical coefficient found earlier for each rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fakhimi Bonab
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, 15 Pardis St., Tehran 1991943344, Iran.
| | - A Mojra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, 15 Pardis St., Tehran 1991943344, Iran.
| | - M Shirazi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dental Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Pei D, Hu X, Jin C, Lu Y, Liu S. Energy Storage and Dissipation of Human Periodontal Ligament during Mastication Movement. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:4028-4035. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Nonlinear Biomechanical Characteristics of the Schneiderian Membrane: Experimental Study and Numerical Modeling. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:2829163. [PMID: 30035119 PMCID: PMC6033247 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2829163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is to quantify the nonlinear mechanical behavior of the Schneiderian membrane. Methods Thirty cadaveric maxillary sinus membrane specimens were divided into the elongation testing group and the perforation testing group. Mechanical experimental measurements were taken via ex vivo experiments. Theoretical curves were compared with experimental findings to assess the effectiveness of the nonlinear mechanical properties. The FE model with nonlinear mechanical properties was used to simulate the detachment of the Schneiderian membrane under loading. Results The mean thickness of the membrane samples was 1.005 mm. The mean tensile strength obtained by testing was 6.81 N/mm2. In membrane perforation testing, the mean tensile strength and the linear elastic modulus were significantly higher than those in membrane elongation testing (P < 0.05). The mean adhesion force between the Schneiderian membrane and the bone was 0.052 N/mm. By FE modeling, the squared correlation coefficients of theoretical stress-strain curves for the nonlinear and linear models were 0.99065 and 0.94656 compared with the experimental data. Conclusions The biomechanical properties of the Schneiderian membrane were implemented into the FE model, which was applied to simulate the mechanical responses of the Schneiderian membrane in sinus floor elevation.
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Heidary Z, Mojra A, Shirazi M, Bazargan M. A novel approach for early evaluation of orthodontic process by a numerical thermomechanical analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 34:e2899. [PMID: 28544269 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this paper is to propose a novel method that provides an opportunity to evaluate an orthodontic process at early phase of the treatment. This was accomplished by finding out a correlation between the applied orthodontic force and thermal variations in the tooth structure. To this end, geometry of the human tooth surrounded by the connective soft tissue called the periodontal ligament and the bone was constructed by employing dental CT scan images of a specific case. The periodontal ligament was modeled by finite strain viscoelastic model through a nonlinear stress-strain relation (hyperelasticity) and nonlinear stress-time relation (viscoelasticity). The tooth structure was loaded by a lateral force with 15 different quantities applied to 20 different locations, along the midedge of the tooth crown. The resultant compressive stress in the periodontal ligament was considered as the cause of elevated cell activity that was modeled by a transient heat flux in the thermal analysis. The heat flux value was estimated by conducting an experiment on a pair of rats. The numerical results showed that by applying an orthodontic force to the tooth structure, a significant temperature rise was observed. By measuring the temperature rise, the orthodontic process can be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Heidary
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - A Mojra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Shirazi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dental Research Centre, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Bazargan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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20
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Barone S, Paoli A, Razionale AV, Savignano R. Computational design and engineering of polymeric orthodontic aligners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017; 33:e2839. [PMID: 27704706 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Transparent and removable aligners represent an effective solution to correct various orthodontic malocclusions through minimally invasive procedures. An aligner-based treatment requires patients to sequentially wear dentition-mating shells obtained by thermoforming polymeric disks on reference dental models. An aligner is shaped introducing a geometrical mismatch with respect to the actual tooth positions to induce a loading system, which moves the target teeth toward the correct positions. The common practice is based on selecting the aligner features (material, thickness, and auxiliary elements) by only considering clinician's subjective assessments. In this article, a computational design and engineering methodology has been developed to reconstruct anatomical tissues, to model parametric aligner shapes, to simulate orthodontic movements, and to enhance the aligner design. The proposed approach integrates computer-aided technologies, from tomographic imaging to optical scanning, from parametric modeling to finite element analyses, within a 3-dimensional digital framework. The anatomical modeling provides anatomies, including teeth (roots and crowns), jaw bones, and periodontal ligaments, which are the references for the down streaming parametric aligner shaping. The biomechanical interactions between anatomical models and aligner geometries are virtually reproduced using a finite element analysis software. The methodology allows numerical simulations of patient-specific conditions and the comparative analyses of different aligner configurations. In this article, the digital framework has been used to study the influence of various auxiliary elements on the loading system delivered to a maxillary and a mandibular central incisor during an orthodontic tipping movement. Numerical simulations have shown a high dependency of the orthodontic tooth movement on the auxiliary element configuration, which should then be accurately selected to maximize the aligner's effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Barone
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A Paoli
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - A V Razionale
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - R Savignano
- Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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21
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Martinez Choy SE, Lenz J, Schweizerhof K, Schmitter M, Schindler HJ. Realistic kinetic loading of the jaw system during single chewing cycles: a finite element study. J Oral Rehabil 2017; 44:375-384. [DOI: 10.1111/joor.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. E. Martinez Choy
- Research Group Biomechanics; Institute for Mechanics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Karlsruhe Germany
| | - J. Lenz
- Research Group Biomechanics; Institute for Mechanics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Karlsruhe Germany
| | - K. Schweizerhof
- Research Group Biomechanics; Institute for Mechanics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Karlsruhe Germany
| | - M. Schmitter
- Department of Prosthodontics; Dental School; University of Würzburg; Würzburg Germany
| | - H. J. Schindler
- Research Group Biomechanics; Institute for Mechanics; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Karlsruhe Germany
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22
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Nikolaus A, Currey JD, Lindtner T, Fleck C, Zaslansky P. Importance of the variable periodontal ligament geometry for whole tooth mechanical function: A validated numerical study. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 67:61-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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23
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Wang CH, Du JK, Li HY, Chang HC, Chen KK. Factorial analysis of variables influencing mechanical characteristics of a post used to restore a root filled premolar using the finite element stress analysis combined with the Taguchi method. Int Endod J 2015; 49:690-9. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. H. Wang
- Department of Dentistry; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- School of Dentistry; College of Dental Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - J. K. Du
- Department of Dentistry; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- School of Dentistry; College of Dental Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - H. Y. Li
- Department of Mold and Die Engineering; National Kaohsiung University of Applied Science; Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - H. C. Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; National Cheng Kung University; Tainan Taiwan
| | - K. K. Chen
- Department of Dentistry; Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital; Kaohsiung Taiwan
- School of Dentistry; College of Dental Medicine; Kaohsiung Medical University; Kaohsiung Taiwan
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Tuna M, Sunbuloglu E, Bozdag E. Finite element simulation of the behavior of the periodontal ligament: A validated nonlinear contact model. J Biomech 2014; 47:2883-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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25
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Trivedi S. Finite element analysis: A boon to dentistry. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2014; 4:200-3. [PMID: 25737944 PMCID: PMC4306993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The finite element analysis (FEA) is an upcoming and significant research tool for biomechanical analyses in biological research. It is an ultimate method for modeling complex structures and analyzing their mechanical properties. In Implantology, FEA has been used to study the stress patterns in various implant components and also in the peri-implant bone. It is also useful for studying the biomechanical properties of implants as well as for predicting the success of implants in clinical condition. FEA of simulated traumatic loads can be used to understand the biomechanics of fracture. FEA has various advantages compared with studies on real models. The experiments are repeatable, there are no ethical considerations and the study designs may be modified and changed as per the requirement. There are certain limitations of FEA too. It is a computerized in vitro study in which clinical condition may not be completely replicated. So, further FEA research should be supplemented with clinical evaluation.
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