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Lin H, Li Z, Xie Z, Tang S, Huang M, Feng J, Wei Y, Shen Z, Zhou R, Feng Y, Chen H, Ren Y, Huang F, Wang X, Jiang Z. An anti-infection and biodegradable TFRD-loaded porous scaffold promotes bone regeneration in segmental bone defects: experimental studies. Int J Surg 2024; 110:3269-3284. [PMID: 38506734 PMCID: PMC11175727 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000001291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Addressing segmental bone defects remains a complex task in orthopedics, and recent advancements have led to the development of novel drugs to enhance the bone regeneration. However, long-term oral administration can lead to malnutrition and poor patient compliance. Scaffolds loaded with medication are extensively employed to facilitate the restoration of bone defects. METHODS Inspired by the local application of total flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae (TFRD) in the treatment of fracture, a novel 3D-printed HA/CMCS/PDA/TFRD scaffold with anti-infection, biodegradable and induced angiogenesis was designed, and to explore its preclinical value in segmental bone defect of tibia. RESULTS The scaffold exhibited good degradation and drug release performance. In vitro, the scaffold extract promoted osteogenesis by enhancing bone-related gene/protein expression and mineral deposition in BMSCs. It also stimulated endothelial cell migration and promoted angiogenesis through the upregulation of specific genes and proteins associated with cell migration and tube formation. This may be attributed to the activation of the PI3k/AKT/HIF-1α pathway, facilitating the processes of osteogenesis and angiogenesis. Furthermore, the HA/CMCS/PDA/TFRD scaffold was demonstrated to alleviate infection, enhance angiogenesis, promote bone regeneration, and increase the maximum failure force of new formed bone in a rat model of segmental bone defects. CONCLUSION Porous scaffolds loaded with TFRD can reduce infection, be biodegradable, and induce angiogenesis, presenting a novel approach for addressing tibial segmental bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiong Lin
- Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Restorative Medicine, Institute for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Hospital and Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yinchuan
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Zige Li
- The 2nd Department of Arthrosis, Wangjing Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
| | - Zhenze Xie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology
| | - Shengyao Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangdong Provincial Second Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Research and Development in Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Minling Huang
- Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Junjie Feng
- Emergency Department, Dongguan People’s Hospital, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhan Wei
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing
| | - Zhen Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kunming Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming
| | - Ruoyu Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Nanchang Hongdu Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang
| | - Yuanlan Feng
- Fifth Department of Orthopedics (Foot and Ankle Surgery), Shunde Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Foshan
| | - Huamei Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Hospital of Guangzhou
| | - Yueyi Ren
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine
| | - Feng Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing
| | - Ziwei Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou
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Christoffers S, Seiler L, Wiebe E, Blume C. Possibilities and efficiency of MSC co-transfection for gene therapy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:150. [PMID: 38783353 PMCID: PMC11119386 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03757-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are not only capable of self-renewal, trans-differentiation, homing to damaged tissue sites and immunomodulation by secretion of trophic factors but are also easy to isolate and expand. Because of these characteristics, they are used in numerous clinical trials for cell therapy including immune and neurological disorders, diabetes, bone and cartilage diseases and myocardial infarction. However, not all trials have successful outcomes, due to unfavourable microenvironmental factors and the heterogenous nature of MSCs. Therefore, genetic manipulation of MSCs can increase their prospect. Currently, most studies focus on single transfection with one gene. Even though the introduction of more than one gene increases the complexity, it also increases the effectivity as different mechanism are triggered, leading to a synergistic effect. In this review we focus on the methodology and efficiency of co-transfection, as well as the opportunities and pitfalls of these genetically engineered cells for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Christoffers
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 3-5, 30167, Hannover, Germany.
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Lisa Seiler
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 3-5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elena Wiebe
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 3-5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Blume
- Institute for Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Callinstr. 3-5, 30167, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Hearing4all, Hannover, Germany
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Kim YR, Yun EB, Ryu DI, Kim BH, Kim JS, Kim YS, Kang JH, Cho EH, Koh JT, Lim HP, Park C, Lee BN. The potential bone regeneration effects of leptin- and osteolectin-coated 3D-printed PCL scaffolds: an in vivostudy. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:045008. [PMID: 38688311 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad45d7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the effectiveness of bone regeneration upon the application of leptin and osteolectin to a three-dimensional (3D) printed poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffold. A fused deposition modeling 3D bioprinter was used to fabricate scaffolds with a diameter of 4.5 mm, a height of 0.5 mm, and a pore size of 420-520 nm using PCL (molecular weight: 43 000). After amination of the scaffold surface for leptin and osteolectin adhesion, the experimental groups were divided into the PCL scaffold (control), the aminated PCL (PCL/Amine) scaffold, the leptin-coated PCL (PCL/Leptin) scaffold, and the osteolectin-coated PCL (PCL/Osteo) scaffold. Next, the water-soluble tetrazolium salt-1 (WST-1) assay was used to assess cell viability. All groups exhibited cell viability rates of >100%. Female 7-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were used forin vivoexperiments. Calvarial defects were introduced on the rats' skulls using a 5.5 mm trephine bur. The rats were divided into the PCL (control), PCL/Leptin, and PCL/Osteo scaffold groups. The scaffolds were then inserted into the calvarial defect areas, and the rats were sacrificed after 8-weeks to analyze the defect area. Micro-CT analysis indicated that the leptin- and osteolectin-coated scaffolds exhibited significantly higher bone regeneration. Histological analysis revealed new bone and blood vessels in the calvarial defect area. These findings indicate that the 3D-printed PCL scaffold allows for patient-customized fabrication as well as the easy application of proteins like leptin and osteolectin. Moreover, leptin and osteolectin did not show cytotoxicity and exhibited higher bone regeneration potential than the existing scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ran Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Byeol Yun
- College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dam-In Ryu
- College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Hye Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Seon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Animal Behavior, College of Veterinary Medicine and BK21 FOUR Program, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Seul Kim
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Ho Kang
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hyo Cho
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Tae Koh
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Pil Lim
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Park
- Department of Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bin-Na Lee
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Zheng M, Chen Y, Wang Z, Xie C, Zhou C, Wang L, Xiong F, Li L, Xing J, Wang C, Zhou H. Promoting a Cobalt Complex of Qingzhuan Dark Tea Polysaccharides on Fracture Healing in Rats. Tissue Eng Part A 2024. [PMID: 38183628 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2023.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Fractures occur commonly with multiple injuries, and their incidence has increased in recent years. Trace amounts of cobalt are necessary for many living organisms as it stimulates hematopoiesis and improves bone health. However, cobalt is also toxic, as it might cause allergic reactions and tissue destruction. These factors limit the application of cobalt in some medical fields. We studied the tea polysaccode-cobalt complex (TPS-Co) prepared from Qingzhuan Dark Tea polysaccharides. We used 6-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats to establish a femoral fracture model and evaluated the effects of CoCl2 and TPS-Co on the healing of femoral fractures. In this study, treatment with TPS-Co for the same content of cobalt intake decreased the side effects associated with CoCl2 treatment and accelerated the healing of femoral fractures in rats. This treatment method promoted angiogenesis by upregulating the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia-inducible factor. Bone formation was promoted via the upregulation of the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 and serum bone alkaline phosphatase. TPS-Co was found to actively regulate bone and vascular systems, resulting in significant bone regeneration effects. Therefore, the Qingzhuan Dark Tea polysaccharide cobalt complex might be used as an additive or drug to promote fracture healing, and thus, it might have a huge market value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Hubei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Intelligent Health, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Yong Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Hubei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Intelligent Health, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Ziyao Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Hubei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Intelligent Health, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Chen Xie
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Hubei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Intelligent Health, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Chi Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Le Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Hubei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Intelligent Health, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Fang Xiong
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Hubei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Intelligent Health, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Ling Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Hubei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Intelligent Health, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Jun Xing
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Hubei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Intelligent Health, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Cai Wang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Hubei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Intelligent Health, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
| | - Hongfu Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Imaging, Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
- Hubei Industrial Technology Research Institute of Intelligent Health, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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López-Andaluz J, Flores-Fraile J, Javier-Borrajo, Blanco-Antona L, García-Carrodeguas R, López-Montañés D, García-Cenador M, García-Criado F. Assessment of rhBMP-2-loaded bovine hydroxyapatite granules in the guided bone regeneration of critical bone defect in rat mandible bone. J Dent Sci 2024; 19:276-284. [PMID: 38303875 PMCID: PMC10829555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2023.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J. López-Andaluz
- Department of Surgery, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - J. Flores-Fraile
- Department of Surgery, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Javier-Borrajo
- Department of Physics, Engineering and Medical Radiology, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - L. Blanco-Antona
- Department of Surgery, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - R. García-Carrodeguas
- Department de R&D and Biomaterial Production, Noricum S.L, Madrid, Spain
- Biosanitary Research Institute (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - M.B. García-Cenador
- Department of Surgery, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biosanitary Research Institute (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - F.J. García-Criado
- Department of Surgery, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Biosanitary Research Institute (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
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Ma C, Kim YK, Lee MH, Jang YS. Development of Gelatin Methacryloyl/Sodium Alginate Interpenetrating Polymer Network Hydrogels for Bone Regeneration by Activating the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway via Lithium Release. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13613. [PMID: 37686419 PMCID: PMC10487821 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels have gained significant attention as biomaterials due to their remarkable properties resembling those of the extracellular matrix (ECM). In the present investigation, we successfully synthesized interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels using gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) and sodium alginate (SA), incorporating various concentrations of lithium chloride (LiCl; 0, 5, and 10 mM), aiming to develop a hydrogel scaffold for bone regeneration. Notably, the compressive modulus of the IPN hydrogels remained largely unaffected upon the inclusion of LiCl. However, the hydrogel with the high concentration of LiCl exhibited reduced fragmentation after compression testing. Intriguingly, we observed a significant improvement in cellular biocompatibility, primarily attributed to activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway induced by LiCl. Subsequently, we evaluated the efficacy of the newly developed IPN-Li hydrogels in a rat cranial defect model and found that they substantially enhanced bone regeneration. Nevertheless, it is important to note that the introduction of high concentrations of LiCl did not significantly promote osteogenesis. This outcome can be attributed to the excessive release of Li+ ions into the extracellular matrix, hindering the desired effect. Overall, the IPN-Li hydrogel developed in this study holds great promise as a biodegradable material for bone regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yong-Seok Jang
- Department of Dental Biomaterials, Institute of Biodegradable Materials, School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju 54896, Republic of Korea; (C.M.); (Y.-K.K.); (M.-H.L.)
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Wang M, He M, Xu X, Wu Z, Tao J, Yin F, Luo K, Jiang J. Cementum protein 1 gene-modified adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell sheets enhance periodontal regeneration in osteoporosis rat. J Periodontal Res 2023. [PMID: 37154214 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Osteoporosis (OP) and periodontitis are both diseases with excessive bone resorption, and the number of patients who suffer from these diseases is expected to increase. OP has been identified as a risk factor that accelerates the pathological process of periodontitis. Achieving effective and safe periodontal regeneration in OP patients is a meaningful challenge. This study aimed to assess the efficacy and biosecurity of human cementum protein 1 (hCEMP1) gene-modified cell sheets for periodontal fenestration defect regeneration in an OP rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rat adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (rADSCs) were isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats. After primary culture, rADSCs were subjected to cell surface analysis and multi-differentiation assay. And rADSCs were transduced with hCEMP1 by lentiviral vector, and hCEMP1 gene-modified cell sheets were generated. The expression of hCEMP1 was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry staining, and transduced cell proliferation was evaluated by Cell Counting Kit-8. The hCEMP1 gene-modified cell sheet structure was detected by histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Osteogenic and cementogenic-associated gene expression was evaluated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In addition, an OP rat periodontal fenestration defect model was used to evaluate the regeneration effect of hCEMP1 gene-modified rADSC sheets. The efficacy was assessed with microcomputed tomography and histology, and the biosecurity of gene-modified cell sheets was evaluated by histological analysis of the spleen, liver, kidney and lung. RESULTS The rADSCs showed a phenotype of mesenchymal stem cells and possessed multi-differentiation capacity. The gene and protein expression of hCEMP1 through lentiviral transduction was confirmed, and there was no significant effect on rADSC proliferation. Overexpression of hCEMP1 upregulated osteogenic and cementogenic-related genes such as runt-related transcription factor 2, bone morphogenetic protein 2, secreted phosphoprotein 1 and cementum attachment protein in the gene-modified cell sheets. The fenestration lesions in OP rats treated with hCEMP1 gene-modified cell sheets exhibited complete bone bridging, cementum and periodontal ligament formation. Furthermore, histological sections of the spleen, liver, kidney and lung showed no evident pathological damage. CONCLUSION This pilot study demonstrates that hCEMP1 gene-modified rADSC sheets have a marked ability to enhance periodontal regeneration in OP rats. Thus, this approach may represent an effective and safe strategy for periodontal disease patients with OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijie Wang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Mengjiao He
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiongcheng Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zekai Wu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fan Yin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Kai Luo
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Institute of Stomatology & Laboratory of Oral Tissue Engineering, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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