1
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Guo P, Carey E, Plaisted-Grant K, Cheke LG. Episodic memory during middle childhood: What is developing? J Exp Child Psychol 2024; 240:105828. [PMID: 38104459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2023.105828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Whereas previous research has concentrated on the emergence of episodic memory during the early years, fewer investigations have explored the details of this development through middle and late childhood. Considerable variation in task demands and testing methodologies have rendered the trajectory of episodic memory during this period unclear, particularly with regard to which elements are in a state of change at which time. This study separately assessed memory for item, location, and temporal order, as well as integrated what-where-when (WWW) information using a WWW memory test (the Treasure Hunt task), with 84 children aged 6 to 12 years. Two versions of the task were used, varying in the degree of retrieval support while keeping encoding constant. Results show that episodic memory continued to develop across this period, with individual item, spatial, temporal, and WWW memory all improving relatively linearly with age. These improvements were underpinned by both the associative binding and strategic control processes. These findings suggest that it is not any one element of episodic memory that is driving development during this period but that all aspects are continuing to mature in parallel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panyuan Guo
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Emma Carey
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK
| | | | - Lucy G Cheke
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.
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2
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Fan CL, Sokolowski HM, Rosenbaum RS, Levine B. What about "space" is important for episodic memory? WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2023; 14:e1645. [PMID: 36772875 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Early cognitive neuroscientific research revealed that the hippocampus is crucial for spatial navigation in rodents, and for autobiographical episodic memory in humans. Researchers quickly linked these streams to propose that the human hippocampus supports memory through its role in representing space, and research on the link between spatial cognition and episodic memory in humans has proliferated over the past several decades. Different researchers apply the term "spatial" in a variety of contexts, however, and it remains unclear what aspect of space may be critical to memory. Similarly, "episodic" has been defined and tested in different ways. Naturalistic assessment of spatial memory and episodic memory (i.e., episodic autobiographical memory) is required to unify the scale and biological relevance in comparisons of spatial and mnemonic processing. Limitations regarding the translation of rodent to human research, human ontogeny, and inter-individual variability require greater consideration in the interpretation of this literature. In this review, we outline the aspects of space that are (and are not) commonly linked to episodic memory, and then we discuss these dimensions through the lens of individual differences in naturalistic autobiographical memory. Future studies should carefully consider which aspect(s) of space are being linked to memory within the context of naturalistic human cognition. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina L Fan
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - R Shayna Rosenbaum
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Levine
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Neurology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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3
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Laidi C, Neu N, Watilliaux A, Martinez-Teruel A, Razafinimanana M, Boisgontier J, Hotier S, d'Albis MA, Delorme R, Amestoy A, Holiga Š, Moal MLL, Coupé P, Leboyer M, Houenou J, Rondi-Reig L, Paradis AL. Preserved navigation abilities and spatio-temporal memory in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Res 2023; 16:280-293. [PMID: 36495045 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cerebellar abnormalities have been reported in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Beyond its role in hallmark features of ASD, the cerebellum and its connectivity with forebrain structures also play a role in navigation. However, the current understanding of navigation abilities in ASD is equivocal, as is the impact of the disorder on the functional anatomy of the cerebellum. In the present study, we investigated the navigation behavior of a population of ASD and typically developing (TD) adults related to their brain anatomy as assessed by structural and functional MRI at rest. We used the Starmaze task, which permits assessing and distinguishing two complex navigation behaviors, one based on allocentric learning and the other on egocentric learning of a route with multiple decision points. Compared to TD controls, individuals with ASD showed similar exploration, learning, and strategy performance and preference. In addition, there was no difference in the structural or functional anatomy of the cerebellar circuits involved in navigation between the two groups. The findings of our work suggest that navigation abilities, spatio-temporal memory, and their underlying circuits are preserved in individuals with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Laidi
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM U955, IMRB, Translational Neuro-Psychiatry, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Créteil, France.,Fondation fondaMental, Hôpital Albert Chenevier, Créteil, France.,UNIACT, Psychiatry Team, Neurospin Neuroimaging Platform, CEA Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Nathan Neu
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Créteil, France.,UNIACT, Psychiatry Team, Neurospin Neuroimaging Platform, CEA Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Aurélie Watilliaux
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Inserm, IBPS, Neurosciences Paris Seine, CeZaMe Lab, Paris, France
| | - Axelle Martinez-Teruel
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Créteil, France
| | - Mihoby Razafinimanana
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Inserm, IBPS, Neurosciences Paris Seine, CeZaMe Lab, Paris, France
| | - Jennifer Boisgontier
- UNIACT, Psychiatry Team, Neurospin Neuroimaging Platform, CEA Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sevan Hotier
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Créteil, France.,Fondation fondaMental, Hôpital Albert Chenevier, Créteil, France
| | - Marc-Antoine d'Albis
- AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Créteil, France.,Fondation fondaMental, Hôpital Albert Chenevier, Créteil, France.,UNIACT, Psychiatry Team, Neurospin Neuroimaging Platform, CEA Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Service de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Robert Debré, Institut Pasteur, Human Genetics and Cognitive Functions Unit, Paris, France
| | | | - Štefan Holiga
- Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Pierrick Coupé
- Pictura Research Group, Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique, Unité Mixte de Recherche Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (UMR 5800), University Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Marion Leboyer
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM U955, IMRB, Translational Neuro-Psychiatry, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Créteil, France.,Fondation fondaMental, Hôpital Albert Chenevier, Créteil, France
| | - Josselin Houenou
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM U955, IMRB, Translational Neuro-Psychiatry, Créteil, France.,AP-HP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Département Médico-Universitaire de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie (DMU IMPACT), Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de Médecine de Précision en Psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Créteil, France.,Fondation fondaMental, Hôpital Albert Chenevier, Créteil, France.,UNIACT, Psychiatry Team, Neurospin Neuroimaging Platform, CEA Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laure Rondi-Reig
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Inserm, IBPS, Neurosciences Paris Seine, CeZaMe Lab, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Lise Paradis
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Inserm, IBPS, Neurosciences Paris Seine, CeZaMe Lab, Paris, France
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Martín-Pozuelo N, Robles-García V, Piccardi L, Quintela del Rio A, Cudeiro J, De las Cuevas-Terán I. Adaptations of the Walking Corsi Test (WalCT) for 2- and 3-year-old preterm and term-born toddlers: A preliminary study. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1081042. [PMID: 37009286 PMCID: PMC10064058 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1081042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Topographical memory is crucial for navigation and environmental representation. The Walking Corsi Test (WalCT) has been used to evaluate topographical memory in children from 4 years upward. The present study aims to determine whether adapted versions of the WalCT- by simplifying instructions and increasing motivation- can be adopted to test topographical memory in 2- and 3-year-old toddlers born at term and preterm. Assessing this skill in such young children is important in light of recent studies that have shown how spatial cognition underlies the development of skills in other cognitive domains as well. Methods: For this purpose, 47 toddlers (27.39 ± 4.34 months, 38.3% females), 20 born at term and 27 preterm, performed two aimed-designed versions of WalCT. Results The results showed better performance of the term groups with increasing age and for both versions. On the other hand, performance was better in 2-year-old term toddlers vs. preterm. When rising motivation, 2-year-old preterm toddlers improve their performance but differences between both groups were still significant. The preterm group showed lower performance related to lower levels of attention. Discussion This study provides preliminary data on the suitability of the adapted versions of WalCT in early ages and prematurity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Martín-Pozuelo
- Neuroscience and Motor Control Group, Department of Physical Therapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
- Escuelas Universitarias Gimbernat, University of Cantabria, Torrelavega, Spain
| | - Verónica Robles-García
- Neuroscience and Motor Control Group, Department of Physical Therapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
- Correspondence: Verónica Robles-García
| | - Laura Piccardi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- San Raffaele Cassino Hospital, Cassino, Italy
| | | | - Javier Cudeiro
- Neuroscience and Motor Control Group, Department of Physical Therapy, Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Institute of A Coruña (INIBIC), Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Isabel De las Cuevas-Terán
- Neonatal Unit, Pediatric Department, Marqués de Valdecilla University Hospital, Research Institute Valdecilla (IDIVAL), Santander, Spain
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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5
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Derbie AY, Dejenie MA, Zegeye TG. Visuospatial representation in patients with mild cognitive impairment: Implication for rehabilitation. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31462. [PMID: 36343037 PMCID: PMC9646670 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral and neurophysiological experiments have demonstrated that distinct and common cognitive processes and associated neural substrates maintain allocentric and egocentric spatial representations. This review aimed to provide evidence from previous behavioral and neurophysiological studies on collating cognitive processes and associated neural substrates and linking them to the state of visuospatial representations in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Even though MCI patients showed impaired visuospatial attentional processing and working memory, previous neuropsychological experiments in MCI largely emphasized memory impairment and lacked substantiating evidence of whether memory impairment could be associated with how patients with MCI encode objects in space. The present review suggests that impaired memory capacity is linked to impaired allocentric representation in MCI patients. This review indicates that further research is needed to examine how the decline in visuospatial attentional resources during allocentric coding of space could be linked to working memory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abiot Y. Derbie
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
- Department of Psychology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Abiot Y. Derbie, Department of Psychology, Bahir Dar University, P.O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (e-mail: )
| | | | - Tsigie G. Zegeye
- Department of Special Needs, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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6
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Sabourin CJ, Merrikhi Y, Lomber SG. Do blind people hear better? Trends Cogn Sci 2022; 26:999-1012. [PMID: 36207258 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
For centuries, anecdotal evidence such as the perfect pitch of the blind piano tuner or blind musician has supported the notion that individuals who have lost their sight early in life have superior hearing abilities compared with sighted people. Recently, auditory psychophysical and functional imaging studies have identified that specific auditory enhancements in the early blind can be linked to activation in extrastriate visual cortex, suggesting crossmodal plasticity. Furthermore, the nature of the sensory reorganization in occipital cortex supports the concept of a task-based functional cartography for the cerebral cortex rather than a sensory-based organization. In total, studies of early-blind individuals provide valuable insights into mechanisms of cortical plasticity and principles of cerebral organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina J Sabourin
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada; Biological and Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Yaser Merrikhi
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Stephen G Lomber
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada; Biological and Biomedical Engineering Graduate Program, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada; Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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7
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Nguyen KV, Tansan M, Newcombe NS. Studying the Development of Navigation Using Virtual Environments. JOURNAL OF COGNITION AND DEVELOPMENT 2022; 24:1-16. [PMID: 37614812 PMCID: PMC10445272 DOI: 10.1080/15248372.2022.2133123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Research on spatial navigation is essential to understanding how mobile species adapt to their environments. Such research increasingly uses virtual environments (VEs) because, although VE has drawbacks, it allows for standardization of procedures, precision in measuring behaviors, ease in introducing variation, and cross-investigator comparability. Developmental researchers have used a wide range of VE testing methods, including desktop computers, gaming consoles, virtual reality, and phone applications. We survey the paradigms to guide researchers' choices, organizing them by their characteristics using a framework proposed by Girard (2022) in which navigation is reactive or deliberative, and may be tied to sensory input or not. This organization highlights what representations each paradigm indicates. VE tools have enriched our picture of the development of navigation, but much research remains to be done, e.g., determining retest reliability, comparing performance on different paradigms, validating performance against real-world behavior and open sharing. Reliable and valid assessments available on open-science repositories are essential for work on the development of navigation, its neural bases, and its implications for other cognitive domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim V Nguyen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University
| | - Merve Tansan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University
| | - Nora S Newcombe
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Temple University
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8
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Could an Immersive Virtual Reality Training Improve Navigation Skills in Children with Cerebral Palsy? A Pilot Controlled Study. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206146. [PMID: 36294467 PMCID: PMC9604863 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with cerebral palsy (CP) suffer deficits in their motor, sensory, and cognitive abilities, as well as in their visuospatial competences. In the last years, several authors have tried to correlate the visuospatial abilities with the navigational ones. Given their importance in everyday functions, navigation skills have been deeply studied using increasingly cutting-edge techniques such as virtual reality (VR). However, to our knowledge, there are no studies focused on training using immersive VR (IVR) in children with movement disorders. For this reason, we proposed an IVR training to 35 young participants with CP and conceived to improve their navigation skills in a “simil-real” environment while playing on a dynamic platform. A subgroup performed a part of the training which was specifically dedicated to the use of the allocentric strategy (i.e., looking for landmarks) to navigate the virtual environment. We then compared the children’s navigation and spatial skills pre- and post-intervention. All the children improved their visual–spatial abilities; particularly, if the IVR activities specifically trained their ability to look for landmarks and use them to navigate. The results of this work highlight the potential of an IVR training program to increase the navigation abilities of patients with CPs.
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9
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Optimizing the Development of Space-Temporal Orientation in Physical Education and Sports Lessons for Students Aged 8–11 Years. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9091299. [PMID: 36138608 PMCID: PMC9497162 DOI: 10.3390/children9091299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to analyze how we can improve the space–temporal orientation ability with the help of physical exercises in physical education and sports lessons. In total,148 children between the ages of 8 and 11 participated in this study (M = 9.70; SD = 0.79). They were subjected to three tests, which measured general intelligence (Raven Progressive Matrices) and space–temporal orientation skills (Piaget-Head test and Bender–Santucci test). The tests were carried out both in the pre-test and in the post-test period. In the case of participants in the experimental group, a specific program was applied for a period of 12 weeks. The results showed that general intelligence level was identified as a predictor of spatial–temporal orientation (beta = 0.17, t = 2.08, p = 0.03) but only for the Piaget-Head test. Similarly, no differences between children’s age groups were identified in any of the spatial–temporal orientation test scores. However, children in the “+9” age category had higher scores on the intelligence test compared to younger children (77.31 vs. 35.70). In conclusion, the intervention program had a positive effect on spatial orientation skills.
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10
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Pullano L, Foti F. The Development of Human Navigation in Middle Childhood: A Narrative Review through Methods, Terminology, and Fundamental Stages. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12081097. [PMID: 36009160 PMCID: PMC9405715 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12081097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial orientation and navigation are fundamental abilities in daily life that develop gradually during childhood, although their development is still not clear. The main aim of the present narrative review was to trace the development of navigational skills in middle childhood (6 to 12 years old) by means of studies present in the literature. To this aim, this review took into account the terminology, methodologies, different paradigms, and apparatuses used to investigate egocentric self-centered and allocentric world-centered representations, besides the different types of spaces (reaching/small/large; physical/virtual). Furthermore, this review provided a brief description of the development of navigational strategies and competences in toddlers and preschool children (0–5 years). The main result of this review showed how middle childhood is a crucial period for the improvement and development of allocentric strategies, including metric information. In fact, during this developmental window, children learn to handle proximal and distal cues, to transpose paper and virtual information into real environments, up to performing similarly to adults. This narrative review could represent a starting point to better clarify the development of navigation and spatial orientation, finalized to trace a development curve useful to map normal development and to have a term of comparison to assess performance in atypical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pullano
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Foti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence:
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11
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van Dun C, Lisi I, van Diepen J, Gross G, Janzen G, Aarts E. Development of Spatial Orientation in Two-to-Three-Year-Old Children in Relation to Lifestyle Factors. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14163322. [PMID: 36014828 PMCID: PMC9414767 DOI: 10.3390/nu14163322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Various lifestyle factors, including diet, physical activity, and sleep, have been studied in the context of children’s health. However, how these lifestyle factors contribute to the development of cognitive abilities, including spatial cognition, remains vastly understudied. One landmark in spatial cognitive development occurs between 2.5 and 3 years of age. For spatial orientation at that age, children learn to use allocentric reference frames (using spatial relations between objects as the primary reference frame) in addition to, the already acquired, egocentric reference frames (using one’s own body as the primary reference frame). In the current virtual reality study in a sample of 30–36-month-old toddlers (N = 57), we first demonstrated a marginally significant developmental shift in spatial orientation. Specifically, task performance with allocentric performance increased relative to egocentric performance (ηp2 = 0.06). Next, we explored a variety of lifestyle factors, including diet, in relation to task performance, to explain individual differences. Screen time and gestational weight gain of the mother were negatively associated with spatial task performance. The findings presented here can be used to guide future confirmatory studies about the role of lifestyle factors in the development of spatial cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia van Dun
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (C.v.D.); (E.A.); Tel.: +31-(0)24-3610887 (C.v.D.); +31-(0)6-31132617 (E.A.)
| | - Ilaria Lisi
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Janna van Diepen
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, 6545 CJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Gross
- Medical and Scientific Affairs, Reckitt|Mead Johnson Nutrition Institute, 6545 CJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriele Janzen
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Aarts
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, 6525 EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (C.v.D.); (E.A.); Tel.: +31-(0)24-3610887 (C.v.D.); +31-(0)6-31132617 (E.A.)
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12
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Castilla A, Berthoz A, Urukalo D, Zaoui M, Perrochon A, Kronovsek T. Age and sex impact on visuospatial working memory (VSWM), mental rotation, and cognitive strategies during navigation. Neurosci Res 2022; 183:84-96. [PMID: 35905778 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study assessed the impact of sex and typical aging on visuospatial working memory (VSWM), mental rotations, and navigational strategies using behavioral information. Fifty healthy participants regrouped in older (OA) and young adults (YA) performed the Walking Corsi test (WalCT) and the Redrawn Mental Rotation Test (MRT) to explore mental rotation abilities. We recorded kinematic data such as locomotion trajectories, and spatial orientations during navigation. We created a new method of data analysis for the WalCT performances and compared it with the classical approach. This original method allowed us to identify cognitive strategies based on errors analysis. Our data suggested that VSWM and mental rotation capacities in locomotion were modulated by age (YA scored higher than OA), and sex (Young Adult Males (YA-M) having higher performance than Young Adult Females (YA-F). We observed a preferential use of cognitive strategies related to sex; YA-F relied more on egocentric strategies whereas YA-M relied more on allocentric strategies. The preferential use of cognitive strategies in the YA group was not observed in the OA group producing more random errors per sequence. The results suggest the effects that age and sex have on VSWM, cognitive strategies, and mental rotation during navigation and highlight the importance of navigational strategies training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Castilla
- Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l'Éducation de l'Enfant (LaPsyDÉ), Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire Psychologie & Neurosciences Institut de Médecine Environnementale (IME), 114 Bd Malesherbes, 75017 Paris, France; Collège de France, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Biologie, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Alain Berthoz
- Collège de France, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Biologie, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Mohamed Zaoui
- Collège de France, Centre Interdisciplinaire de Biologie, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Téo Kronovsek
- Université de Limoges, HAVAE, EA 6310, F-87000 Limoges, France
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13
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Immel AS, Altgassen M, Meyer M, Endedijk HM, Hunnius S. Self-projection in early childhood: No evidence for a common underpinning of episodic memory, episodic future thinking, theory of mind, and spatial navigation. J Exp Child Psychol 2022; 223:105481. [PMID: 35753195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2022.105481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Buckner and Carroll [Trends in Cognitive Sciences (2007), Vol. 11, pp. 49-57] argued that episodic memory (EM), episodic future thinking (EFT), theory of mind (ToM), and spatial navigation all build on the same mental mechanism-self-projection, that is, the ability to disengage from the immediate present and shift perspective to alternative temporal, mental, or spatial situations. Developmental studies indeed show that all four abilities undergo profound developmental changes around 4 years of age, and there are first indications of developmental interrelations between some of the abilities. However, strong evidence for the self-projection account, namely that all four abilities are interrelated in their emergence during early childhood, is still lacking. To thoroughly investigate the self-projection hypothesis, we tested 151 4-year-old children on 12 different tasks assessing their EM, EFT, ToM, and spatial navigation skills (3 tasks per ability). Structural equation modeling under maximum likelihood estimation was conducted on a final sample of 144 children to evaluate a model with the 12 tasks as indicators and self-projection as the latent factor. The model showed a very good fit to the data. However, the factor loadings, indicating the strength of association between the latent factor and the indicators, were very low-which speaks against the validity of the measurement model. In summary, the results do not support the assumption of a common latent factor underlying the various abilities EM, EFT, ToM, and spatial navigation. Implications of our results for the self-projection account and possible related theoretical and methodological challenges are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-S Immel
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - M Altgassen
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - M Meyer
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H M Endedijk
- Educational Science, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - S Hunnius
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 GD Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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14
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Development of Landmark Use for Navigation in Children: Effects of Age, Sex, Working Memory and Landmark Type. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12060776. [PMID: 35741661 PMCID: PMC9221540 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12060776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of landmarks for navigation develops throughout childhood. Here, we examined the developmental trajectory of egocentric and allocentric navigation based on landmark information in an on-screen virtual environment in 39 5–6-year-olds, 43 7–8-year-olds, and 41 9–10-year-olds. We assessed both categorical performance, indicating the notion of location changes based on the landmarks, as well as metrical performance relating to the precision of the representation of the environment. We investigated whether age, sex, spatial working memory, verbal working memory, and verbal production of left and right contributed to the development of navigation skills. In egocentric navigation, Categorical performance was already above chance at 5 years of age and was positively related to visuo-spatial working memory and the production of left/right, whereas metrical performance was only related to age. Allocentric navigation started to develop between 5 and 8 years of age and was related to sex, with boys outperforming girls. Both boys and girls seemed to rely more on directional landmark information as compared to positional landmark information. To our knowledge, this study is the first to give insight into the relative contribution of different cognitive abilities to navigation skills in school-aged children.
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15
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16
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Muthu SJ, Lakshmanan G, Seppan P. Influence of Testosterone depletion on Neurotrophin-4 in Hippocampal synaptic plasticity and its effects on learning and memory. Dev Neurosci 2022; 44:102-112. [PMID: 35086088 DOI: 10.1159/000522201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex steroids are neuromodulators that play a crucial role in learning, memory, and synaptic plasticity, providing circuit flexibility and dynamic functional connectivity in mammals. Previous studies indicate that testosterone is crucial for neuronal functions and required further investigation on various frontiers. However, it is surprising to note that studies on testosterone-induced NT-4 expression and its influence on synaptic plasticity and learning and memory moderation are scanty. The present study is focused on analyzing the localized influence of neurotrophin-4 (NT4) on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and associated moderation in learning and memory under testosterone deprivation. Adult Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into various groups, control (Cont), orchidectomy (ORX), orchidectomy + testosterone supplementation (ORX+T) and control + testosterone (Cont+T). After two weeks, the serum testosterone level was undetectable in ORX rats. The behavioural assessment showed a decline in the learning ability of ORX rats with increased working and reference memory errors in the behavioural assessment in the 8-arm radial maze. The mRNA and protein expressions of NT-4 and androgen receptors were significantly reduced in the ORX group. In addition, there was a decrease in the number of neuronal dendrites in Golgi-Cox staining. These changes were not seen in ORX+T rats with improved learning behaviour. Indicating that testosterone exerts its protective effect on hippocampal synaptic plasticity through androgen receptor-dependent neurotrophin-4 regulation in learning and memory upgrade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthi Jothi Muthu
- Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Ganesh Lakshmanan
- Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Prakash Seppan
- Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, India
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17
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Zeng T, Si B, Feng J. A theory of geometry representations for spatial navigation. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 211:102228. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Muthu SJ, Lakshmanan G, Shimray KW, Kaliyappan K, Sathyanathan SB, Seppan P. Testosterone Influence on Microtubule-Associated Proteins and Spine Density in Hippocampus: Implications on Learning and Memory. Dev Neurosci 2022; 44:498-507. [PMID: 35609517 DOI: 10.1159/000525038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The thorny protrusions or spines increase the neuronal surface area, facilitate synaptic interconnections among neurons, and play an essential role in the hippocampus. Increasing evidence suggests that testosterone, the gonadal hormone, plays an important role in neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. The role of testosterone on microtubule-associated proteins on dendritic neurite stability in the hippocampus and its impact on learning disability is not elucidated. Adult male Wistar albino rats were randomly selected for the control, castrated, castrated + testosterone, and control + testosterone groups. Bilateral orchidectomy was done, and the testosterone propionate was administered during the entire trial period, i.e., 14 days. The learning assessments were done using working/reference memory versions of the 8-arm radial maze and hippocampal tissues processed for histological and protein expressions. There were reduced expressions of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2), postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), and androgen receptor (AR) and increased expression of pTau in the castrated group. Conversely, the expression of MAP2, PSD95, and AR was increased, and the pTau expression was reduced in the hippocampus of the castrated rat administrated with testosterone. Androgen-depleted rats showed impaired synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus associated with contracted microtubule dynamics. Along with learning disability, there was an increased number of reference memory errors and working memory errors in castrated rats. Observations suggest that androgen regulates expression of neural tissue-specific MAPs and plays a vital role in hippocampus synaptic plasticity and that a similar mechanism may underlie neurological disorders in aging and hypogonadal men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakthi Jothi Muthu
- Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Ganesh Lakshmanan
- Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Khayinmi Wungpam Shimray
- Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India
| | - Kathiravan Kaliyappan
- Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India
| | | | - Prakash Seppan
- Department of Anatomy, Dr. Arcot Lakshmanasamy Mudaliar Postgraduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India
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19
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Spatial exploration strategies in childhood; exploration behaviours are predictive of navigation success. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2022.101153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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20
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Geary DC. Spatial ability as a distinct domain of human cognition: An evolutionary perspective. INTELLIGENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2021.101616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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21
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Farran EK, Critten V, Courbois Y, Campbell E, Messer D. Spatial Cognition in Children With Physical Disability; What Is the Impact of Restricted Independent Exploration? Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:669034. [PMID: 34602992 PMCID: PMC8481797 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.669034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the developmental inter-relationship between motor ability and spatial skills, we investigated the impact of physical disability (PD) on spatial cognition. Fifty-three children with special educational needs including PD were divided into those who were wheelchair users (n = 34) and those with independent locomotion ability (n = 19). This division additionally enabled us to determine the impact of limited independent physical exploration (i.e., required wheelchair use) on spatial competence. We compared the spatial performance of children in these two PD groups to that of typically developing (TD) children who spanned the range of non-verbal ability of the PD groups. Participants completed three spatial tasks; a mental rotation task, a spatial programming task and a desktop virtual reality (VR) navigation task. Levels of impairment of the PD groups were broadly commensurate with their overall level of non-verbal ability. The exception to this was the performance of the PD wheelchair group on the mental rotation task, which was below that expected for their level of non-verbal ability. Group differences in approach to the spatial programming task were evident in that both PD groups showed a different error pattern from the TD group. These findings suggested that for children with both learning difficulties and PD, the unique developmental impact on spatial ability of having physical disabilities, over and above the impact of any learning difficulties, is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Farran
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie Critten
- Faculty of Wellbeing, Education and Language Studies, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
| | - Yannick Courbois
- ULR 4072 - Psychologie: Interactions Temps Émotions Cognition, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | - David Messer
- Faculty of Wellbeing, Education and Language Studies, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom
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22
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Hao X, Huang T, Song Y, Kong X, Liu J. Development of navigation network revealed by resting-state and task-state functional connectivity. Neuroimage 2021; 243:118515. [PMID: 34454043 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans possess the essential capacity to navigate in environment, supported by multiple brain regions constituting the navigation network. Recent studies on development of the navigation network mainly examined activation changes in the medial temporal regions. It is unclear how the large-scale organization of the whole navigation network develops and whether the network organizations under resting-state and task-state develop differently. We addressed these questions by examining functional connectivity (FC) of the navigation network in 122 children (10-13 years) and 260 adults. First, we identified a modular structure in the navigation network during resting-state that included a ventral and a dorsal module. Then, we found that the intrinsic modular structure was strengthened from children to adults, that is, adults showed stronger FC within the ventral module and weaker FC between ventral and dorsal modules than children. Further, the intrinsic modular structure was loosened when performing scene-viewing task, that is, both adults and children showed decreased within-ventral FC and increased between-module FC during task- than resting-state. Finally, the task-modulated FC changes were greater in adults than in children. In sum, our study reveals age-related changes in the navigation network organization as increasing modularity under resting-state and increasing flexibility under task-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hao
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (Central China Normal University), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China; School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Taicheng Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiying Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiangzhen Kong
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Psychology & Tsinghua Laboratory of Brain and Intelligence, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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23
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Glöckner F, Schuck NW, Li SC. Differential prioritization of intramaze cue and boundary information during spatial navigation across the human lifespan. Sci Rep 2021; 11:15257. [PMID: 34315933 PMCID: PMC8316315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-94530-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial learning can be based on intramaze cues and environmental boundaries. These processes are predominantly subserved by striatal- and hippocampal-dependent circuitries, respectively. Maturation and aging processes in these brain regions may affect lifespan differences in their contributions to spatial learning. We independently manipulated an intramaze cue or the environment's boundary in a navigation task in 27 younger children (6-8 years), 30 older children (10-13 years), 29 adolescents (15-17 years), 29 younger adults (20-35 years) and 26 older adults (65-80 years) to investigate lifespan age differences in the relative prioritization of either information. Whereas learning based on an intramaze cue showed earlier maturation during the progression from younger to later childhood and remained relatively stable across adulthood, maturation of boundary-based learning was more protracted towards peri-adolescence and showed strong aging-related decline. Furthermore, individual differences in prioritizing intramaze cue- over computationally more demanding boundary-based learning was positively associated with cognitive processing fluctuations and this association was partially mediated by spatial working memory capacity during adult, but not during child development. This evidence reveals different age gradients of two modes of spatial learning across the lifespan, which seem further influenced by individual differences in cognitive processing fluctuations and working memory, particularly during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franka Glöckner
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Nicolas W. Schuck
- grid.419526.d0000 0000 9859 7917Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, 14195 Berlin, Germany ,grid.4372.20000 0001 2105 1091Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shu-Chen Li
- grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Technische Universität Dresden, Zellescher Weg 17, 01069 Dresden, Germany ,grid.4488.00000 0001 2111 7257CeTI - Centre for Tactile Internet with Human-in-the-Loop, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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24
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Bollini A, Campus C, Gori M. The development of allocentric spatial frame in the auditory system. J Exp Child Psychol 2021; 211:105228. [PMID: 34242896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability to encode space is a crucial aspect of interacting with the external world. Therefore, this ability appears to be fundamental for the correct development of the capacity to integrate different spatial reference frames. The spatial reference frame seems to be present in all the sensory modalities. However, it has been demonstrated that different sensory modalities follow various developmental courses. Nevertheless, to date these courses have been investigated only in people with sensory impairments, where there is a possible bias due to compensatory strategies and it is complicated to assess the exact age when these skills emerge. For these reasons, we investigated the development of the allocentric frame in the auditory domain in a group of typically developing children aged 6-10 years. To do so, we used an auditory Simon task, a paradigm that involves implicit spatial processing, and we asked children to perform the task in both the uncrossed and crossed hands postures. We demonstrated that the crossed hands posture affected the performance only in younger children (6-7 years), whereas at 10 years of age children performed as adults and were not affected by such posture. Moreover, we found that this task's performance correlated with age and developmental differences in spatial abilities. Our results support the hypothesis that auditory spatial cognition's developmental course is similar to the visual modality development as reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Bollini
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy.
| | - Claudio Campus
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Monica Gori
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
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25
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van der Kuil MNA, Visser-Meily JMA, Evers AWM, van der Ham IJM. Navigation ability in patients with acquired brain injury: A population-wide online study. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2021; 32:1405-1428. [PMID: 33715586 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2021.1893192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to travel independently is a vital part of an autonomous life. It is important to investigate to what degree people with acquired brain injuries (ABI) suffer from navigation impairments. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of objective and subjective navigation impairments in the population of ABI patients. A large-scale online navigation study was conducted with 435 ABI patients and 7474 healthy controls. Participants studied a route through a virtual environment and completed 5 navigation tasks that assessed distinct functional components of navigation ability. Subjective navigation abilities were assessed using the Wayfinding questionnaire. Patients were matched to controls using propensity score matching. Overall, performance on objective navigation tasks was significantly lower in the ABI population compared to the healthy controls. The landmark recognition, route continuation and allocentric location knowledge tasks were most vulnerable to brain injury. The prevalence of subjective navigation impairments was higher in the ABI population compared to the healthy controls. In conclusion, a substantial proportion (39.1%) of the ABI population reports navigation impairments. We advocate the evaluation of objective and subjective navigation ability in neuropsychological assessments of ABI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N A van der Kuil
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J M A Visser-Meily
- Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science & Sports, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A W M Evers
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Medical Delta, Leiden University, TU Delft and Erasmus University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - I J M van der Ham
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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26
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Fernandez‐Baizan C, Arias JL, Mendez M. Egocentric and allocentric spatial memory in young children: A comparison with young adults. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fernandez‐Baizan
- Neuroscience Institute of Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA) 33003 Oviedo Spain
- Department of Psychology University of Oviedo 33003 Oviedo Spain
| | - Jorge L. Arias
- Neuroscience Institute of Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA) 33003 Oviedo Spain
- Department of Psychology University of Oviedo 33003 Oviedo Spain
| | - Marta Mendez
- Neuroscience Institute of Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA) 33003 Oviedo Spain
- Department of Psychology University of Oviedo 33003 Oviedo Spain
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27
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Zhang JX, Wang L, Hou HY, Yue CL, Wang L, Li HJ. Age-related impairment of navigation and strategy in virtual star maze. BMC Geriatr 2021; 21:108. [PMID: 33546606 PMCID: PMC7866711 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-021-02034-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although it is well known that aging impairs navigation performance, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Egocentric strategy requires navigators to remember a series of body-turns without relying on the relationship between environmental cues. Previous study suggested that the egocentric strategy, compared with non-egocentric strategy, was relatively unimpaired during aging. In this study, we aimed to examine strategy use during virtual navigation task and the underlying cognitive supporting mechanisms in older adults. Methods Thirty young adults and thirty-one older adults were recruited from the local community. This study adapted star maze paradigm using non-immersive virtual environment. Participants moved freely in a star maze with adequate landmarks, and were requested to find a fixed destination. After 9 learning trials, participants were probed in the same virtual star maze but with no salient landmarks. Participants were classified as egocentric or non-egocentric strategy group according to their response in the probe trial. Results The results revealed that older adults adopting egocentric strategy completed the navigation task as accurate as young adults, whereas older adults using non-egocentric strategy completed the navigation task with more detours and lower accuracy. The relatively well-maintained egocentric strategy in older adults was related to better visuo-spatial ability. Conclusions Visuo-spatial ability might play an important role in navigation accuracy and navigation strategy of older adults. This study demonstrated the potential value of the virtual star maze in evaluating navigation strategy and visuo-spatial ability in older adults. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12877-021-02034-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Xin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Hai-Yan Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing, 100101, China.,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chun-Lin Yue
- College of Physical Education and Sport Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Hui-Jie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, 16 Lincui Road, Beijing, 100101, China. .,Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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28
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Biffi E, Gagliardi C, Maghini C, Genova C, Panzeri D, Redaelli DF, Turconi AC. Learning My Way: A Pilot Study of Navigation Skills in Cerebral Palsy in Immersive Virtual Reality. Front Psychol 2020; 11:591296. [PMID: 33329252 PMCID: PMC7734617 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Human navigation skills are essential for everyday life and rely on several cognitive abilities, among which visual-spatial competences that are impaired in subjects with cerebral palsy (CP). In this work, we proposed navigation tasks in immersive virtual reality (IVR) to 15 children with CP and 13 typically developing (TD) peers in order to assess the individual navigation strategies and their modifiability in a situation resembling real life. Methods: We developed and adapted to IVR an application based on a 5-way maze in a playground that was to be navigated to find a reward. The learning process, navigation strategies, and adaptation to changes were compared between participants with CP and their TD peers and correlated with visual-spatial abilities and cognitive competences. Results: Most participants with CP needed more attempts than TD participants to become proficient in navigation. Furthermore, the learning phase was correlated to visual-spatial memory but not with cognitive competences. Interestingly, navigation skills were comparable between groups after stabilization. While TD participants mainly relied on allocentric strategies based on environmental cues, egocentric (self-centered) strategies based on body motion prevailed in participants with CP. Furthermore, participants with CP had more difficulties in modifying their navigation strategies, caused by difficulties in executive processes beyond the visual-perceptual impairment, with an inefficient shift between implicit and explicit competences. Conclusions: The navigation abilities in participants with CP seem to be different from their TD peers in terms of learning and adaptation to new conditions; this could deeply affect their everyday life and ultimately participation and inclusion. A regular assessing and focused rehabilitative plans could help to better navigate the environment and affect self-perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Biffi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Chiara Gagliardi
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Cristina Maghini
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Chiara Genova
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Daniele Panzeri
- Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
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Barhorst-Cates EM, Creem-Regehr SH, Stefanucci JK, Gardner J, Saccomano T, Wright C. Spatial Reference Frame but Neither Age nor Gender Predict Performance on a Water-Level Task in 8- to 11-Year-Old Children. Perception 2020; 49:1200-1212. [PMID: 33040663 DOI: 10.1177/0301006620964414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Successful performance on the water-level task, a common measure of spatial perception, requires adopting an environmental, rather than object-centered, spatial frame of reference. Use of this strategy has not been systematically studied in prepubertal children, a developmental period during which individual differences in spatial abilities start to emerge. In this study, children aged 8 to 11 reported their age and gender, completed a paper-and-pencil water-level task, and drew a map of their neighborhood to assess spontaneous choice of spatial frame of reference. Results showed a surprising lack of age or gender difference in water-level performance, but a significant effect of spatial frame of reference. Although they made up only a small portion of the sample, children who drew allocentric maps had the highest water-level score, with very high accuracy. These results suggest that children who adopt environmental-based reference frames when depicting their familiar environment may also use environmental-based reference frame strategies to solve spatial perception tasks, thereby facilitating highly accurate performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica M Barhorst-Cates
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, United States.,University of Utah, United States
| | | | | | - Jean Gardner
- Salt Lake City School District, United States.,University of Utah, United States
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30
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Martolini C, Cappagli G, Luparia A, Signorini S, Gori M. The Impact of Vision Loss on Allocentric Spatial Coding. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:565. [PMID: 32612500 PMCID: PMC7308590 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several works have demonstrated that visual experience plays a critical role in the development of allocentric spatial coding. Indeed, while children with a typical development start to code space by relying on allocentric landmarks from the first year of life, blind children remain anchored to an egocentric perspective until late adolescence. Nonetheless, little is known about when and how visually impaired children acquire the ability to switch from an egocentric to an allocentric frame of reference across childhood. This work aims to investigate whether visual experience is necessary to shift from bodily to external frames of reference. Children with visual impairment and normally sighted controls between 4 and 9 years of age were asked to solve a visual switching-perspective task requiring them to assume an egocentric or an allocentric perspective depending on the task condition. We hypothesize that, if visual experience is necessary for allocentric spatial coding, then visually impaired children would have been impaired to switch from egocentric to allocentric perspectives. Results support this hypothesis, confirming a developmental delay in the ability to update spatial coordinates in visually impaired children. It suggests a pivotal role of vision in shaping allocentric spatial coding across development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Martolini
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Informatics, Bioengineering, Robotics and Systems Engineering, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giulia Cappagli
- Center of Child Neuro-Ophthalmology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonella Luparia
- Center of Child Neuro-Ophthalmology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sabrina Signorini
- Center of Child Neuro-Ophthalmology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Monica Gori
- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
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31
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van der Kuil MNA, Evers AWM, Visser-Meily JMA, van der Ham IJM. The Effectiveness of Home-Based Training Software Designed to Influence Strategic Navigation Preferences in Healthy Subjects. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:76. [PMID: 32256327 PMCID: PMC7092635 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One approach to the rehabilitation of navigation impairments is to train the use of compensatory egocentric or allocentric navigation strategies. Yet, it is unknown whether and to what degree training programs can influence strategic navigation preferences. In validating this approach, the key assumption that strategic preference can be changed by using a navigation training was assessed in a group of healthy participants (n = 82). The training program consisted of a psychoeducation session and a software package that included either allocentric or egocentric navigation exercises in virtual environments. Strategic navigation preference, objective and self-reported spatial abilities were assessed in pre- and post-training sessions. Based on their pre-training strategic preference, participants received either the egocentric training (n = 19) or the allocentric training (n = 21) version of the training. These participants engaged in four training sessions over a period of 2-3 weeks. The second group of participants did not use the training software (n = 43) and served as a control group. The results show that 50% of participants that received the egocentric training shifted from an allocentric to and an egocentric strategic preference. The proportion of participants that switched their strategic preference as a result of the allocentric training was identical to this proportion in the control group (19%). The training did not affect objective and self-reported navigation abilities as measured in the pre- and post-training sessions. We conclude that strategic navigation preferences can be influenced by using home-based training in healthy participants. However, using the current approach, only a preference shift from an allocentric to an egocentric navigation strategy could be achieved. The effectiveness of this navigation strategy training should next be assessed in relevant patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan N A van der Kuil
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Andrea W M Evers
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johanna M A Visser-Meily
- Center of Excellence in Rehabilitation Medicine, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Rehabilitation, Physical Therapy Science and Sports, Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ineke J M van der Ham
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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Abstract
Spatial skills represent an important part of our cognitive processes and have been widely studied in the last decades. The term "spatial skills" includes several abilities, some of them clearly sexually dimorphic. Thus men usually perform better than women in mental rotation and spatial orientation tasks, whereas women outperform men in object location memory tests. Skills like visualization and perception could account for these differences, but they could also be modulated by the cognitive style. Obviously, disease can interfere in certain brain structures underlying learning and memory, thus altering spatial abilities in both genders. In this chapter, spatial skills and sexual dimorphism are briefly reviewed, focusing on processes underlying performance as well as models used to explain how we perceive information from the environment. The chapter also includes references to the brain, providing some cues regarding the anatomic regions underlying some of these behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Piccardi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Cognitive and Motor Rehabilitation and Neuroimaging Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
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33
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Age-related preference for geometric spatial cues during real-world navigation. Nat Hum Behav 2019; 4:88-99. [PMID: 31548677 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-019-0718-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ageing effects on spatial navigation are characterized mainly in terms of impaired allocentric strategies. However, an alternative hypothesis is that navigation difficulties in aged people are associated with deficits in processing and encoding spatial cues. We tested this hypothesis by studying how geometry and landmark cues control navigation in young and older adults in a real, ecological environment. Recordings of body and gaze dynamics revealed a preference for geometry-based navigation in older adults, and for landmark-based navigation in younger ones. While cue processing was associated with specific fixation patterns, advanced age manifested itself in a longer reorientation time, reflecting an unbalanced exploration-exploitation trade-off in scanning policies. Moreover, a battery of tests revealed a specific cognitive deficit in older adults with geometric preference. These results suggest that allocentric strategy deficits in ageing can result from difficulties related to landmark coding, and predict recovery of allocentric strategies in geometrically polarized environments.
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34
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Burles F, Liu I, Hart C, Murias K, Graham SA, Iaria G. The Emergence of Cognitive Maps for Spatial Navigation in 7- to 10-Year-Old Children. Child Dev 2019; 91:e733-e744. [PMID: 31286504 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Although much is known about adults' ability to orient by means of cognitive maps (mental representations of the environment), it is less clear when this important ability emerges in development. In the present study, 97 seven- to 10-year-olds and 26 adults played a video game designed to investigate the ability to orient using cognitive maps. The game required participants to reach target locations as quickly as possible, necessitating the identification and use of novel shortcuts. Seven- and 8-year-olds were less effective than older children and adults in using shortcuts. These findings provide clear evidence of a distinct developmental change around 9 years of age when children begin to proficiently orient and navigate using cognitive maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ford Burles
- University of Calgary.,University of Toronto
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35
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Fernandez-Baizan C, Arias JL, Mendez M. Spatial orientation assessment in preschool children: Egocentric and allocentric frameworks. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2019; 10:171-193. [PMID: 31268354 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2019.1630278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Spatial orientation is an important function in daily life because it allows us to reach a target place when moving through our environment, using self-centered (egocentric) or environmental information (allocentric). Compared to other cognitive functions, spatial orientation has been studied less in preschool ages. Some brain areas, such as the hippocampus and the temporal as well as the parietal and frontal cortices, are involved in spatial orientation. Therefore, when these brain regions are altered in neurological conditions or in atypical development in children, we would expect impairment of spatial abilities. The aim of this study is to review studies, published in recent years, that use egocentric and allocentric spatial orientation tasks for assessing spatial memory in preschool children, with the final goal of finding out which tests could be included in a clinical neuropsychological evaluation. We observed that although egocentric spatial orientation emerges first during development, allocentric spatial orientation tasks are employed at very early ages. Most of these tasks are performed in real environments, allowing children's self-movements and using environmental modifications, but technologies such as virtual or augmented reality are increasingly used. Other aspects are discussed, such as the lack of consensus in the nomenclature, the difficulty of tracing the course of development of spatial orientation, or the ecological validity of the tests used. We finally observed that there is greater interest in studying the allocentric framework than the egocentric one, which makes it difficult to compare the use of the two frames of reference during a neuropsychological evaluation in preschool-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fernandez-Baizan
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jorge L Arias
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marta Mendez
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain
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36
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Yang Y, Merrill EC, Wang Q. Children’s response, landmark, and metric strategies in spatial navigation. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 181:75-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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37
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Ferguson TD, Livingstone-Lee SA, Skelton RW. Incidental learning of allocentric and egocentric strategies by both men and women in a dual-strategy virtual Morris Water Maze. Behav Brain Res 2019; 364:281-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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Sorrentino P, Lardone A, Pesoli M, Liparoti M, Montuori S, Curcio G, Sorrentino G, Mandolesi L, Foti F. The Development of Spatial Memory Analyzed by Means of Ecological Walking Task. Front Psychol 2019; 10:728. [PMID: 30984092 PMCID: PMC6450422 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study is aimed at investigating the development of spatial memory in pre-school children aged 4–6 years using an ecological walking task with multiple rewards. The participants were to explore an open space in order to find nine rewards placed in buckets arranged in three spatial configurations: a Cross, a 3 × 3 Matrix, and a Cluster composed of three groups of three buckets each. Clear age-related improvements were evident in all the parameters analyzed. In fact, there was a general trend for younger children to display worse performance than the older ones. Moreover, males performed better than females in both the search efficiency and visiting all buckets. Additionally, the search efficiency proved to be a function of the difficulty of the configuration to be explored: the Matrix and Cluster configurations were easier to explore than the Cross configuration. Taken altogether, the present findings suggest that there is a general improvement in the spatial memory abilities in preschoolers and that solving an open space task could be influenced by gender. Moreover, it can be proposed that both the procedural competences and the memory load requested to explore a specific environment are determined by its specific features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Sorrentino
- Department of Engineering, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Lardone
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Matteo Pesoli
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Liparoti
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Simone Montuori
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Curcio
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sorrentino
- Department of Movement Sciences and Wellbeing, Università degli Studi di Napoli Parthenope, Naples, Italy.,Istituto di Diagnosi e Cura Hermitage Capodimonte, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Mandolesi
- Department of Humanistic Studies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Foti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Università degli studi Magna Græcia di Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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39
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Julian JB, Kamps FS, Epstein RA, Dilks DD. Dissociable spatial memory systems revealed by typical and atypical human development. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12737. [PMID: 30176106 PMCID: PMC6391167 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Rodent lesion studies have revealed the existence of two causally dissociable spatial memory systems, localized to the hippocampus and striatum that are preferentially sensitive to environmental boundaries and landmark objects, respectively. Here we test whether these two memory systems are causally dissociable in humans by examining boundary- and landmark-based memory in typical and atypical development. Adults with Williams syndrome (WS)-a developmental disorder with known hippocampal abnormalities-and typical children and adults, performed a navigation task that involved learning locations relative to a boundary or a landmark object. We found that boundary-based memory was severely impaired in WS compared to typically-developing mental-age matched (MA) children and chronological-age matched (CA) adults, whereas landmark-based memory was similar in all groups. Furthermore, landmark-based memory matured earlier in typical development than boundary-based memory, consistent with the idea that the WS cognitive phenotype arises from developmental arrest of late maturing cognitive systems. Together, these findings provide causal and developmental evidence for dissociable spatial memory systems in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B. Julian
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Centre for Neural Computation, The Egil and Pauline Braathen and Fred Kavli Centre for Cortical Microcircuits, Norwegian University of Science and Technology
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40
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
As babies rapidly acquire motor skills that give them increasingly independent and wide-ranging access to the environment over the first two years of human life, they decrease their reliance on habit systems for spatial localization, switching to their emerging inertial navigation system and to allocentric frameworks. Initial place learning is evident towards the end of the period. From 3 to 10 years, children calibrate their ability to encode various sources of spatial information (inertial information, geometric cues, beacons, proximal landmarks and distal landmarks) and begin to combine cues, both within and across systems. Geometric cues are important, but do not constitute an innate and encapsulated module. In addition, from 3 to 10 years, children build the capacity to think about frames of reference different from their current one (i.e. to perform perspective taking). By around 12 years, we see adult-level performance and adult patterns of individual differences on cognitive mapping tasks requiring the integration of vista views of space into environmental space. These lines of development are continuous rather than stage-like. Spatial development builds on important beginnings in the neural systems of newborns, but changes in experience-expectant ways with motor development, action in the world and success–failure feedback. Human systems for integrating and manipulating spatial information also benefit from symbolic capacities and technological inventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora S. Newcombe
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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41
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42
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Nys M, Hickmann M, Gyselinck V. The role of verbal and visuo-spatial working memory in the encoding of virtual routes by children and adults. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2018.1523175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Nys
- Laboratoire Mémoire et Cognition, Institut de psychologie & Inserm UMR S894, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maya Hickmann
- Laboratoire Structures Formelles du Langage, CNRS UMR 7023, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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43
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Hu Q, Yang Y, Huang Z, Shao Y. Children and Adults Prefer the Egocentric Representation to the Allocentric Representation. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1522. [PMID: 30174639 PMCID: PMC6107712 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the strategy preference of using the egocentric or the allocentric representation in individuals who have acquired the ability to use both representations. Fifty-seven children aged 5–7 years and 53 adults retrieved toys hidden in one of four identical containers in a square room. We varied the type of spatial representation available in four conditions: (1) only self-motion information (egocentric representation); (2) only external landmark cues (allocentric representation); (3) both self-motion and landmark cues (dual representation); (4) self-motion and landmark cues in conflict (conflict trial). We found that, compared with the allocentric representation, the egocentric representation approached maturity earlier in development and was exploited better in early years. More importantly, in the conflict trials, while both children and adults relied more on egocentric representation, still a small portion of participants chose allocentric representation, especially in the adult group. These results provided evidence that egocentric representation is generally preferred more in both young children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfen Hu
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Huang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Shao
- Department of Psychology, Oklahoma City University, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
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44
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Heiz J, Majerus S, Barisnikov K. How Flexible is the Use of Egocentric Versus Allocentric Frame of Reference in the Williams Syndrome Population? Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 33:619-630. [PMID: 29028867 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study examined the spontaneous use of allocentric and egocentric frames of reference and their flexible use as a function of instructions. Method The computerized spatial reference task created by Heiz and Barisnikov (2015) was used. Participants had to choose a frame of reference according to three types of instructions: spontaneous, allocentric and egocentric. The performances of 16 Williams Syndrome participants between 10 and 41 years were compared to those of two control groups (chronological age and non-verbal intellectual ability). Results The majority of Williams Syndrome participants did not show a preference for a particular frame of reference. When explicitly inviting participants to use an allocentric frame of reference, all three groups showed an increased use of the allocentric frame of reference. At the same time, an important heterogeneity of type of frame of reference used by Williams Syndrome participants was observed. Conclusion Results demonstrate that despite difficulties in the spontaneous use of allocentric and egocentric frames of reference, some Williams Syndrome participants show flexibility in the use of an allocentric frame of reference when an explicit instruction is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Heiz
- University of Geneva, Department of Psychology, Child Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - S Majerus
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, 4000 Liège, Belgium and Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique FNRS, Belgium
| | - K Barisnikov
- University of Geneva, Department of Psychology, Child Clinical Neuropsychology Unit, 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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45
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Schott N, Klotzbier TJ. Profiles of Cognitive-Motor Interference During Walking in Children: Does the Motor or the Cognitive Task Matter? Front Psychol 2018; 9:947. [PMID: 29951020 PMCID: PMC6008773 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The evidence supporting the effects of age on the ability to coordinate a motor and a cognitive task show inconsistent results in children and adolescents, where the Dual-Task Effects (DTE) – if computed at all – range from either being lower or comparable or higher in younger children than in older children, adolescents and adults. A feasible reason for the variability in such findings is the wide range of cognitive tasks (and to some extend of motor tasks) used to study Cognitive-Motor Interference (CMI). Our study aims at determining the differences in CMI when performing cognitive tasks targeting different cognitive functions at varying walking pathways. 69 children and adolescents (boys, n = 45; girls, n = 24; mean age, 11.5 ± 1.50 years) completed higher-level executive function tasks (2-Back, Serial Subtraction, Auditory Stroop, Clock Task, TMT-B) in comparison to non-executive distracter tasks [Motor Response Task (MRT), TMT-A] to assess relative effects on gait during straight vs. repeated Change of Direction (COD) walking. DT during COD walking was assessed using the Trail-Walking-Test (TWT). The motor and cognitive DTE were calculated for each task. There were significant differences between 5th and 8th graders on single gait speed on the straight (p = 0.016) and the COD pathway (p = 0.023), but not on any of the DT conditions. The calculation of DTEs revealed that motor DTEs were lowest for the MRT and highest for the TWT in the numbers/letters condition (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). In contrast, there were cognitive benefits for the higher-order cognitive tasks on the straight pathways, but cognitive costs for both DT conditions on the COD pathway (p < 0.01 for all comparisons). Our findings demonstrate that DT changes in walking when completing a secondary task that involve higher-level cognition are attributable to more than low-level divided attention or motor response processes. These results specifically show the direct competition for higher-level executive function resources important for walking, and are in agreement with previous studies supporting the cognitive-motor link in relation to gait in children. This might be in line with the idea that younger children may not have adequate cognitive resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Schott
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas J Klotzbier
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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46
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Gauthier S, Anzalone SM, Cohen D, Zaoui M, Chetouani M, Villa F, Berthoz A, Xavier J. Behavioral Own-Body-Transformations in Children and Adolescents With Typical Development, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and Developmental Coordination Disorder. Front Psychol 2018; 9:676. [PMID: 29887813 PMCID: PMC5981221 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In motor imitation, taking a partner's perspective often involves a mental body transformation from an embodied, ego-centered viewpoint to a disembodied, hetero-centered viewpoint. Impairments of both own-body-transformation (OBT) and abnormalities in visual-spatial processing have been reported in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In the context of a visual-motor interactive task, studying OBT impairments while disentangling the contribution of visual-spatial impairments associated with motor coordination problems has not been investigated. Methods: 85 children and adolescents (39 controls with typical development, TD; 29 patients with ASD; 17 patients with developmental coordination disorder, DCD), aged 6-19 years, participated in a behavioral paradigm in which participants interacted with a virtual tightrope walker (TW) standing and moving with him. The protocol enables to distinguish ego-centered and hetero-centered perspectives. Results: We show that (1) OBT was possible but difficult for children with neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as for TD children, when the task required the participant to perform a mental rotation in order to adopt a hetero-centered perspective. (2) Using multivariate models, hetero-centered perspective score was significantly associated with age, TW orientation, latency, and diagnosis. ASD and TD groups' performances were close and significantly correlated with age. However, it was not the case for DCD, since this group was specifically handicapped by visual-spatial impairments. (3) ASD and DCD did not perform similarly: motor performance as shown by movement amplitude was better in DCD than ASD. ASD motor response was more ambiguous and hardly readable. Conclusion: Changing perspective in a spatial environment is possible for patients with ASD although delayed compared with TD children. In patients with DCD, their visual-spatial impairments negatively modulated their performances in the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soizic Gauthier
- Département de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France.,CRPMS, EA 3522, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Equipe Berthoz, Collège de France, Paris, France
| | | | - David Cohen
- Département de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, CNRS UMR 7222, Paris, France
| | | | - Mohamed Chetouani
- Sorbonne Université, Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, CNRS UMR 7222, Paris, France
| | - François Villa
- CRPMS, EA 3522, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean Xavier
- Département de Psychiatrie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Boulevard de l'Hôpital, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique, CNRS UMR 7222, Paris, France
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47
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Rodriguez-Andres D, Mendez-Lopez M, Juan MC, Perez-Hernandez E. A Virtual Object-Location Task for Children: Gender and Videogame Experience Influence Navigation; Age Impacts Memory and Completion Time. Front Psychol 2018; 9:451. [PMID: 29674988 PMCID: PMC5895853 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of virtual reality-based tasks for studying memory has increased considerably. Most of the studies that have looked at child population factors that influence performance on such tasks have been focused on cognitive variables. However, little attention has been paid to the impact of non-cognitive skills. In the present paper, we tested 52 typically-developing children aged 5–12 years in a virtual object-location task. The task assessed their spatial short-term memory for the location of three objects in a virtual city. The virtual task environment was presented using a 3D application consisting of a 120″ stereoscopic screen and a gamepad interface. Measures of learning and displacement indicators in the virtual environment, 3D perception, satisfaction, and usability were obtained. We assessed the children’s videogame experience, their visuospatial span, their ability to build blocks, and emotional and behavioral outcomes. The results indicate that learning improved with age. Significant effects on the speed of navigation were found favoring boys and those more experienced with videogames. Visuospatial skills correlated mainly with ability to recall object positions, but the correlation was weak. Longer paths were related with higher scores of withdrawal behavior, attention problems, and a lower visuospatial span. Aggressiveness and experience with the device used for interaction were related with faster navigation. However, the correlations indicated only weak associations among these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rodriguez-Andres
- Instituto Universitario de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Magdalena Mendez-Lopez
- IIS Aragón, Departamento de Psicología y Sociología, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M-Carmen Juan
- Instituto Universitario de Automática e Informática Industrial, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Perez-Hernandez
- Departamento de Psicología Evolutiva y de la Educación, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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48
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Lingwood J, Blades M, Farran EK, Courbois Y, Matthews D. Using virtual environments to investigate wayfinding in 8- to 12-year-olds and adults. J Exp Child Psychol 2018; 166:178-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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49
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Toffalini E, Meneghetti C, Carretti B, Lanfranchi S. Environment learning from virtual exploration in individuals with down syndrome: the role of perspective and sketch maps. JOURNAL OF INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY RESEARCH : JIDR 2018; 62:30-40. [PMID: 29124810 DOI: 10.1111/jir.12445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatial knowledge about an environment is an important determinant of ability to move effectively within it and of personal autonomy. Individuals with Down's syndrome (DS) have difficulty managing configural visuospatial information. METHOD Twenty-nine individuals with DS and 29 typically developing (TD) children, matched for mental age, learned about environments through virtual exploration using a route or survey view. A sketch map of the environment was or was not presented before exploration. Then the acquisition of configural knowledge (landmark locations) and route retracing were tested. RESULTS Individuals with DS were able to acquire configural knowledge through virtual exploration in all presentation conditions, and generally performed no worse than matched TD children. However, they were not able to benefit from the conditions that facilitated acquisition of configural knowledge in TD children, that is, seeing a sketch map before exploring and exploring in survey (rather than route) view. As regards route retracing, individuals with DS paused more often than controls and tended to travel longer paths, which made them slower overall. CONCLUSIONS DS reduces children's ability to benefit from additional survey information and may be related to difficulty in elaborating configural/simultaneous information.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Toffalini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - C Meneghetti
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - B Carretti
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - S Lanfranchi
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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50
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Boccia M, Rosella M, Vecchione F, Tanzilli A, Palermo L, D'Amico S, Guariglia C, Piccardi L. Enhancing Allocentric Spatial Recall in Pre-schoolers through Navigational Training Programme. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:574. [PMID: 29085278 PMCID: PMC5650605 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike for other abilities, children do not receive systematic spatial orientation training at school, even though navigational training during adulthood improves spatial skills. We investigated whether navigational training programme (NTP) improved spatial orientation skills in pre-schoolers. We administered 12-week NTP to seventeen 4- to 5-year-old children (training group, TG). The TG children and 17 age-matched children (control group, CG) who underwent standard didactics were tested twice before (T0) and after (T1) the NTP using tasks that tap into landmark, route and survey representations. We determined that the TG participants significantly improved their performances in the most demanding navigational task, which is the task that taps into survey representation. This improvement was significantly higher than that observed in the CG, suggesting that NTP fostered the acquisition of survey representation. Such representation is typically achieved by age seven. This finding suggests that NTP improves performance on higher-level navigational tasks in pre-schoolers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Boccia
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Michela Rosella
- Life, Health and Environmental Science Department, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Tanzilli
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Liana Palermo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Simonetta D'Amico
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Cecilia Guariglia
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Psychology, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Piccardi
- Neuropsychology Unit, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Life, Health and Environmental Science Department, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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