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Pinheiro JP, Rotureau E. Electroanalytical Trace Metal Cations Quantification and Speciation in Freshwaters: Historical Overview, Critical Review of the Last Five Years and Road Map for Developing Dynamic Speciation Field Measurements. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062831. [PMID: 36985802 PMCID: PMC10056914 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
An historical overview covering the field of electroanalytical metal cations speciation in freshwaters is presented here, detailing both the notable experimental and theoretical developments. Then, a critical review of the progress in the last five years is given, underlining in particular the improvements in electrochemical setups and methodologies dedicated to field surveys. Given these recent achievements, a road map to carry out on-site dynamic metal speciation measurements is then proposed, and the key future developments are discussed. This review shows that electroanalytical stripping techniques provide a unique framework for quantitatively assessing metals at trace levels while offering access to both thermodynamic and dynamic features of metal complexation with natural colloidal and particulate ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Paulo Pinheiro
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Elise Rotureau
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux (LIEC), F-54000 Nancy, France
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Lovrić M. Effects of the variation of diffusion coefficients in the potentiometric stripping analysis. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Pađan J, Marcinek S, Cindrić AM, Santinelli C, Retelletti Brogi S, Radakovitch O, Garnier C, Omanović D. Organic Copper Speciation by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry in Estuarine Waters With High Dissolved Organic Matter. Front Chem 2021; 8:628749. [PMID: 33634075 PMCID: PMC7901884 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.628749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The determination of copper (Cu) speciation and its bioavailability in natural waters is an important issue due to its specific role as an essential micronutrient but also a toxic element at elevated concentrations. Here, we report an improved anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) method for organic Cu speciation, intended to eliminate the important problem of surface-active substances (SAS) interference on the voltammetric signal, hindering measurements in samples with high organic matter concentration. The method relies on the addition of nonionic surfactant Triton-X-100 (T-X-100) at a concentration of 1 mg L-1. T-X-100 competitively inhibits the adsorption of SAS on the Hg electrode, consequently 1) diminishing SAS influence during the deposition step and 2) strongly improving the shape of the stripping Cu peak by eliminating the high background current due to the adsorbed SAS, making the extraction of Cu peak intensities much more convenient. Performed tests revealed that the addition of T-X-100, in the concentration used here, does not have any influence on the determination of Cu complexation parameters and thus is considered "interference-free." The method was tested using fulvic acid as a model of natural organic matter and applied for the determination of Cu speciation in samples collected in the Arno River estuary (Italy) (in spring and summer), characterized by a high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration (up to 5.2 mgC L-1) and anthropogenic Cu input during the tourist season (up to 48 nM of total dissolved Cu). In all the samples, two classes of ligands (denoted as L1 and L2) were determined in concentrations ranging from 3.5 ± 2.9 to 63 ± 4 nM eq Cu for L1 and 17 ± 4 to 104 ± 7 nM eq Cu for L2, with stability constants logK Cu,1 = 9.6 ± 0.2-10.8 ± 0.6 and logK Cu,2 = 8.2 ± 0.3-9.0 ± 0.3. Different linear relationships between DOC and total ligand concentrations between the two seasons suggest a higher abundance of organic ligands in the DOM pool in spring, which is linked to a higher input of terrestrial humic substances into the estuary. This implies that terrestrial humic substances represent a significant pool of Cu-binding ligands in the Arno River estuary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Pađan
- Rud-er Bošković Institute, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Saša Marcinek
- Rud-er Bošković Institute, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana-Marija Cindrić
- Rud-er Bošković Institute, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - Olivier Radakovitch
- CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.,IRSN (Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire), PSE-ENV/SRTE/LRTA, Saint-Paul-Les-Durance, France
| | - Cédric Garnier
- Mediterranean Institute of Oceanology, ECEM, Toulon University, La Garde, France
| | - Dario Omanović
- Rud-er Bošković Institute, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, Zagreb, Croatia
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Full wave analysis of stripping chronopotentiometry at scanned deposition potential (SSCP): Obtaining binding curves in labile heterogeneous macromolecular systems for any metal-to-ligand ratio. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Stripping chronopotentiometry at scanned deposition potential (SSCP): An effective methodology for dynamic speciation analysis of nanoparticulate metal complexes. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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In situ measurements of micronutrient dynamics in open seawater show that complex dissociation rates may limit diatom growth. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16125. [PMID: 30382139 PMCID: PMC6208410 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34465-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In this first in situ study of the dynamic availability of phytoplankton micronutrients, a SeaExplorer glider was combined with Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films and deployed in the Mediterranean Sea. On the basis of their labile metal complex pools, we discovered that Fe and Co can be potentially limiting and Cu co-limiting to diatom growth, contrary to the generally accepted view that phosphorus (phosphate) is the growth limiting element in the Mediterranean Sea. For flagellates and picoplankton, phosphorus remains the main element limiting growth. Our in situ measurements showed that organic complexes of Fe and Cu (>98% of total dissolved concentration), dissociate slower than inorganic complexes of Co, Cd and Ni (>99% of total dissolved concentration being free ions and inorganic complexes). This strengthens the potential growth limiting effect of Fe and Cu versus phosphate, which is present as a free ion and, thus, directly available for plankton.
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Rocha LS, Galceran J, Puy J, Pinheiro JP. Determination of the Free Metal Ion Concentration Using AGNES Implemented with Environmentally Friendly Bismuth Film Electrodes. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6071-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Josep Galceran
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Jaume Puy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Lleida and AGROTECNIO, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - José Paulo Pinheiro
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire
des Environnements Continentaux, UMR 7360 CNRS, Université de Lorraine, 15 Avenue
du Charmois, 54500 Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France
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Galceran J, Lao M, David C, Companys E, Rey-Castro C, Salvador J, Puy J. The impact of electrodic adsorption on Zn, Cd and Pb speciation measurements with AGNES. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mota AM, Pinheiro JP, Simões Gonçalves ML. Electrochemical Methods for Speciation of Trace Elements in Marine Waters. Dynamic Aspects. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6433-42. [DOI: 10.1021/jp2124636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Mota
- CQE, Instituto
Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001
Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J. P. Pinheiro
- IBB/CBME, Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - M. L. Simões Gonçalves
- CQE, Instituto
Superior Técnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001
Lisboa, Portugal
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Zhang Z, Alemani D, Buffle J, Town RM, Wilkinson KJ. Metal flux through consuming interfaces in ligand mixtures: boundary conditions do not influence the lability and relative contributions of metal species. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:17606-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20705a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Formation and Stability of Cadmium(II)/Phytate Complexes by Different Electrochemical Techniques. Critical Analysis of Results. J SOLUTION CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-009-9493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Puy J, Galceran J, Huidobro C, Companys E, Samper N, Garcés JL, Mas F. Conditional affinity spectra of Pb2+-humic acid complexation from data obtained with AGNES. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2008; 42:9289-9295. [PMID: 19174906 DOI: 10.1021/es8021123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The new electroanalytical technique AGNES (Absence of Gradients and Nernstian Equilibrium Stripping) has been applied to follow Pb2+ complexation to Purified Aldrich Humic Acid. A refined methodology of AGNES, allowing considerably larger gains, reached free metal ion concentrations down to subnanomolar values in a reasonable deposition time due to the lability and mobility of these complexes. Further insights into the meaning of the binding data, fitted to a NICA (Non Ideal Competitive Adsorption) isotherm, can be obtained with the concept of conditional affinity spectrum (CAS). For this purpose, we present the analytical expression for the CAS of NICA isotherm and show the CAS distributions for the Pb binding at fixed pH. Results reveal that the underlying spectra of each elementary distribution of the bimodal NICA evolve with pH yielding different overlapping and nonsymmetrical distributions. A non-negligible occupation of phenolic and carboxylic sites by Pb2+ takes place in the range of 4 < pH < 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaume Puy
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Companys E, Naval-Sánchez M, Martínez-Micaelo N, Puy J, Galceran J. Measurement of free zinc concentration in wine with AGNES. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:8296-8302. [PMID: 18759440 DOI: 10.1021/jf8013475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AGNES (absence of gradients and Nernstian equilibrium stripping), a voltammetric technique recently introduced to measure free metal concentration in solution and checked with different natural and synthetic aqueous media, has been applied here to determine free Zn concentration in wine. The content of ethanol in a solution increases its viscosity, and, so, the diffusion coefficient decreases. Another added effect in ethanolic solutions is the increase of the activity of the metal ions, due to the decrease of the permittivity in the alcoholic medium with respect to the aqueous one. With this taken into account, a specific methodology has been developed to apply AGNES in ethanolic media. A relevant point in this methodology has been the introduction of a new kind of blank, the EDTA blank, able to be applied in the same natural sample and with the same potential program. The free Zn concentrations of the two wines analyzed, a red and a white Raimat wine, were 4.5(2) x 10 (-7) and 7.2(4) x 10 (-7) M, respectively. These represent around 5% of the total Zn content. In the wine samples analyzed, it was checked that intermetallic formation of Zn-Cu does not affect the measurement of free Zn in a significant way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarnació Companys
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Domingos RF, Huidobro C, Companys E, Galceran J, Puy J, Pinheiro J. Comparison of AGNES (absence of gradients and Nernstian equilibrium stripping) and SSCP (scanned stripping chronopotentiometry) for trace metal speciation analysis. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Speciation of trace metals in natural waters: the influence of an adsorbed layer of natural organic matter (NOM) on voltammetric behaviour of copper. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 606:37-44. [PMID: 18068768 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of an adsorbed layer of the natural organic matter (NOM) on voltammetric behaviour of copper on a mercury drop electrode in natural water samples was studied. The adsorption of NOM strongly affects the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammogram (DPASV) of copper, leading to its distortion. Phase sensitive ac voltammetry confirmed that desorption of adsorbed NOM occurs in general at accumulation potentials more negative than -1.4V. Accordingly, an application of negative potential (-1.6V) for a very short time at the end of the accumulation time (1% of total accumulation time) to remove the adsorbed NOM was introduced in the measuring procedure. Using this protocol, a well-resolved peak without interferences was obtained. It was shown that stripping chronopotentiogram of copper (SCP) in the depletive mode is influenced by the adsorbed layer in the same manner as DPASV. The influence of the adsorbed NOM on pseudopolarographic measurements of copper and on determination of copper complexing capacity (CuCC) was demonstrated. A shift of the peak potential and the change of the half-peak width on the accumulation potential (for pseudopolarography) and on copper concentration in solution (for CuCC) were observed. By applying a desorption step these effects vanished, yielding different final results.
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Serrano N, Díaz-Cruz J, Ariño C, Esteban M. Stripping Chronopotentiometry in Environmental Analysis. ELECTROANAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200703956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Alberti G, Biesuz R, Huidobro C, Companys E, Puy J, Galceran J. A comparison between the determination of free Pb(II) by two techniques: Absence of gradients and Nernstian equilibrium stripping and resin titration. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 599:41-50. [PMID: 17765062 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2007] [Revised: 07/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Absence of gradients and Nernstian equilibrium stripping (AGNES) is an emerging electroanalytical technique designed to measure free metal ion concentration. The practical implementation of AGNES requires a critical selection of the deposition time, which can be drastically reduced if the contribution of the complexes is properly taken into account. The resin titration (RT) is a competition method based on the sorption of metal ions on a complexing resin. The competitor here considered is the resin Chelex 100 whose sorbing properties towards Pb(II) are well known. The RT is a consolidated technique especially suitable to perform an intercomparison with AGNES, due to its independent physicochemical nature. Two different ligands for Pb(II) complexation have been analyzed here: nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) and pyridinedicarboxylic acid (PDCA). The complex PbNTA is practically inert in the diffusion layer, so, for ordinary deposition potentials, its contribution is almost negligible; however, at potentials more negative than -0.8 V vs. Ag/AgCl the complex dissociates on the electrodic surface giving rise to a second wave in techniques such as normal pulse polarography. The complex Pb-PDCA is partially labile, so that its contribution can be estimated from an expression of the lability degree of the complex. These new strategies allow us to reduce the deposition time. The free Pb(II) concentrations obtained by AGNES and by RT are in full agreement for both systems here considered. The main advantage of the use of AGNES in these systems lies in the reduction of the time of the experiment, while RT can be applied to non-amalgamating elements and offers the possibility of simultaneous determinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarla Alberti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Generale, Università di Pavia, via Taramelli 12, Pavia 27100, Italy
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Salvador J, Garcés JL, Companys E, Cecilia J, Galceran J, Puy J, Town RM. Ligand Mixture Effects in Metal Complex Lability. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:4304-11. [PMID: 17469809 DOI: 10.1021/jp0707844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The degree of lability of a given metal complex species is modified in the presence of a mixture of ligands. This modification is a consequence of the coupling of the association and dissociation processes of all of the complexes according to the competitive complexation reaction scheme. We show that, because of the mixture effect, the lability of a given complex usually increases when another more labile complex is added into the system, while it decreases upon addition of a less labile one. Typically, complexes tend to adapt to the global lability of the mixture. A quantitative evaluation of these effects for diffusion-limited conditions in a finite domain by rigorous numerical simulation in a system with two complexes indicates that the lability degree of a complex can change by more than 100% with respect to that in the single ligand system. The impact of the mixture effect on the metal flux depends at least on two main factors: the respective abundance of the metal species and the particular values of their lability degrees. Dominant complexes (i.e., those most abundant when these complexes have equal diffusion coefficients) undergo smaller changes in their own lability degree, but these changes have the greater impact on the overall metal flux. Partially labile complexes are more easily influenced by the mixture than labile or inert ones. Some mixture effects can be qualitatively predicted by an analytical expression for the lability index derived using the reaction layer approximation. For a mixture of many complexes, the change in the lability degree of a complex due to the mixture effect can be understood as a combination of the changes due to all of the complexes present.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Salvador
- Departament de Química, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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