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Skaanvik SA, Stephens LI, Gateman SM, Geissler M, Mauzeroll J. Quantitative Feedback Referencing for Improved Kinetic Fitting of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Measurements. Anal Chem 2022; 94:13852-13859. [PMID: 36166706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has matured as a technique for studying local electrochemical processes. The feedback mode is most commonly used for extracting quantitative kinetic information. However, approaching individual regions of interest, as is commonly done, does not take full advantage of the spatial resolution that SECM has to offer. Moreover, fitting of experimental approach curves remains highly subjective due to the manner of estimating the tip-to-substrate distance. We address these issues using negative or positive feedback currents as a reference to calculate the tip-to-substrate distance directly for quantitative kinetic fitting of approach curves and line profiles. The method was first evaluated by fitting simulated data and then tested experimentally by resolving negative feedback and intermediate kinetics behavior in a spatially controlled fashion using (i) a flat, binary substrate composed of Au and SiO2 segments and (ii) a dual-mediator system for live-cell measurements. The methodology developed herein, named quantitative feedback referencing (QFR), improves fitting accuracy, removes fitting subjectivity, and avoids substrate-microelectrode contact.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Irene Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
| | | | - Matthias Geissler
- Life Sciences Division, National Research Council of Canada, 75 de Mortagne Boulevard, Boucherville, Quebec J4B 6Y4, Canada
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B8, Canada
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Ramanavicius A, Morkvenaite-Vilkonciene I, Samukaite-Bubniene U, Petroniene JJ, Barkauskas J, Genys P, Ratautaite V, Viter R, Iatsunskyi I, Ramanaviciene A. Scanning electrochemical microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy-based characterization of perforated polycarbonate membrane modified by carbon-nanomaterials and glucose oxidase. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.126822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Raith T, Kröninger A, Mickert MJ, Gorris HH, Matysik FM. Enhanced resolution of generator-collector studies of enzymatic structures by means of hydrodynamic scanning electrochemical microscopy. Talanta 2020; 214:120844. [PMID: 32278425 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this report, the effects of forced convection on scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) studies of enzymes in the context of the generator-collector mode (G/C mode) were investigated. Forced convection was generated via an electrical high precision stirrer integrated into the electrochemical cell. Circular spots of glucose oxidase were immobilized on a gold support serving as model substrate. The diffusion layer of enzymatically generated H2O2 was characterized recording probe scan curves (PSCs) in z-direction. Furthermore, the enzyme-modified surfaces were investigated via constant-height SECM imaging in feedback mode and in G/C mode. For methodical comparison all sets of experiments were performed in quiescent solution (conventional approach) and with forced convection, respectively. In contrast to a growing diffusion layer without forced convection by applying forced convection, a constant diffusion layer of produced H2O2 was observed. Hence, via hydrodynamic SECM time-independent images within a reasonable time scale of SECM measurements in G/C mode were enabled and their resolution was enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Raith
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anna Kröninger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Matthias J Mickert
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans H Gorris
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frank-Michael Matysik
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.
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Zigah D, Lojou E, Poulpiquet A. Micro‐ and Nanoscopic Imaging of Enzymatic Electrodes: A Review. ChemElectroChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201901065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dodzi Zigah
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRSBordeaux INP ISM UMR 5255 33400 Talence France
| | - Elisabeth Lojou
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRSBIP, UMR 7281 31 Chemin Aiguier 13009 Marseille France
| | - Anne Poulpiquet
- Aix-Marseille Univ., CNRSBIP, UMR 7281 31 Chemin Aiguier 13009 Marseille France
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Scanning electrochemical microscopy in the development of enzymatic sensors and immunosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 141:111411. [PMID: 31228730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is very useful, non-invasive tool for the analysis of surfaces pre-modified with biomolecules or by whole cells. This review focuses on the application of SECM technique for the analysis of surfaces pre-modified with enzymes (horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase and glucose oxidase) or labelled with antibody-enzyme conjugates. The working principles and operating modes of SECM are outlined. The applicability of feedback, generation-collection and redox competition modes of SECM on surfaces modified by enzymes or labelled with antibody-enzyme conjugates is discussed. SECM is important in the development of miniaturized bioanalytical systems with enzymes, since it can provide information about the local enzyme activity. Technical challenges and advantages of SECM, experimental parameters, used enzymes and redox mediators, immunoassay formats and analytical parameters of enzymatic SECM sensors and immunosensors are reviewed.
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Valiūnienė A, Petroniene J, Morkvenaite-Vilkonciene I, Popkirov G, Ramanaviciene A, Ramanavicius A. Redox-probe-free scanning electrochemical microscopy combined with fast Fourier transform electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9831-9836. [PMID: 31026009 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00187e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) hybridized with fast Fourier transform-based electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (FFT-EIS) seems to be a powerful variation of scanning electrochemical impedance microscopy (SEIM), wherein both state-of-the-art techniques are combined (FFT-SEIM) and can be used for the investigation and treatment of tissues at single cell level. However, in most EIS-based experiments, harmful redox mediators are applied, which affect the functioning of living cells and tissues. Therefore, the development of a redox-probe-free FFT-SEIM is still a very important challenge in electrochemistry. For this reason, in this research, we have demonstrated a redox-probe-free evaluation of conducting and non-conducting surfaces by combining scanning electrochemical microscopy with FFT-EIS. It was demonstrated that using the fast Fourier transform-based FFT-EIS technique, EIS spectra could be registered much faster compared to experiments performed using the conventional EIS equipment. An ultramicroelectrode (UME) was used as a scanning electrode to ensure high spatial resolution. We have performed FFT-SEIM measurements in a redox-probe-free mode (without any additional redox probes) and have investigated several surfaces with different conductivities. The FFT-EIS equipment and the built-in software help to avoid the influence of possible formation of hydrogen bubbles on the UME. This research opens up a new avenue for the application of FFT-SEIM in the investigation of samples that are unstable and very sensitive towards redox mediators (e.g., tissues and/or living cells).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aušra Valiūnienė
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Morkvenaite-Vilkonciene I, Ramanaviciene A, Genys P, Ramanavicius A. Evaluation of Enzymatic Kinetics of GOx-based Electrodes by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy at Redox Competition Mode. ELECTROANAL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201700022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inga Morkvenaite-Vilkonciene
- Vilnius University; Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Department of Physical Chemistry; Vilnius Lithuania
- Vilnius Gediminas Technical University; Department of Mechatronics and Robotics; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- Vilnius University; Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Department of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Povilas Genys
- Vilnius University; Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Department of Physical Chemistry; Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Vilnius University; Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Department of Physical Chemistry; Vilnius Lithuania
- State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology; Laboratory of BioNanoTechnology; Vilnius Lithuania
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Abodi L, Gonzalez-Garcia Y, Dolgikh O, Dan C, Deconinck D, Mol J, Terryn H, Deconinck J. Simulated and measured response of oxygen SECM-measurements in presence of a corrosion process. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Momotenko D, Cortes-Salazar F, Lesch A, Wittstock G, Girault HH. Microfluidic push-pull probe for scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5275-82. [PMID: 21563749 DOI: 10.1021/ac2006729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a microfluidic push-pull probe for scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) consisting of a working microelectrode, an integrated counter/reference electrode and two microchannels for pushing and pulling an electrolyte solution to and away from a substrate. With such a configuration, a droplet of a permanently renewed redox mediator solution is maintained just at the probe tip to carry out SECM measurements on initially dry substrates or in microenvironments. For SECM imaging purposes, the probe fabricated in a soft polymer material is used in a contact regime. SECM images of various gold-on-glass samples demonstrate the proof-of-concept of a push-pull probe for local surface activity characterization with high spatial resolution even on vertically oriented substrates. Finite element computations were performed to guide the improvement of the probe sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Momotenko
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Physique et Analytique, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Mirkin MV, Nogala W, Velmurugan J, Wang Y. Scanning electrochemical microscopy in the 21st century. Update 1: five years after. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:21196-212. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22376c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Nunes Kirchner C, Träuble M, Wittstock G. Diffusion and reaction in microbead agglomerates. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2626-35. [PMID: 20222673 DOI: 10.1021/ac100168z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy has been used to analyze the flux of p-aminonophenol (PAP) produced by agglomerates of polymeric microbeads modified with galactosidase as a model system for the bead-based heterogeneous immunoassays. With the use of mixtures of enzyme-modified and bare beads in defined ratio, agglomerates with different saturation levels of the enzyme modification were produced. The PAP flux depends on the intrinsic kinetics of the galactosidase, the local availability of the substrate p-aminophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (PAPG), and the external mass transport conditions in the surrounding of the agglomerate and the internal mass transport within the bead agglomerate. The internal mass transport is influenced by the diffusional shielding of the modified beads by unmodified beads. SECM in combination with optical microscopy was used to determine experimentally the external flux. These data are in quantitative agreement with boundary element simulation considering the SECM microelectrode as an interacting probe and treating the Michaelis-Menten kinetics of the enzyme as nonlinear boundary conditions with two independent concentration variables [PAP] and [PAPG]. The PAPG concentration at the surface of the bead agglomerate was taken as a boundary condition for the analysis of the internal mass transport condition as a function of the enzyme saturation in the bead agglomerate. The results of this analysis are represented as PAP flux per contributing modified bead and the flux from freely suspended galactosidase-modified beads. These numbers are compared to the same number from the SECM experiments. It is shown that depending on the enzyme saturation level a different situation can arise where either beads located at the outer surface of the agglomerate dominate the contribution to the measured external flux or where the contribution of buried beads cannot be neglected for explaining the measured external flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Nunes Kirchner
- Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, CIS-Center of Interface Science, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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Lefrou C, Cornut R. Analytical expressions for quantitative scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Chemphyschem 2010; 11:547-56. [PMID: 20058287 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), is a recent analytical technique in electrochemistry, which was developed in the 1990s and uses microelectrodes to probe various surfaces. Even with the well-known disc microelectrodes, the system geometry is not as simple as in regular electrochemistry. As a consequence even the simplest experiments, the so-called positive and negative feedback approach curves, cannot be described with exact analytical expressions. This review gathers all the analytical expressions available in the SECM literature in steady-state feedback experiments. Some of them are claimed as general expressions, other are presented as approximate. Their validity is discussed in the light of the current understanding and computer facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lefrou
- LEPMI, Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et Physicochimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces, UMR 5631 CNRS-Grenoble-INP-Université Joseph Fourier, 1130 rue de la piscine, BP 75, Domaine Universitaire, 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex, France.
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Casero E, Vázquez L, Parra-Alfambra AM, Lorenzo E. AFM, SECM and QCM as useful analytical tools in the characterization of enzyme-based bioanalytical platforms. Analyst 2010; 135:1878-903. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00120a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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