1
|
Ott CE. Strategies for assessing the limit of detection in voltammetric methods: comparison and evaluation of approaches. Analyst 2024; 149:4295-4309. [PMID: 38990215 PMCID: PMC11300140 DOI: 10.1039/d4an00636d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
The realm of analytical chemistry continues to struggle with defining and evaluating the limit of detection in analytical methods in the sense that a multitude of definitions, criteria, caveats, and methods have been proposed, developed, and adopted across disciplines. The last decade has seen a surge in the growth of electrochemical methods and studies in the field of forensic science and forensic chemistry. While many disciplines within forensic science have established method validation guidelines, the historical and current lack of electrochemical methods within forensic laboratories throughout the United States has left a major gap in knowledge, inhibiting the adoption and utilization of electrochemistry, which may serve as a powerful tool in many subdisciplines of forensics. As such, this work begins this discussion by focusing first on the limit of detection (LOD), with application toward both qualitative and quantitative methods. Both inorganic (ferrocyanide and lead) and organic (diphenylamine, naltrexone, and acetaminophen) target analytes were analyzed via two common voltammetry methods: cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry. The LOD for each analyte was estimated and/or calculated following a variety of literature-described methods and compared. The accuracy and reliability of these LOD characteristics based on the experimental data is described herein along with suggestions and recommendations. This manuscript is intended to compare the resulting LOD values from various methods and provide a starting point for the incorporation of electrochemistry into the forensic science laboratory, beginning a focused discussion on the development of validation guidelines and parameters needed for the adoption of this technology in forensic laboratories in order to meet the standards required by the criminal justice system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colby E Ott
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ferreira LMC, Silva PS, Augusto KKL, Gomes-Júnior PC, Farra SOD, Silva TA, Fatibello-Filho O, Vicentini FC. Using nanostructured carbon black-based electrochemical (bio)sensors for pharmaceutical and biomedical analyses: A comprehensive review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 221:115032. [PMID: 36152488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The outstanding electronic properties of carbon black (CB) and its economic advantages have fueled its application as nanostructured electrode material for the development of new electrochemical sensors and biosensors. CB-based electrochemical sensing devices have been found to exhibit high surface area, fast charge transfer kinetics, and excellent functionalization. In the present work, we set forth a comprehensive review of the recent advances made in the development and application of CB-based electrochemical devices for pharmaceutical and biomedical analyses - from quantitative monitoring of drug formulations to clinical diagnoses - and the underlying challenges and constraints that need to be overcome. We also present a thorough discussion about the strategies and techniques employed in the development of new electrochemical sensing platforms and in the enhancement of their analytical properties and biocompatibility for anchoring active biomolecules, as well as the combination of these sensing devices with other materials aiming at boosting the performance and efficiency of the sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luís M C Ferreira
- Center of Nature Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros km 12, 18290-000 Buri, SP, Brazil
| | - Patrícia S Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Karen K L Augusto
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Gomes-Júnior
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Sinara O D Farra
- Center of Nature Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros km 12, 18290-000 Buri, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago A Silva
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-900 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Orlando Fatibello-Filho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís km 235, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando C Vicentini
- Center of Nature Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros km 12, 18290-000 Buri, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yaghoobi A, Abiri R, Alvandi A, Arkan E, Mohammadi G, Farshadnia T, Jalalvand AR. An efficiently engineered electrochemical biosensor as a novel and user-friendly electronic device for biosensing of Streptococcus Pneumoniae bacteria. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
|
4
|
Al-Mohaimeed AM, Mostafa GAE, El-Tohamy MF. New Construction of Functionalized CuO/Al 2O 3 Nanocomposite-Based Polymeric Sensor for Potentiometric Estimation of Naltrexone Hydrochloride in Commercial Formulations. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244459. [PMID: 34961010 PMCID: PMC8703699 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrically conductive polymeric nanocomposites with nanoparticles are adaptable types of nanomaterials that are prospective for various applications. The extraordinary features of copper oxide (CuO) and aluminium oxide (Al2O3) nanostructures, encourages extensive studies to prospect these metal oxide nanocomposites as potential electroactive materials in sensing and biosensing applications. This study suggested a new CuO/Al2O3 nanocomposite-based polymeric coated wire membrane sensor for estimating naltrexone hydrochloride (NTX) in commercial formulations. Naltrexone hydrochloride and sodium tetraphenylborate (Na-TPB) were incorporated in the presence of polymeric polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and solvent mediator o-nitrophenyloctyl ether (o-NPOE) to form naltrexone tetraphenylborate (NTX-TPB) as an electroactive material. The modified sensor using NTX-TPB-CuO/Al2O3 nanocomposite displayed high selectivity and sensitivity for the discrimination and quantification of NTX with a linearity range 1.0 × 10-9-1.0 × 10-2 mol L-1 and a regression equation EmV = (58.25 ± 0.3) log [NTX] + 754.25. Contrarily, the unmodified coated wire sensor of NTX-TPB exhibited a Nernstian response at 1.0 × 10-5-1.0 × 10-2 mol L-1 and a regression equation EmV = (52.1 ± 0.2) log [NTX] + 406.6. The suggested modified potentiometric system was validated with respect to various criteria using the methodology recommended guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amal M. Al-Mohaimeed
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Gamal A. E. Mostafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.M.); (M.F.E.-T.)
| | - Maha F. El-Tohamy
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: (G.A.E.M.); (M.F.E.-T.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Soltani N, Tavakkoli N, Shahdost-fard F, Davar F, Kochakalipour Ranjbar A. Applicability of ZnSNP@Gr nanocomposite for fabrication of an electrochemical sensor in simultaneous measuring of naltrexone, acetaminophen and ascorbic acid. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-021-01820-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
6
|
A new generation of highly sensitive potentiometric sensors based on ion imprinted polymeric nanoparticles/multiwall carbon nanotubes/polyaniline/graphite electrode for sub-nanomolar detection of lead(II) ions. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
7
|
Hassan SA, Abdel-Gawad SA. Application of wavelet and Fuorier transforms as powerful alternatives for derivative spectrophotometry in analysis of binary mixtures: A comparative study. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 191:365-371. [PMID: 29055281 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two signal processing methods, namely, Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) and the second was Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) were introduced as alternatives to the classical Derivative Spectrophotometry (DS) in analysis of binary mixtures. To show the advantages of these methods, a comparative study was performed on a binary mixture of Naltrexone (NTX) and Bupropion (BUP). The methods were compared by analyzing laboratory prepared mixtures of the two drugs. By comparing performance of the three methods, it was proved that CWT and DFT methods are more efficient and advantageous in analysis of mixtures with overlapped spectra than DS. The three signal processing methods were adopted for the quantification of NTX and BUP in pure and tablet forms. The adopted methods were validated according to the ICH guideline where accuracy, precision and specificity were found to be within appropriate limits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Said A Hassan
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo ET-11562, Egypt.
| | - Sherif A Abdel-Gawad
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo ET-11562, Egypt; Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin-Abdul Aziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abdel-Gawad SA, El-Gamal RM. Simultaneous determination of naltrexone and bupropion in their co-formulated tablet utilizing green chromatographic approach with application to human urine. Saudi Pharm J 2018; 26:169-176. [PMID: 30166913 PMCID: PMC6111230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid, simple and accurate micellar HPLC-method was adopted and validated for concurrent quantification of naltrexone hydrochloride (NTX) and bupropion hydrochloride (BUP). The proposed method was conducted on RP-18 LiChrosorb® column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d. 5-µm particle size) at 25 °C, as a stationary phase and a mixture of 0.175 M sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS), 0.3% triethanolamine (TEA) and 12% n-propanol in 0.02 M ortho (o)-phosphoric acid of pH 3.5 as a developing system. It was pumped at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min, with ultraviolet detection at 210 nm. The linearity ranges were 0.5–15.0 µg/mL and 1.2–18.0 µg/mL, with detection limits of 0.10 and 0.31 µg/mL and quantification limits of 0.30 and 0.93 µg/mL for NTX and BUP, respectively. The studied drugs were successfully quantified by applying the proposed method in their co-formulated tablet. The cited method was also applied for in-vitro quantification of BUP in spiked human urine without prior extraction.
Collapse
|
9
|
Naeemy A, Gholam-Shahbazi R, Mohammadi A. Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Mefenamic Acid and Paracetamol using Graphene Nanosheets/Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles Modified Carbon Paste Electrode. J ELECTROCHEM SCI TE 2017. [DOI: 10.33961/jecst.2017.8.4.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
10
|
Naeemy A, Sedighi E, Mohammadi A. Electrooxidation of Zolpidem and its Voltammetric Quantification in Standard and Pharmaceutical Formulation using Pencil Graphite Electrode. J ELECTROCHEM SCI TE 2016. [DOI: 10.33961/jecst.2016.7.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
11
|
Naeemy A, Sedighi E, Mohammadi A. Electrooxidation of Zolpidem and its Voltammetric Quantification in Standard and Pharmaceutical Formulation using Pencil Graphite Electrode. J ELECTROCHEM SCI TE 2016. [DOI: 10.5229/jecst.2016.7.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
12
|
Mazloum-Ardakani M, Rajabzadeh N, Dehghani-Firouzabadi A, Benvidi A, Mirjalili B, Zamani L. Development of an electrode modified on the basis of carbon nanoparticles and reduced graphene oxide for simultaneous determination of isoproterenol, uric acid and tryptophan in real samples. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
13
|
Shahrokhian S, Naderi L, Ghalkhani M. Nanocellulose/Carbon Nanoparticles Nanocomposite Film Modified Electrode for Durable and Sensitive Electrochemical Determination of Metoclopramide. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
14
|
Carbon nanoparticles with tosyl functional group for distinguishing voltammetric peaks of ascorbic acid and uric acid. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2015; 47:189-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
15
|
Shamsipur M, Hashemi B, Dehdashtian S, Mohammadi M, Gholivand MB, Garau A, Lippolis V. Silver ion imprinted polymer nanobeads based on a aza-thioether crown containing a 1,10-phenanthroline subunit for solid phase extraction and for voltammetric and potentiometric silver sensors. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 852:223-35. [PMID: 25441902 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new nano-sized silver(I) ion-imprinted polymer (IIP) was prepared via precipitation copolymerization using ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate, as a cross-linking agent in the presence of Ag(+) and an aza-thioether crown containing a 1,10-phenanthroline subunit as a highly selective complexing agent. The imprint silver(I) ion was removed from the polymeric matrix using a 1.0M HNO3 solution. The resulting powder material was characterized using IR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The SEM micrographs showed colloidal nanoparticles of about 52 nm and 75 nm in diameter and slightly irregular in shape for leached and unleached IIPs, respectively. The optimal pH for quantitative enrichment was 6.0 and maximum sorbent capacity of the prepared IIP for Ag(+) was 18.08 μmol g(-1). The relative standard deviation and limit of detection (LOD=3Sb/m) for flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of silver(I) ion, after its selective extraction by the prepared IIP nanobeads, were evaluated as 2.42% and 2.2×10(-8) M, respectively. The new Ag(+)-IIP was also applied as a suitable sensing element to the preparation of highly selective and sensitive voltammetric and potentiometric sensors for ultra trace detection of silver(I) ion in water samples, with limits of detection of 9.0×10(-10) and 1.2×10(-9) M, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alessandra Garau
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Universita` degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Vito Lippolis
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Universita` degli Studi di Cagliari, S.S. 554 Bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gholivand MB, Jalalvand AR, Paimard G, Goicoechea HC, Skov T, Farhadi R, Ghobadi S, Moradi N, Nasirian V. Fabrication of a novel naltrexone biosensor based on a computationally engineered nanobiocomposite. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 70:596-605. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
17
|
Sanghavi BJ, Wolfbeis OS, Hirsch T, Swami NS. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensing of neurological drugs and neurotransmitters. Mikrochim Acta 2014; 182:1-41. [PMID: 25568497 PMCID: PMC4281370 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-014-1308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterial-modified detection systems represent a chief driver towards the adoption of electrochemical methods, since nanomaterials enable functional tunability, ability to self-assemble, and novel electrical, optical and catalytic properties that emerge at this scale. This results in tremendous gains in terms of sensitivity, selectivity and versatility. We review the electrochemical methods and mechanisms that may be applied to the detection of neurological drugs. We focus on understanding how specific nano-sized modifiers may be applied to influence the electron transfer event to result in gains in sensitivity, selectivity and versatility of the detection system. This critical review is structured on the basis of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System, specifically ATC Code N (neurotransmitters). Specific sections are dedicated to the widely used electrodes based on the carbon materials, supporting electrolytes, and on electrochemical detection paradigms for neurological drugs and neurotransmitters within the groups referred to as ATC codes N01 to N07. We finally discuss emerging trends and future challenges such as the development of strategies for simultaneous detection of multiple targets with high spatial and temporal resolutions, the integration of microfluidic strategies for selective and localized analyte pre-concentration, the real-time monitoring of neurotransmitter secretions from active cell cultures under electro- and chemotactic cues, aptamer-based biosensors, and the miniaturization of the sensing system for detection in small sample volumes and for enabling cost savings due to manufacturing scale-up. The Electronic Supporting Material (ESM) includes review articles dealing with the review topic in last 40 years, as well as key properties of the analytes, viz., pKa values, half-life of drugs and their electrochemical mechanisms. The ESM also defines analytical figures of merit of the drugs and neurotransmitters. The article contains 198 references in the main manuscript and 207 references in the Electronic Supporting Material. Figureᅟ
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bankim J. Sanghavi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA
| | - Otto S. Wolfbeis
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93040 Germany
| | - Thomas Hirsch
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, 93040 Germany
| | - Nathan S. Swami
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22904 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pahlavan A, Gupta VK, Sanati AL, Karimi F, Yoosefian M, Ghadami M. ZnO/CNTs nanocomposite/ionic liquid carbon paste electrode for determination of noradrenaline in human samples. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
19
|
Abstract
AbstractReboxetine (RBX) electrochemical redox behavior at hanging mercury drop (HMDE) and glassy carbon electrodes (GCE) was studied in various pH Britton-Robinson universal buffers using cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry. RBX was reduced at the HMDE and oxidized at the GCE with reversible adsorption controlled and irreversible diffusion controlled processes respectively. The anodic peak is due to the amine and the cathodic peak may correspond to oxygen protonation. An oxidation reaction mechanism is proposed. The linear relation between peak currents and RBX concentration allowed simple, sensitive, precise and inexpensive voltammetric procedures to be developed. The limit of detection was 0.04 µM RBX. The procedures were successfully applied to human urine and RBX tablet assay. Therapeutic RBX concentrations in human serum were not detected due to strong drug-protein binding. Using bovine serum albumin, the methods were used to investigate the effect of serum protein binding on RBX determination.
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Shahrokhian S, Kamalzadeh Z, Saberi RS. Application of Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with a Bilayer of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube and Polypyrrole Doped with Nitrazine Yellow for Voltammetric Determination of Naltrexone. ELECTROANAL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201100484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
22
|
Ghoneim MM, El-Desoky HS, Abdel-Galeil MM. Voltammetry of naltrexone in commercial formulation and human body fluids: Quantification and pharmacokinetic studies. Bioelectrochemistry 2011; 81:65-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2011.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
23
|
Electromembrane extraction of trace amounts of naltrexone and nalmefene from untreated biological fluids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2011; 879:1143-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2011.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2011] [Revised: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
24
|
Affiliation(s)
- R. K. Gilpin
- Department of Chemistry, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States
| | - C. S. Gilpin
- Select-O-Sep, LLC, 111 West Main Street, Freeport, Ohio 43973, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Electrochemical determination of piroxicam on the surface of pyrolytic graphite electrode modified with a film of carbon nanoparticle-chitosan. Mikrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-010-0373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|