Differential pulse voltammetric determination of albendazole in pharmaceutical tablets using a cathodically pretreated boron-doped diamond electrode

An Electrochemical Sensor for the Detection of Albendazole Using Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Platinum-Palladium Nanocomposites

An electroanalytical electrode for the detection of albendazole (ABZ) active ingredient in pharmaceutical dosage form and in contaminated animal-derived products was developed using a glassy carbon electrode modified with platinum-palladium nanoparticles. The electro-catalytic performance of the bimetallic-modified glassy carbon electrode was compared with its bare counterpart. Under optimized conditions, the modified electrode revealed two well-resolved anodic peak currents at 1.10 and 1.23 V using differential pulse voltammetry. Pure ABZ, as well as ABZ in spiked foods (milk and chicken), were detected with little interference from the food matrix. This electrode demonstrated high sensitivity and applicability, with a lower limit of detection of 0.08 µmol L^-1 in aqueous solution and 10 µmol L^-1 in the contaminated ground chicken and 100 µmol L^-1 in the contaminated milk sample. The fabricated sensor is low in cost and appropriate for the estimation of albendazole in tablet dosage forms and biological samples, and so can act as a quality control tool in the pharmaceutical and food industry.

Highly sensitive electro-oxidative voltammetric determination of anthelmintic drug albendazole using porous graphitic carbon nitride sensor infused with cationic micellar solution

A sensitive and novel electrochemical senser, acetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-immobilized nitrogen rich g-C₃N₄ nanosheet modified carbon paste electrode was developed, for the electrochemical investigation of the anthelmintic drug Albendazole (ABZ) using voltammetric tools like cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The results showed that the modified carbon paste electrode exhibited remarkable electro-catalytic action towards the electrochemical oxidation of ABZ in a phosphate buffer solution at pH 3 compared to bare carbon paste electrode. The electrode material was characterized by CV, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscope (AFM), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A highly sensitive square wave voltammetric technique was developed for the determination of ABZ, at a trace level with great precision and accuracy, good limit of detection (LOD) 0.01 µM and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 0.036 µM, in the concentration range of 0.2-10 µM. This approach can be used in pharmaceutical formulations for clinical diagnosis, quality assurance, and drug screening. In addition, this technique is also implemented for the assessment of ABZ in water samples and biological samples like urine and blood plasma.

Pretreatment and determination methods for benzimidazoles: An update since 2005

Benzimidazoles, commonly used as pesticides and veterinary drugs, have posed a threat to human health and the environment due to unreasonable use and lack of valid regulation. Therefore, an up-to-date and comprehensive summary of the pretreatment and analytical approaches in different substrates is urgently needed. The present review consequently updates and covers various newly developed pretreatment methods (e.g., cationic micellar precipitation, magnetic-solid phase extraction, hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction, disperse liquid-liquid microextraction-solidified floating organic drop, stir cake sorptive extraction, solid phase microextraction method, QuEChERS, and molecular imprinted polymer-based methods) since 2005. The review also elaborates and discusses different determination methods (e.g., newly developed HPLC and related methods, improved spectrofluorimetry methods, capillary electrophoresis, and the electrochemical sensor). Furthermore, some critical points and prospects are highlighted, to describe the trends in this area.

Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes: Recent Developments and Advances in View of Electrochemical Drug Sensors

Conductive boron-doped diamond (BDD), in addition to its superior material properties, offers many important advantages that make it an interesting material for electroanalytical studies. It has been considered as an excellent electrode material for electrooxidation of drug active compounds in their dosage forms or in biological materials due to its good physical and chemical properties. It contains not only the largest solvent working potential window compared to other electrode materials, but also it has low background and capacitive currents; lower problems with passivation and it has the ability to withstand extreme potentials, corrosive, and high temperature/pressure environments. The aim of this review is not only to provide a state-of-the-art of diamond electrochemistry but also to serve as a reference point for any researcher wishing to commence work with diamond electrodes and understand electrochemical data. Therefore, it is focused on the carbon-based materials, electrochemical properties of the BDD film electrode, its fundamental research, and its electrochemical pretreatment process are discussed in detail. In this case, there are important studies to show the effective BDD drug sensors for the detection and determination of drugs and the present review critically summarizes the available data in this field between 2015 and 2020.

HPLC Determination of Imidazoles with Variant Anti-Infective Activity in Their Dosage Forms and Human Plasma

A suitable HPLC method has been selected and validated for rapid simultaneous separation and determination of four imidazole anti-infective drugs, secnidazole, omeprazole, albendazole, and fenbendazole, in their final dosage forms, in addition to human plasma within 5 min. The method suitability was derived from the superiority of using the environmentally benign solvent, methanol over acetonitrile as a mobile phase component in respect of safety issues and migration times. Separation of the four anti-infective drugs was performed on a Thermo Scientific^® BDS Hypersil C₈ column (5 µm, 2.50 × 4.60 mm) using a mobile phase consist of MeOH: 0.025 M KH₂PO₄ (70:30, v/v) adjusted to pH 3.20 with ortho-phosphoric acid at room temperature. The flow rate was 1.00 mL/min and maximum absorption was measured with UV detector set at 300 nm. Limits of detection were reported to be 0.41, 0.13, 0.18, and 0.15 µg/mL for secnidazole, omeprazole, albendazole, and fenbendazole, respectively, showing a high degree of the method sensitivity. The method of analysis was validated according to Food and Drug Administration (FDA)guidelines for the determination of the drugs, either in their dosage forms with highly precise recoveries, or clinically in human plasma, especially regarding pharmacokinetic and bioequivalence studies.

Comparison of electrochemical performance of various boron-doped diamond electrodes: Dopamine sensing in biomimicking media used for cell cultivation

Chemically inert and biocompatible boron-doped diamond (BDD) has been successfully used in neuroscience for sensitive neurochemicals sensing and/or as a growth substrate for neurons. In this study, several types of BDD differing in (i) fabrication route, i.e. conventional microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (MW-PECVD) reactor vs. MW-PECVD with linear antenna delivery system, (ii) morphology, i.e. planar vs. porous BDD, and (iii) surface treatment, i.e. H-terminated (H-BDDs) vs. O-terminated (O-BDDs), were characterized from a morphological, structural, and electrochemical point of view. Further, planar and porous BDD-based electrodes were tested for sensing of dopamine in common biomimicking environments of pH 7.4, namely phosphate buffer (PB) and HEPES buffered saline (HBS). In HBS, potential windows are narrowed due to electrooxidation of its buffering component (i.e. HEPES), however, dopamine sensing in HBS is possible. H-BDDs (both planar and porous) outperformed O-BDDs as they provided clearer dopamine signals with higher peak currents. As expected, due to its enlarged surface area and increased sp² content, the highest sensitivity and lowest detection limits of 8 × 10^-8 mol L^-1 and 6 × 10^-8 mol L^-1 in PB and HBS media, respectively, were achieved by square-wave voltammetry on porous H-BDD.

Voltammetric Techniques for the Analysis of Drugs using Nanomaterials based Chemically Modified Electrodes

Background:

Electroanalytical techniques play a very important role in the areas of medicinal, clinical as well as pharmaceutical research. Amongst these techniques, the voltammetric methods for the determination of drugs using nanomaterials based chemically modified electrodes (CMEs) have received enormous attention in recent years. This is due to the sensitivity and selectivity they provide on qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of the electroactive analyte under study. The aim of the present review was to discuss the work on nanomaterials based CMEs for the analysis of drugs covering the period from 2000 to present employing various voltammetric techniques for different classes of the drugs.

Methods:

The present review deals with the determination of different classes of drugs including analgesics, anthelmentic, anti-TB, cardiovascular, antipsychotics and anti-allergic, antibiotic and gastrointestinal drugs. Also, a special section is devoted for enantioanalysis of certain chiral drugs using voltammetry. The detailed information of the voltammetric determination for the drugs from each class employing various techniques such as differential pulse voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, square wave voltammetry, stripping voltammetry, etc. are presented in tabular form below the description of each class in the review.

Results:

Various nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon nanofibers, quantum dots, metal/metal oxide nanoparticles, polymer based nanocomposites have been used by researchers for the development of CMEs over a period of time. The large surface area to volume ratio, high conductivity, electrocatalytic activity and biocompatibility make them ideal modifiers where they produce synergistic effect which helps in trace level determination of pharmaceutical, biomedical and medicinal compounds. In addition, macrocyclic compounds as chiral selectors have been used for the determination of enantiomeric drugs where one of the isomers captured in the cavities of chiral selector shows stronger binding interaction for one of the enantiomorphs.

Conclusion:

arious kinds of functional nanocomposites have led to the manipulation of peak potential due to drug - nanoparticles interaction at the modified electrode surface. This has facilitated the simultaneous determination of drugs with almost similar peak potentials. Also, it leads to the enhancement in voltammetric response of the analytes. It is expected that such modified electrodes can be easily miniaturized and used as portable, wearable and user friendly devices. This will pave a way for in-vivo onsite real monitoring of single as well as multi component pharmaceutical compounds.

Facile complexation reactions for the selective spectrofluorimetric determination of albendazole in oral dosage forms and spiked human plasma

Complexation of albendazole with erythrosine B quench the native fluorescence of the dye while complexation of the drug with lanthanum (iii) ions enhance the fluorescence of the drug.

A molecularly imprinted polymer coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-UV for the determination of albendazole in plasma and urine samples: CCD-RSM design

The present study attempted to develop a fast and sensitive ultrasound-assisted-dispersive-micro-solid phase extraction method for the separation and preconcentration of albendazole from plasma and urine samples.