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Chen L, Zhao W, Zhang J, Liu M, Jia Y, Wang R, Chai M. Recent Research on Iridium-Based Electrocatalysts for Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction from the Origin of Reaction Mechanism. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403845. [PMID: 38940392 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
As the anode reaction of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE), the acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is one of the main obstacles to the practical application of PEMWE due to its sluggish four-electron transfer process. The development of high-performance acidic OER electrocatalysts has become the key to improving the reaction kinetics. To date, although various excellent acidic OER electrocatalysts have been widely researched, Ir-based nanomaterials are still state-of-the-art electrocatalysts. Hence, a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the reaction mechanism of Ir-based electrocatalysts is crucial for the precise optimization of catalytic performance. In this review, the origin and nature of the conventional adsorbate evolution mechanism (AEM) and the derived volcanic relationship on Ir-based electrocatalysts for acidic OER processes are summarized and some optimization strategies for Ir-based electrocatalysts based on the AEM are introduced. To further investigate the development strategy of high-performance Ir-based electrocatalysts, several unconventional OER mechanisms including dual-site mechanism and lattice oxygen mediated mechanism, and their applications are introduced in detail. Thereafter, the active species on Ir-based electrocatalysts at acidic OER are summarized and classified into surface Ir species and O species. Finally, the future development direction and prospect of Ir-based electrocatalysts for acidic OER are put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Chen
- State Power Investment Corporation Hydrogen Energy Company, Limited, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- State Power Investment Corporation Hydrogen Energy Company, Limited, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Juntao Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Min Liu
- State Power Investment Corporation Hydrogen Energy Company, Limited, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Yin Jia
- State Power Investment Corporation Hydrogen Energy Company, Limited, Beijing, 102600, China
| | - Ruzhi Wang
- Institute of Advanced Energy Materials and Devices, College of Material Science and Engineering; Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials of Education Ministry of China, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Maorong Chai
- State Power Investment Corporation Hydrogen Energy Company, Limited, Beijing, 102600, China
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2
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Guggenberger P, Priamushko T, Patil P, Florek J, Garstenauer D, Mautner A, Won Shin J, Ryoo R, Pichler CM, Kleitz F. Low-Temperature controlled synthesis of nanocast mixed metal oxide spinels for enhanced OER activity. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 661:574-587. [PMID: 38308896 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The controlled cation substitution is an effective strategy for optimizing the density of states and enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of transition metal oxide catalysts for water splitting. However, achieving tailored mesoporosity while maintaining elemental homogeneity and phase purity remains a significant challenge, especially when aiming for complex multi-metal oxides. In this study, we utilized a one-step impregnation nanocasting method for synthesizing mesoporous Mn-, Fe-, and Ni-substituted cobalt spinel oxide (Mn0.1Fe0.1Ni0.3Co2.5O4, MFNCO) and demonstrate the benefits of low-temperature calcination within a semi-sealed container at 150-200 °C. The comprehensive discussion of calcination temperature effects on porosity, particle size, surface chemistry and catalytic performance for the alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER) highlights the importance of humidity, which was modulated by a pre-drying step. The catalyst calcined at 170 °C exhibited the lowest overpotential (335 mV at 10 mA cm-2), highest current density (433 mA cm-2 at 1.7 V vs. RHE, reversible hydrogen electrode) and further displayed excellent stability over 22 h (at 10 mA cm-2). Furthermore, we successfully adapted this method to utilize cheap, commercially available silica gel as a hard template, yielding comparable OER performance. Our results represent a significant progress in the cost-efficient large-scale preparation of complex multi-metal oxides for catalytic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Guggenberger
- Department of Functional Materials and Catalysis, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tatiana Priamushko
- Department of Functional Materials and Catalysis, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstraße 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Prathamesh Patil
- CEST Centre of Electrochemical and Surface Technology, Viktor Kaplan-Straße 2, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Justyna Florek
- Department of Functional Materials and Catalysis, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Garstenauer
- Department of Functional Materials and Catalysis, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Vienna Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem), University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Mautner
- Department of Materials Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jae Won Shin
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, 34141 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ryong Ryoo
- Department of Energy Engineering, Korea Institute of Energy Technology (KENTECH), Naju, 58330 Jeonnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian M Pichler
- CEST Centre of Electrochemical and Surface Technology, Viktor Kaplan-Straße 2, 2700 Wiener Neustadt, Austria; Institute of Applied Physics, Vienna University of Technology, Wiedner Hauptstraße 8-10, 1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Freddy Kleitz
- Department of Functional Materials and Catalysis, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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3
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Ta XMC, Trần-Phú T, Yuwono JA, Nguyen TKA, Bui AD, Truong TN, Chang LC, Magnano E, Daiyan R, Simonov AN, Tricoli A. Optimal Coatings of Co 3 O 4 Anodes for Acidic Water Electrooxidation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2304650. [PMID: 37863809 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of proton-exchange membrane water electrolyzers for large-scale sustainable hydrogen production requires the replacement of scarce noble-metal anode electrocatalysts with low-cost alternatives. However, such earth-abundant materials often exhibit inadequate stability and/or catalytic activity at low pH, especially at high rates of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, the authors explore the influence of a dielectric nanoscale-thin oxide layer, namely Al2 O3 , SiO2 , TiO2 , SnO2 , and HfO2 , prepared by atomic layer deposition, on the stability and catalytic activity of low-cost and active but insufficiently stable Co3 O4 anodes. It is demonstrated that the ALD layers improve both the stability and activity of Co3 O4 following the order of HfO2 > SnO2 > TiO2 > Al2 O3 , SiO2 . An optimal HfO2 layer thickness of 12 nm enhances the Co3 O4 anode durability by more than threefold, achieving over 42 h of continuous electrolysis at 10 mA cm-2 in 1 m H2 SO4 electrolyte. Density functional theory is used to investigate the superior performance of HfO2 , revealing a major role of the HfO2 |Co3 O4 interlayer forces in the stabilization mechanism. These insights offer a potential strategy to engineer earth-abundant materials for low-pH OER catalysts with improved performance from earth-abundant materials for efficient hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Minh Chau Ta
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Thành Trần-Phú
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jodie A Yuwono
- School of Chemical Engineering & Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
- College of Engineering and Computer Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Thi Kim Anh Nguyen
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Anh Dinh Bui
- School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Thien N Truong
- School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Li-Chun Chang
- School of Engineering, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Elena Magnano
- IOM-CNR, Istituto Officina dei Materiali, AREA Science Park Basovizza, Trieste, 34149, Italy
| | - Rahman Daiyan
- Particles and Catalysis Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | | | - Antonio Tricoli
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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4
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Chiang YC, Pu ZH, Wang Z. Study on Oxygen Evolution Reaction of Ir Nanodendrites Supported on Antimony Tin Oxide. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2264. [PMID: 37570580 PMCID: PMC10420946 DOI: 10.3390/nano13152264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the iridium nanodendrites (Ir NDs) and antimony tin oxide (ATO)-supported Ir NDs (Ir ND/ATO) were prepared by a surfactant-mediated method to investigate the effect of ATO support and evaluate the electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The nano-branched Ir ND structures were successfully prepared alone or supported on ATO. The Ir NDs exhibited major diffraction peaks of the fcc Ir metal, though the Ir NDs consisted of metallic Ir as well as Ir oxides. Among the Ir ND samples, Ir ND2 showed the highest mass-based OER catalytic activity (116 mA/mg at 1.8 V), while it suffered from high degradation in activity after a long-term test. On the other hand, Ir ND2/ATO had OER activity of 798 mA/mg, and this activity remained >99% after 100 cycles of LSV and the charge transfer resistance increased by less than 3 ohm. The enhanced durability of the OER mass activities of Ir ND2/ATO catalysts over Ir NDs and Ir black could be attributed to the small crystallite size of Ir and the increase in the ratio of Ir (III) to Ir (IV), improving the interactions between the Ir NDs and the ATO support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chun Chiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan; (Z.-H.P.); (Z.W.)
- Fuel Cell Center, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Hui Pu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan; (Z.-H.P.); (Z.W.)
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan; (Z.-H.P.); (Z.W.)
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5
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Lin Y, Dong Y, Wang X, Chen L. Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acidic Media. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210565. [PMID: 36521026 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The well-established proton exchange membrane (PEM)-based water electrolysis, which operates under acidic conditions, possesses many advantages compared to alkaline water electrolysis, such as compact design, higher voltage efficiency, and higher gas purity. However, PEM-based water electrolysis is hampered by the low efficiency, instability, and high cost of anodic electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In this review, the recently reported acidic OER electrocatalysts are comprehensively summarized, classified, and discussed. The related fundamental studies on OER mechanisms and the relationship between activity and stability are particularly highlighted in order to provide an atomistic-level understanding for OER catalysis. A stability test protocol is suggested to evaluate the intrinsic activity degradation. Some current challenges and unresolved questions, such as the usage of carbon-based materials and the differences between the electrocatalyst performances in acidic electrolytes and PEM-based electrolyzers are also discussed. Finally, suggestions for the most promising electrocatalysts and a perspective for future research are outlined. This review presents a fresh impetus and guideline to the rational design and synthesis of high-performance acidic OER electrocatalysts for PEM-based water electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Lin
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECH, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECH, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Xuezhen Wang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECH, Ningbo, 315000, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Qianwan Institute of CNiTECH, Ningbo, 315000, China
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6
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Wen Y, Pan F, Zheng Q, Huo Y, Xie F, Lin D. Polymetallic sulfide nanosheet arrays with composite structure as a highly efficient oxygen evolution electrocatalyst. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 635:494-502. [PMID: 36599246 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Designing an earth-abundant and cost-effective electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the crux to the hydrogen production by water electrolysis on industrial scale. Herein, we developed a trimetallic sulfide hybrid of CoS1.097/Fe1-xS/Ni3S2/NF nanoarrays by the combination of morphology optimization and interface modulation. The unique morphology of ultrathin nanosheets significantly enriches the reaction sites of the catalyst, while the abundant heterogeneous interfaces effectively regulate the local electron structure and thus intrinsically enhances the catalytic activity of the material. As a result, the catalyst delivers the superior OER performance with the ultralow overpotential of 229 mV at the current density of 50 mA cm-2 and Tafel slope of 30.2 mV dec-1. Furthermore, the current density of the material keeps constant for 50 h in 1.0 M KOH. This work proposes a strategy for the synthesis of polymetallic sulfide catalysts with composite structure as an efficient OER catalyst by morphology optimization and interface modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahan Wen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, PR China
| | - Fuchun Pan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, PR China
| | - Qiaoji Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, PR China
| | - Yu Huo
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, PR China
| | - Fengyu Xie
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, PR China
| | - Dunmin Lin
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610066, PR China.
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7
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Moriau L, Stojanovski K, Jovanovič P, Escalera-López D, Cherevko S, Hodnik N. Towards electrochemical iridium recycling in acidic media: effect of the presence of organic molecules and chloride ions. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7980-7987. [PMID: 36909751 PMCID: PMC9997448 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07142h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of iridium is expected to surge in the next few years, notably due to the rising implementation of water electrolyzer devices in the energy transition. However, the natural resources of this noble metal are extremely limited and thus its recycling will become of high importance. Unfortunately, iridium is also the most corrosion resistant platinum group metal, making its recovery from waste a difficult and energy-demanding process. Hereby, we study the impact of organics and chloride ions on the electrochemical dissolution of iridium in order to pave the way towards green recycling of this precious metal. We present a 40 times increased dissolution when cycling iridium in presence of HCl and 1 M ethanol compared to HClO4. Our results point towards the direction of destabilizing Ir at relatively mild conditions in acidic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moriau
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia .,Center of Excellence Low-Carbon Technologies 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - K Stojanovski
- Helmotz-Institute Erlangen Nümberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschunszentrum Jülich GmbH Erlangen Germany
| | - P Jovanovič
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - D Escalera-López
- Helmotz-Institute Erlangen Nümberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschunszentrum Jülich GmbH Erlangen Germany
| | - S Cherevko
- Helmotz-Institute Erlangen Nümberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschunszentrum Jülich GmbH Erlangen Germany
| | - N Hodnik
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia .,University of Nova Gorica 5000 Nova Gorica Slovenia
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8
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Minichová M, Van Pham C, Xiao B, Savan A, Hutzler A, Körner A, Khalakhan I, Rodríguez MG, Mangoufis-Giasin I, Briega-Martos V, Kormányos A, Katsounaros I, Mayrhofer KJ, Ludwig A, Thiele S, Cherevko S. Isopropanol Electro-Oxidation on Pt-Ru-Ir: A Journey from Model Thin-Film Libraries Towards Real Electrocatalysts. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.142032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
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9
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Koderman Podboršek G, Suhadolnik L, Lončar A, Bele M, Hrnjić A, Marinko Ž, Kovač J, Kokalj A, Gašparič L, Surca AK, Kamšek AR, Dražić G, Gaberšček M, Hodnik N, Jovanovič P. Iridium Stabilizes Ceramic Titanium Oxynitride Support for Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ACS Catal 2022; 12:15135-15145. [PMID: 36570081 PMCID: PMC9764282 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c04160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Decreasing iridium loading in the electrocatalyst presents a crucial challenge in the implementation of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers. In this respect, fine dispersion of Ir on electrically conductive ceramic supports is a promising strategy. However, the supporting material needs to meet the demanding requirements such as structural stability and electrical conductivity under harsh oxygen evolution reaction (OER) conditions. Herein, nanotubular titanium oxynitride (TiON) is studied as a support for iridium nanoparticles. Atomically resolved structural and compositional transformations of TiON during OER were followed using a task-specific advanced characterization platform. This combined the electrochemical treatment under floating electrode configuration and identical location transmission electron microscopy (IL-TEM) analysis of an in-house-prepared Ir-TiON TEM grid. Exhaustive characterization, supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, demonstrates and confirms that both the Ir nanoparticles and single atoms induce a stabilizing effect on the ceramic support via marked suppression of the oxidation tendency of TiON under OER conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gorazd Koderman Podboršek
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia,Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Suhadolnik
- Department
for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia,Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127Trieste, Italy,
| | - Anja Lončar
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia,University
of Nova Gorica, Vipavska
13, SI-5000Nova
Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Bele
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia,
| | - Armin Hrnjić
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia,University
of Nova Gorica, Vipavska
13, SI-5000Nova
Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Živa Marinko
- Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia,Department
for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Kovač
- Department
of Surface Engineering, Jožef Stefan
Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anton Kokalj
- Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia,Department
of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova
39, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lea Gašparič
- Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia,Department
of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova
39, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia,Centre
of Excellence for Low-Carbon Technologies, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Angelja Kjara Surca
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Rebeka Kamšek
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia,Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Goran Dražić
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia,Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miran Gaberšček
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia,Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia,University
of Nova Gorica, Vipavska
13, SI-5000Nova
Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Primož Jovanovič
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000Ljubljana, Slovenia,
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10
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Gao J, Liu Y, Liu B, Huang KW. Progress of Heterogeneous Iridium-Based Water Oxidation Catalysts. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17761-17777. [PMID: 36355040 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The water oxidation reaction (or oxygen evolution reaction, OER) plays a critical role in green hydrogen production via water splitting, electrochemical CO2 reduction, and nitrogen fixation. The four-electron and four-proton transfer OER process involves multiple reaction intermediates and elementary steps that lead to sluggish kinetics; therefore, a high overpotential is necessary to drive the reaction. Among the different water-splitting electrolyzers, the proton exchange membrane type electrolyzer has greater advantages, but its anode catalysts are limited to iridium-based materials. The iridium catalyst has been extensively studied in recent years due to its balanced activity and stability for acidic OER, and many exciting signs of progress have been made. In this review, the surface and bulk Pourbaix diagrams of iridium species in an aqueous solution are introduced. The iridium-based catalysts, including metallic or oxides, amorphous or crystalline, single crystals, atomically dispersed or nanostructured, and iridium compounds for OER, are then elaborated. The latest progress of active sites, reaction intermediates, reaction kinetics, and elementary steps is summarized. Finally, future research directions regarding iridium catalysts for acidic OER are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajian Gao
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore627833
| | - Yan Liu
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore627833
| | - Bin Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore637459
| | - Kuo-Wei Huang
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore627833
- KAUST Catalysis Center and Division of Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Singapore138634
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11
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Tran-Phu T, Chen H, Daiyan R, Chatti M, Liu B, Amal R, Liu Y, Macfarlane DR, Simonov AN, Tricoli A. Nanoscale TiO 2 Coatings Improve the Stability of an Earth-Abundant Cobalt Oxide Catalyst during Acidic Water Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:33130-33140. [PMID: 35838141 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c05849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale deployment of proton-exchange membrane water electrolyzers for high-throughput sustainable hydrogen production requires transition from precious noble metal anode electrocatalysts to low-cost earth-abundant materials. However, such materials are commonly insufficiently stable and/or catalytically inactive at low pH, and positive potentials required to maintain high rates of the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). To address this, we explore the effects of a dielectric nanoscale-thin layer, constituted of amorphous TiO2, on the stability and electrocatalytic activity of nanostructured OER anodes based on low-cost Co3O4. We demonstrate a direct correlation between the OER performance and the thickness of the atomic layer deposited TiO2 layers. An optimal TiO2 layer thickness of 4.4 nm enhances the anode lifetime by a factor of ca. 3, achieving 80 h of continuous electrolysis at pH near zero, while preserving high OER catalytic activity of the bare Co3O4 surface. Thinner and thicker TiO2 layers decrease the stability and activity, respectively. This is attributed to the pitting of the TiO2 layer at the optimal thickness, which allows for access to the catalytically active Co3O4 surface while stabilizing it against corrosion. These insights provide directions for the engineering of active and stable composite earth-abundant materials for acidic water splitting for high-throughput hydrogen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Tran-Phu
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, College of Science, Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hongjun Chen
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute (Sydney Nano) and School of Physics, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Rahman Daiyan
- Particles and Catalysis Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Manjunath Chatti
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Borui Liu
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Rose Amal
- Particles and Catalysis Research Laboratory, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yun Liu
- Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | | | | | - Antonio Tricoli
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, College of Science, Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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12
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Podboršek GK, Kamšek AR, Lončar A, Bele M, Suhadolnik L, Jovanovič P, Hodnik N. Atomically-resolved structural changes of ceramic supported nanoparticulate oxygen evolution reaction Ir catalyst. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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14
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Cieluch M, Podleschny PY, Kazamer N, Wirkert FJ, Rost UW, Brodmann M. Development of a Bifunctional Ti-Based Gas Diffusion Electrode for ORR and OER by One- and Two-Step Pt-Ir Electrodeposition. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071233. [PMID: 35407351 PMCID: PMC9003547 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present paper presents one- and two-step approaches for electrochemical Pt and Ir deposition on a porous Ti-substrate to obtain a bifunctional oxygen electrode. Surface pre-treatment of the fiber-based Ti-substrate with oxalic acid provides an alternative to plasma treatment for partially stripping TiO2 from the electrode surface and roughening the topography. Electrochemical catalyst deposition performed directly onto the pretreated Ti-substrates bypasses unnecessary preparation and processing of catalyst support structures. A single Pt constant potential deposition (CPD), directly followed by pulsed electrodeposition (PED), created nanosized noble agglomerates. Subsequently, Ir was deposited via PED onto the Pt sub-structure to obtain a successively deposited PtIr catalyst layer. For the co-deposition of PtIr, a binary PtIr-alloy electrolyte was used applying PED. Micrographically, areal micro- and nano-scaled Pt sub-structure were observed, supplemented by homogenously distributed, nanosized Ir agglomerates for the successive PtIr deposition. In contrast, the PtIr co-deposition led to spherical, nanosized PtIr agglomerates. The electrochemical ORR and OER activity showed increased hydrogen desorption peaks for the Pt-deposited substrate, as well as broadening and flattening of the hydrogen desorption peaks for PtIr deposited substrates. The anodic kinetic parameters for the prepared electrodes were found to be higher than those of a polished Ir-disc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Cieluch
- Westphalian Energy Institute, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences Gelsenkirchen Bocholt Recklinghausen, Neidenburger Str. 43, 45897 Gelsenkirchen, Germany; (P.Y.P.); (F.J.W.); (U.W.R.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (N.K.); Tel.: +49-209-9596-807 (M.C.); +49-209-9596-5089 (N.K.)
| | - Pit Yannick Podleschny
- Westphalian Energy Institute, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences Gelsenkirchen Bocholt Recklinghausen, Neidenburger Str. 43, 45897 Gelsenkirchen, Germany; (P.Y.P.); (F.J.W.); (U.W.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Norbert Kazamer
- Westphalian Energy Institute, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences Gelsenkirchen Bocholt Recklinghausen, Neidenburger Str. 43, 45897 Gelsenkirchen, Germany; (P.Y.P.); (F.J.W.); (U.W.R.); (M.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (N.K.); Tel.: +49-209-9596-807 (M.C.); +49-209-9596-5089 (N.K.)
| | - Florian Josef Wirkert
- Westphalian Energy Institute, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences Gelsenkirchen Bocholt Recklinghausen, Neidenburger Str. 43, 45897 Gelsenkirchen, Germany; (P.Y.P.); (F.J.W.); (U.W.R.); (M.B.)
| | - Ulrich Wilhelm Rost
- Westphalian Energy Institute, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences Gelsenkirchen Bocholt Recklinghausen, Neidenburger Str. 43, 45897 Gelsenkirchen, Germany; (P.Y.P.); (F.J.W.); (U.W.R.); (M.B.)
- ProPuls GmbH, Neidenburger Str. 10, 45897 Gelsenkirchen, Germany
| | - Michael Brodmann
- Westphalian Energy Institute, Westphalian University of Applied Sciences Gelsenkirchen Bocholt Recklinghausen, Neidenburger Str. 43, 45897 Gelsenkirchen, Germany; (P.Y.P.); (F.J.W.); (U.W.R.); (M.B.)
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15
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Lončar A, Escalera‐López D, Cherevko S, Hodnik N. Inter-relationships between Oxygen Evolution and Iridium Dissolution Mechanisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114437. [PMID: 34942052 PMCID: PMC9305877 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The widespread utilization of proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers currently remains uncertain, as they rely on the use of highly scarce iridium as the only viable catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which is known to present the major energy losses of the process. Understanding the mechanistic origin of the different activities and stabilities of Ir-based catalysts is, therefore, crucial for a scale-up of green hydrogen production. It is known that structure influences the dissolution, which is the main degradation mechanism and shares common intermediates with the OER. In this Minireview, the state-of-the-art understanding of dissolution and its relationship with the structure of different iridium catalysts is gathered and correlated to different mechanisms of the OER. A perspective on future directions of investigation is also given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Lončar
- Laboratory for ElectrocatalysisDepartment of Materials ChemistryNational Institute of ChemistryHajdrihova 191000LjubljanaSlovenia
- University of Nova GoricaVipavska 135000Nova GoricaSlovenia
| | - Daniel Escalera‐López
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable EnergyForschungszentrum JülichCauerstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable EnergyForschungszentrum JülichCauerstrasse 191058ErlangenGermany
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Laboratory for ElectrocatalysisDepartment of Materials ChemistryNational Institute of ChemistryHajdrihova 191000LjubljanaSlovenia
- University of Nova GoricaVipavska 135000Nova GoricaSlovenia
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16
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Lončar A, Escalera‐López D, Cherevko S, Hodnik N. Inter‐relationships between Oxygen Evolution and Iridium Dissolution Mechanisms. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Lončar
- Laboratory for Electrocatalysis Department of Materials Chemistry National Institute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica Vipavska 13 5000 Nova Gorica Slovenia
| | - Daniel Escalera‐López
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy Forschungszentrum Jülich Cauerstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy Forschungszentrum Jülich Cauerstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Laboratory for Electrocatalysis Department of Materials Chemistry National Institute of Chemistry Hajdrihova 19 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica Vipavska 13 5000 Nova Gorica Slovenia
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17
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Islam MF, Rakib RH, Alamry KA, Rahman MM, Hasnat MA. Electrocatalytic oxidation of catechol using IrOx-ITO electrode in aqueous medium. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Yu M, Budiyanto E, Tüysüz H. Principles of Water Electrolysis and Recent Progress in Cobalt‐, Nickel‐, and Iron‐Based Oxides for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingquan Yu
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis Max-Planck-Institute für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Eko Budiyanto
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis Max-Planck-Institute für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Harun Tüysüz
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis Max-Planck-Institute für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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19
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Yu M, Budiyanto E, Tüysüz H. Principles of Water Electrolysis and Recent Progress in Cobalt-, Nickel-, and Iron-Based Oxides for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202103824. [PMID: 34138511 PMCID: PMC9291824 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Water electrolysis that results in green hydrogen is the key process towards a circular economy. The supply of sustainable electricity and availability of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts are the main bottlenecks of the process for large-scale production of green hydrogen. A broad range of OER electrocatalysts have been explored to decrease the overpotential and boost the kinetics of this sluggish half-reaction. Co-, Ni-, and Fe-based catalysts have been considered to be potential candidates to replace noble metals due to their tunable 3d electron configuration and spin state, versatility in terms of crystal and electronic structures, as well as abundance in nature. This Review provides some basic principles of water electrolysis, key aspects of OER, and significant criteria for the development of the catalysts. It provides also some insights on recent advances of Co-, Ni-, and Fe-based oxides and a brief perspective on green hydrogen production and the challenges of water electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingquan Yu
- Department of Heterogeneous CatalysisMax-Planck-Institute für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Eko Budiyanto
- Department of Heterogeneous CatalysisMax-Planck-Institute für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
| | - Harun Tüysüz
- Department of Heterogeneous CatalysisMax-Planck-Institute für KohlenforschungKaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 145470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
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20
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Papakonstantinou G, Spanos I, Dam AP, Schloegl R, Sundmacher K. Electrochemical evaluation of the de-/re-activation of oxygen evolving Ir oxide. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14579-14591. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00828a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the influence of dynamic and stationary polarization on the deactivation of state-of-the-art IrOx catalysts is imperative for the design and operation of robust and efficient proton exchange membrane water...
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21
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Bozal-Ginesta C, Rao RR, Mesa CA, Liu X, Hillman SAJ, Stephens IEL, Durrant JR. Redox-State Kinetics in Water-Oxidation IrO x Electrocatalysts Measured by Operando Spectroelectrochemistry. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Bozal-Ginesta
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Reshma R. Rao
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Camilo A. Mesa
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Xinyi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Sam A. J. Hillman
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - Ifan E. L. Stephens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
| | - James R. Durrant
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, 80 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K
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22
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Li L, Wang P, Shao Q, Huang X. Recent Progress in Advanced Electrocatalyst Design for Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004243. [PMID: 33749035 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolyzers hold great significance for renewable energy storage and conversion. The acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is one of the main roadblocks that hinder the practical application of PEM water electrolyzers. Highly active, cost-effective, and durable electrocatalysts are indispensable for lowering the high kinetic barrier of OER to achieve boosted reaction kinetics. To date, a wide spectrum of advanced electrocatalysts has been designed and synthesized for enhanced acidic OER performance, though Ir and Ru based nanostructures still represent the state-of-the-art catalysts. In this Progress Report, recent research progress in advanced electrocatalysts for improved acidic OER performance is summarized. First, fundamental understanding about acidic OER including reaction mechanisms and atomic understanding to acidic OER for rational design of efficient electrocatalysts are discussed. Thereafter, an overview of the progress in the design and synthesis of advanced acidic OER electrocatalysts is provided in terms of catalyst category, i.e., metallic nanostructures (Ir and Ru based), precious metal oxides, nonprecious metal oxides, and carbon based nanomaterials. Finally, perspectives to the future development of acidic OER are provided from the aspects of reaction mechanism investigation and more efficient electrocatalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Pengtang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Qi Shao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Xiaoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215123, China
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23
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Lončar A, Escalera-López D, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Hrnjić A, Šala M, Jovanovič P, Bele M, Cherevko S, Hodnik N. Sacrificial Cu Layer Mediated the Formation of an Active and Stable Supported Iridium Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalyst. ACS Catal 2021; 11:12510-12519. [PMID: 34676130 PMCID: PMC8524421 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The production of
hydrogen via a proton-exchange membrane water
electrolyzer (PEM-WE) is directly dependent on the rational design
of electrocatalysts for the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER),
which is the bottleneck of the process. Here, we present a smart design
strategy for enhancing Ir utilization and stabilization. We showcase
it on a catalyst, where Ir nanoparticles are efficiently anchored
on a conductive support titanium oxynitride (TiONx) dispersed over carbon-based Ketjen Black and covered by
a thin layer of copper (Ir/CuTiONx/C),
which gets removed in the preconditioning step. Electrochemical OER
activity, stability, and structural changes were compared to the Ir-based
catalyst, where Ir nanoparticles without Cu are deposited on the same
support (Ir/TiONx/C). To study the effect
of the sacrificial less-noble metal layer on the catalytic performance
of the synthesized material, characterization methods, namely X-ray
powder diffraction, X-ray photoemission spectroscopy, and identical
location transmission electron microscopy were employed and complemented
with scanning flow cell coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass
spectrometer, which allowed studying the online dissolution during
the catalytic reaction. Utilization of these advanced methods revealed
that the sacrificial Cu layer positively affects both Ir OER mass
activity and its durability, which was assessed via S-number, a recently
reported stability metric. Improved activity of Cu analogue was ascribed
to the higher surface area of smaller Ir nanoparticles, which are
better stabilized through a strong metal–support interaction
(SMSI) effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Lončar
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Daniel Escalera-López
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen−Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Armin Hrnjić
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Jovanovič
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Bele
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen−Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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24
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BalaKrishnan A, Blanc N, Hagemann U, Gemagami P, Wonner K, Tschulik K, Li T. Direct Detection of Surface Species Formed on Iridium Electrocatalysts during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21396-21403. [PMID: 34343398 PMCID: PMC8518547 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202106790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The effect of surface orientations on the formation of iridium oxide species during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains yet unknown. Herein, we use a needle-shaped iridium atom probe specimen as a nanosized working electrode to ascertain the role of the surface orientations in the formation of oxide species during OER. At the beginning of electrolysis, the top 2-3 nm of (024), (026), (113), and (115) planes are covered by IrO-OH, which activates all surfaces towards OER. A thick subsurface oxide layer consisting of sub-stoichiometric Ir-O species is formed on the open (024) planes as OER proceeds. Such metastable Ir-O species are thought to provide an additional contribution to the OER activity. Overall, this study sheds light on the importance of the morphological effects of iridium electrocatalysts for OER. It also provides an innovative approach that can directly reveal surface species on electrocatalysts at atomic scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun BalaKrishnan
- Institute for MaterialsRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Niclas Blanc
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry IIRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Ulrich Hagemann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale (ICAN) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenCarl-Benz-Strasse 19947057DuisburgGermany
| | - Parham Gemagami
- Institute for MaterialsRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Kevin Wonner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry IIRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Kristina Tschulik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry IIRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Tong Li
- Institute for MaterialsRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstrasse 15044801BochumGermany
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25
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BalaKrishnan A, Blanc N, Hagemann U, Gemagami P, Wonner K, Tschulik K, Li T. Direct Detection of Surface Species Formed on Iridium Electrocatalysts during the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202106790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjun BalaKrishnan
- Institute for Materials Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Niclas Blanc
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Ulrich Hagemann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Analytics on the Nanoscale (ICAN) and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Strasse 199 47057 Duisburg Germany
| | - Parham Gemagami
- Institute for Materials Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Kevin Wonner
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Kristina Tschulik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Analytical Chemistry II Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
| | - Tong Li
- Institute for Materials Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstrasse 150 44801 Bochum Germany
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26
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Touni A, Grammenos OA, Banti A, Karfaridis D, Prochaska C, Lambropoulou D, Pavlidou E, Sotiropoulos S. Iridium oxide-nickel-coated titanium anodes for the oxygen evolution reaction. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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27
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Alia SM. Current research in low temperature proton exchange membrane-based electrolysis and a necessary shift in focus. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2021.100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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28
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High crystallinity design of Ir-based catalysts drives catalytic reversibility for water electrolysis and fuel cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4271. [PMID: 34257287 PMCID: PMC8277764 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24578-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The voltage reversal of water electrolyzers and fuel cells induces a large positive potential on the hydrogen electrodes, followed by severe system degradation. Applying a reversible multifunctional electrocatalyst to the hydrogen electrode is a practical solution. Ir exhibits excellent catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER), and hydrogen oxidation reactions (HOR), yet irreversibly converts to amorphous IrOx at potentials > 0.8 V/RHE, which is an excellent catalyst for oxygen evolution reactions (OER), yet a poor HER and HOR catalyst. Harnessing the multifunctional catalytic characteristics of Ir, here we design a unique Ir-based electrocatalyst with high crystallinity for OER, HER, and HOR. Under OER operation, the crystalline nanoparticle generates an atomically-thin IrOx layer, which reversibly transforms into a metallic Ir at more cathodic potentials, restoring high activity for HER and HOR. Our analysis reveals that a metallic Ir subsurface under thin IrOx layer can act as a catalytic substrate for the reduction of Ir ions, creating reversibility. Our work not only uncovers fundamental, uniquely reversible catalytic properties of nanoparticle catalysts, but also offers insights into nanocatalyst design. Reversible multifunctionality in electrocatalysts can allow voltage reversal during device operation. Here, authors design a crystalline Ir-based electrocatalyst with a thin reversible metallic-Ir/IrOx layer that shows activity for O2 evolution, H2 evolution, and H2 oxidation.
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Xue F, Guo X, Min B, Si Y, Huang H, Shi J, Liu M. Unconventional High-Index Facet of Iridium Boosts Oxygen Evolution Reaction: How the Facet Matters. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xue
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xinyang Guo
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Boya Min
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yitao Si
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Hongwen Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jinwen Shi
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
| | - Maochang Liu
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy & State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, P. R. China
- Suzhou Academy of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China
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On the limitations in assessing stability of oxygen evolution catalysts using aqueous model electrochemical cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2231. [PMID: 33850142 PMCID: PMC8044118 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22296-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research indicates a severe discrepancy between oxygen evolution reaction catalysts dissolution in aqueous model systems and membrane electrode assemblies. This questions the relevance of the widespread aqueous testing for real world application. In this study, we aim to determine the processes responsible for the dissolution discrepancy. Experimental parameters known to diverge in both systems are individually tested for their influence on dissolution of an Ir-based catalyst. Ir dissolution is studied in an aqueous model system, a scanning flow cell coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. Real dissolution rates of the Ir OER catalyst in membrane electrode assemblies are measured with a specifically developed, dedicated setup. Overestimated acidity in the anode catalyst layer and stabilization over time in real devices are proposed as main contributors to the dissolution discrepancy. The results shown here lead to clear guidelines for anode electrocatalyst testing parameters to resemble realistic electrolyzer operating conditions.
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31
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Ying Y, Godínez Salomón JF, Lartundo-Rojas L, Moreno A, Meyer R, Damin CA, Rhodes CP. Hydrous cobalt-iridium oxide two-dimensional nanoframes: insights into activity and stability of bimetallic acidic oxygen evolution electrocatalysts. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1976-1996. [PMID: 36133093 PMCID: PMC9419543 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00912a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts that have high activity, extended durability, and lower costs are needed to further the development and wide-scale adoption of proton-exchange membrane electrolyzers. In this work, we report hydrous cobalt-iridium oxide two-dimensional (2D) nanoframes exhibit higher oxygen evolution activity and similar stability compared with commercial IrO2; however, the bimetallic Co-Ir catalyst undergoes a significantly different degradation process compared with the monometallic IrO2 catalyst. The bimetallic Co-Ir 2D nanoframes consist of interconnected Co-Ir alloy domains within an unsupported, carbon-free, porous nanostructure that allows three-dimensional molecular access to the catalytically active surface sites. After electrochemical conditioning within the OER potential range, the predominately bimetallic alloy surface transforms to an oxide/hydroxide surface. Oxygen evolution activities determined using a rotating disk electrode configuration show that the hydrous Co-Ir oxide nanoframes provide 17 times higher OER mass activity and 18 times higher specific activity compared to commercial IrO2. The higher OER activities of the hydrous Co-Ir nanoframes are attributed to the presence of highly active surface iridium hydroxide groups. The accelerated durability testing of IrO2 resulted in lowering of the specific activity and partial dissolution of Ir. In contrast, the durability testing of hydrous Co-Ir oxide nanoframes resulted in the combination of a higher Ir dissolution rate, an increase in the relative contribution of surface iridium hydroxide groups and an increase in specific activity. The understanding of the differences in degradation processes between bimetallic and monometallic catalysts furthers our ability to design high activity and stability acidic OER electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Ying
- Materials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program, Texas State University San Marcos TX 78666 USA
| | | | - Luis Lartundo-Rojas
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, UPALM Zacatenco CP 07738 Ciudad de México Mexico
| | - Ashley Moreno
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University San Marcos TX 78666 USA
| | - Robert Meyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University San Marcos TX 78666 USA
| | - Craig A Damin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University San Marcos TX 78666 USA
| | - Christopher P Rhodes
- Materials Science, Engineering and Commercialization Program, Texas State University San Marcos TX 78666 USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas State University San Marcos TX 78666 USA
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32
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Electrocatalytic oxidation of 2-propanol on PtxIr100-x bifunctional electrocatalysts – A thin-film materials library study. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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33
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Bele M, Jovanovič P, Marinko Ž, Drev S, Šelih VS, Kovač J, Gaberšček M, Koderman Podboršek G, Dražić G, Hodnik N, Kokalj A, Suhadolnik L. Increasing the Oxygen-Evolution Reaction Performance of Nanotubular Titanium Oxynitride-Supported Ir Nanoparticles by a Strong Metal–Support Interaction. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Bele
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Jovanovič
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Živa Marinko
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sandra Drev
- Center for Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vid Simon Šelih
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Janez Kovač
- Department of Surface Engineering and Optoelectronics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miran Gaberšček
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gorazd Koderman Podboršek
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Goran Dražić
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anton Kokalj
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Physical and Organic Chemistry, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Suhadolnik
- Department for Nanostructured Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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34
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Elezović NR, Zabinski P, Lačnjevac UČ, Pajić MNK, Jović VD. Electrochemical deposition and characterization of iridium oxide films on Ti2AlC support for oxygen evolution reaction. J Solid State Electrochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-020-04816-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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35
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Dam AP, Papakonstantinou G, Sundmacher K. On the role of microkinetic network structure in the interplay between oxygen evolution reaction and catalyst dissolution. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14140. [PMID: 32839461 PMCID: PMC7445268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathways of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the mechanisms of catalyst degradation is of essential importance for developing efficient and stable OER catalysts. Experimentally, a close coupling between OER and catalyst dissolution on metal oxides is reported. In this work, it is analysed how the microkinetic network structure of a generic electrocatalytic cycle, in which a common intermediate causes catalyst dissolution, governs the interplay between electrocatalytic activity and stability. Model discrimination is possible based on the analysis of incorporated microkinetic network structures and the comparison to experimental data. The derived concept is used to analyse the coupling of OER and catalyst dissolution on rutile and reactively sputtered Iridium oxides. For rutile Iridium oxide, the characteristic activity and stability behaviour can be well described by a mono-nuclear, adsorbate evolution mechanism and the chemical type of both competing dissolution and rate-determining OER-step. For the reactively sputtered Iridium oxide surface, experimentally observed characteristics can be captured by the assumption of an additional path via a low oxidation state intermediate, which explains the observed characteristic increase in OER over dissolution selectivity with potential by the competition between electrochemical re-oxidation and chemical dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Phuc Dam
- Department Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr.1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Georgios Papakonstantinou
- Department Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr.1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kai Sundmacher
- Department Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr.1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Department of Process Systems Engineering, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
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36
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Kim J, Kwon T, Yu S, Chun SY, Oh A, Kim JM, Baik H, Ham HC, Kim JY, Kwak K, Lee K. IrCo nanocacti on Co xS y nanocages as a highly efficient and robust electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction in acidic media. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:17074-17082. [PMID: 32785326 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04622a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Developing highly efficient Ir-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has been an important agenda in spearheading the water splitting technology. In this study, the synthesis of IrCo nanocacti on CoxSy nanocages (ICS NCs) is demonstrated by utilizing CoO@CoxSy nanoparticles as reactive nanotemplates. In addition to the high catalytic activities with a low overpotential of 281 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and an outstanding mass activity of 1285 mA mgIr-1 at 1.53 V, the ICS NCs endure a prolonged OER test for over 100 h, greatly outperforming other previously reported Ir-based electrocatalysts. This work suggests that the unique hetero-nanostructure of IrCo/CoxSy induces in situ S doping during electrochemical oxidation and the beneficial effect of S doping on the enhanced stability of ICS NCs for the OER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea. and Center for Hydrogen·Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehyun Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Saerom Yu
- Center for Hydrogen·Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Chun
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea. and Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics (CMSD), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Oh
- Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Kim
- Center for Hydrogen·Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hionsuck Baik
- Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Chul Ham
- Center for Hydrogen·Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea and Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Center for Hydrogen·Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungwon Kwak
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea. and Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics (CMSD), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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37
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Ko JS, Johnson JK, Johnson PI, Xia Z. Decoupling Oxygen and Chlorine Evolution Reactions in Seawater using Iridium‐based Electrocatalysts. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesse S. Ko
- Research and Exploratory Development Department Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Laurel MD 20723 USA
| | - James K. Johnson
- Research and Exploratory Development Department Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Laurel MD 20723 USA
| | - Phillip I. Johnson
- Research and Exploratory Development Department Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Laurel MD 20723 USA
| | - Zhiyong Xia
- Research and Exploratory Development Department Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Laurel MD 20723 USA
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38
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Lee WH, Yi J, Nong HN, Strasser P, Chae KH, Min BK, Hwang YJ, Oh HS. Electroactivation-induced IrNi nanoparticles under different pH conditions for neutral water oxidation. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:14903-14910. [PMID: 32638785 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02951c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidation processes can affect the electronic structure and activate the catalytic performance of precious-metal and transition-metal based catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Also there are emerging requirements to develop OER electrocatalysts under various pH conditions in order to couple with different reduction reactions. Herein, we studied the effect of pH on the electroactivation of IrNi alloy nanoparticles supported on carbon (IrNi/C) and evaluated the electrocatalytic activities of the activated IrNiOx/C for water oxidation under neutral conditions. In addition, their electronic structures and atomic arrangement were analyzed by in situ/operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and identical location transmission electron microscopy techniques, showing the reconstruction of the metal elements during electroactivation due to their different stabilities depending on the electrolyte pH. IrNiOx/C activated under neutral pH conditions showed a mildly oxidized thin IrOx shell. Meanwhile, IrNiOx/C activated in acidic and alkaline electrolytes showed Ni-leached IrOx and Ni-rich IrNiOx surfaces, respectively. Particularly, the surface of IrNiOx/C activated under alkaline conditions shows IrOx with a high d-band hole and NiOx with a high oxidation state leading to excellent OER catalytic activity in neutral media (η = 384 mV at 10 mA cm-2) whereas much lower OER activity was reported under alkaline or acid conditions. Our results, which showed that electrochemically activated catalysts under different pH conditions exhibit a unique electronic structure by modifying the initial alloy catalyst, can be applied for the design of catalysts suitable for various electrochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woong Hee Lee
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Hwarang-ro 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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39
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Low-Noble-Metal-Loading Hybrid Catalytic System for Oxygen Reduction Utilizing Reduced-Graphene-Oxide-Supported Platinum Aligned with Carbon-Nanotube-Supported Iridium. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10060689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid systems composed of the reduced graphene oxide-supported platinum and multiwalled carbon nanotube-supported iridium (both noble metals utilized at low loadings on the level of 15 and ≤2 µg cm−2, respectively) were considered as catalytic materials for the reduction of oxygen in acid media (0.5-mol dm−3 H2SO4). The electrocatalytic activity toward reduction of oxygen and formation of hydrogen peroxide intermediate are tested using rotating ring–disk electrode (RRDE) voltammetric experiments. The efficiency of the proposed catalytic systems was also addressed by performing galvanodynamic measurements with gas diffusion electrode (GDE) half-cell at 80 °C. The role of carbon nanotubes is to improve charge distribution at the electrocatalytic interface and facilitate the transport of oxygen and electrolyte in the catalytic systems by lowering the extent of reduced graphene oxide restacking during solvent evaporation. The diagnostic electrochemical experiments revealed that—in iridium-containing systems—not only higher disk currents, but also somehow smaller ring currents are produced (when compared to the Ir-free reduced graphene oxide-supported platinum), clearly implying formation of lower amounts of the undesirable hydrogen peroxide intermediate. The enhancement effect originating from the addition of traces of iridium (supported onto carbon nanotubes) to platinum, utilized at low loading, may originate from high ability of iridium to induce decomposition of the undesirable hydrogen peroxide intermediate.
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40
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Silva GC, Venturini SI, Zhang S, Löffler M, Scheu C, Mayrhofer KJJ, Ticianelli EA, Cherevko S. Oxygen Evolution Reaction on Tin Oxides Supported Iridium Catalysts: Do We Need Dopants? ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel C. Silva
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo Av. Trabalhador São-carlense 400 13560-970 São Carlos Brazil
- Federal Institute of Southeastern of Minas Gerais Rua Monsenhor José Augusto 204 36205-018 Barbacena Brazil
| | - Seiti I. Venturini
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo Av. Trabalhador São-carlense 400 13560-970 São Carlos Brazil
| | - Siyuan Zhang
- Independent Research Group Nanoanalytics and Interfaces Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Mario Löffler
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christina Scheu
- Independent Research Group Nanoanalytics and Interfaces Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH 40237 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Edson A. Ticianelli
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry University of São Paulo Av. Trabalhador São-carlense 400 13560-970 São Carlos Brazil
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11) Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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Abbou S, Chattot R, Martin V, Claudel F, Solà-Hernandez L, Beauger C, Dubau L, Maillard F. Manipulating the Corrosion Resistance of SnO2 Aerogels through Doping for Efficient and Durable Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysis in Acidic Media. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofyane Abbou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Raphaël Chattot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Fabien Claudel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lluís Solà-Hernandez
- Centre procédés, énergies renouvelables et systèmes énergétiques (PERSEE), MINES ParisTech, PSL University, CS 10207 rue Claude Daunesse, F-06904 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Christian Beauger
- Centre procédés, énergies renouvelables et systèmes énergétiques (PERSEE), MINES ParisTech, PSL University, CS 10207 rue Claude Daunesse, F-06904 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Laetitia Dubau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Frédéric Maillard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
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42
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Zagalskaya A, Alexandrov V. Mechanistic Study of IrO 2 Dissolution during the Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution Reaction. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:2695-2700. [PMID: 32188249 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanistic interplay between the activity and stability of water splitting electrocatalysts is crucial for developing efficient and durable water electrolyzers. Ir-based materials are among the best catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic media, but their degradation mechanisms are not completely understood. Here, through first-principles calculations we investigate iridium dissolution at the IrO2(110)/water interface. Simulations reveal that the surface-bound IrO2OH species formed upon iridium dissolution should be thermodynamically stable in a relatively wide potential window undergoing transformations into IrVI (as IrO3) at high anodic potentials and IrIII (as Ir(OH)3) at low anodic potentials. The identified high-valence surface-bound dissolution intermediates of Ir are determined to display greater OER activities than the pristine IrO2(110) surface in agreement with the experimentally observed high activity of an amorphous hydrated IrOx surface layer. Combined with recent experimental results, our simulations illuminate the mechanistic details of the degradation mechanism of IrO2 and how it couples to electrocatalytic OER.
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Melder J, Bogdanoff P, Zaharieva I, Fiechter S, Dau H, Kurz P. Water-Oxidation Electrocatalysis by Manganese Oxides: Syntheses, Electrode Preparations, Electrolytes and Two Fundamental Questions. Z PHYS CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/zpch-2019-1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The efficient catalysis of the four-electron oxidation of water to molecular oxygen is a central challenge for the development of devices for the production of solar fuels. This is equally true for artificial leaf-type structures and electrolyzer systems. Inspired by the oxygen evolving complex of Photosystem II, the biological catalyst for this reaction, scientists around the globe have investigated the possibility to use manganese oxides (“MnOx”) for this task. This perspective article will look at selected examples from the last about 10 years of research in this field. At first, three aspects are addressed in detail which have emerged as crucial for the development of efficient electrocatalysts for the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER): (1) the structure and composition of the “MnOx” is of central importance for catalytic performance and it seems that amorphous, MnIII/IV oxides with layered or tunnelled structures are especially good choices; (2) the type of support material (e.g. conducting oxides or nanostructured carbon) as well as the methods used to immobilize the MnOx catalysts on them greatly influence OER overpotentials, current densities and long-term stabilities of the electrodes and (3) when operating MnOx-based water-oxidizing anodes in electrolyzers, it has often been observed that the electrocatalytic performance is also largely dependent on the electrolyte’s composition and pH and that a number of equilibria accompany the catalytic process, resulting in “adaptive changes” of the MnOx material over time. Overall, it thus has become clear over the last years that efficient and stable water-oxidation electrolysis by manganese oxides can only be achieved if at least four parameters are optimized in combination: the oxide catalyst itself, the immobilization method, the catalyst support and last but not least the composition of the electrolyte. Furthermore, these parameters are not only important for the electrode optimization process alone but must also be considered if different electrode types are to be compared with each other or with literature values from literature. Because, as without their consideration it is almost impossible to draw the right scientific conclusions. On the other hand, it currently seems unlikely that even carefully optimized MnOx anodes will ever reach the superb OER rates observed for iridium, ruthenium or nickel-iron oxide anodes in acidic or alkaline solutions, respectively. So at the end of the article, two fundamental questions will be addressed: (1) are there technical applications where MnOx materials could actually be the first choice as OER electrocatalysts? and (2) do the results from the last decade of intensive research in this field help to solve a puzzle already formulated in 2008: “Why did nature choose manganese to make oxygen?”.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Melder
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Peter Bogdanoff
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute for Solar Fuels , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Ivelina Zaharieva
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik , Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Sebastian Fiechter
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Institute for Solar Fuels , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Holger Dau
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Physik , Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Philipp Kurz
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie und Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum (FMF) , Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg , Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg , Germany
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Auer AA. An introduction to electrochemical energy conversion. EPJ WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/202024600018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is meant to provide a basic introduction to electrochemical energy conversion. It should be a low-barrier entry point for reading the relevant literature and understanding the basic phenomena, approaches and techniques. Starting with some basics of electrochemistry to establish the most important techniques, I will touch upon established electrochemical processes which are carried out today on industrial scale to finish with an outline of state-of-the art research on proton exchange membrane fuel cells and electrolysers for water splitting.
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Scohy M, Montella C, Claudel F, Abbou S, Dubau L, Maillard F, Sibert E, Sunde S. Investigating the oxygen evolution reaction on Ir(111) electrode in acidic medium using conventional and dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Scohy M, Abbou S, Martin V, Gilles B, Sibert E, Dubau L, Maillard F. Probing Surface Oxide Formation and Dissolution on/of Ir Single Crystals via X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b02988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Scohy
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sofyane Abbou
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Vincent Martin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno Gilles
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SIMAP, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Sibert
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laetitia Dubau
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Frédéric Maillard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Claudel F, Dubau L, Berthomé G, Sola-Hernandez L, Beauger C, Piccolo L, Maillard F. Degradation Mechanisms of Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts: A Combined Identical-Location Transmission Electron Microscopy and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Claudel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble-INP, Université Savoie-Mont-Blanc, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Laetitia Dubau
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble-INP, Université Savoie-Mont-Blanc, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Grégory Berthomé
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble-INP, SIMAP, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Lluis Sola-Hernandez
- MINES ParisTech, PSL University, Centre procédés, énergies renouvelables et systèmes énergétiques (PERSEE), CS 10207 rue Claude Daunesse, F-06904 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Christian Beauger
- MINES ParisTech, PSL University, Centre procédés, énergies renouvelables et systèmes énergétiques (PERSEE), CS 10207 rue Claude Daunesse, F-06904 Sophia Antipolis Cedex, France
| | - Laurent Piccolo
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard—Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON—UMR 5256, 2 Avenue Albert Einstein, F-69626 Villeurbanne CEDEX, France
| | - Frédéric Maillard
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble-INP, Université Savoie-Mont-Blanc, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
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Muntean R, Pascal DT, Rost U, Holtkotte L, Näther J, Köster F, Underberg M, Hülser T, Brodmann M. Investigation of Iridium Nanoparticles Supported on Sub-stoichiometric Titanium Oxides as Anodic Electrocatalysts in PEM Electrolysis. Part I.: Synthesis and Characterization. Top Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-019-01164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Decoupling structure-sensitive deactivation mechanisms of Ir/IrOx electrocatalysts toward oxygen evolution reaction. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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