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Rashid MH, Sen P. Recent Advancements in Biosensors for the Detection and Characterization of Amyloids: A Review. Protein J 2024:10.1007/s10930-024-10205-0. [PMID: 38824466 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-024-10205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Modern medicine has increased the human lifespan. However, with an increase in average lifespan risk of amyloidosis increases. Amyloidosis is a condition characterized by protein misfolding and aggregation. Early detection of amyloidosis is crucial, yet conventional diagnostic methods are costly and lack precision, necessitating innovative tools. This review explores recent advancements in diverse amyloid detection methodologies, highlighting the need for interdisciplinary research to develop a miniaturized electrochemical biosensor leveraging nanotechnology. However, the diagnostics industry faces obstacles such as skilled labor shortages, standardized selection processes, and concurrent multi-analyte identification challenges. Research efforts are focused on integrating electrochemical techniques into clinical applications and diagnostics, with the successful transition of miniaturized technologies from development to testing posing a significant hurdle. Label-free transduction techniques like voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) have gained traction due to their rapid, cost-effective, and user-friendly nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Harun Rashid
- Centre for Bio Separation Technology (CBST), Technology Tower, Vellore Institute of Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyankar Sen
- Centre for Bio Separation Technology (CBST), Technology Tower, Vellore Institute of Technology, VIT University, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Hatami-Fard G, Anastasova-Ivanova S. Advancements in Cerebrospinal Fluid Biosensors: Bridging the Gap from Early Diagnosis to the Detection of Rare Diseases. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3294. [PMID: 38894085 PMCID: PMC11174891 DOI: 10.3390/s24113294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a body fluid that can be used for the diagnosis of various diseases. However, CSF collection requires an invasive and painful procedure called a lumbar puncture (LP). This procedure is applied to any patient with a known risk of central nervous system (CNS) damage or neurodegenerative disease, regardless of their age range. Hence, this can be a very painful procedure, especially in infants and elderly patients. On the other hand, the detection of disease biomarkers in CSF makes diagnoses as accurate as possible. This review aims to explore novel electrochemical biosensing platforms that have impacted biomedical science. Biosensors have emerged as techniques to accelerate the detection of known biomarkers in body fluids such as CSF. Biosensors can be designed and modified in various ways and shapes according to their ultimate applications to detect and quantify biomarkers of interest. This process can also significantly influence the detection and diagnosis of CSF. Hence, it is important to understand the role of this technology in the rapidly progressing field of biomedical science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Hatami-Fard
- The Hamlyn Centre, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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3
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Spitz S, Schobesberger S, Brandauer K, Ertl P. Sensor-integrated brain-on-a-chip platforms: Improving the predictive validity in neurodegenerative research. Bioeng Transl Med 2024; 9:e10604. [PMID: 38818126 PMCID: PMC11135156 DOI: 10.1002/btm2.10604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Affecting millions of individuals worldwide, neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) pose a significant and growing health concern in people over the age of 60 years. Contributing to this trend are the steady increase in the aging population coupled with a persistent lack of disease-altering treatment strategies targeting NDDs. The absence of efficient therapeutics can be attributed to high failure rates in clinical trials and the ineptness of animal models in preceding preclinical studies. To that end, in recent years, significant research effort has been dedicated to the development of human cell-based preclinical disease models characterized by a higher degree of predictive validity. However, a key requirement of any in vitro model constitutes the precise knowledge and replication of the target tissues' (patho-)physiological microenvironment. Herein, microphysiological systems have demonstrated superiority over conventional static 2D/3D in vitro cell culture systems, as they allow for the emulation and continuous monitoring of the onset, progression, and remission of disease-associated phenotypes. This review provides an overview of recent advances in the field of NDD research using organ-on-a-chip platforms. Specific focus is directed toward non-invasive sensing strategies encompassing electrical, electrochemical, and optical sensors. Additionally, promising on- and integrable off-chip sensing strategies targeting key analytes in NDDs will be presented and discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Spitz
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
- Present address:
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | | | | | - Peter Ertl
- Faculty of Technical ChemistryVienna University of TechnologyViennaAustria
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Vajedi FS, Rasoolzadeh R, Angnes L, Santos ECS, Silva LDPC. Ultrasensitive Aptasensing Platform for the Detection of β-Amyloid-42 Peptide Based on MOF Containing Bimetallic Porphyrin Graphene Oxide and Gold Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:2218-2239. [PMID: 38527228 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The prompt detection of diseases hinges on the accessibility and the capability to identify relevant biomarkers. The integration of aptamers and the incorporation of nanomaterials into signal transducers have not only expedited but also enhanced the development of nanoaptasensors, enabling heightened sensitivity and selectivity. Here, the bimetallic nickel-cobalt-porphyrin metal-organic framework ((Ni + Cu)TPyP MOF) is regarded as an electron mediator, immobilization platform for an Alzheimer aptamer and to increase the electrochemical signal for the detection of the main biomarker of Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid β (Aβ-42). Furthermore, the ((Ni + Cu)TPyP MOF) was combined with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), on a gold electrode (GE) to provide an efficient interface for immobilizing aptamer strands. Concurrently, the incorporation of rGO and AuNPs imparts enhanced electrical conductivity and efficacious catalytic activity, establishing them as adept electrochemical indicators. Owing to the superior excellent electrical conductivity of rGO and AuNPs, coupled with the presence of ample mesoporous channels and numerous Ni and Cu metal sites within (Ni + Cu)TPyP MOF, this nanostructure with abundant functional groups is proficient in immobilizing a substantial quantity of aptamer. These interactions are achieved through robust π-π stacking and electrostatic interactions, alongside the high affinity between the thiol group of the aptamer and AuNPs concurrently. The as-prepared ternary (Au@(Ni + Cu)TPyP MOF/rGO) nanostructure electrode exhibited an enhancement in its electrochemically active surface area of about 7 times, compared with the bare electrode and the Aβ-42 redox process is highly accelerated, so the peak currents are significantly higher than those obtained with bare GE substrate. Under the optimized conditions, the designed aptasensor had the quantitative detection of Aβ-42 with a low detection limit of 48.6 fg mL-1 within the linear range of 0.05 pg mL-1 to 5 ng mL-1 by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), accompanied by precise reproducibility, satisfactory stability (95.6% of the initial activity after 10 days), and minimal impact of interfering agents. Recorded results in human blood plasma demonstrated the high efficacy of porphyrin MOF system sensing even in the clinical matrix. The great performance of this aptasensor indicates that our new design of Au@(Ni + Cu)TPyP MOF/rGO nanostructure provides more opportunities for the detection of chemical signals in early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Sadat Vajedi
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reza Rasoolzadeh
- Departamento de Química Inorgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Campus do Valonguinho, Niterói, 24020-141 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evelyn C S Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos 149, CT Bl A, 21941-909 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ludmila de Paula Cabral Silva
- Departamento de Engenharia Química e de Petróleo, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, 24210-240 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Gordón Pidal JM, Moreno-Guzmán M, Montero-Calle A, Valverde A, Pingarrón JM, Campuzano S, Calero M, Barderas R, López MÁ, Escarpa A. Micromotor-based electrochemical immunoassays for reliable determination of amyloid-β (1-42) in Alzheimer's diagnosed clinical samples. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 249:115988. [PMID: 38194814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), in addition to being the most common cause of dementia, is very difficult to diagnose, with the 42-amino acid form of Aβ (Aβ-42) being one of the main biomarkers used for this purpose. Despite the enormous efforts made in recent years, the technologies available to determine Aβ-42 in human samples require sophisticated instrumentation, present high complexity, are sample and time-consuming, and are costly, highlighting the urgent need not only to develop new tools to overcome these limitations but to provide an early detection and treatment window for AD, which is a top-challenge. In recent years, micromotor (MM) technology has proven to add a new dimension to clinical biosensing, enabling ultrasensitive detections in short times and microscale environments. To this end, here an electrochemical immunoassay based on polypyrrole (PPy)/nickel (Ni)/platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) MM is proposed in a pioneering manner for the determination of Aβ-42 in left prefrontal cortex brain tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, and plasma samples from patients with AD. MM combines the high binding capacity of their immunorecognition external layer with self-propulsion through the catalytic generation of oxygen bubbles in the internal layer due to decomposition of hydrogen peroxide as fuel, allowing rapid bio-detection (15 min) of Aβ-42 with excellent selectivity and sensitivity (LOD = 0.06 ng/mL). The application of this disruptive technology to the analysis of just 25 μL of the three types of clinical samples provides values concordant with the clinical values reported, thus confirming the potential of the MM approach to assist in the reliable, simple, fast, and affordable diagnosis of AD by determining Aβ-42.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M Gordón Pidal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28802, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Moreno-Guzmán
- Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Montero-Calle
- Chronic Disease Programme, UFIEC, Carlos III Health Institute, Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain
| | - Alejandro Valverde
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Pza. de las Ciencias 2, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - José M Pingarrón
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Pza. de las Ciencias 2, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Susana Campuzano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry Science, Complutense University of Madrid, Pza. de las Ciencias 2, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
| | - Miguel Calero
- Chronic Disease Programme, UFIEC, Carlos III Health Institute, Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Barderas
- Chronic Disease Programme, UFIEC, Carlos III Health Institute, Majadahonda, Madrid, 28220, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel López
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28802, Madrid, Spain; Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. Del Rio", University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Escarpa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.600, Alcalá de Henares, 28802, Madrid, Spain; Chemical Research Institute "Andrés M. Del Rio", University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain.
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Geng L, Wang H, Liu M, Huang J, Wang G, Guo Z, Guo Y, Sun X. Research progress on preparation methods and sensing applications of molecularly imprinted polymer-aptamer dual recognition elements. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168832. [PMID: 38036131 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The aptamer (Apt) and the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), as effective substitutes for antibodies, have received widespread attention from researchers because of their creation. However, the low stability of Apt in harsh detection environment and the poor specificity of MIP have hindered their development. Therefore, some researchers have attempted to combine MIP with Apt to explore whether the effect of "1 + 1 > 2" can be achieved. Since its first report in 2013, MIP-Apt dual recognition elements have become a highly focused research direction in the fields of biology and chemistry. MIP-Apt dual recognition elements not only possess the high specificity of Apt and the high stability of MIP in harsh detection environment, but also have high sensitivity and affinity. They have been successfully applied in medical diagnosis, food safety, and environmental monitoring fields. This article provides a systematic overview of three preparation methods for MIP-Apt dual recognition elements and their application in eight different types of sensors. It also provides effective insights into the problems and development directions faced by MIP-Apt dual recognition elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingjun Geng
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China; Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Haifang Wang
- Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Mengyue Liu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China; Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Jingcheng Huang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China; Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Guangxian Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China; Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China; Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
| | - Yemin Guo
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China; Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China.
| | - Xia Sun
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China; Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Vegetable Safety and Quality Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China; Zibo City Key Laboratory of Agricultural Product Safety Traceability, No. 266 Xincun Xilu, Zibo, Shandong 255049, China
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Erdoğan NÖ, Uslu B, Aydoğdu Tığ G. Development of an electrochemical biosensor utilizing a combined aptamer and MIP strategy for the detection of the food allergen lysozyme. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:471. [PMID: 37975892 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06054-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to develop a MIP-Apt-based electrochemical biosensor for the sensitive and selective determination of Lysozyme (Lyz), a food allergen. For the development of the sensor, in the first stage, modifications were made to the screen-printed electrode (SPE) surface with graphene oxide (GO) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to increase conductivity and surface area. The advantages of using aptamer (Apt) and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) technology were combined in a single biointerface in the prepared sensing tool. Surface characterization of the biosensor was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), contact angle measurements, cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A wide linear range from 0.001 to 100 pM was obtained under optimized conditions for the determination of Lyz detection using the proposed MIP-Apt sensing strategy. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for Lyz were 3.67 fM and 12 fM, respectively. This biosensor displays high selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility, and long storage stability towards Lyz detection. The results show that a sensitive and selective sensor fabrication is achieved compared with existing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niran Öykü Erdoğan
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
- Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bengi Uslu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara University, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gözde Aydoğdu Tığ
- Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey.
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8
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Ren Z, Guo W, Sun S, Liu X, Fan Z, Wang F, Ibrahim AA, Umar A, Alkhanjaf AAM, Baskoutas S. Dual-mode transfer response based on electrochemical and fluorescence signals for the detection of amyloid-beta oligomers (AβO). Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:438. [PMID: 37843728 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
An aptamer sensor has been developed utilizing a dual-mode and stimuli-responsive strategy for quantitative detection of AβO (amyloid-beta oligomers) through simultaneous electrochemical and fluorescence detection. To achieve this, we employed UIO-66-NH2 as a carrier container to load MB (Methylene Blue), and Fe3O4 MNPs (iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles) with aptamer (ssDNA-Fe3O4 MNPs) fixed on their surface for biological gating. The ssDNA-Fe3O4 MNPs were immobilized onto the surface of UIO-66-NH2 through hydrogen bonding between the aptamer and the -NH2 group on the surface of UIO-66-NH2, thereby encapsulating MB and forming ssDNA-Fe3O4@MB@UIO-66-NH2. During the detection of AβO, the aptamer selectively reacted with AβO to form the AβO-ssDNA-Fe3O4 complex, leading to its detachment from the surface of UIO-66-NH2. This detachment facilitated the release of MB, enabling its electrochemical detection. Simultaneously, the AβO-ssDNA-Fe3O4 complex was efficiently collected and separated using a magnet after leaving the container's surface. Furthermore, the addition of NaOH facilitated the disconnection of biotin modifications at the 3' end of the aptamer from the avidin modifications on the Fe3O4 MNPs. Consequently, the aptamer detached from the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs, resulting in the restoration of fluorescence intensity of FAM (fluorescein-5'-carboxamidite) modified at its 5' end for fluorescence detection. The dual-mode sensor exhibited significantly enhanced differential pulse voltammetry signals and fluorescence intensity compared to those in the absence of AβO. The sensor demonstrated a wide detection range of 10 fM to 10 μM, with a detection limit of 3.4 fM. It displayed excellent performance in detecting actual samples and holds promising prospects for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ren
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Wenjuan Guo
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Shuqian Sun
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Zelong Fan
- Institute of Surface Analysis and Chemical Biology, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Fangfang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Ahmed A Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Umar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, and Promising Centre for Sensors and Electronic Devices (PCSED), Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Abdulrab Ahmed M Alkhanjaf
- Centre for Health Research, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Najran University, Najran, 11001, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - S Baskoutas
- Department of Materials Science, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Pilvenyte G, Ratautaite V, Boguzaite R, Samukaite-Bubniene U, Plausinaitis D, Ramanaviciene A, Bechelany M, Ramanavicius A. Molecularly imprinted polymers for the recognition of biomarkers of certain neurodegenerative diseases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 228:115343. [PMID: 36934618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of the biomarkers in body fluids like blood, urine, saliva, tears, etc. can be used for the identification of many diseases. This article aimed to summarize the studies about electrochemical biosensors with molecularly imprinted polymers as sensitive and selective layers on the electrode to detect protein-based biomarkers of such neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and stress. The main attention in this article is focused on the detection methods of amyloid-β oligomers and p-Tau which are representative biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease, α-synuclein as the biomarker of Parkinson's disease, and α-amylase and lysozyme as the biomarkers of stress using molecular imprinting technology. The research methods, the application of different electrodes, the influence of the polymers, and the established detection limits are reviewed and compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Pilvenyte
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Ratautaite
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Raimonda Boguzaite
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Urte Samukaite-Bubniene
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Deivis Plausinaitis
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Almira Ramanaviciene
- NanoTechnas - Center of Nanotechnology and Materials Science, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, University of Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, 34090 Montpellier, France
| | - Arunas Ramanavicius
- Department of Nanotechnology, State Research Institute Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Saulėtekio av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Geosciences, Vilnius University, Naugarduko Str. 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania.
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Tran VA, Doan VD, Le VT, Nguyen TQ, Don TN, Vien V, Luan NT, Vo GNL. Metal–Organic Frameworks-Derived Material for Electrochemical Biosensors: Recent Applications and Prospects. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vy Anh Tran
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environmental and Food Engineering, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Van Dat Doan
- The Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Van Thuan Le
- Center for Advanced Chemistry, Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, 550000, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Danang, 550000, Vietnam
| | - Thanh-Quang Nguyen
- Department of External Relations and Project Development, Institute of Applied Science and Technology (IAST), Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
| | - Ta Ngoc Don
- Ministry of Education and Training, Ha Noi City, 100000, Vietnam
| | - Vo Vien
- Applied Research Institute for Science and Technology, Quy Nhon University, Quy Nhon, 820000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thanh Luan
- Department of Science and Technology, HUTECH University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Giang N. L. Vo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Vietnam
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11
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Nanozymes and nanoflower: Physiochemical properties, mechanism and biomedical applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 225:113241. [PMID: 36893662 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural enzymes possess several drawbacks which limits their application in industries, wastewater remediation and biomedical field. Therefore, in recent years researchers have developed enzyme mimicking nanomaterials and enzymatic hybrid nanoflower which are alternatives of enzyme. Nanozymes and organic inorganic hybrid nanoflower have been developed which mimics natural enzymes functionalities such as diverse enzyme mimicking activities, enhanced catalytic activities, low cost, ease of preparation, stability and biocompatibility. Nanozymes include metal and metal oxide nanoparticles mimicking oxidases, peroxidases, superoxide dismutase and catalases while enzymatic and non-enzymatic biomolecules were used for preparing hybrid nanoflower. In this review nanozymes and hybrid nanoflower have been compared in terms of physiochemical properties, common synthetic routes, mechanism of action, modification, green synthesis and application in the field of disease diagnosis, imaging, environmental remediation and disease treatment. We also address the current challenges facing nanozyme and hybrid nanoflower research and the possible way to fulfil their potential in future.
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12
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Shah NS, Thotathil V, Zaidi SA, Sheikh H, Mohamed M, Qureshi A, Sadasivuni KK. Picomolar or beyond Limit of Detection Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensors: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1107. [PMID: 36551073 PMCID: PMC9775238 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have emerged as selective synthetic receptors that have a selective binding site for specific analytes/target molecules. MIPs are synthetic analogues to the natural biological antigen-antibody system. Owing to the advantages they exhibit, such as high stability, simple synthetic procedure, and cost-effectiveness, MIPs have been widely used as receptors/sensors for the detection and monitoring of a variety of analytes. Moreover, integrating electrochemical sensors with MIPs offers a promising approach and demonstrates greater potential over traditional MIPs. In this review, we have compiled the methods and techniques for the production of MIP-based electrochemical sensors along with the applications of reported MIP sensors for a variety of analytes. A comprehensive in-depth analysis of recent trends reported on picomolar (pM/10-12 M)) and beyond picomolar concentration LOD (≥pM) achieved using MIPs sensors is reported. Finally, we discuss the challenges faced and put forward future perspectives along with our conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naheed Sidiq Shah
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Vandana Thotathil
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Shabi Abbas Zaidi
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Hanan Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Maimoona Mohamed
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
| | - Ahmadyar Qureshi
- Department of Chemistry and Earth Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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Chen CH, Jong YJ, Chao YY, Wang CC, Chen YL. Fluorescent aptasensor based on conformational switch-induced hybridization for facile detection of β-amyloid oligomers. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:8155-8165. [PMID: 36178490 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04350-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Aβ oligomers (AβO) are a dominant biomarker for early Alzheimer's disease diagnosis. A fluorescent aptasensor coupled with conformational switch-induced hybridization was established to detect AβO. The fluorescent aptasensor is based on the interaction of fluorophore-labeled AβO-specific aptamer (FAM-Apt) against its partly complementary DNA sequence on the surface of magnetic beads (cDNA-MBs). Once the FAM-Apt binds to AβO, the conformational switch of FAM-Apt increases the tendency to be captured by cDNA-MBs. This causes a descending fluorescence of supernatant, which can be utilized to determine the levels of AβO. Thus, the base-pair matching above 12 between FAM-Apt and cDNA-MBs with increasing hybridizing free energies reached the ascending fluorescent signal equilibrium. The optimized aptasensor showed linearity from 1.7 ng mL-1 to 85.1 (R = 0.9977) with good recoveries (79.27-109.17%) in plasma. Furthermore, the established aptasensor possesses rational selectivity in the presence of monomeric Aβ, fibrotic Aβ, and interferences. Therefore, the developed aptasensor is capable of quantifying AβO in human plasma and possesses the potential to apply in clinical cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hsien Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Jyh Jong
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Translational Research Center of Neuromuscular Diseases, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ying Chao
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Ling Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan.
- Center for Nano Bio-Detection, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan.
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Molecularly-Imprinted SERS: A Potential Method for Bioanalysis. Sci Pharm 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/scipharm90030054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The most challenging step in developing bioanalytical methods is finding the best sample preparation method. The matrix interference effect of biological sample become a reason of that. Molecularly imprinted SERS become a potential analytical method to be developed to answer this challenge. In this article, we review recent progress in MIP SERS application particularly in bioanalysis. Begin with the explanation about molecular imprinting technique and component, SERS principle, the combination of MIP SERS, and follow by various application of MIP SERS for analysis. Finally, the conclusion and future perspective were also discussed.
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15
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Design strategies, current applications and future perspective of aptasensors for neurological disease biomarkers. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Zhou Q, Xu Z, Liu Z. Molecularly Imprinting–Aptamer Techniques and Their Applications in Molecular Recognition. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080576. [PMID: 36004972 PMCID: PMC9406215 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular imprinting–aptamer techniques exhibit the advantages of molecular imprinting and aptamer technology. Hybrids of molecularly imprinted polymer–aptamer (MIP–aptamer) prepared by this technique have higher stability, binding affinity and superior selectivity than conventional molecularly imprinted polymers or aptamers. In recent years, molecular imprinting–aptamer technologies have attracted considerable interest for the selective recognition of target molecules in complex sample matrices and have been used in molecular recognition such as antibiotics, proteins, viruses and pesticides. This review introduced the development of molecular imprinting–aptamer-combining technologies and summarized the mechanism of MIP–aptamer formation. Meanwhile, we discussed the challenges in preparing MIP–aptamer. Finally, we summarized the application of MIP–aptamer to the molecular recognition in disease diagnosis, environmental analysis, food safety and other fields.
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17
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Hybrid Nanobioengineered Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Biosensors. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123841. [PMID: 35744967 PMCID: PMC9229873 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoengineering biosensors have become more precise and sophisticated, raising the demand for highly sensitive architectures to monitor target analytes at extremely low concentrations often required, for example, for biomedical applications. We review recent advances in functional nanomaterials, mainly based on novel organic-inorganic hybrids with enhanced electro-physicochemical properties toward fulfilling this need. In this context, this review classifies some recently engineered organic-inorganic metallic-, silicon-, carbonaceous-, and polymeric-nanomaterials and describes their structural properties and features when incorporated into biosensing systems. It further shows the latest advances in ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensors engineered from such innovative nanomaterials highlighting their advantages concerning the concomitant constituents acting alone, fulfilling the gap from other reviews in the literature. Finally, it mentioned the limitations and opportunities of hybrid nanomaterials from the point of view of current nanotechnology and future considerations for advancing their use in enhanced electrochemical platforms.
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Mikuła E, Katrlík J, Rodrigues LR. Electrochemical Aptasensors for Parkinson's Disease Biomarkers Detection. Curr Med Chem 2022; 29:5795-5814. [PMID: 35619313 DOI: 10.2174/0929867329666220520123337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomarkers are characteristic molecules that can be measured as indicators of biological process status or condition, exhibiting special relevance in Parkinson's Disease (PD). This disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder very difficult to study given the site of pathology and due to a clinical phenotype that fluctuates over time. Currently there is no definitive diagnostic test, thus clinicians hope that the detection of crucial biomarkers will help to the symptomatic and presymptomatic diagnostics and providing surrogate endpoints to demonstrate the clinical efficacy of new treatments. METHODS Electrochemical aptasensors are excellent analytical tools that are used in the detection of PD biomarkers, as they are portable, easy to use, and perform real-time analysis. RESULTS In this review, we discuss the most important clinical biomarkers for PD, highlighting their physiological role and function in the disease. Herein, we review for the first time innovative aptasensors for the detection of current potential PD biomarkers based on electrochemical techniques and discuss future alternatives, including ideal analytical platforms for point-of-care diagnostics. CONCLUSION These new tools will be critical not only in the discovery of sensitive, specific, and reliable biomarkers of preclinical PD, but also in the development of tests that can assist in the early detection and differential diagnosis of parkinsonian disorders and in monitoring disease progression. Various methods for fixing aptamers onto the sensor surfaces, enabling quantitative and specific PD biomarker detection present in synthetic and clinical samples, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Mikuła
- Department of Biosensors, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Jaroslav Katrlík
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84538 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ligia R Rodrigues
- Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Tang T, Liu Y, Jiang Y. Recent Progress on Highly Selective and Sensitive Electrochemical Aptamer-based Sensors. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022; 38:866-878. [PMID: 35530120 PMCID: PMC9069955 DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Highly selective, sensitive, and stable biosensors are essential for the molecular level understanding of many physiological activities and diseases. Electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensor is an appealing platform for measurement in biological system, attributing to the combined advantages of high selectivity of the aptamer and high sensitivity of electrochemical analysis. This review summarizes the latest development of E-AB sensors, focuses on the modification strategies used in the fabrication of sensors and the sensing strategies for analytes of different sizes in biological system, and then looks forward to the challenges and prospects of the future development of electrochemical aptamer-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianwei Tang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 P. R. China
| | - Yinghuan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 P. R. China
| | - Ying Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing, 100190 P. R. China
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20
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Potentiometric Biosensor Based on Artificial Antibodies for an Alzheimer Biomarker Detection. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12073625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a potentiometric biosensor for the detection of amyloid β-42 (Aβ-42) in point-of-care analysis. This approach is based on the molecular imprint polymer (MIP) technique, which uses covalently immobilised Aβ-42 to create specific detection cavities on the surface of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). The biosensor was prepared by binding Aβ-42 to the SWCNT surface and then imprinting it by adding acrylamide (monomer), N,N’-methylene-bis-acrylamide (crosslinker) and ammonium persulphate (initiator). The target peptide was removed from the polymer matrix by the proteolytic action of an enzyme (proteinase K). The presence of imprinting sites was confirmed by comparing a MIP-modified surface with a negative control (NIP) consisting of a similar material where the target molecule had been removed from the process. The ability of the sensing material to rebind Aβ-42 was demonstrated by incorporating the MIP material as an electroactive compound in a PVC/plasticiser mixture applied to a solid conductive support of graphite. All steps of the synthesis of the imprinted materials were followed by Raman spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The analytical performance was evaluated by potentiometric transduction, and the MIP material showed cationic slopes of 75 mV-decade−1 in buffer pH 8.0 and a detection limit of 0.72 μg/mL. Overall, potentiometric transduction confirmed that the sensor can discriminate Aβ-42 in the presence of other biomolecules in the same solution.
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21
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Zhang T, Xuan X, Li M, Li C, Li P, Li H. Molecularly imprinted Ni-polyacrylamide-based electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous detection of dopamine and adenine. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1202:339689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Wang BY, Gu BC, Wang GJ, Yang YH, Wu CC. Detection of Amyloid-β(1–42) Aggregation With a Nanostructured Electrochemical Sandwich Immunoassay Biosensor. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:853947. [PMID: 35372290 PMCID: PMC8965719 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.853947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid-β(1–42) [Aβ(1–42)] oligomer accumulations are associated with physiologic alterations in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, we demonstrate that a nanostructured gold electrode with deposited gold nanoparticles, induced via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), may be used as an Aβ(1–42) conformation biosensor for the detection of Alzheimer’s disease. Monoclonal antibodies (12F4) were immobilized on self-assembled monolayers of the electrochemical sandwich immunoassay biosensor to capture Aβ(1–42) monomers and oligomers. Western blot and fluorescence microscopy analyses were performed to confirm the presence of Aβ(1–42) monomers and oligomers. EIS analysis with an equivalent circuit model was used to determine the concentrations of different Aβ(1–42) conformations in this study. We identified conformations of Aβ(1–42) monomers and Aβ(1–42) oligomers using probe antibodies (12F4) by employing EIS. RAβ(1−42) indicates the sum resistance of impedance measured during Aβ(1–42) immobilization. ΔR12F4 refers to the concentration of probe antibody (12F4) binding with Aβ(1–42). The concentration of Aβ(1–42) oligomer was defined as the percentage of Aβ(1–42) aggregation R12F4/RAβ(1−42). The experimental results show that the biosensor has high selectivity to differentiate Aβ(1–40) and Aβ(1–42) monomers and Aβ(1–42) oligomers and that it can detect Aβ(1–42) oligomer accurately. The linear detection range for Aβ(1–42) oligomers was between 10 pg/ml and 100 ng/ml. The limit of detection was estimated to be 113 fg/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Yu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bien-Chen Gu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Gou-Jen Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Han Yang
- Department of and Master's Program in Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Che Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture (IDCSA), National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Smart Sustainable New Agriculture Research Center (SMARTer), Taichung, Taiwan
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Karaboğa MNS, Sezgintürk MK. Biosensor approaches on the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases: Sensing the past to the future. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 209:114479. [PMID: 34861607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of neurodegeneration-oriented diseases that develop with the aging world is essential for improving the patient's living conditions as well as the treatment of the disease. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are prominent examples of neurodegeneration characterized by dementia leading to the death of nerve cells. The clinical diagnosis of these diseases only after the symptoms appear, delays the treatment process. Detection of biomarkers, which are distinctive molecules in biological fluids, involved in neurodegeneration processes, has the potential to allow early diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Studies on biosensors, whose main responsibility is to detect the target analyte with high specificity, has gained momentum in recent years with the aim of high detection of potential biomarkers of neurodegeneration process. This study aims to provide an overview of neuro-biosensors developed on the basis of biomarkers identified in biological fluids for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Parkinson's disease (PD), and to provide an overview of the urgent needs in this field, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis in the general lines of the neurodegeneration pathway. In this review, biosensor systems developed for the detection of biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, especially in the last 5 years, are discussed.
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Zamanian J, Khoshbin Z, Abnous K, Taghdisi SM, Hosseinzadeh H, Danesh NM. Current progress in aptamer-based sensing tools for ultra-low level monitoring of Alzheimer's disease biomarkers. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 197:113789. [PMID: 34798498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) as common late-life dementia is pathologically associated with the irreversible and progressive disorder, misfolding, deposition, and accumulation of the brain proteins. Especially, the formation of fibrous amyloid plaques by aggregation of amyloid-β peptides is the pathological cause of this neurologic disorder disease. Besides, tau protein isoforms destabilize the microtubule filaments through post-translational modifications and induce nerve cells' death. Amyloid-β peptides and tau proteins are considered as the critical symptom and reliable molecular biomarkers for the early diagnosis of AD. AD is characterized by impaired thinking proficiencies, cognitive decline, memory loss, and behavioral disability. Since there is no efficacious therapy for AD at present, the development of precise sensing tools for the early diagnosis of this disease is essential and crucial. Aptamer-based biosensors (aptasensors) have acquired utmost importance in the field of AD healthcare, due to excellent sensitivity and specificity, ease-of-use, cost-effectiveness, portability, and rapid assay time. Here, we highlight the recent developments and novel perspectives in the field of aptasensor design to quantitatively monitor the AD biomarkers. Finally, some results are represented to achieve a promising viewpoint for introducing the novel aptasensor test kits in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Zamanian
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Khoshbin
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Hossein Hosseinzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Islamic, Iran
| | - Noor Mohammd Danesh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Passive Defense, Malek Ashtar University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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The Evolution of Molecular Recognition: From Antibodies to Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs) as Artificial Counterpart. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13010012. [PMID: 35225975 PMCID: PMC8883926 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular recognition is a useful property shared by various molecules, such as antibodies, aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). It allows these molecules to be potentially involved in many applications including biological and pharmaceutical research, diagnostics, theranostics, therapy and drug delivery. Antibodies, naturally produced by plasma cells, have been exploited for this purpose, but they present noticeable drawbacks, above all production cost and time. Therefore, several research studies for similar applications have been carried out about MIPs and the main studies are reported in this review. MIPs, indeed, are more versatile and cost-effective than conventional antibodies, but the lack of toxicity studies and their scarce use for practical applications, make it that further investigations on this kind of molecules need to be conducted.
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Electrochemical aptamer-based nanobiosensors for diagnosing Alzheimer's disease: A review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2022; 135:112689. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2022.112689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Mughal ZUN, Shaikh H, Baig JA, Memon S, Sirajuddin, Shah S. Fabrication of an imprinted polymer based graphene oxide composite for label-free electrochemical sensing of Sus DNA. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02958h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An innovative label-free electrochemical sensor was developed for selective detection of Sus (pig) Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) through adenine imprinted polypyrrole fabricated on the surface of allyl mercaptan modified GO (MIP/mGO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaib un Nisa Mughal
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro-76080, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Huma Shaikh
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro-76080, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Jamil Ahmed Baig
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro-76080, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Shahabuddin Memon
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro-76080, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sirajuddin
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry, I.C.C.B.S. University of Karachi, Karachi-75270, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Shahnila Shah
- National Center of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro-76080, Sindh, Pakistan
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28
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Mustafa YL, Keirouz A, Leese HS. Molecularly Imprinted Polymers in Diagnostics: Accessing Analytes in Biofluids. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:7418-7449. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00703g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bio-applied molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are biomimetic materials with tailor-made synthetic recognition sites, mimicking biological counterparts known for their sensitive and selective analyte detection. MIPs, specifically designed for biomarker analysis...
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García Y, Vera M, Giraldo JD, Garrido-Miranda K, Jiménez VA, Urbano BF, Pereira ED. Microcystins Detection Methods: A Focus on Recent Advances Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymers. Anal Chem 2021; 94:464-478. [PMID: 34874146 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yadiris García
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Myleidi Vera
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Juan D Giraldo
- Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Sede Puerto Montt, Los Pinos s/n Balneario Pelluco, 5480000 Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Karla Garrido-Miranda
- Center of Waste Management and Bioenergy, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus, BIOREN-UFRO, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, 4811230 Temuco, Chile
| | - Verónica A Jiménez
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Sede Concepción, Autopista Concepción-Talcahuano, 4260000 Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Bruno F Urbano
- Departamento de Polímeros, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Eduardo D Pereira
- Departamento de Química Analítica e Inorgánica Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
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Köse K, Kehribar DY, Uzun L. Molecularly imprinted polymers in toxicology: a literature survey for the last 5 years. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:35437-35471. [PMID: 34024002 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14510-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The science of toxicology dates back almost to the beginning of human history. Toxic chemicals, which are encountered in different forms, are always among the chemicals that should be investigated in criminal field, environmental application, pharmaceutic, and even industry, where many researches have been carried out studies for years. Almost all of not only drugs but also industrial dyes have toxic side and direct effects. Environmental micropollutants accumulate in the tissues of all living things, especially plants, and show short- or long-term toxic symptoms. Chemicals in forensic science can be known by detecting the effect they cause to the body with the similar mechanism. It is clear that the best tracking tool among analysis methods is molecularly printed polymer-based analytical setups. Different polymeric combinations of molecularly imprinted polymers allow further study on detection or extraction using chromatographic and spectroscopic instruments. In particular, methods used in forensic medicine can detect trace amounts of poison or biological residues on the scene. Molecularly imprinted polymers are still in their infancy and have many variables that need to be developed. In this review, we summarized how molecular imprinted polymers and toxicology intersect and what has been done about molecular imprinted polymers in toxicology by looking at the studies conducted in the last 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazım Köse
- Department of Joint Courses, Hitit University, Çorum, Turkey.
| | - Demet Yalçın Kehribar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Lokman Uzun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.
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He L, Huang R, Xiao P, Liu Y, Jin L, Liu H, Li S, Deng Y, Chen Z, Li Z, He N. Current signal amplification strategies in aptamer-based electrochemical biosensor: A review. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wang X, Gu X, Li L, Yu B, Lv L, Chen Q, Xu M. An excellent electrochemical aptasensor for amyloid-β oligomers based on a triple-helix aptamer switch via target-triggered signal transduction DNA displacement events. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3707-3716. [PMID: 33861355 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
An excellent aptasensor for electrochemical detection of amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) at trace levels was fabricated based on a triple-helix aptamer switch (THAS) via target-triggered signal transduction DNA displacement events. Specifically, a single-stranded anti-AβO aptamer (Apt) carrying two symmetrical arm segments was first attached via Au-S binding to an Au electrode. Gold nanoparticle (GNP)-tagged signal transduction probes (GNP-STPs) were simultaneously hybridized with the two arm segments of the Apt, and a rigid THAS was formed on the Au electrode. Compared to the conventional hybrid, the number of GNPs on the Au electrode increased significantly with the THAS, effectively improving the stability of the Apt to avoid lodging. Trithiocyanuric acid (TA) was utilized to further gather the GNPs and form network-like TA/GNPs. As a result, the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) response of GNPs was clearly enhanced. When AβOs were present, target-triggered signal transduction DNA displacement events were carried out from THAS via the reaction of the Apt with the AβOs, which caused the GNP-STP to dissociate from the Au electrode, and thus a significant reduction in the DPV response was observed. The assay was able to sensitively detect trace AβOs by monitoring the AβO-controlled DPV response change. It exhibited a wide linear range from 1 fM to 10 pM with a low detection limit of 0.5 fM, and was successfully employed for the determination of AβOs in 20 serum samples, with good recovery. Moreover, the developed assay can provide a sensitive and selective platform for many studies or investigations related to Alzheimer's disease (AD) monitoring and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Xuan Gu
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Linyu Li
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bingjia Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Liangrui Lv
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qingqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Mingming Xu
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Wang X, Li L, Gu X, Yu B, Jiang M. Switchable electrochemical aptasensor for amyloid-β oligomers detection based on triple helix switch coupling with AuNPs@CuMOF labeled signaling displaced-probe. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:49. [PMID: 33495901 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-021-04704-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation of amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) with extremely strong neurotoxicity has been proved to be the main pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). For sensitive quantification of AβOs, a switchable electrochemical aptasensor is proposed. Metal organic framework carrying Au nanoparticles (AuNPs@CuMOF) has been used to label signaling displaced-probe (SD), which formed triple helix switch (THS) by hybridizing with label-free anti-AβOs aptamer (Apt) on the electrodeposited palladium electrode (EPd). Thus, a relatively strong response of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was produced (switch on). With the specific binding between AβOs and Apt, the DPV response obviously decreased, owing to destroyed structure of THS and the separation of AuNPs@CuMOF/SD from the EPd (switch off). The mode of "switch on-off" can dramatically enhance the AβOs-dependent DPV intensity change. As a result, the switchable EA exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity with the linear range from 0.5 fM to 500 fM and the detection limit of 0.25 fM. When evaluating the AβOs of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) samples, the switchable EA exhibited desirable feasibility, and the results are basically consistent with the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The work could provide a potential tool of the AD diagnosis and a bright future in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Linyu Li
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xuan Gu
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Bingjia Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Meng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of the Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
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Romero M, Macchione MA, Mattea F, Strumia M. The role of polymers in analytical medical applications. A review. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Toyos-Rodríguez C, García-Alonso FJ, de la Escosura-Muñiz A. Electrochemical Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials for Early Detection of Alzheimer's Disease. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4748. [PMID: 32842632 PMCID: PMC7506792 DOI: 10.3390/s20174748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an untreatable neurodegenerative disease that initially manifests as difficulty to remember recent events and gradually progresses to cognitive impairment. The incidence of AD is growing yearly as life expectancy increases, thus early detection is essential to ensure a better quality of life for diagnosed patients. To reach that purpose, electrochemical biosensing has emerged as a cost-effective alternative to traditional diagnostic techniques, due to its high sensitivity and selectivity. Of special relevance is the incorporation of nanomaterials in biosensors, as they contribute to enhance electron transfer while promoting the immobilization of biological recognition elements. Moreover, nanomaterials have also been employed as labels, due to their unique electroactive and electrocatalytic properties. The aim of this review is to add value in the advances achieved in the detection of AD biomarkers, the strategies followed for the incorporation of nanomaterials and its effect in biosensors performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Toyos-Rodríguez
- NanoBioAnalysis Group-Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Santiago Gascon Building, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier García-Alonso
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Santiago Gascon Building, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- NanoBioAnalysis Group-Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Alfredo de la Escosura-Muñiz
- NanoBioAnalysis Group-Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Oviedo, Julián Clavería 8, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Biotechnology Institute of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Santiago Gascon Building, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
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