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Cheng F, Wang Y, Cai C, Fu Y. Multiscale MXene Engineering for Enhanced Capacitive Deionization via Adaptive Surface Charge Tailoring. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:9477-9486. [PMID: 39072447 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI), renowned for its eco-friendly and low-energy approach to water treatment, encounters challenges in achieving optimal deionization efficiency and cycle stability despite recent advancements. In this study, the CDI electrodes were crafted with multilevel pore structures using modified cellulose (MCNF) and porous activated MXene (PAMX), aiming to the impact of surface modification on adsorption efficiency, stability, and overall performance. The experimental results demonstrated the superiority of the electrode, specifically the formulation integrating sulfonic acid-treated cellulose and PAMX (SCNF@PAMX). This configuration exhibited remarkably a higher desalination rate (3.91 mg·g-1·min-1) and enhanced desalination capacity (31.24 mg·g-1), with cycling performance exceeding 90%. Density functional theory calculations underscored the formidable adsorption energy of SCNF for Na+ (2.15 eV), surpassing that of other modified electrodes. The enhancement of deionization performance and efficiency through surface charge modification, altering Na+ electrostatic adsorption, lays a solid foundation for advancing more efficient and durable seawater desalination technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Cheng
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resource, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yongqin Wang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resource, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Chenyang Cai
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resource, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resource, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210037, China
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2
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Park EJ, Jannasch P, Miyatake K, Bae C, Noonan K, Fujimoto C, Holdcroft S, Varcoe JR, Henkensmeier D, Guiver MD, Kim YS. Aryl ether-free polymer electrolytes for electrochemical and energy devices. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:5704-5780. [PMID: 38666439 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00186e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Anion exchange polymers (AEPs) play a crucial role in green hydrogen production through anion exchange membrane water electrolysis. The chemical stability of AEPs is paramount for stable system operation in electrolysers and other electrochemical devices. Given the instability of aryl ether-containing AEPs under high pH conditions, recent research has focused on quaternized aryl ether-free variants. The primary goal of this review is to provide a greater depth of knowledge on the synthesis of aryl ether-free AEPs targeted for electrochemical devices. Synthetic pathways that yield polyaromatic AEPs include acid-catalysed polyhydroxyalkylation, metal-promoted coupling reactions, ionene synthesis via nucleophilic substitution, alkylation of polybenzimidazole, and Diels-Alder polymerization. Polyolefinic AEPs are prepared through addition polymerization, ring-opening metathesis, radiation grafting reactions, and anionic polymerization. Discussions cover structure-property-performance relationships of AEPs in fuel cells, redox flow batteries, and water and CO2 electrolysers, along with the current status of scale-up synthesis and commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Joo Park
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
| | | | - Kenji Miyatake
- University of Yamanashi, Kofu 400-8510, Japan
- Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Kevin Noonan
- Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Cy Fujimoto
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM 87123, USA
| | | | | | - Dirk Henkensmeier
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Seoul 02792, South Korea
- KU-KIST School, Korea University, Seoul 02841, South Korea
| | - Michael D Guiver
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Yu Seung Kim
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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3
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Kim H, Kim S, Lee B, Presser V, Kim C. Emerging Frontiers in Multichannel Membrane Capacitive Deionization: Recent Advances and Future Prospects. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:4567-4578. [PMID: 38377328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) has emerged as a promising desalination technology and recently promoted the development of multichannel membrane capacitive deionization (MC-MCDI). In MC-MCDI, the independent control of multiflow channels, including the feed and electrolyte channels, enables the optimization of electrode operation in various modes, such as concentration gradients and reverse voltage discharge, facilitating semicontinuous operation. Moreover, the integration of redox couples into MC-MCDI has led to advancements in redox-mediated desalination. Specifically, the introduction of redox-active species helps enhance the ion removal efficiency and reduce energy consumption during desalination. This systematic approach, combining principles from CDI and electrodialysis, results in more sustainable and efficient desalination. These advancements have contributed to improved desalination performance and practical feasibility, rendering MC-MCDI an increasingly attractive option for addressing water scarcity challenges. Despite the considerable interest in and potential of this process, there is currently no comprehensive review available that covers the operational features and applications of MC-MCDI. Therefore, this Review provides an overview of recent research progress, focusing on the unique cell configuration, vital operation principles, and potential advantages over conventional CDI. Additionally, innovative applications of MC-MCDI are discussed. The Review concludes with insights into future research directions, potential opportunities in industrial desalination technology, and the fundamental and practical challenges for successful implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering with Institute of Energy/Environment Convergence Technologies and Department of Future Convergence Engineering, Kongju National University, 1223-24, Cheonan-daero, Cheonan-si 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonghwan Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering with Institute of Energy/Environment Convergence Technologies and Department of Future Convergence Engineering, Kongju National University, 1223-24, Cheonan-daero, Cheonan-si 31080, Republic of Korea
- Samsung Research, Samsung Electronics Company, Limited, Seoul 06765, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongho Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering with Institute of Energy/Environment Convergence Technologies and Department of Future Convergence Engineering, Kongju National University, 1223-24, Cheonan-daero, Cheonan-si 31080, Republic of Korea
| | - Volker Presser
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D22, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Saarland University, Campus D22, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Saarland Center for Energy Materials and Sustainability (Saarene), Campus C42, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Choonsoo Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering with Institute of Energy/Environment Convergence Technologies and Department of Future Convergence Engineering, Kongju National University, 1223-24, Cheonan-daero, Cheonan-si 31080, Republic of Korea
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Ma J, Xing S, Wang Y, Yang J, Yu F. Kinetic-Thermodynamic Promotion Engineering toward High-Density Hierarchical and Zn-Doping Activity-Enhancing ZnNiO@CF for High-Capacity Desalination. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:143. [PMID: 38436834 PMCID: PMC11329485 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite the promising potential of transition metal oxides (TMOs) as capacitive deionization (CDI) electrodes, the actual capacity of TMOs electrodes for sodium storage is significantly lower than the theoretical capacity, posing a major obstacle. Herein, we prepared the kinetically favorable ZnxNi1 - xO electrode in situ growth on carbon felt (ZnxNi1 - xO@CF) through constraining the rate of OH- generation in the hydrothermal method. ZnxNi1 - xO@CF exhibited a high-density hierarchical nanosheet structure with three-dimensional open pores, benefitting the ion transport/electron transfer. And tuning the moderate amount of redox-inert Zn-doping can enhance surface electroactive sites, actual activity of redox-active Ni species, and lower adsorption energy, promoting the adsorption kinetic and thermodynamic of the Zn0.2Ni0.8O@CF. Benefitting from the kinetic-thermodynamic facilitation mechanism, Zn0.2Ni0.8O@CF achieved ultrahigh desalination capacity (128.9 mgNaCl g-1), ultra-low energy consumption (0.164 kW h kgNaCl-1), high salt removal rate (1.21 mgNaCl g-1 min-1), and good cyclability. The thermodynamic facilitation and Na+ intercalation mechanism of Zn0.2Ni0.8O@CF are identified by the density functional theory calculations and electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, respectively. This research provides new insights into controlling electrochemically favorable morphology and demonstrates that Zn-doping, which is redox-inert, is essential for enhancing the electrochemical performance of CDI electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, 844000, Kashi, People's Republic of China
- Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyang Xing
- School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, 844000, Kashi, People's Republic of China
- Research Center for Environmental Functional Materials, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Yabo Wang
- School of Civil Engineering, Kashi University, 844000, Kashi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhu Yang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, 201306, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
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Li X, Zhang H, Yang X, Guo X, Yao Y, Xiao C, Qi J, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Zhu Z, Li J. Mesoporous dopamine-modified leaf-like zeolitic imidazolate frameworks derived carbon for efficient capacitive deionization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:559-567. [PMID: 37862805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
The onstruction of novel porous carbon materials for efficient desalination is crucial but remains challenging for capacitive deionization (CDI) development. Herein, a micelle-assisted strategy was raised to coat mesoporous polydopamine (mPDA) on the surface of two-dimensional (2D) leaf-like zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFL) followed by confinement pyrolysis. The introduction of the mPDA layer can not only mitigate the backbone collapse of ZIFL during pyrolysis to build a favorable porous environment for efficient ion transport and diffusion, but also induce explosive growth of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to improve the electron conductivity. As expected, the derivative ZIFL@mPDA-C possessed a high desalination capacity of 41.9 mg g-1 in 500 mg L-1 NaCl solution at an operating voltage of 1.2 V. In particular, the retention ratio of the desalination capacity of ZIFL@mPDA-C was about 100 % after 50 consecutive adsorption-desorption cycles, while its leaf-like morphology and hierarchical pore structures were well preserved. This study highlights the importance of rationally designed structures and components for the performance breakthrough of carbon-based CDI electrode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodie Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xuran Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Xin Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yiyuan Yao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Chengming Xiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Junwen Qi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yujun Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Zhigao Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China.
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Elewa MM, El Batouti M, Al-Harby NF. A Comparison of Capacitive Deionization and Membrane Capacitive Deionization Using Novel Fabricated Ion Exchange Membranes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:4872. [PMID: 37445186 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Another technique for desalination, known as membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI), has been investigated as an alternative. This approach has the potential to lower the voltage that is required, in addition to improving the ability to renew the electrodes. In this study, the desalination effectiveness of capacitive deionization (CDI) was compared to that of MCDI, employing newly produced cellulose acetate ion exchange membranes (IEMs), which were utilized for the very first time in MCDI. As expected, the salt adsorption and charge efficiency of MCDI were shown to be higher than those of CDI. Despite this, the unique electrosorption behavior of the former reveals that ion transport via the IEMs is a crucial rate-controlling step in the desalination process. We monitored the concentration of salt in the CDI and MCDI effluent streams, but we also evaluated the pH of the effluent stream in each of these systems and investigated the factors that may have caused these shifts. The significant change in pH that takes place during one adsorption and desorption cycle in CDI (pH range: 2.3-11.6) may cause problems in feed water that already contains components that are prone to scaling. In the case of MCDI, the fall in pH was only slightly more noticeable. Based on these findings, it appears that CDI and MCDI are promising new desalination techniques that has the potential to be more ecologically friendly and efficient than conventional methods of desalination. MCDI has some advantages over CDI in its higher salt removal efficiency, faster regeneration, and longer lifetime, but it is also more expensive and complex. The best choice for a particular application will depend on the specific requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Elewa
- Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria P.O. Box 1029, Egypt
| | - Mervette El Batouti
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt
| | - Nouf F Al-Harby
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Shemer H, Wald S, Semiat R. Challenges and Solutions for Global Water Scarcity. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:612. [PMID: 37367816 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13060612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Climate change, global population growth, and rising standards of living have put immense strain on natural resources, resulting in the unsecured availability of water as an existential resource. Access to high-quality drinking water is crucial for daily life, food production, industry, and nature. However, the demand for freshwater resources exceeds the available supply, making it essential to utilize all alternative water resources such as the desalination of brackish water, seawater, and wastewater. Reverse osmosis desalination is a highly efficient method to increase water supplies and make clean, affordable water accessible to millions of people. However, to ensure universal access to water, various measures need to be implemented, including centralized governance, educational campaigns, improvements in water catchment and harvesting technologies, infrastructure development, irrigation and agricultural practices, pollution control, investments in novel water technologies, and transboundary water cooperation. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of measures for utilizing alternative water sources, with particular emphasis on seawater desalination and wastewater reclamation techniques. In particular, membrane-based technologies are critically reviewed, with a focus on their energy consumption, costs, and environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilla Shemer
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Shlomo Wald
- Wald Industries, Tor HaAviv 1, Rehovot 7632101, Israel
| | - Raphael Semiat
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
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8
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Shafaee M, Goharshadi EK, Ghafurian MM, Mohammadi M, Behnejad H. A highly efficient and sustainable photoabsorber in solar-driven seawater desalination and wastewater purification. RSC Adv 2023; 13:17935-17946. [PMID: 37323434 PMCID: PMC10265138 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01938a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Producing freshwater from seawater and wastewater is of great importance through interfacial solar steam generation (ISSG). Herein, the three-dimensional (3D) carbonized pine cone, CPC1, was fabricated via a one-step carbonization process as a low-cost, robust, efficient, and scalable photoabsorber for the ISSG of seawater as well as a sorbent/photocatalyst for use in wastewater purification. Taking advantage of the large solar-light-harvesting ability of CPC1 due to the presence of carbon black layers on the 3D structure, its inherent porosity, rapid water transportation, large water/air interface, and low thermal conductivity, a conversion efficiency of 99.8% and evaporation flux of 1.65 kg m-2 h-1 under 1 sun (kW m-2) illumination were achieved. After carbonization of the pine cone, its surface becomes black and rough, which leads to an increase in its light absorption in the UV-Vis-NIR region. The photothermal conversion efficiency and evaporation flux of CPC1 did not change significantly during 10 evaporation-condensation cycles. CPC1 exhibited good stability under corrosive conditions without significant change in its evaporation flux. More importantly, CPC1 can be used to purify seawater or wastewater by the removal of organic dyes as well as by the reduction of polluting ions, like nitrate ions in sewage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Shafaee
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran Tehran 14155 Iran
| | - Elaheh K Goharshadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran +98 9177948974
- Nano Research Centre, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran
- Center for Nanotechnology in Renewable Energies, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran
| | - Mohammad Mustafa Ghafurian
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran
- Center for Nanotechnology in Renewable Energies, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran
| | - Mojtaba Mohammadi
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad Mashhad Iran
| | - Hassan Behnejad
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, University College of Science, University of Tehran Tehran 14155 Iran
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Fu Z, Wang D, Yao Y, Gao X, Liu X, Wang S, Yao S, Wang X, Chi X, Zhang K, Xiong Y, Wang J, Hou Z, Yang Z, Yan YM. Local Electric Field Induced by Atomic-Level Donor-Acceptor Couple of O Vacancies and Mn Atoms Enables Efficient Hybrid Capacitive Deionization. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205666. [PMID: 36670092 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal oxides suffer from slow salt removal rate (SRR) due to inferior ions diffusion ability in hybrid capacitive deionization (HCDI). Local electric field (LEF) can efficiently improve the ions diffusion kinetics in thin electrodes for electrochemical energy storage. Nevertheless, it is still a challenge to facilitate the ions diffusion in bulk electrodes with high loading mass for HCDI. Herein, this work delicately constructs a LEF via engineering atomic-level donor (O vacancies)-acceptor (Mn atoms) couples, which significantly facilitates the ions diffusion and then enables a high-performance HCDI. The LEF boosts an extended accelerated ions diffusion channel at the particle surface and interparticle space, resulting in both remarkably enhanced SRR and salt removal capacity. Convincingly, the theoretical calculations demonstrate that electron-enriched Mn atoms center coupled with an electron-depleted O vacancies center is formed due to the electron back-donation from O vacancies to adjacent Mn centers. The resulted LEF efficiently reduce the ions diffusion energy barrier. This work sheds light on the effect of atomic-level LEF on improving ions diffusion kinetics at high loading mass application and paves the way for the design of transition metal oxides toward high-performance HCDI applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Fu
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Dewei Wang
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yebo Yao
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xueying Gao
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xia Liu
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuyun Yao
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Chi
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Xiong
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jinrui Wang
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zishan Hou
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyu Yang
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Ming Yan
- State Key Lab of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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Kim Y, Cho H, Choi Y, Koo J, Lee S. Optimization and Evaluation for the Capacitive Deionization Process of Wastewater Reuse in Combined Cycle Power Plants. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:316. [PMID: 36984703 PMCID: PMC10051048 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13030316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Combined cycle power plants (CCPPs) use large amounts of water withdrawn from nearby rivers and generate wastewater containing ions and pollutants. Despite the need for wastewater reclamation, few technologies can successfully convert the wastewater into make-up water for CCPPs. Therefore, this study aimed to apply capacitive deionization (CDI) for wastewater reclamation in CCPPs. Using a bench-scale experimental unit, which included ion exchange membranes and carbon electrodes, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the operating conditions of the CDI process to increase the total dissolved solids (TDS) removal and product water ratio. The optimal conditions were found to be a voltage of 1.5 V, a flow rate of 15 mL/min, and an adsorption/desorption ratio of 1:0.8. The changes in CDI performance with time were also studied, and the foulants on the membranes, spacers, and electrodes were examined to understand the fouling mechanism. The TDS removal decreased from 93.65% to 55.70% after 10 days of operation due to the deposition of scale and organic matter. After chemical cleaning, the TDS removal rate recovered to 93.02%, which is close to the initial condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesol Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookimin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongrak Cho
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookimin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjun Choi
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookimin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewuk Koo
- Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, 283 Goyang-daero, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang-si 10223, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangho Lee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kookimin University, 77 Jeongneung-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea
- Desalination Technologies Research Institute (DTRI), Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC), P.O. Box WQ36+XJP, Al Jubayl 35417, Saudi Arabia
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11
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Zhu Z, Jiang T, Sun J, Liu Z, Xie Z, Liu S, Meng Y, Peng Q, Wang W, Zhang K, Liu H, Yuan Y, Li K, Chen W. pH-Universal Decoupled Water Electrolysis Enabled by Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Gas Capacitive Chemistry. JACS AU 2023; 3:488-497. [PMID: 36873693 PMCID: PMC9975835 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In conventional water electrolysis (CWE), the H2 and O2 evolution reactions (HER/OER) are tightly coupled, making the generated H2 and O2 difficult to separate, thus resulting in complex separation technology and potential safety issues. Previous efforts on the design of decoupled water electrolysis mainly concentrated on multi-electrode or multi-cell configurations; however, these strategies have the limitation of involving complicated operations. Here, we propose and demonstrate a pH-universal, two-electrode capacitive decoupled water electrolyzer (referred to as all-pH-CDWE) in a single-cell configuration by utilizing a low-cost capacitive electrode and a bifunctional HER/OER electrode to separate H2 and O2 generation for decoupling water electrolysis. In the all-pH-CDWE, high-purity H2 and O2 generation alternately occur at the electrocatalytic gas electrode only by reversing the current polarity. The designed all-pH-CDWE can maintain a continuous round-trip water electrolysis for over 800 consecutive cycles with an electrolyte utilization ratio of nearly 100%. As compared to CWE, the all-pH-CDWE achieves energy efficiencies of 94% in acidic electrolytes and 97% in alkaline electrolytes at a current density of 5 mA cm-2. Further, the designed all-pH-CDWE can be scaled up to a capacity of 720 C in a high current of 1 A for each cycle with a stable HER average voltage of 0.99 V. This work provides a new strategy toward the mass production of H2 in a facilely rechargeable process with high efficiency, good robustness, and large-scale applications.
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12
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Penke YK, Kar KK. A review on multi-synergistic transition metal oxide systems towards arsenic treatment: Near molecular analysis of surface-complexation (synchrotron studies/modeling tools). Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 314:102859. [PMID: 36934514 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The science and interface chemistry between the arsenic (As) anions and the different adsorbent systems have been gaining interest in recent years in environmental remediation applications. Metal-oxides and the corresponding hybrid systems have shown promising performance as novel adsorbents in various treatment technologies. The abundance, surface chemistry, high surface area (active-centres), various synthesis and functionalization methodologies, and good recyclability make these metal oxide-based nanomaterials as potential remediating agents for As oxyanions. This work critically reviews eight different platforms focused on the arsenic contamination issue, where the first classification describes the origin of arsenic contamination and presents geographical and demo-graphical considerations. The following section briefs the state-of-the-art remediation techniques for arsenic treatment with a comparative evaluation. An emphasized discussion has been provided regarding the adsorption and classification of various metal oxide adsorbents. In the next classification, various multi-synergism abilities like Redox activity, Surface functional groups, Surface area/morphology, Heterogeneous catalysis, Reactive oxygen species, Photo-catalytic/electro-catalytic reactions, and Electrosorption are detailed. The classification of various characterization tools for accessing the arsenic remediation qualitatively and quantitatively are given in the fifth chapter. The first-of-its-kind dedicated analysis has been given on the surface complexation aspects of the arsenic speciation onto various metal adsorbent systems using synchrotron results, surface-complexation modeling, and molecular simulation (e.g., DFT) in the sixth chapter. The current sensing applications of these novel nano-material systems for arsenic determination using colorimetric and electrochemical-based analytical tools and a note about the economic parameters, i.e., regeneration aspects of various adsorbent systems/the sustainable applications of the treated sludge materials, are provided in the final sections. This work makes a critical analysis of 'Environmental Nanotechnology' towards 'Arsenic Treatment'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaswanth K Penke
- Advanced Nanoengineering Materials Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, U.P, India; Materials Science Programme, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, U.P, India.
| | - Kamal K Kar
- Advanced Nanoengineering Materials Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, U.P, India; Materials Science Programme, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, U.P, India; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, U.P, India.
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13
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Simões C, Saakes M, Brilman D. Toward Redox-Free Reverse Electrodialysis with Carbon-Based Slurry Electrodes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023; 62:1665-1675. [PMID: 36719299 PMCID: PMC9881007 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Clean and renewable salinity gradient energy can be harvested using reverse electrodialysis (RED). The electrode system is an essential part to convert ionic current into electrical current. In this study, a typical 0.10 × 0.10 m2 RED stack with a cross-flow configuration was used to test carbon-based slurry electrodes (CSEs) to replace the usual redox solutions, like hexacyanoferrate, to enhance the RED process' sustainability, stability, and economic value. Six different slurry compositions comprising activated carbon, carbon black, and graphite powder were tested. The CSE characteristics were systematically studied by measuring viscosity, electrode compartment pressure drop, maximum current density, stability, and performance of power density and energy efficiency. Using a single membrane configuration, the CSE ran continuously for 17 days with a stable output. The application of CSEs for RED, with artificial seawater and river water, using mixing activated carbon and carbon black at a total concentration of 20 wt %, resulted in the best performance with a net power density of 0.7 W·m-2. Moreover, higher current densities up to 350 A·m-2 were tested for ED and shown to be feasible until 150 A·m-2. CSEs show promising versatility for different application modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Simões
- Wetsus,
European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, PO Box 1113, Leeuwarden 8900 CC, The
Netherlands
- Sustainable
Process Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Michel Saakes
- Wetsus,
European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, PO Box 1113, Leeuwarden 8900 CC, The
Netherlands
| | - Derk Brilman
- Sustainable
Process Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, PO Box 217, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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14
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Nordstrand J, Zuili L, Dutta J. Fully 3D Modeling of Electrochemical Deionization. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2607-2617. [PMID: 36687060 PMCID: PMC9850726 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical deionization devices are crucial for meeting global freshwater demands. One such is capacitive deionization (CDI), which is an emerging technology especially suited for brackish water desalination. In this work, we extend an electrolytic capacitor (ELC) model that exploits the similarities between CDI systems and supercapacitor/battery systems. Compared to the previous work, we introduce new implementational strategies for enhanced stability, a more detailed method of describing charge efficiency, layered integration of leakage reactions, and theory extensions to new material and operational conditions. Thanks to the stability and flexibility the approach brings, the current work can present the first fully coupled and spatiotemporal three-dimensional (3D) CDI model. We hope that this can pave the way toward generalized and full-scale modeling of CDI units under varying conditions. A 3D model can be beneficial for investigating asymmetric CDI device structures, and the work investigates a flow-through device structure with inlet and outlet pipes at the center and corners, respectively. The results show that dead (low-flow) areas can reduce desalination rates while also raising the total leakage. However, the ionic flux in this device is still enough under normal operating conditions to ensure reasonable performance. In conclusion, researchers will now have some flexibility in designing device structures that are not perfectly symmetric (real-life case), and hence we share the model files to facilitate future research with 3D modeling of these electrochemical deionization devices.
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15
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Beke M, Velempini T, Pillay K. Synthesis and application of NiO-ZrO2@g-C3N4 Nanocomposite for High-performance Hybrid Capacitive Deionisation. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2023.100799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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16
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Zhang B, Li J, Hu B, Wang Y, Shang X, Nie P, Yang J, Liu J. Flexible δ-MnO2 nanosheet-infixed porous carbon nanofibers for capacitive deionization. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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17
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Qiang H, Shi M, Wang F, Xia M. Green synthesis of high N-doped hierarchical porous carbon nanogranules with ultra-high specific surface area and porosity for capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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18
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Tauk M, Bechelany M, Lagerge S, Sistat P, Habchi R, Cretin M, Zaviska F. Influence of particle size distribution on carbon-based flowable electrode viscosity and desalination efficiency in flow electrode capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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El-Deen AG, El-kholly HK, Ali MEM, Ibrahim HS, Zahran M, Helal M, Choi JH. Polystyrene sulfonate coated activated graphene aerogel for boosting desalination performance using capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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20
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Kang JS, Kim S, Kang J, Joo H, Jang J, Jo K, Park S, Kim HI, Yoo SJ, Yoon J, Sung YE, Hatton TA. Surface Electrochemistry of Carbon Electrodes and Faradaic Reactions in Capacitive Deionization. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12602-12612. [PMID: 35998306 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in electrochemical desalination techniques have paved way for utilization of saline water. In particular, capacitive deionization (CDI) enables removal of salts with high energy efficiency and economic feasibility, while its applicability has been challenged by degradation of carbon electrodes in long-term operations. Herein, we report a thorough investigation on the surface electrochemistry of carbon electrodes and Faradaic reactions that are responsible for stability issues of CDI systems. By using bare and membrane CDI (MCDI) as model systems, we identified various electrochemical reactions of carbon electrodes with water or oxygen, with thermodynamics and kinetics governed by the electrode potential and pH. As a result, a complete overview of the Faradaic reactions taking place in CDI was constructed by tracing the physicochemical changes occurring in CDI and MCDI systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Soo Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Resources Engineering and Research Institute of Energy and Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoni Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiho Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajoo Joo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwan Jang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyusik Jo
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Hydrogen·Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-Il Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jong Yoo
- Center for Hydrogen·Fuel Cell Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeyong Yoon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Eun Sung
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes (ICP), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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21
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Cheng Y, Shi J, Zhang Q, Fang C, Chen J, Li F. Recent Progresses in Adsorption Mechanism, Architectures, Electrode Materials and Applications for Advanced Electrosorption System: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14152985. [PMID: 35893949 PMCID: PMC9332491 DOI: 10.3390/polym14152985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As an advanced strategy for water treatment, electrosorb technology has attracted extensive attention in the fields of seawater desalination and water pollution treatment due to the advantages of low consumption, environmental protection, simplicity and easy regeneration. In this work, the related adsorption mechanism, primary architectures, electrode materials, and applications of different electrosorption systems were reviewed. In addition, the developments for advanced electrosorb technology were also summarized and prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youliang Cheng
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (Y.C.); (J.S.); (Q.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (Y.C.); (J.S.); (Q.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Qingling Zhang
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (Y.C.); (J.S.); (Q.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Changqing Fang
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (Y.C.); (J.S.); (Q.Z.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-029-61123861
| | - Jing Chen
- Faculty of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (Y.C.); (J.S.); (Q.Z.); (J.C.)
| | - Fengjuan Li
- School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang Institute of Technology, Aksu 843000, China;
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22
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Nordstrand J, Toledo-Carrillo E, Kloo L, Dutta J. Sodium to cesium ions: a general ladder mechanism of ion diffusion in prussian blue analogs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:12374-12382. [PMID: 35551313 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01156e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Prussian blue analogs (PBAs) form crystals with large lattice voids that are suitable for the capture, transport and storage of various interstitial ions. Recently, we introduced the concept of a ladder mechanism to describe how sodium ions inside a PBA crystal structure diffuse by climbing the frames formed by aligned cyanide groups in the host structure. The current work uses semi-empirical tight-binding density functional theory (DFTB) in a multiscale approach to investigate how differences in the size of the monovalent cation affect the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the diffusion process. The results show that the ladder mechanism represents a unified framework, from which both similarities and differences between cation types can be understood. Fundamental Coulombic interactions make all positive cations avoid the open vacant areas in the structure, while cavities surrounded by partially negatively charged cyanide groups form diffusion bottlenecks and traps for larger cations. These results provide a new and quantitative way of understanding the suppression of cesium adsorption that has previously been reported for PBAs characterized by a low vacancy density. In conclusion, this work provides a unified picture of the cation adsorption in PBAs based on the newly formulated ladder mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Nordstrand
- Functional Materials, Applied Physics Department, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova universitetscentrum, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Esteban Toledo-Carrillo
- Functional Materials, Applied Physics Department, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova universitetscentrum, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lars Kloo
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joydeep Dutta
- Functional Materials, Applied Physics Department, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova universitetscentrum, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Wang X, Wang X, Wang Y, Zhai Q, Jiang Y, Li S. The protonated 2 × 4 tunnel manganese oxide nanobelts for high-efficient electrochemical rubidium enrichment. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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24
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Knowledge and Technology Used in Capacitive Deionization of Water. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050459. [PMID: 35629785 PMCID: PMC9143758 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The demand for water and energy in today’s developing world is enormous and has become the key to the progress of societies. Many methods have been developed to desalinate water, but energy and environmental constraints have slowed or stopped the growth of many. Capacitive Deionization (CDI) is a very new method that uses porous carbon electrodes with significant potential for low energy desalination. This process is known as deionization by applying a very low voltage of 1.2 volts and removing charged ions and molecules. Using capacitive principles in this method, the absorption phenomenon is facilitated, which is known as capacitive deionization. In the capacitive deionization method, unlike other methods in which water is separated from salt, in this technology, salt, which is a smaller part of this compound, is separated from water and salt solution, which in turn causes less energy consumption. With the advancement of science and the introduction of new porous materials, the use of this method of deionization has increased greatly. Due to the limitations of other methods of desalination, this method has been very popular among researchers and the water desalination industry and needs more scientific research to become more commercial.
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25
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Li X, Huang X, Wang Z, Zhao R, Cao X, Guo Y. In-situ polymerization induced Mn2O3 sites as intrinsic carbon defects for capacitive organic dye removal. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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26
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Wang Q, Fang K, He C, Wang K. Ammonia removal from municipal wastewater via membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) in pilot-scale. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xue J, Tang C. MnO 2-Coated Graphene/Polypyrrole Hybrids for Enhanced Capacitive Deionization Performance of Cu 2+ Removal. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c04159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
| | - Yuehan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
| | - Juanqin Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
| | - Changbin Tang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China
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28
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Nordstrand J, Toledo-Carrillo E, Vafakhah S, Guo L, Yang HY, Kloo L, Dutta J. Ladder Mechanisms of Ion Transport in Prussian Blue Analogues. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:1102-1113. [PMID: 34936348 PMCID: PMC8762639 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Prussian blue (PB) and its analogues (PBAs) are drawing attention as promising materials for sodium-ion batteries and other applications, such as desalination of water. Because of the possibilities to explore many analogous materials with engineered, defect-rich environments, computational optimization of ion-transport mechanisms that are key to the device performance could facilitate real-world applications. In this work, we have applied a multiscale approach involving quantum chemistry, self-consistent mean-field theory, and finite-element modeling to investigate ion transport in PBAs. We identify a cyanide-mediated ladder mechanism as the primary process of ion transport. Defects are found to be impermissible to diffusion, and a random distribution model accurately predicts the impact of defect concentrations. Notably, the inclusion of intermediary local minima in the models is key for predicting a realistic diffusion constant. Furthermore, the intermediary landscape is found to be an essential difference between both the intercalating species and the type of cation doping in PBAs. We also show that the ladder mechanism, when employed in multiscale computations, properly predicts the macroscopic charging performance based on atomistic results. In conclusion, the findings in this work may suggest the guiding principles for the design of new and effective PBAs for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Nordstrand
- Functional
Materials, Applied Physics Department, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova Universitetscentrum, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Esteban Toledo-Carrillo
- Functional
Materials, Applied Physics Department, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova Universitetscentrum, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sareh Vafakhah
- Pillar
of Engineering Product Development, Singapore
University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372
| | - Lu Guo
- Pillar
of Engineering Product Development, Singapore
University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372
| | - Hui Ying Yang
- Pillar
of Engineering Product Development, Singapore
University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372
| | - Lars Kloo
- Applied
Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joydeep Dutta
- Functional
Materials, Applied Physics Department, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova Universitetscentrum, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Wang H, Chen B, Liu DJ, Xu X, Osmieri L, Yamauchi Y. Nanoarchitectonics of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Capacitive Deionization via Controlled Pyrolyzed Approaches. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2102477. [PMID: 34585513 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202102477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Next-generation desalination technologies are needed to meet the increasing demand for clean water. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a thermodynamically efficient technique to treat non-potable water with relatively low salinity. The salt removal capacity and rate of CDI are highly dependent on the electrode materials, which are preferentially porous to store ions through electrosorption and/or redox reactions. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with "infinite" combinations of transition metals and organic linkers simplify the production of carbonaceous materials often with redox-active components after pyrolysis. MOFs-derived materials show great tunability in both compositions and structures but require further refinement to improve CDI performance. This review article summarizes recent progress in derivatives of MOFs and MOF-like materials used as CDI electrodes, focusing on the structural and compositional material considerations as well as the processing parameters and electrode architectures of the device. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities associated with this research area are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Biaohua Chen
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Di-Jia Liu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Xingtao Xu
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Luigi Osmieri
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino, 10129, Italy
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Nordstrand J, Kloo L. Electrostatic interactions and physisorption: mechanisms of passive cesium adsorption on Prussian blue. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:25452-25461. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04317c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The study finds atomic-level physisorption interactions that leads to electrostatic Langmuir adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Nordstrand
- Functional Materials, Applied Physics Department, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova universitetscentrum, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Kloo
- Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
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Wang H, Sun W, Liu Y, Ma H, Li T, Lin KA, Yin K, Luo S. Large-scale chemical vapor deposition synthesis of graphene nanoribbions/carbon nanotubes composite for enhanced membrane capacitive deionization. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Talebi M, Mahdi Ahadian M, Shahrokhian S, Amini MK. Fabrication of porous polyphosphate carbon composite on nickel foam as an efficient binder-less electrode for symmetric capacitive deionization. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Pan Z, An J, Wang P, Fan X, Shen T, Xu R, Song Y, Song C. Novel strategy to enhance the desalination performance of flow-electrode capacitive deionization process via the assistance of electro-catalytic water splitting. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Nordstrand J, Dutta J. A new automated model brings stability to finite‐element simulations of capacitive deionization. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202100270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Nordstrand
- Functional Materials, Applied Physics Department, School of Engineering Sciences KTH Royal Institute of Technology AlbaNova universitetscentrum Stockholm 106 91 Sweden
| | - Joydeep Dutta
- Functional Materials, Applied Physics Department, School of Engineering Sciences KTH Royal Institute of Technology AlbaNova universitetscentrum Stockholm 106 91 Sweden
- Center of Nanotechnology King Abdulaziz University Jeddah 21589 Saudi Arabia
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Miao L, Deng W, Chen X, Gao M, Chen W, Ao T. Selective adsorption of phosphate by carboxyl-modified activated carbon electrodes for capacitive deionization. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:1757-1773. [PMID: 34662311 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) has been considered as a promising technology for removing phosphate from water but suffer inferior selectivity and electrosorption performances for phosphate of current carbon electrodes in CDI. Herein, we achieved highly selective phosphate removal from a ternary effluent of Cl-, PO43-, and SO42- by using nitric acid-treated activated carbon (AC) with various modification times and pure AC as the anode and cathode, a novel phosphate selective asymmetric CDI reactor. The results showed that carboxyl groups greatly grafted on the materials after modification (varying from 0.00084 to 0.0012 mol g-1). The phosphate selectivity of the present research was higher than that of unmodified CDI, and it increased with the increase of carboxyl groups content. The highest phosphate selectivity (2.01) in modified materials is almost six times higher than that of pure AC. Moreover, the modified electrodes exhibited good regenerative ability with a phosphate desorption efficiency of around 72.12% during the adsorption/desorption process and great stability during the cycling experiment. These results demonstrated that the innovative application of nitric acid-modified AC can effectively selectively remove phosphate from mixed anion solution, opening a hopeful window to selective adsorption in water treatment by CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luwei Miao
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China E-mail:
| | - Wenyang Deng
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, No. 122, Section 1 Yellow River Middle Road, Chengdu 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaohong Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China E-mail:
| | - Ming Gao
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China E-mail:
| | - Wenqing Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China E-mail:
| | - Tianqi Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
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The Surge of Metal-Organic-Framework (MOFs)-Based Electrodes as Key Elements in Electrochemically Driven Processes for the Environment. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185713. [PMID: 34577184 PMCID: PMC8467760 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal–organic-frameworks (MOFs) are emerging materials used in the environmental electrochemistry community for Faradaic and non-Faradaic water remediation technologies. It has been concluded that MOF-based materials show improvement in performance compared to traditional (non-)faradaic materials. In particular, this review outlines MOF synthesis and their application in the fields of electron- and photoelectron-Fenton degradation reactions, photoelectrocatalytic degradations, and capacitive deionization physical separations. This work overviews the main electrode materials used for the different environmental remediation processes, discusses the main performance enhancements achieved via the utilization of MOFs compared to traditional materials, and provides perspective and insights for the further development of the utilization of MOF-derived materials in electrified water treatment.
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Sayed ET, Al Radi M, Ahmad A, Abdelkareem MA, Alawadhi H, Atieh MA, Olabi AG. Faradic capacitive deionization (FCDI) for desalination and ion removal from wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:130001. [PMID: 33984902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is one of the emerging desalination technologies that attracted much attention in the last years as a low-cost, energy-efficient, and environmentally-friendly alternative to other desalination technologies, such as multi-stage flash desalination (MSF) and multiple effect distillation (MED). The implementation of faradaic electrode materials is a promising method for enhancing CDI systems' performance by achieving higher salt removal characteristics, lower energy consumption, and better ion selectivity. Therefore, a novel CDI technology named Faradaic CDI (FCDI) that implements faradaic electrode materials arose as a high-performance CDI cell design. In this work, the application of FCDI cells in desalination and wastewater treatment systems is reviewed. First, the progress done on using various FCDI systems for saline water desalination is summarized and discussed. Next, the application of FCDI in wastewater treatment applications and selective ion removal is presented. A thorough comparison between FCDI and conventional carbon-based CDI is carried out in terms of working principle, electrode material's cost, salt removal performance, energy consumption, advantages, and disadvantages. Finally, future research consideration regarding FCDI technology is included to drive this technology closer towards practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Taha Sayed
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Chemical Engineering Department, Minia University, Elminia, Egypt
| | - Muaz Al Radi
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aasim Ahmad
- Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Chemical Engineering Department, Minia University, Elminia, Egypt; Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Hussain Alawadhi
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Dept. of Applied Physics and Astronomy, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muataz Ali Atieh
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, University of Sharjah, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - A G Olabi
- Department of Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Mechanical Engineering and Design, Aston University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK.
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Angeles AT, Lee J. Carbon-Based Capacitive Deionization Electrodes: Development Techniques and its Influence on Electrode Properties. CHEM REC 2021; 21:820-840. [PMID: 33645913 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is a potential technology to provide cost efficient desalinated and/or softened water. Several efforts have been invested in the fabrication of CDI electrodes that not only has outstanding performance but also high chance of large scalability. In this personal account, the different techniques in developing carbon-based materials are presented together with its actual effect on the surface and electrochemical properties of carbon. The categories presented are based on the studies done by the Electrochemical Reaction and Technology Laboratory, the Ertl Center, different research groups in South Korea, and selected papers from the past three years. Our perspective about research gaps and prospects are also included with the aim to increase interest for CDI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Therese Angeles
- Electrochemical Reaction and Technology Laboratory (ERTL), School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Lee
- Electrochemical Reaction and Technology Laboratory (ERTL), School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
- Ertl Center for Electrochemistry and Catalysis, GIST, Gwangju, 61005, South Korea
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Li G, Yang F, Wu L, Qian L, Hu X, Wang Z, Chen W. Agricultural waste buckwheat husk derived bifunctional nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen-co-doped porous carbon for symmetric supercapacitors and capacitive deionization. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00579k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A practical strategy for the value-added utilization of agricultural waste was provide. The buckwheat husk derived N, S, O-co-doped porous carbon was used as bifunctional electrode materials for symmetric supercapacitor and capacitive deionization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanfeng Li
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Chengdu University of Technology
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Chengdu University of Technology
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Lisha Wu
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Chengdu University of Technology
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Lei Qian
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Chengdu University of Technology
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Xiaorong Hu
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Chengdu University of Technology
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Zaimin Wang
- College of Environment and Civil Engineering
- Chengdu University of Technology
- Chengdu
- China
| | - Wen Chen
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Chengdu University of Technology
- Chengdu
- China
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