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Puce L, Biz C, Ruaro A, Mori F, Bellofiore A, Nicoletti P, Bragazzi NL, Ruggieri P. Analysis of Kinematic and Muscular Fatigue in Long-Distance Swimmers. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2129. [PMID: 38004269 PMCID: PMC10671841 DOI: 10.3390/life13112129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle fatigue is a complex phenomenon that is influenced by the type of activity performed and often manifests as a decline in motor performance (mechanical failure). The purpose of our study was to investigate the compensatory strategies used to mitigate mechanical failure. A cohort of 21 swimmers underwent a front-crawl swimming task, which required the consistent maintenance of a constant speed for the maximum duration. The evaluation included three phases: non-fatigue, pre-mechanical failure, and mechanical failure. We quantified key kinematic metrics, including velocity, distance travelled, stroke frequency, stroke length, and stroke index. In addition, electromyographic (EMG) metrics, including the Root-Mean-Square amplitude and Mean Frequency of the EMG power spectrum, were obtained for 12 muscles to examine the electrical manifestations of muscle fatigue. Between the first and second phases, the athletes covered a distance of 919.38 ± 147.29 m at an average speed of 1.57 ± 0.08 m/s with an average muscle fatigue level of 12%. Almost all evaluated muscles showed a significant increase (p < 0.001) in their EMG activity, except for the latissimus dorsi, which showed a 17% reduction (ES 0.906, p < 0.001) during the push phase of the stroke cycle. Kinematic parameters showed a 6% decrease in stroke length (ES 0.948, p < 0.001), which was counteracted by a 7% increase in stroke frequency (ES -0.931, p < 0.001). Notably, the stroke index also decreased by 6% (ES 0.965, p < 0.001). In the third phase, characterised by the loss of the ability to maintain the predetermined rhythm, both EMG and kinematic parameters showed reductions compared to the previous two phases. Swimmers employed common compensatory strategies for coping with fatigue; however, the ability to maintain a predetermined motor output proved to be limited at certain levels of fatigue and loss of swimming efficiency (Protocol ID: NCT06069440).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Carlo Biz
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (F.M.); (A.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Alvise Ruaro
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (F.M.); (A.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Fabiana Mori
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (F.M.); (A.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Andrea Bellofiore
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (F.M.); (A.B.); (P.R.)
| | - Pietro Nicoletti
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy;
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Pietro Ruggieri
- Orthopedics and Orthopedic Oncology, Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy; (A.R.); (F.M.); (A.B.); (P.R.)
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Taylor CR, Clark WH, Clarrissimeaux EG, Yeon SH, Carty MJ, Lipsitz SR, Bronson RT, Roberts TJ, Herr HM. Clinical viability of magnetic bead implants in muscle. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1010276. [PMID: 36394042 PMCID: PMC9640959 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1010276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human movement is accomplished through muscle contraction, yet there does not exist a portable system capable of monitoring muscle length changes in real time. To address this limitation, we previously introduced magnetomicrometry, a minimally-invasive tracking technique comprising two implanted magnetic beads in muscle and a magnetic field sensor array positioned on the body's surface adjacent the implanted beads. The implant system comprises a pair of spherical magnetic beads, each with a first coating of nickel-copper-nickel and an outer coating of Parylene C. In parallel work, we demonstrate submillimeter accuracy of magnetic bead tracking for muscle contractions in an untethered freely-roaming avian model. Here, we address the clinical viability of magnetomicrometry. Using a specialized device to insert magnetic beads into muscle in avian and lagomorph models, we collect data to assess gait metrics, bead migration, and bead biocompatibility. For these animal models, we find no gait differences post-versus pre-implantation, and bead migration towards one another within muscle does not occur for initial bead separation distances greater than 3 cm. Further, using extensive biocompatibility testing, the implants are shown to be non-irritant, non-cytotoxic, non-allergenic, and non-irritating. Our cumulative results lend support for the viability of these magnetic bead implants for implantation in human muscle. We thus anticipate their imminent use in human-machine interfaces, such as in control of prostheses and exoskeletons and in closed-loop neuroprosthetics to aid recovery from neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron R. Taylor
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Bionics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - William H. Clark
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Ellen G. Clarrissimeaux
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Bionics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Seong Ho Yeon
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Bionics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Matthew J. Carty
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Bionics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | | | - Thomas J. Roberts
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Hugh M. Herr
- K. Lisa Yang Center for Bionics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Puce L, Chamari K, Marinelli L, Mori L, Bove M, Faelli E, Fassone M, Cotellessa F, Bragazzi NL, Trompetto C. Muscle Fatigue and Swimming Efficiency in Behind and Lateral Drafting. Front Physiol 2022; 13:835766. [PMID: 35309050 PMCID: PMC8927722 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.835766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drafting in swimming is a tactic in which an athlete (drafter) swims in the wave of another athlete (leader). Our aim was to compare the effects of this tactic on the drafter, as far as muscle fatigue, muscle activity, and swimming efficiency are concerned. Fifteen drafters performed three 200 m front crawl trials at a controlled submaximal pace in three configurations: Behind Drafting (BD), Lateral Drafting (LD), and Free Swimming (FS). Muscle fatigue, muscle activity, and swimming efficiency were obtained by surface electromyography (EMG) and video analysis from flexor carpi radialis, triceps brachii, latissimus dorsi, and rectus femoris muscles. The outcome measures were: time slope of Mean Frequency (MNF), for muscle fatigue; time slope of Root Mean Square (RMS), for muscle activity; and Stroke Index (SI) for swimming efficiency. Negative variations of MNF were 5.1 ± 1.7%, 6.6 ± 4.1%, and 11.1 ± 2.7% in BD, LD, and FS, respectively. Statistical significance was found for all cases except for the rectus femoris. Positive variations of RMS were 3.4 ± 1.2%, 4.7 ± 2.7%, and 7.8 ± 4.6% in BD, LD, and FS, respectively. Statistical significance was found only for the slopes of latissimus dorsi in FS and LD. The largest mean in SI was measured in the BD (2.01 m2/s), while the smallest was measured in the FS (1.86 m2/s). BD was found to be the best swimming configuration, in terms of lower muscle fatigue and higher swimming efficiency. Also, LD resulted to be advantageous with respect to FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Karim Chamari
- Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
- ISSEP Ksar-Said, La Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Lucio Marinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Mori
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Bove
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marco Fassone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Filippo Cotellessa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Nicola Luigi Bragazzi,
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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Puce L, Pallecchi I, Marinelli L, Mori L, Bove M, Diotti D, Ruggeri P, Faelli E, Cotellessa F, Trompetto C. Surface Electromyography Spectral Parameters for the Study of Muscle Fatigue in Swimming. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:644765. [PMID: 33681763 PMCID: PMC7933468 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.644765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess validity, stability and sensitivity, of 4 spectral parameters–median frequency (Fmed), mean frequency (Fmean), Dimitrov index (DI), and mean instant frequency (Fmi)–in measuring localized muscle fatigue in swimming and to investigate their correlation with the variations of kinematic data and mechanical fatigue. Electrophysiological measures of muscle fatigue were obtained in real-time during a 100 m front crawl test at maximum speed in 15 experienced swimmers, using surface electromyography in six muscles employed in front crawl, while kinematic data of swimming was measured from video analysis. Mechanical fatigue was measured as the difference between muscle strength prior to and immediately after the 100 m front crawl in a dry-land multi-stage isometric contraction test. Statistically significant fatigue (p < 0.0001) was found for all spectral parameters in all muscles. Fmed and Fmean varied between 10 and 25%, DI between 50 and 150%, and Fmi between 5 and 10%. Strong correlation (Pearson r ≥ 0.5) with mechanical fatigue was found for all spectral parameters except for Fmi and it was strongest for Fmed and Fmean. From our study, it turns out that Fmed and Fmean are more valid and stable parameters to measure fatigue in swimming, while DI is more sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pallecchi
- National Research Council (CNR), SPIN institute, Department of Physics, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lucio Marinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Mori
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Bove
- Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniele Diotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Piero Ruggeri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Filippo Cotellessa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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A review on muscle activation behaviour during gait in shallow water and deep-water running and surface electromyography procedures. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 24:432-441. [PMID: 33218545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surface electromyography (sEMG) can provide information on muscle activation patterns during gait. OBJECTIVES To characterize electromyographic activity during gait in shallow water and during deep-water running compare to on land and to review and analyse underwater surface-electromyographic (sEMG) procedures. SEARCH METHODS Eight databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, WEB OF SCIENCE, SPORT Discus, CINAHL, SCOPUS, SCIELO, and LILACS) were searched from their inception to the December of 2019. SELECTION CRITERIA The selected studies had to be related to electromyographic analysis of gait in an aquatic environment. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS The studies that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed by two independent reviewers and divided into four groups. RESULTS Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Lower muscle activation was found with treadmill water walking compared to treadmill land walking. With deep-water running, the leg muscles (tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius lateralis) have lower muscle activation when compared to on land running, but the trunk and thigh muscles have higher activation. CONCLUSION If gait is performed on an aquatic treadmill, the muscles assessed had lower muscle activation when compared to land. During deep-water running activities, lower activation of the distal leg muscles and a higher activation thigh muscles were found when compared to on land. Studies did not follow standard processes in sEMG procedures.
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Monitoring of Heart Rate from Photoplethysmographic Signals Using a Samsung Galaxy Note8 in Underwater Environments. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19132846. [PMID: 31248022 PMCID: PMC6651860 DOI: 10.3390/s19132846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a commonly used in determining heart rate and oxygen saturation (SpO2). However, PPG measurements and its accuracy are heavily affected by the measurement procedure and environmental factors such as light, temperature, and medium. In this paper, we analyzed the effects of different mediums (water vs. air) and temperature on the PPG signal quality and heart rate estimation. To evaluate the accuracy, we compared our measurement output with a gold-standard PPG device (NeXus-10 MKII). The experimental results show that the average PPG signal amplitude values of the underwater environment decreased considerably (22% decrease) compared to PPG signals of dry environments, and the heart rate measurement deviated 7% (5 beats per minute on average. The experimental results also show that the signal to noise ratio (SNR) and signal amplitude decrease as temperature decreases. Paired t-test which compares amplitude and heart rate values between the underwater and dry environments was performed and the test results show statistically significant differences for both amplitude and heart rate values (p < 0.05). Moreover, experimental results indicate that decreasing the temperature from 45 °C to 5 °C or changing the medium from air to water decreases PPG signal quality, (e.g., PPG signal amplitude decreases from 0.560 to 0.112). The heart rate is estimated within 5.06 bpm deviation at 18 °C in underwater environment, while estimation accuracy decreases as temperature goes down.
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Olstad BH, Vaz JR, Zinner C, Cabri JM, Kjendlie PL. Muscle coordination, activation and kinematics of world-class and elite breaststroke swimmers during submaximal and maximal efforts. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1107-1117. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1211306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zoppirolli C, Pellegrini B, Bortolan L, Schena F. Effects of short-term fatigue on biomechanical and physiological aspects of double poling in high-level cross-country skiers. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 47:88-97. [PMID: 26904974 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The study aim was to evaluate biomechanical and physiological alterations in double poling technique (DP) after a short-term fatiguing exercise. Eight high-level skiers performed a sub-maximal DP trial (20kmh(-1), 1°) before (PRE) and after (POST) a DP test to exhaustion while roller skiing on a treadmill. An integrated analysis of DP technique during PRE and POST included measurement of pole, joint, and centre of mass (COM) kinematics, poling forces, cycle timing, and metabolic parameters. Muscle fatigue in three upper-body muscles was assessed by calculating the Dimitrov' fatigue index (FInms5) of specific electromyographic segments. FInms5 tended to increase in the latissimus dorsi and teres major muscles (P=0.023 and P=0.030, respectively) across consecutive DP cycles, as did blood lactate concentration (P=0.001) and rating of perceived exertion (P=0.005). The changes indicated a state of fatigue during POST and coincided with the reduction in poling force exertion capacity (P=0.020). Pole, joint and COM kinematics did not differ between PRE and POST (P>0.050), whereas recovery phase and cycle times were shorter at POST (P<0.001 and P=0.001, respectively). Short-term fatigue led to a reduction in poling force exertion capacity and cycle time in high-level skiers, without altering body and pole kinematics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Zoppirolli
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain & Health), Rovereto, Italy; Neurological and Movement Science Department, University of Verona, Italy.
| | - Barbara Pellegrini
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain & Health), Rovereto, Italy; Neurological and Movement Science Department, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Bortolan
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain & Health), Rovereto, Italy; Neurological and Movement Science Department, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- CeRiSM (Research Center Sport Mountain & Health), Rovereto, Italy; Neurological and Movement Science Department, University of Verona, Italy
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Pinto SS, Alberton CL, Zaffari P, Cadore EL, Kanitz AC, Liedtke GV, Tartaruga MP, Kruel LFM. Rating of Perceived Exertion and Physiological Responses in Water-Based Exercise. J Hum Kinet 2015; 49:99-108. [PMID: 26839610 PMCID: PMC4723186 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to relate the overall rating of perceived exertion (RPE-overall) with cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular variables during stationary running with the elbow flexion/extension performed with water-floating equipment. The sample consisted of eleven women that performed the water-based exercise at submaximal cadences. The heart rate, oxygen uptake, ventilation, and electromyographic signal (EMG) from biceps brachii (%EMG BB), triceps brachii (%EMG TB), biceps femoris (%EMG BF) and rectus femoris (%EMG RF) muscles were measured during the exercise, and the overall RPE was measured immediately following its completion. The Pearson product-moment linear correlation was used to investigate associations between the variables analyzed in the present study. Significant relationships were observed between the RPE-overall and all the cardiorespiratory variables, with the r values ranging from 0.60 to 0.70 (p<0.05). In addition, the RPE-overall showed a significant (p<0.05) relationship with %EMG BB (r=0.55) and %EMG BF (r=0.50). These results suggest an association between the RPE-overall with all cardiorespiratory and two neuromuscular variables during the execution of a water-based aerobic exercise using water-floating equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Santana Pinto
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristine Lima Alberton
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Zaffari
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Lusa Cadore
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Kanitz
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Giane Veiga Liedtke
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marcus Peikriszwili Tartaruga
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; School of Physical Education, Midwest State University of Parana, Guarapuava, Brazil
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Alberton CL, Pinto SS, da Silva Azenha NA, Cadore EL, Tartaruga MP, Brasil B, Kruel LFM. Kinesiological Analysis of Stationary Running Performed in Aquatic and Dry Land Environments. J Hum Kinet 2015; 49:5-14. [PMID: 26839601 PMCID: PMC4723158 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to analyze the electromyographic (EMG) signals of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), semitendinosus (ST) and short head of the biceps femoris (BF) during the performance of stationary running at different intensities in aquatic and dry land environments. The sample consisted of 12 female volunteers who performed the stationary running exercise in aquatic and dry land environments at a submaximal cadence (80 beats·min−1 controlled by a metronome) and at maximal velocity, with EMG signal measurements from the RF, VL, ST and BF muscles. The results showed a distinct pattern between environments for each muscle examined. For the submaximal cadence of 80 beats·min−1, there was a reduced magnitude of the EMG signal in the aquatic environment, except for the ST muscle, the pattern of which was similar in both environments. In contrast to the submaximal cadence, the pattern of the EMG signal from all of the muscles showed similar magnitudes for both environments and phases of movement at maximal velocity, except for the VL muscle. Therefore, the EMG signals from the RF, VL, ST and BF muscles of women during stationary running had different patterns of activation over the range of motion between aquatic and dry land environments for different intensities. Moreover, the neuromuscular responses of the lower limbs were optimized by an increase in intensity from submaximal cadence to maximal velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eduardo Lusa Cadore
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Brasil
- Physical Education School, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Reyes BA, Posada-Quintero HF, Bales JR, Clement AL, Pins GD, Swiston A, Riistama J, Florian JP, Shykoff B, Qin M, Chon KH. Novel electrodes for underwater ECG monitoring. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2015; 61:1863-76. [PMID: 24845297 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2309293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We have developed hydrophobic electrodes that provide all morphological waveforms without distortion of an ECG signal for both dry and water-immersed conditions. Our electrode is comprised of a mixture of carbon black powder (CB) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). For feasibility testing of the CB/PDMS electrodes, various tests were performed. One of the tests included evaluation of the electrode-to-skin contact impedance for different diameters, thicknesses, and different pressure levels. As expected, the larger the diameter of the electrodes, the lower the impedance and the difference between the large sized CB/PDMS and the similarly-sized Ag/AgCl hydrogel electrodes was at most 200 kΩ, in favor of the latter. Performance comparison of CB/PDMS electrodes to Ag/AgCl hydrogel electrodes was carried out in three different scenarios: a dry surface, water immersion, and postwater immersion conditions. In the dry condition, no statistical differences were found for both the temporal and spectral indices of the heart rate variability analysis between the CB/PDMS and Ag/AgCl hydrogel (p > 0.05) electrodes. During water immersion, there was significant ECG amplitude reduction with CB/PDMS electrodes when compared to wet Ag/AgCl electrodes kept dry by their waterproof adhesive tape, but the reduction was not severe enough to obscure the readability of the recordings, and all morphological waveforms of the ECG signal were discernible even when motion artifacts were introduced. When water did not penetrate tape-wrapped Ag/AgCl electrodes, high fidelity ECG signals were observed. However, when water penetrated the Ag/AgCl electrodes, the signal quality degraded to the point where ECG morphological waveforms were not discernible.
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Olstad BH, Zinner C, Cabri J, Kjendlie PL. Surface electromyographic measurements on land prior to and after 90 min of submersion (swimming) are highly reliable. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2014; 24:698-703. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Whitting JW, von Tscharner V. Monopolar electromyographic signals recorded by a current amplifier in air and under water without insulation. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2014; 24:848-54. [PMID: 25241214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It was recently proposed that one could use signal current instead of voltage to collect surface electromyography (EMG). With EMG-current, the electrodes remain at the ground potential, thereby eliminating lateral currents. The purpose of this study was to determine whether EMG-currents can be recorded in Tap and Salt water, as well as in air, without electrically shielding the electrodes. It was hypothesized that signals would display consistent information between experimental conditions regarding muscle responses to changes in contraction effort. EMG-currents were recorded from the flexor digitorum muscles as participant's squeezed a pre-inflated blood pressure cuff bladder in each experimental condition at standardized efforts. EMG-current measurements performed underwater showed no loss of signal amplitude when compared to measurements made in air, although some differences in amplitude and spectral components were observed between conditions. However, signal amplitudes and frequencies displayed consistent behavior across contraction effort levels, irrespective of the experimental condition. This new method demonstrates that information regarding muscle activity is comparable between wet and dry conditions when using EMG-current. Considering the difficulties imposed by the need to waterproof traditional bipolar EMG electrodes when underwater, this new methodology is tremendously promising for assessments of muscular function in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Whitting
- School of Health and Human Sciences, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
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Castillo-Lozano R, Cuesta-Vargas AI. A comparison land-water environment of maximal voluntary isometric contraction during manual muscle testing through surface electromyography. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2013; 5:28. [PMID: 24342017 PMCID: PMC3878641 DOI: 10.1186/2052-1847-5-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to compare through surface electromyographic (sEMG) recordings of the maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) on dry land and in water by manual muscle test (MMT). Method Sixteen healthy right-handed subjects (8 males and 8 females) participated in measurement of muscle activation of the right shoulder. The selected muscles were the cervical erector spinae, trapezius, pectoralis, anterior deltoid, middle deltoid, infraspinatus and latissimus dorsi. The MVC test conditions were random with respect to the order on the land/in water. Results For each muscle, the MVC test was performed and measured through sEMG to determine differences in muscle activation in both conditions. For all muscles except the latissimus dorsi, no significant differences were observed between land and water MVC scores (p = 0.063–0.679) and precision (%Diff = 7–10%) were observed between MVC conditions in the muscles trapezius, anterior deltoid and middle deltoid. Conclusions If the procedure for data collection is optimal, under MMT conditions it appears that comparable MVC sEMG values were achieved on land and in water and the integrity of the EMG recordings were maintained during wáter immersion.
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Clarys JP, Scafoglieri A, Tresignie J, Sesboüé B, Cattrysse E. Les aléas de l’électromyographie de surface dans l’appréciation du mouvement. Sci Sports 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Trunk muscle activity during spine stabilization exercises performed in a pool. Phys Ther Sport 2012; 13:67-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2011] [Revised: 04/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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OHTSU M, FUKUOKA Y, UENO A. Underwater Electromyographic Measurement Using a Waterproof Insulated Electrode. ADVANCED BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2012. [DOI: 10.14326/abe.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michiro OHTSU
- Master's program of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo Denki University
| | - Yutaka FUKUOKA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Kogakuin University
| | - Akinori UENO
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Denki University
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BRESSEL EADRIC, DOLNY DENNISG, GIBBONS MANDI. Trunk Muscle Activity during Exercises Performed on Land and in Water. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:1927-32. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318219dae7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Comparison and reproducibility of sEMG during manual muscle testing on land and in water. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2011; 21:95-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Alberton CL, Cadore EL, Pinto SS, Tartaruga MP, da Silva EM, Kruel LFM. Cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular and kinematic responses to stationary running performed in water and on dry land. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 111:1157-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Analysis of various conditions in order to measure electromyography of isometric contractions in water and on air. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2010; 20:988-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Electromyographic signal and force comparisons during maximal voluntary isometric contraction in water and on dry land. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 110:1075-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1598-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Pieter Clarys J, Scafoglieri A, Tresignie J, Reilly T, Van Roy P. Critical appraisal and hazards of surface electromyography data acquisition in sport and exercise. Asian J Sports Med 2010; 1:69-80. [PMID: 22375194 PMCID: PMC3289173 DOI: 10.5812/asjsm.34868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this critical appraisal and hazards of surface electromyography (SEMG) is to enhance the data acquisition quality in voluntary but complex movements, sport and exercise in particular. The methodological and technical registration strategies deal with telemetry and online data acquisition, the placement of the detection electrodes and the choice of the most adequate normalization mode.Findings compared with the literature suggest detection quality differences between registration methods and between water and air data acquisition allowing for output differences up to 30% between registration methods and up to 25% decrease in water, considering identical measures in air and in water. Various hazards deal with erroneous choices of muscles or electrode placement and the continuous confusion created by static normalization for dynamic motion. Peak dynamic intensities ranged from 111% (in archery) to 283% (in giant slalom) of a static 100% reference. In addition, the linear relationship between integrated EMG (IEMG) as a reference for muscle intensity and muscle force is not likely to exist in dynamic conditions since it is muscle - joint angle - and fatigue dependent. Contrary to expectations, the literature shows 30% of non linear relations in isometric conditions also.SEMG in sport and exercise is highly variable and different from clinical (e.g. neurological) EMG. Choices of electrodes, registration methods, muscles, joint angles and normalization techniques may lead to confusing and erroneous or incomparable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pieter Clarys
- Department of Experimental Anatomy (EXAN-LK), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Aldo Scafoglieri
- Department of Experimental Anatomy (EXAN-LK), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Jonathan Tresignie
- Department of Experimental Anatomy (EXAN-LK), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
| | - Thomas Reilly
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, UK
| | - Peter Van Roy
- Department of Experimental Anatomy (EXAN-LK), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
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Does local immersion in thermo-neutral bath influence surface EMG measurements? Results of an experimental trial. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2009; 19:e550-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 09/13/2008] [Accepted: 09/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Cescon C, Rebecchi P, Merletti R. Effect of electrode array position and subcutaneous tissue thickness on conduction velocity estimation in upper trapezius muscle. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2008; 18:628-36. [PMID: 17369051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2006] [Revised: 12/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle fiber conduction velocity (CV) was estimated in 20 healthy subjects with a multichannel technique using a linear electrode array placed on the upper trapezius (UT) muscle during isometric voluntary contractions at 20% of the maximal voluntary effort. The array had 16 contacts spaced by 5mm and was centered in the middle of the line connecting C7 and the acromion. The effect of array displacement was investigated by shifting it either cranially or caudally by 1, 2 and 3cm. The effect of array misalignment was investigated by rotating it either clockwise or counterclockwise, by 10 degrees , 20 degrees and 30 degrees . The thickness of subcutaneous fat was measured by ultrasonic echography (range was 3-18mm). The average location of the innervation zone of the UT is in the middle of the line connecting C7 to the acromion, however, individual differences of up to 2cm were observed. The lateral side, near the acromion, should be preferred for electrode placement because of the thinner fat layer. The double differential (DD) montage should be preferred to the single differential (SD) electrode configuration. In this case, displacements of +/-1cm or misalignments of +/-10 degrees do not imply statistically significant bias in the estimate of CV. The same applies to amplitude and frequency variables estimated from the SD signals. CV estimates based on DD signals are lower because they are less affected by the thickness of the subcutaneous fat than estimates based on SD signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corrado Cescon
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy
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Veneziano WH, da Rocha AF, Gonçalves CA, Pena AG, Carmo JC, Nascimento FAO, Rainoldi A. Confounding factors in water EMG recordings: an approach to a definitive standard. Med Biol Eng Comput 2006; 44:348-51. [PMID: 16937176 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-006-0039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a study on the influence of the aqueous environment on the surface EMG (sEMG) signal recorded in bipolar montage from the abductor pollicis brevis muscle, when only the forearm is immersed in water. Ten men, 30.1+/-4.0 (mean +/- SD) years old, performed ten 2-s 40% MVC isometric contractions of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle in two controlled environments (air and water, at a temperature of 32 degrees C). They were always equipped with electrodes protected with a waterproof adhesive tape. No significant variations (paired Wilcoxon test) due to the environments were observed in the median frequency of the power spectrum (MDF) and in the root mean square (RMS) value of the sEMG signal. These results allow us to assess the methodological criteria to properly record sEMG signals in water and provide the basis to explain different findings obtained by other authors.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Veneziano
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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