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Jo HD, Kim MK. Identification of EIMD Level Differences Between Long- and Short Head of Biceps Brachii Using Echo Intensity and GLCM Texture Features. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024; 95:441-449. [PMID: 37698509 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2250832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to compare the time-course changes of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) levels in the long head of biceps brachii (LHB) and short head of the biceps brachii (SHB) using echo intensity (EI) and to determine the efficiency of the gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) texture parameters. Methods: The participants performed 30 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexor. Along with muscle damage indicators, including circumference, range of motion, muscle soreness, and maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), the EI and GLCM texture features of the LHB and SHB was also assessed using B-mode ultrasonography. All measurements were assessed pre- and immediately post-exercise and after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h. Results: The muscle damage indicators indicated significant changes after the eccentric contractions (p < 0.01 for circumference, range of motion, muscle soreness, and MVIC). The EI of LHB significantly increased following the contractions (p < 0.01), but that of SHB did not (p > 0.05). In contrast, for the GLCM texture parameters, there were significant changes in the SHB (p < 0.01 for homogeneity, energy, and entropy). Conclusion: Thus, this study demonstrated that EIMD severity is different between LHB and SHB even within the same muscle. In the GLCM features, the time course of SHB after eccentric contraction revealed different patterns compared with those of LHB. Therefore, even if there are no changes in EI within a target muscle following muscle contractions, new information on muscle quality can be obtained through GLCM analysis.
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Miyachi R, Morita Y, Yamazaki T. Division of loading time in reloading the disused atrophic soleus muscle induces proximal muscle injury. J Phys Ther Sci 2023; 35:193-198. [PMID: 36866019 PMCID: PMC9974327 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.35.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study aimed to compare the effects of loading time division in reloading atrophied muscles in different muscle long-axis regions. [Materials and Methods] We divided 8-week-old male Wistar rats into control (CON), 14-day hindlimb suspension (HS), 7-day hindlimb suspension followed by 60-min reloading for 7 consecutive days (WO), and 7-day hindlimb suspension followed by 60-min reloading on two separate occasions for 7 days (WT) groups. After the experimental period, muscle fibre cross-sectional area and necrotic fibre/central nuclei fibre ratio were measured in the soleus muscle's proximal, middle, and distal regions. [Results] The necrotic fibre/central nuclei fibre ratio was higher in the WT group than in the other groups in the proximal region. Proximal muscle fibre cross-sectional area was higher in the CON group than in the other groups. In the middle region, only HS group had muscle fibre cross-sectional area lower than the CON group. Similarly, muscle fibre cross-sectional area of the HS group was lower than the CON and WT groups in the distal region. [Conclusion] When reloading atrophied muscles, dividing the loading time can inhibit atrophy in the distal region but induce muscle injury in the proximal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Miyachi
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Hokuriku
University: 1-1 Taiyogaoka, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1180, Japan,Corresponding author. Ryo Miyachi (E-mail: )
| | - Yui Morita
- Department of Rehabilitation, Tokyo Medical and Dental
University Hospital, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yamazaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical,
Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
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3
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Filetti C, Ruscello B, Leo I, Porta M, Chiari A, Miranda C, Rago V. Hypertrophic adaptations to a 6-week in-season barbell vs. flywheel squat added to regular soccer training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2023; 63:60-68. [PMID: 35415999 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.22.13793-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the hypertrophic adaptations to barbell or flywheel squat exercise added to regular in-season soccer training. METHODS Quadriceps' (rectus femoris [RF], vastus medialis [VM] and vastus lateralis [VL]) cross-sectional area (CSA) in its portions (proximal [PROX], middle [MID], and distal [DIST]) was measured on both legs before and after a 6-week barbell (80 to 90% one-maximum repetition; N.=7) or flywheel (0.0611 to 0.0811 kg·m2; N.=7) in an U19 professional soccer team using a 3T magnetic resonance imaging. Both groups underwent 5 sets × 6 reps per session of squat separated by 3-min rest, while controlling the time under tension (within 0.5 and 0.8 s). RESULTS The barbell squat group experienced moderate CSA increments in the VM<inf>MID</inf> and the VL<inf>DIST</inf> of the right leg (d=0.98-0.99). Additionally, the flywheel group experience large CSA increments in the RF<inf>MID</inf>, VL<inf>PROX</inf> and VL<inf>MID</inf> of the right leg (d=1.00-1.84). On average, flywheel squat training largely produced greater force during exercise compared to the barbell squat training (29.2 vs. 12.2 N·kg-1; d=5.95), whereas the barbell squat training produced moderately greater power output (10.5 vs. 9.7; d=0.52). CONCLUSIONS Barbell squat training seems to be more effective for VM hypertrophy whereas flywheel squat triggers greater RF and VL hypertrophy as complementary to regular field-based soccer practice and competition within a short range of time (6 weeks) during the in-season. These findings can be considered also from either strength or reconditioning perspective based on the increase in the quadriceps muscles' CSA as mechanism underlying strength/power adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristoforo Filetti
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy.,Unione Sportiva Salernitana 1919, Salerno, Italy.,Performance Department, FC Paris Saint Germain, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Ruscello
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy.,Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy.,LUISS SportLab, LUISS University, Rome, Italy
| | - Italo Leo
- Unione Sportiva Salernitana 1919, Salerno, Italy.,Department of Human, Philosophical and Educational Sciences, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.,Department of Sport Rehab, San Giovanni di Dio e Ruggi d'Aragona University Hospital, Salerno, Italy
| | - Marco Porta
- School of Sports and Exercise Sciences, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Chiari
- Parthenope Sant'Antimo Basket, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Rago
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, European University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal -
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4
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Lyu X, Gao Y, Liu Q, Zhao H, Zhou H, Pan S. Exercise-induced muscle damage: multi-parametric MRI quantitative assessment. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:239. [PMID: 33653313 PMCID: PMC7927395 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04085-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the value of magnetic resonance quantitative analysis using diffusion tensor imaging, T2 mapping, and intravoxel incoherent motion in the evaluation of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage and to compare the effects of various eccentric exercise modes at different time points in rats. METHODS A total of 174 Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into five groups: control, once-only exercise, continuous exercise, intermittent exercise, and once-fatigue exercise groups. Each experimental group was divided into seven time-subgroups: 0.5 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h, 120 h and 168 h after exercise. The quadriceps femoris muscles were then scanned using magnetic resonance imaging. The apparent diffusion coefficient and fractional anisotropy values of diffusion tensor imaging, T2 values of T2 mapping, D and D* values of intravoxel incoherent motion and optical density values of desmin were measured. Associations among different eccentric exercise programmes, magnetic resonance imaging findings, and histopathological results were evaluated. Dunnett's test, two-way repeated measures analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Diffusion tensor imaging showed that the number of muscle fibre bundles decreased to varying degrees with different time points and eccentric exercises. Apparent diffusion coefficient values of the exercise groups showed a trend that first increased and then decreased, the opposite of fractional anisotropy. The specimens in all eccentric exercise programmes showed high signal T2 values after exercise, the highest among which was in the once-fatigue exercise group. D and D* in the experimental groups were significantly higher than those in the control group at 0.5-48 h after exercise. The apparent diffusion coefficient, fractional anisotropy, T2, D and D* values correlated with the optical density values of desmin. CONCLUSIONS Diffusion tensor imaging, T2 mapping, and intravoxel incoherent motion technology accurately reflect the degree of skeletal muscle damage and recovery associated with eccentric exercise. The degree of muscle damage was the lowest in the continuous exercise group and the highest in the once-fatigue exercise group, which may provide more information and guidance for the formulation of physical and athletic training programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Lyu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China.,Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Yue Gao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Heng Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Huadong Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Shinong Pan
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Pincheira PA, Martinez-Valdes E, Guzman-Venegas R, Falla D, Garrido MI, Cresswell AG, Lichtwark GA. Regional changes in muscle activity do not underlie the repeated bout effect in the human gastrocnemius muscle. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020; 31:799-812. [PMID: 33378553 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The repeated bout effect (RBE) confers protection following exercise-induced muscle damage. Typical signs of this protective effect are significantly less muscle soreness and faster recovery of strength after the second bout. The aim of this study was to compare regional changes in medial gastrocnemius (MG) muscle activity and mechanical hyperalgesia after repeated bouts of eccentric exercise. Twelve healthy male participants performed two bouts of eccentric heel drop exercise (separated by 7 days) while wearing a vest equivalent to 20% of their body weight. High-density MG electromyographic amplitude maps and topographical pressure pain sensitivity maps were created before, two hours (2H), and two days (2D) after both exercise bouts. Statistical parametric mapping was used to identify RBE effects on muscle activity and mechanical hyperalgesia, using pixel-level statistics when comparing maps. The results revealed a RBE, as a lower strength loss (17% less; P < .01) and less soreness (50% less; P < .01) were found after the second bout. However, different muscle regions were activated 2H and 2D after the initial bout but not following the repeated bout. Further, no overall changes in EMG distribution or mechanical hyperalgesia were found between bouts. These results indicate that muscle activation is unevenly distributed during the initial bout, possibly to maintain muscle function during localized mechanical fatigue. However, this does not reflect a strategy to confer protection during the repeated bout by activating undamaged/non-fatigued muscle areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio A Pincheira
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Martinez-Valdes
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rodrigo Guzman-Venegas
- Escuela de Kinesiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Deborah Falla
- Centre of Precision Rehabilitation for Spinal Pain, School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marta I Garrido
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Computational Psychiatry Laboratory, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew G Cresswell
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Glen A Lichtwark
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, Australia
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6
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Cabral HV, Meiburger KM, de Oliveira LF, Vieira TM. Changes in supramaximal M-wave amplitude at different regions of biceps brachii following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:307-318. [PMID: 33070208 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous evidence from surface electromyograms (EMGs) suggests that exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) may manifest unevenly within the muscle. Here we investigated whether these regional changes were indeed associated with EIMD or if they were attributed to spurious factors often affecting EMGs. METHODS Ten healthy male subjects performed 3 × 10 eccentric elbow flexions. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), muscle soreness and ultrasound images from biceps brachii distal and proximal regions were measured immediately before (baseline) and during each of the following 4 days after the exercise. Moreover, 64 monopolar surface EMGs were detected while 10 supramaximal pulses were applied to the musculocutaneous nerve. The innervation zone (IZ), the number of electrodes detecting largest M-waves and their centroid longitudinal coordinates were assessed to characterize the spatial distribution of the M-waves amplitude. RESULTS The MVC torque decreased (~ 25%; P < 0.001) while the perceived muscle soreness scale increased (~ 4 cm; 0 cm for no soreness and 10 cm for highest imaginable soreness; P < 0.005) across days. The echo intensity of the ultrasound images increased at 48 h (71%), 72 h (95%) and 96 h (112%) for both muscle regions (P < 0.005), while no differences between regions were observed (P = 0.136). The IZ location did not change (P = 0.283). The number of channels detecting the greatest M-waves significantly decreased (up to 10.7%; P < 0.027) and the centroid longitudinal coordinate shifted distally at 24, 48 and 72 h after EIMD (P < 0.041). CONCLUSION EIMD consistently changed supramaximal M-waves that were detected mainly proximally from the biceps brachii, suggesting that EIMD takes place locally within the biceps brachii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélio V Cabral
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Program (COPPE), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Kristen M Meiburger
- Biolab, Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.,PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Liliam F de Oliveira
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Biomedical Engineering Program (COPPE), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Physical Education and Sports School (EEFD), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Taian M Vieira
- PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy.,Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System (LISiN), Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy
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7
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Merrigan JJ, Jones MT, Malecek J, Padecky J, Omcirk D, Xu N, Peñailillo L, Tufano JJ. Comparison of Traditional and Rest-Redistribution Sets on Indirect Markers of Muscle Damage Following Eccentric Exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:1810-1818. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Rashid DMS, Faraj SMS, Hedayatpour N. The effect of triceps brachii fatigue on shot accuracy of male and female basketball players. INT J PERF ANAL SPOR 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/24748668.2020.1736410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nosratollah Hedayatpour
- Center for Biomechanics and Motor Control (BMC), Department of Sport Science, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran
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9
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Sensitivity analysis of muscle properties and impact parameters on head injury risk in American football. J Biomech 2020; 100:109411. [PMID: 31982110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Head injuries frequently occur in American football and other contact sports. Uncertainty on the effects of cervical muscle properties on head injury risk may be due to the limitations of previous observational studies. This simulation study employs a musculoskeletal model of the head and neck to investigate the effect of several factors related to head injury metrics in American Football. These factors include isometric muscle strength, the eccentric multiplier (which is related to the athlete's ability to apply greater muscle force during eccentric contractions), posture, muscle activation patterns, and impact properties. Impact properties were based on the literature and tuned to reproduce peak linear and rotational accelerations of the skull. We hypothesized that active neck muscles significantly reduce head injury metrics. We systematically altered each model parameter to test our hypothesis. We then determined which model parameters affect head injury metrics the most. The results of this study indicate that active neck muscles have a statistically significant effect on head injury metrics. Increasing muscle strength and eccentric multiplier also resulted in a statistically significant reduction of head injury metrics. However, posture prior to impact had a much stronger effect than any other factor on head injury metrics. A comprehensive approach to athlete training protocols is recommended, including exercises aimed at increasing eccentric muscle strength and preparation for impacts. Future studies should investigate how targeted muscle strengthening and impact training (i.e. activation patterns and posture) modifies risk.
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10
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Lasevicius T, Schoenfeld BJ, Silva-Batista C, Barros TDS, Aihara AY, Brendon H, Longo AR, Tricoli V, Peres BDA, Teixeira EL. Muscle Failure Promotes Greater Muscle Hypertrophy in Low-Load but Not in High-Load Resistance Training. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 36:346-351. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Muscle alterations induced by electrostimulation are lower at short quadriceps femoris length. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:325-335. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04277-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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Miyachi R, Yamazaki T, Ohno N, Miyati T. Morphological changes of lower leg muscles according to ankle joint position during sitting evaluated by gravity mri in young females. J Phys Ther Sci 2019; 31:488-492. [PMID: 31320784 PMCID: PMC6565840 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.31.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study aimed to clarify whether the morphological changes of the lower leg
muscle occur equally in the longitudinal direction of the muscle according to changes in
ankle joint position during sitting. [Participants and Methods] The participants were 15
healthy young females whose dominant lower legs were analyzed. The participants sat with
the lower leg vertical to the floor with a neutral, dorsiflexed, or plantarflexed ankle
position. Images were obtained from the fibular head from 290 mm distal using gravity
magnetic resonance imaging. The muscle cross-sectional areas of the soleus, medial and
lateral heads of the gastrocnemius, and anterior tibialis were measured. [Results] The
muscle cross-sectional area of the soleus at the 1/4 proximal muscle belly in the
plantarflexed position was greater than those in the other positions. The 1/4 distal part
in the plantarflexed position was smaller than those in the other positions. The muscle
cross-sectional area of the gastrocnemius at the 1/4 distal part in the plantarflexed
position was smaller than that in the dorsiflexed position. In contrast, the muscle
cross-sectional area of the tibialis anterior at the 1/4 proximal part in the dorsiflexed
position was greater than those in the other positions, while that at the 1/4 distal part
in the dorsiflexed position was smaller than that in the plantarflexed position.
[Conclusion] In the sitting position, the morphological changes of the lower leg muscle
according to changes in ankle joint position are not uniform in the longitudinal muscle
direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Miyachi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Ishikawa-ken Saiseikai Kanazawa Hospital, Japan.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University: 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yamazaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University: 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Naoki Ohno
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University: 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
| | - Tosiaki Miyati
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University: 5-11-80 Kodatsuno, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0942, Japan
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13
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Noorkoiv M, Theis N, Lavelle G. A comparison of 3D ultrasound to MRI for the measurement and estimation of gastrocnemius muscle volume in adults and young people with and without cerebral palsy. Clin Anat 2019; 32:319-327. [DOI: 10.1002/ca.23314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marika Noorkoiv
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Ageing Studies Research Theme, Brunel University London; Uxbridge United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Performance; Exercise and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London; Uxbridge United Kingdom
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Clinical Sciences; Brunel University London; Uxbridge United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Theis
- Faculty of Applied Sciences; Oxstalls Campus, University of Gloucestershire; Gloucester United Kingdom
| | - Grace Lavelle
- Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Ageing Studies Research Theme, Brunel University London; Uxbridge United Kingdom
- Centre for Human Performance; Exercise and Rehabilitation, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London; Uxbridge United Kingdom
- Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Clinical Sciences; Brunel University London; Uxbridge United Kingdom
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14
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Nasrabadi R, Izanloo Z, Sharifnezad A, Hamedinia MR, Hedayatpour N. Muscle fiber conduction velocity of the vastus medilais and lateralis muscle after eccentric exercise induced-muscle damage. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2018; 43:118-126. [PMID: 30273919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Change in muscle fiber conduction velocity (MFCV) has been reported after eccentric exercise induces muscle fiber damage, most likely due to a change in membrane permeability of the injured fiber. The extent of damage to the muscle fiber depends on the morphological and architectural characteristics of the muscle fibers. Morphological and architectural characteristics of the VMO muscle fibers are different from VL muscle. Thus, it is expected that eccentric exercise of quadriceps muscle results in a non-uniform fiber damage within the VMO and VL muscle and, as a consequence, non-uniform changes in membrane excitability and conduction velocity. The aim of the study was to investigate MFCV of the VMO and VL muscles before and 24 h after eccentric exercise. Multichannel surface EMG signals were concurrently recorded from the right VMO and VL muscles of 15 healthy men during sustained isometric contractions at 50% of the maximal force. Maximal voluntary force significantly reduced after eccentric exercise with respect to the pre-exercise condition (P < 0.0001). MFCV decreased over time during the sustained contractions at faster rates when assessed 24 h after exercise (VMO = -26.1; VL = -20.1) with respect to the pre-exercise condition (VMO = -9.1; VL = -13.7, P < 0.0001). Moreover, VMO showed a greater rate of reduction in MFCV over sustained contraction (26.1 ± 10.7%) in comparison with VL muscle (20.1 ± 8.5%, P < 0.025) 24 h after eccentric exercise. The result indicates that eccentric exercise contributes to a larger reduction in MFCV within the VMO muscle as compared to the VL muscle. This may abolish the ability of VMO to counteract the lateral pull of the VL muscle during knee extension, thereby leaving the knee complex more vulnerable to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Nasrabadi
- Department of Sports Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Bojnourd, Iran
| | - Zahra Izanloo
- Center for Biomechanics and Motor Control (BMC), Department of Sports Sciences, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran
| | - Ali Sharifnezad
- Department of Sports Biomechanics, Sports Sciences Research Institute of Iran, Iran
| | | | - Nosratollah Hedayatpour
- Center for Biomechanics and Motor Control (BMC), Department of Sports Sciences, University of Bojnord, Bojnord, Iran.
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15
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Chen Q, Zhang X, Zhu B. Topology optimization of fusiform muscles with a maximum contraction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2018; 34:e3096. [PMID: 29740982 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the optimal designs in nature is critical in bionics. This paper presents a method for designing the configuration of fusiform muscle with a maximum contractile displacement based on topology optimization methods. A nearly incompressible continuum constitutive model of skeletal muscle is utilized. The contractile displacement from the relaxed state to the contracted state is regarded as the objective function. To handle the numerical difficulties that result from the existence of element density, an energy interpolation equation is employed, and a modification of the constitutive model of skeletal muscle is proposed. Several numerical examples are given to demonstrate the reasonability of the proposed method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Precision Equipment and Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianmin Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Precision Equipment and Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Benliang Zhu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Precision Equipment and Manufacturing Technology, School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
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Schoenfeld BJ, Grgic J. Eccentric Overload Training: A Viable Strategy to Enhance Muscle Hypertrophy? Strength Cond J 2018. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schoenfeld BJ, Ogborn DI, Vigotsky AD, Franchi MV, Krieger JW. Hypertrophic Effects of Concentric vs. Eccentric Muscle Actions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:2599-2608. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Mendez-Villanueva A, Suarez-Arrones L, Rodas G, Fernandez-Gonzalo R, Tesch P, Linnehan R, Kreider R, Di Salvo V. MRI-Based Regional Muscle Use during Hamstring Strengthening Exercises in Elite Soccer Players. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161356. [PMID: 27583444 PMCID: PMC5008723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined site-specific hamstring muscles use with functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in elite soccer players during strength training. Thirty-six players were randomized into four groups, each performing either Nordic hamstring, flywheel leg-curl, Russian belt or the hip-extension conic-pulley exercise. The transverse relaxation time (T2) shift from pre- to post-MRI were calculated for the biceps femoris long (BFl) and short (BFs) heads, semitendinosus (ST) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles at proximal, middle and distal areas of the muscle length. T2 values increased substantially after flywheel leg-curl in all regions of the BFl (from 9±8 to 16±8%), BFs (41±6-71±11%), and ST (60±1-69±7%). Nordic hamstring induced a substantial T2 increase in all regions of the BFs (13±8-16±5%) and ST (15±7-17±5%). T2 values after the Russian belt deadlift substantially increased in all regions of the BFl (6±4-7±5%), ST (8±3-11±2%), SM (6±4-10±4%), and proximal and distal regions of BFs (6±6-8±5%). T2 values substantially increased after hip-extension conic-pulley only in proximal and middle regions of BFl (11±5-7±5%) and ST (7±3-12±4%). The relevance of such MRI-based inter- and intra-muscle use in designing more effective resistance training for improving hamstring function and preventing hamstring injuries in elite soccer players should be explored with more mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Suarez-Arrones
- Football Performance & Science Department, ASPIRE Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Sports Department, Pablo de Olavide University, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Gil Rodas
- Medical Department, Futbol Club Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Per Tesch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Richard Linnehan
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richard Kreider
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Valter Di Salvo
- Football Performance & Science Department, ASPIRE Academy, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
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19
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Guilhem G, Doguet V, Hauraix H, Lacourpaille L, Jubeau M, Nordez A, Dorel S. Muscle force loss and soreness subsequent to maximal eccentric contractions depend on the amount of fascicle strain in vivo. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2016; 217:152-63. [PMID: 26786411 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM Defining the origins of muscle injury has important rehabilitation and exercise applications. However, current knowledge of muscle damage mechanics in human remains unclear in vivo. This study aimed to determine the relationships between muscle-tendon unit mechanics during maximal eccentric contractions and the extent of subsequent functional impairments induced by muscle damage. METHODS The length of the muscle-tendon unit, fascicles and tendinous tissues was continuously measured on the gastrocnemius medialis using ultrasonography, in time with torque, during 10 sets of 30 maximal eccentric contractions of plantar flexors at 45°s(-1) , in seventeen participants. RESULTS Muscle-tendon unit, fascicles and tendinous tissues were stretched up to 4.44 ± 0.33 cm, 2.31 ± 0.64 cm and 1.92 ± 0.61 cm respectively. Fascicle stretch length, lengthening amplitude and negative fascicle work beyond slack length were significantly correlated with the force decrease 48 h post-exercise (r = 0.51, 0.47 and 0.68, respectively; P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the strain applied to human muscle fibres during eccentric contractions strongly influences the magnitude of muscle damage in vivo. Achilles tendon compliance decreases the amount of strain, while architectural gear ratio may moderately contribute to attenuating muscle fascicle lengthening and hence muscle damage. Further studies are necessary to explore the impact of various types of task to fully understand the contribution of muscle-tendon interactions during active lengthening to muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Guilhem
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370); Research Department; French National Institute of Sport (INSEP); Paris France
| | - V. Doguet
- Laboratory ‘Movement, Interactions, Performance’ (EA 4334); Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Nantes; Nantes France
| | - H. Hauraix
- Laboratory ‘Movement, Interactions, Performance’ (EA 4334); Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Nantes; Nantes France
| | - L. Lacourpaille
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370); Research Department; French National Institute of Sport (INSEP); Paris France
- Laboratory ‘Movement, Interactions, Performance’ (EA 4334); Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Nantes; Nantes France
| | - M. Jubeau
- Laboratory ‘Movement, Interactions, Performance’ (EA 4334); Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Nantes; Nantes France
| | - A. Nordez
- Laboratory ‘Movement, Interactions, Performance’ (EA 4334); Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Nantes; Nantes France
| | - S. Dorel
- Laboratory ‘Movement, Interactions, Performance’ (EA 4334); Faculty of Sport Sciences; University of Nantes; Nantes France
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20
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Miyachi R, Yamazaki T. Effects of static interventions on disuse atrophy of the rat soleus muscle at different sites along its longitudinal axis. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:2317-21. [PMID: 26311973 PMCID: PMC4540871 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.2317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of our study was to verify the inhibitory effects of static
intervention (heat load and muscle stretching) on disuse-related adaptation changes in the
soleus muscle and to compare these effects across different sites along its longitudinal
axis. [Subjects] Forty 8-week-old male Wistar rats. [Methods] The effects of heat load
and/or muscle stretching in the rat soleus during hindlimb suspension were evaluated by
measuring the cross-sectional area of the muscle fibers, succinate dehydrogenase activity,
and number of capillaries in the proximal, middle, and distal regions. [Results] With no
intervention the proximal region showed the highest reduction in the cross-sectional area,
whereas the distal region showed the highest reduction in succinate dehydrogenase activity
and the number of capillaries due to hindlimb suspension. These differences between the
proximal and distal regions decreased with both interventions, and the effects were most
pronounced with a combination of heat load and muscle stretching. [Conclusion] Differences
in the muscle structure between the proximal and distal regions increased due to hindlimb
suspension, and this heterogeneity associated with muscle disuse was inhibited by static
intervention including heat load and muscle stretching. Furthermore, the combination of
heat load and muscle stretching most reduced the heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Miyachi
- Division of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan ; Department of Rehabilitation, Ishikawaken Saisekai Kanazawa Hospital, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Yamazaki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
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21
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Use it or lose it: multiscale skeletal muscle adaptation to mechanical stimuli. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2014; 14:195-215. [PMID: 25199941 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-014-0607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle undergoes continuous turnover to adapt to changes in its mechanical environment. Overload increases muscle mass, whereas underload decreases muscle mass. These changes are correlated with, and enabled by, structural alterations across the molecular, subcellular, cellular, tissue, and organ scales. Despite extensive research on muscle adaptation at the individual scales, the interaction of the underlying mechanisms across the scales remains poorly understood. Here, we present a thorough review and a broad classification of multiscale muscle adaptation in response to a variety of mechanical stimuli. From this classification, we suggest that a mathematical model for skeletal muscle adaptation should include the four major stimuli, overstretch, understretch, overload, and underload, and the five key players in skeletal muscle adaptation, myosin heavy chain isoform, serial sarcomere number, parallel sarcomere number, pennation angle, and extracellular matrix composition. Including this information in multiscale computational models of muscle will shape our understanding of the interacting mechanisms of skeletal muscle adaptation across the scales. Ultimately, this will allow us to rationalize the design of exercise and rehabilitation programs, and improve the long-term success of interventional treatment in musculoskeletal disease.
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Franke RDA, Baroni BM, Rodrigues R, Geremia JM, Lanferdini FJ, Vaz MA. Neural and morphological adaptations of vastus lateralis and vastus medialis muscles to isokinetic eccentric training. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742014000300011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Vastus lateralis (VL) and vastus medialis (VM) are frequently targeted in conditioning/rehabilitation programs due to their role in patellar stabilization during knee extension. This study assessed neural and muscular adaptations in these two muscles after an isokinetic eccentric training program. Twenty healthy men underwent a four-week control period followed by a 12-week period of isokinetic eccentric training. Ultrasound evaluations of VL and VM muscle thickness at rest and electromyographic evaluations during maximal isometric tests were used to assess the morphological and neural properties, respectively. No morphological and neural changes were found throughout the control period, whereas both muscles showed significant increases in thickness (VL = 6.9%; p < .001 and VM = 15.8%; p < .001) post-training. Significant increases in muscle activity were observed in VM (47.8%; p = .003), but not in VL (19.8%; p > .05) post-training. Isokinetic eccentric training produces neural and greater morphological adaptations in VM compared to VL, which shows that synergistic muscles respond differently to an eccentric isokinetic strength training program
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Mersmann F, Bohm S, Schroll A, Arampatzis A. Validation of a simplified method for muscle volume assessment. J Biomech 2014; 47:1348-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Hedayatpour N, Falla D. Delayed onset of vastii muscle activity in response to rapid postural perturbations following eccentric exercise: a mechanism that underpins knee pain after eccentric exercise? Br J Sports Med 2013; 48:429-34. [PMID: 23958827 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-092015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Appropriate timing of activity of the vastus medialis obliqus (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles is a key factor for proper tracking of the patella in the trochlear groove during knee extension. This study investigates the relative timing of activation of the VMO and VL muscles during unexpected perturbations performed before and after eccentric exercise. METHODS Surface electromyography signals were recorded from the VMO and VL muscles of the right leg in 11 healthy men during rapid postural perturbations performed at baseline, immediately after eccentric exercise of the quadriceps, and at 24 and 48 h after exercise. Participants stood on a moveable platform during which eight randomised postural perturbations were performed (4 repetitions of 2 perturbation types: 8 cm forward slides, 8 cm backward slides). RESULTS Before the eccentric exercise, the onset of VMO activity was significantly earlier than the VL muscle (average for both forward and backward perturbations: VMO 39.0±7.1 ms; VL 43.7±7.9 ms). However, the onset of VMO activity was significantly later compared with VL muscle immediately after eccentric exercise and this remained 24 and 48 h after eccentric exercise (average across all postexercise sessions and perturbation directions: VMO 72.3±11.1 ms; VL 56.0±8.2 ms; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The onset of VMO-VL activity in response to rapid destabilising perturbations is altered immediately after eccentric exercise and during eccentric exercise-induced muscle soreness up to 48 h later. These observations may help explain the high prevalence of knee disorders after high intensity eccentric exercise.
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Guilhem G, Hug F, Couturier A, Regnault S, Bournat L, Filliard JR, Dorel S. Effects of air-pulsed cryotherapy on neuromuscular recovery subsequent to exercise-induced muscle damage. Am J Sports Med 2013; 41:1942-51. [PMID: 23739686 DOI: 10.1177/0363546513490648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Localized cooling has been proposed as an effective strategy to limit the deleterious effects of exercise-induced muscle damage on neuromuscular function. However, the literature reports conflicting results. PURPOSE This randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the effects of a new treatment, localized air-pulsed cryotherapy (-30°C), on the recovery time-course of neuromuscular function following a strenuous eccentric exercise. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A total of 24 participants were included in either a control group (CONT) or a cryotherapy group (CRYO). Immediately after 3 sets of 20 maximal isokinetic eccentric contractions of elbow flexors, and then 1, 2, and 3 days after exercise, the CRYO group received a cryotherapy treatment (3 × 4 minutes at -30°C separated by 1 minute). The day before and 1, 2, 3, 7, and 14 days after exercise, several parameters were quantified: maximal isometric torque and its associated maximal electromyographic activity recorded by a 64-channel electrode, delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), biceps brachii transverse relaxation time (T2) measured using magnetic resonance imaging, creatine kinase activity, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein. RESULTS Maximal isometric torque decreased similarly for the CONT (-33% ± 4%) and CRYO groups (-31% ± 6%). No intergroup differences were found for DOMS, electromyographic activity, creatine kinase activity, and T2 level averaged across the whole biceps brachii. C-reactive protein significantly increased for CONT (+93% at 72 hours, P < .05) but not for CRYO. Spatial analysis showed that cryotherapy delayed the significant increase of T2 and the decrease of electromyographic activity level for CRYO compared with CONT (between day 1 and day 3) in the medio-distal part of the biceps brachii. CONCLUSION Although some indicators of muscle damage after severe eccentric exercise were delayed (ie, local formation of edema and decrease of muscle activity) by repeated air-pulsed cryotherapy, we provide evidence that this cooling procedure failed to improve long-term recovery of muscle performance. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Four applications of air-pulsed cryotherapy in the 3 days after a strenuous eccentric exercise are ineffective overall in promoting long-term muscle recovery. Further studies taking into account the amount of exercise-induced muscle damage would allow investigators to make stronger conclusions regarding the inefficiency of this recovery modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Guilhem
- Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Service Recherche, 11, Avenue du Tremblay, 75012 Paris, France.
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Hedayatpour N, Arendt-Nielsen L, Falla D. Facilitation of quadriceps activation is impaired following eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 24:355-62. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Hedayatpour
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science; University of Bojnord; Bojnord Iran
- Department of Health Science and Technology; Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
| | - L. Arendt-Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology; Center for Sensory-Motor Interaction (SMI); Aalborg University; Aalborg Denmark
| | - D. Falla
- Pain Clinic; Center for Anesthesiology; Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine; University Hospital Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Engineering; Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology (BFNT) Göttingen; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience; University Medical Center Göttingen; Georg-August University; Göttingen Germany
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