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Kang SH, Mirka GA. Effects of a Passive Back-Support Exosuit on Erector Spinae and Abdominal Muscle Activity During Short-Duration, Asymmetric Trunk Posture Maintenance Tasks. HUMAN FACTORS 2024; 66:1830-1843. [PMID: 37635094 DOI: 10.1177/00187208231197264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of asymmetry and lower extremity mobility restrictions on the effectiveness of a passive back-support exosuit in short-duration, static trunk flexion postures. BACKGROUND The effectiveness of trunk exoskeletons/suits for sagittally symmetric trunk posture maintenance has been investigated, but there has been limited study of the effects of asymmetric trunk postures or lower extremity motion restriction. METHOD Sixteen participants held trunk flexion postures involving trunk flexion (20°, 40°, 60°), asymmetry (0°, 30°), and lower extremity mobility (Free, Restricted) for 3 s. Participants held these postures with and without an exosuit while erector spinae and abdominal muscle activities were collected. RESULTS There were no significant interactions between exosuit and asymmetry or exosuit and lower extremity motion restrictions, indicating no significant effects of these factors on the effectiveness of the exosuit at reducing trunk muscle activity. The exosuit was found to be effective at reducing erector spinae muscle activity regardless of asymmetry of posture or lower extremity restrictions (average 21%, from 11.2% MVC to 8.8% MVC). The magnitude of the erector spinae activity at 60° of trunk flexion with the exosuit was similar to that seen at 20° without the exosuit. CONCLUSION The exosuit consistently provided biomechanical benefit through reduced activation of the erector spinae muscles and neither asymmetry of trunk posture nor lower extremity restriction influenced this effectiveness. APPLICATION Trunk exoskeletons/suits can reduce trunk muscle activation and understanding how characteristics of the trunk postures assumed impact these responses may help target tasks wherein these devices may be effective.
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Johns J, Bender A, Glitsch U, Schmidt-Bleek L, Dymke J, Brandl C, Damm P, Heinrich K. Reconstruction of occluded pelvis markers during marker-based motion capture with industrial exoskeletons. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38756020 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2024.2350592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Industrial back support exoskeletons are a promising solution to alleviate lumbar musculoskeletal strain. Due to the complexity of spinal loading, evaluation of EMG data alone has been considered insufficient to assess their support effects, and complementary kinematic and dynamic data are required. However, the acquisition of marker-based kinematics is challenging with exoskeletons, as anatomical reference points, particularly on the pelvis, are occluded by exoskeleton structures. The aim of this study was therefore to develop and validate a method to reliably reconstruct the occluded pelvic markers. The movement data of six subjects, for whom pelvic markers could be placed while wearing an exoskeleton, were used to test the reconstructions and compare them to anatomical landmarks during lifting, holding and walking. Two separate approaches were used for the reconstruction. One used a reference coordinate system based on only exoskeleton markers (EXO), as has been suggested in the literature, while our proposed method adds a technical marker in the lumbar region (LUMB) to compensate for any shifting between exoskeleton and pelvis. Reconstruction with EXO yielded on average an absolute linear deviation of 54 mm ± 16 mm (mean ± 1SD) compared to anatomical markers. The additional marker in LUMB reduced mean deviations to 14 mm ± 7 mm (mean ± 1SD). Both methods were compared to reference values from the literature for expected variances due to marker placement and soft tissue artifacts. For LUMB 99% of reconstructions were within the defined threshold of 24 mm ±9 mm while for EXO 91% were outside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Johns
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, German Social Accident Insurance, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - A Bender
- Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - U Glitsch
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, German Social Accident Insurance, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - L Schmidt-Bleek
- Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Dymke
- Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C Brandl
- Institute of Industrial Engineering and Ergonomics, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE, Aachen, Germany
| | - P Damm
- Julius Wolff Institute, Berlin Institute of Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Heinrich
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, German Social Accident Insurance, Sankt Augustin, Germany
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Johns J, Schultes I, Heinrich K, Potthast W, Glitsch U. Biomechanical analysis of different back-supporting exoskeletons regarding musculoskeletal loading during lifting and holding. J Biomech 2024; 168:112125. [PMID: 38688184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Industrial back support exoskeletons (BSEs) are a promising approach to addressing low back pain (LBP) which still affect a significant proportion of the workforce. They aim to reduce lumbar loading, the main biomechanical risk factor for LBP, by providing external support to the lumbar spine. The aim of this study was to determine the supporting effect of one active (A1) and two passive (P1 and P2) BSEs during different manual material handling tasks. Kinematic data and back muscle activity were collected from 12 subjects during dynamic lifting and static holding of 10 kg. Mean and peak L5/S1 extension moments, L5/S1 compression forces and muscle activation were included in the analysis. During dynamic lifting all BSEs reduced peak (12-26 %) and mean (4-17 %) extension moments and peak (10-22 %) and mean (4-15 %) compression forces in the lumbar spine. The peak (13-28 %) and mean (4-32 %) activity of the back extensor muscles was reduced accordingly. In the static holding task, analogous mean reductions for P1 and P2 of L5/S1 extension moments (12-20 %), compression forces (13-23 %) and muscular activity (16-23 %) were found. A1 showed a greater reduction during static holding for extension moments (46 %), compression forces (41 %) and muscular activity (54 %). This pronounced difference in the performance of the BSEs between tasks was attributed to the actuators used by the different BSEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Johns
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, German Social Accident Insurance, Sankt Augustin, Germany; Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | - I Schultes
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, German Social Accident Insurance, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - K Heinrich
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, German Social Accident Insurance, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - W Potthast
- Institute of Biomechanics and Orthopaedics, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - U Glitsch
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, German Social Accident Insurance, Sankt Augustin, Germany
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Mohamed Refai MI, Moya-Esteban A, van Zijl L, van der Kooij H, Sartori M. Benchmarking commercially available soft and rigid passive back exoskeletons for an industrial workplace. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES 2024; 5:e6. [PMID: 38510984 PMCID: PMC10952052 DOI: 10.1017/wtc.2024.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Low-back pain is a common occupational hazard for industrial workers. Several studies show the advantages of using rigid and soft back-support passive exoskeletons and exosuits (exos) to reduce the low-back loading and risk of injury. However, benefits of using these exos have been shown to be task-specific. Therefore, in this study, we developed a benchmarking approach to assess exos for an industrial workplace at Hankamp Gears B.V. We assessed two rigid (Laevo Flex, Paexo back) and two soft (Auxivo Liftsuit 1.0, and Darwing Hakobelude) exos for tasks resembling the workplace. We measured the assistive moment provided by each exo and their respective influence on muscle activity as well as the user's perception of comfort and exertion. Ten participants performed four lifting tasks (Static hold, Asymmetric, Squat, and Stoop), while their electromyography and subjective measures were collected. The two rigid exos provided the largest assistance during the Dynamic tasks. Reductions in erector spinae activity were seen to be task-specific, with larger reductions for the two rigid exos. Overall, Laevo Flex offered a good balance between assistive moments, reductions in muscle activity, as well as user comfort and reductions in perceived exertion. Thus, we recommend benchmarking exos for intended use in the industrial workplace. This will hopefully result in a better adoption of the back-support exoskeletons in the workplace and help reduce low-back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Moya-Esteban
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lynn van Zijl
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Herman van der Kooij
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Massimo Sartori
- Department of Biomechanical Engineering, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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Yin W, Chen Y, Reddy C, Zheng L, Mehta RK, Zhang X. Flexible sensor-based biomechanical evaluation of low-back exoskeleton use in lifting. ERGONOMICS 2024; 67:182-193. [PMID: 37204270 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2023.2216408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to establish an ambulatory field-friendly system based on miniaturised wireless flexible sensors for studying the biomechanics of human-exoskeleton interactions. Twelve healthy adults performed symmetric lifting with and without a passive low-back exoskeleton, while their movements were tracked using both a flexible sensor system and a conventional motion capture (MoCap) system synchronously. Novel algorithms were developed to convert the raw acceleration, gyroscope, and biopotential signals from the flexible sensors into kinematic and dynamic measures. Results showed that these measures were highly correlated with those obtained from the MoCap system and discerned the effects of the exoskeleton, including increased peak lumbar flexion, decreased peak hip flexion, and decreased lumbar flexion moment and back muscle activities. The study demonstrated the promise of an integrated flexible sensor-based system for biomechanics and ergonomics field studies as well as the efficacy of exoskeleton in relieving the low-back stress associated with manual lifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yin
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yinong Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Curran Reddy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Liying Zheng
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ranjana K Mehta
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Bär M, Luger T. Using a Passive Back Exoskeleton During a Simulated Sorting Task: Influence on Muscle Activity, Posture, and Heart Rate. HUMAN FACTORS 2024; 66:40-55. [PMID: 35225011 PMCID: PMC10756017 DOI: 10.1177/00187208211073192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate using a back exoskeleton in a simulated sorting task in a static forward bent trunk posture on muscle activity, posture, and heart rate (HR). BACKGROUND Potentials of exoskeletons for reducing musculoskeletal demands in work tasks need to be clarified. METHODS Thirty-six healthy males performed the sorting task in 40°-forward bent static trunk posture for 90 seconds, in three trunk orientations, with and without exoskeleton. Muscle activity of the erector spinae (ES), biceps femoris (BF), trapezius descendens (TD), rectus abdominis (RA), vastus laterals (VL), and gastrocnemius medialis was recorded using surface electromyography normalized to a submaximal or maximal reference electrical activity (%RVE (reference voluntary electrical activity)/%MVE). Spine and lower limb postures were assessed by gravimetric position sensors, and HR by electrocardiography. RESULTS Using the exoskeleton resulted in decreased BF muscle activity [-8.12%RVE], and minor changes in ES [-1.29%MVE], RA [-0.28%RVE], VL [-0.49%RVE], and TD [+1.13%RVE] muscle activity. Hip and knee flexion increased [+8.1°; +6.7°]. Heart rate decreased by 2.1 bpm. Trunk orientation had an influence on BF muscle activity. CONCLUSION Using the back exoskeleton in a short sorting task with static trunk posture mainly reduced hip extensor muscle activity and changed lower limb but not spine posture. Implications of using a back exoskeleton for workers' musculoskeletal health need further clarification. APPLICATION The detected changes by using the Laevo® illustrate the need for further investigation prior to practical recommendations of using exoskeletons in the field. Investigating various work scenarios in different kind of workers and long-term applications would be important elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Bär
- Mona Bär, Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University of Tübingen and University Hospital Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, Tübingen 72074, Germany; e-mail:
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Arauz PG, Chavez G, Reinoso V, Ruiz P, Ortiz E, Cevallos C, Garcia G. Influence of a passive exoskeleton on kinematics, joint moments, and self-reported ratings during a lifting task. J Biomech 2024; 162:111886. [PMID: 38043494 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
It was found that the Auxivo LiftSuit reduced the load on the back and hip muscles when lifting heavy loads, but its effect on lower body kinematics, joint moments, and self-reported ratings was unclear. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of this passive lift-exoskeleton design, on lower body kinematics, joint moments, and self-reported ratings during lifting of heavy loads. Twenty healthy subjects performed lifting of heavy loads with and without the exoskeleton under surveillance of a motion capture system. Medium and maximum level adjustments of the exoskeleton, as well as no exoskeleton use were analyzed. Our results indicate significant reduction (p <.01) in pelvis segment tilt and hip flexion ROM with the exoskeleton at maximum level adjustment in males during lifting. Lumbosacral flexion moment ranges were significantly decreased (p <.013) with the exoskeleton at maximum and medium level adjustment in males during lifting. The general user impressions were mostly positive, with participants reporting that it was easier to perform the task with the exoskeleton than without it (p <.0.001), and preferring and recommending the exoskeleton for the task. Although our findings may suggest negative effects of the Auxivo LiftSuit in males and females due to a ROM restriction and loose fit, respectively, it does not mean that the Auxivo LiftSuit is not useful for lifting tasks. Further design improvements are required to allow full range of motion of hips and pelvis, as well to provide better adjustment and level of support in female users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Arauz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Guillermo Chavez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Valentina Reinoso
- Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Pablo Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Análisis de Movimiento, CELMOST Vivir, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Esteban Ortiz
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, United States
| | - Carlos Cevallos
- Faculté des Sciences de la Motricité, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Gabriela Garcia
- Departamento de Ingeniería Industrial, Colegio de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
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Xiang X, Tanaka M, Umeno S, Kikuchi Y, Kobayashi Y. Dynamic assessment for low back-support exoskeletons during manual handling tasks. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1289686. [PMID: 38026894 PMCID: PMC10667710 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1289686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exoskeletons can protect users' lumbar spine and reduce the risk of low back injury during manual lifting tasks. Although many exoskeletons have been developed, their adoptability is limited by their task- and movement-specific effects on reducing burden. Many studies have evaluated the safety and effectiveness of an exoskeleton using the peak/mean values of biomechanical variables, whereas the performance of the exoskeleton at other time points of the movement has not been investigated in detail. A functional analysis, which presents discrete time-series data as continuous functions, makes it possible to highlight the features of the movement waveform and determine the difference in each variable at each time point. This study investigated an assessment method for exoskeletons based on functional ANOVA, which made it possible to quantify the differences in the biomechanical variables throughout the movement when using an exoskeleton. Additionally, we developed a method based on the interpolation technique to estimate the assistive torque of an exoskeleton. Ten men lifted a 10-kg box under symmetric and asymmetric conditions five times each. Lumbar load was significantly reduced during all phases (flexion, lifting, and laying) under both conditions. Additionally, reductions in kinematic variables were observed, indicating the exoskeleton's impact on motion restrictions. Moreover, the overlap F-ratio curves of the lumbar load and kinematic variables imply that exoskeletons reduce the lumbar load by restricting the kinematic variables. The results suggested that at smaller trunk angles (<25°), an exoskeleton neither significantly reduces the lumbar load nor restricts trunk movement. Our findings will help increasing exoskeleton safety and designing effective products for reducing lumbar injury risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Xiang
- Institute of Agricultural Machinery, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Saitama, Japan
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Ding S, Reyes FA, Bhattacharya S, Seyram O, Yu H. A Novel Passive Back-Support Exoskeleton With a Spring-Cable-Differential for Lifting Assistance. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2023; 31:3781-3789. [PMID: 37725739 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2023.3317059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Lower back injuries are the most common work-related musculoskeletal disorders. As a wearable device, a back-support exoskeleton (BSE) can reduce the risk of lower back injuries and passive BSEs can achieve a low device weight. However, with current passive BSEs, there is a problem that the user must push against the device when lifting the leg to walk, which is perceived as particularly uncomfortable due to the resistance. To solve this problem, we propose a novel passive BSE that can automatically distinguish between lifting and walking. A unique spring-cable-differential acts as a torque generator to drive both hip joints, providing adequate assistive torque during lifting and low resistance during walking. The optimization of parameters can accommodate the asymmetry of human gait. In addition, the assistive torque on both sides of the user is always the same to ensure the balance of forces. By using a cable to transmit the spring force, we placed the torque generator on the person's back to reduce the weight on the legs. To test the effectiveness of the device, we performed a series of simulated lifting tasks and walking trials. When lifting a load of 10 kg in a squatting and stooping position, the device was able to reduce the activation of the erector spinae muscles by up to 41%. No significant change in the activation of the leg and back muscles was detected during walking.
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Luger T, Bär M, Seibt R, Rieger MA, Steinhilber B. Using a Back Exoskeleton During Industrial and Functional Tasks-Effects on Muscle Activity, Posture, Performance, Usability, and Wearer Discomfort in a Laboratory Trial. HUMAN FACTORS 2023; 65:5-21. [PMID: 33861139 PMCID: PMC9846378 DOI: 10.1177/00187208211007267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of using a passive back-support exoskeleton (Laevo V2.56) on muscle activity, posture, heart rate, performance, usability, and wearer comfort during a course of three industrial tasks (COU; exoskeleton worn, turned-on), stair climbing test (SCT; exoskeleton worn, turned-off), timed-up-and-go test (TUG; exoskeleton worn, turned-off) compared to no exoskeleton. BACKGROUND Back-support exoskeletons have the potential to reduce work-related physical demands. METHODS Thirty-six men participated. Activity of erector spinae (ES), biceps femoris (BF), rectus abdominis (RA), vastus lateralis (VL), gastrocnemius medialis (GM), trapezius descendens (TD) was recorded by electromyography; posture by trunk, hip, knee flexion angles; heart rate by electrocardiography; performance by time-to-task accomplishment (s) and perceived task difficulty (100-mm visual analogue scale; VAS); usability by the System Usability Scale (SUS) and all items belonging to domains skepticism and user-friendliness of the Technology Usage Inventory; wearer comfort by the 100-mm VAS. RESULTS During parts of COU, using the exoskeleton decreased ES and BF activity and trunk flexion, and increased RA, GM, and TD activity, knee and hip flexion. Wearing the exoskeleton increased time-to-task accomplishment of SCT, TUG, and COU and perceived difficulty of SCT and TUG. Average SUS was 75.4, skepticism 11.5/28.0, user-friendliness 18.0/21.0, wearer comfort 31.1 mm. CONCLUSION Using the exoskeleton modified muscle activity and posture depending on the task applied, slightly impaired performance, and was evaluated mildly uncomfortable. APPLICATION These outcomes require investigating the effects of this passive back-supporting exoskeleton in longitudinal studies with longer operating times, providing better insights for guiding their application in real work settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessy Luger
- University of Tübingen and University Hospital Tübingen,
Wilhelmstraße, Germany
| | - Mona Bär
- University of Tübingen and University Hospital Tübingen,
Wilhelmstraße, Germany
| | - Robert Seibt
- University of Tübingen and University Hospital Tübingen,
Wilhelmstraße, Germany
| | - Monika A. Rieger
- University of Tübingen and University Hospital Tübingen,
Wilhelmstraße, Germany
| | - Benjamin Steinhilber
- University of Tübingen and University Hospital Tübingen,
Wilhelmstraße, Germany
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11
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Zou H, Choi J, Hyeon Kang S, Kim S, Jin S. Passive exoskeletons alter low back load transfer mechanism. J Biomech 2023; 147:111437. [PMID: 36680890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies that tested passive back-support exoskeletons focused only on active low-back tissue. Therefore, this study examines the effect from a passive back-support exoskeleton by investigating changes in the load transfer mechanism between active and passive tissue in the low back. Twelve healthy male participants performed a full range of trunk flexion-extension movements under three conditions-FREE (no exoskeleton), the backX, or the CoreBot exoskeleton-while holding 0 kg, 4 kg, and 8 kg loads. Body kinematics and electromyography were recorded. Results showed that the average muscle activity of the lumbar erector spinae (LES) was significantly reduced while wearing the exoskeletons, with a 5.9%MVC reduction with the backX and a 3.3%MVC reduction with the CoreBot. Earlier occurrence of the flexion-relaxation phenomenon induced by the trunk extension moment of exoskeletons played an important role in reducing LES muscle activity because the LES returned to a relaxed state earlier (EMG-Off: a 3.1° reduction with the backX, and a 1.8° reduction with the CoreBot; EMG-On: a 2.3° reduction with the backX, and a 1.4° reduction with the CoreBot). In addition, the maximum lumbar flexion angle (a 2.2° reduction with the backX and a 1.5° reduction with the CoreBot) showed significant decreases compared to the FREE condition, indicating that exoskeleton use can prevent low-back passive tissue from being fully activated. These results suggested the overall effects of passive back-support exoskeletons in reducing loads on both active and passive tissue in the low back.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbo Zou
- Majoring in Industrial Data Science & Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jiwon Choi
- Majoring in Industrial Data Science & Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Hyeon Kang
- Majoring in Industrial Data Science & Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seulgi Kim
- Majoring in Industrial Data Science & Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangeun Jin
- Majoring in Industrial Data Science & Engineering, Department of Industrial Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea.
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So BCL, Hua C, Chen T, Gao Q, Man SS. Biomechanical assessment of a passive back-support exoskeleton during repetitive lifting and carrying: Muscle activity, kinematics, and physical capacity. JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH 2022; 83:210-222. [PMID: 36481011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most people have experienced low back pain (LBP) more or less in their lifetime. Heavier load weight could increase the risk of LBP, especially in repetitive lifting and carrying tasks. The risk could also increase with the frequency of lifting. This study aims to investigate the effects of a passive back-support exoskeleton (PBSE) on trunk muscle activation, kinematics, and physical capacity in a repetitive lifting task and a carrying task in consideration of load weights in a laboratory setting. RESULTS Results showed that using the PBSE, the activities of the thoracic erector spinae and lumbar erector spinae muscles were reduced significantly by nearly 7% MVC and 3% MVC in the repetitive lifting task and the carrying task, respectively. There was no significant effect of the PBSE on the spine kinematics and physical capacity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS This study supports the use of the PBSE to reduce trunk muscle activity in repetitive lifting and carrying tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Billy Chun Lung So
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunzhuo Hua
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qingwen Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Siu Shing Man
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
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Yunus MNH, Jaafar MH, Mohamed ASA, Azraai NZ, Amil N, Zein RM. Biomechanics Analysis of the Firefighters' Thorax Movement on Personal Protective Equipment during Lifting Task Using Inertial Measurement Unit Motion Capture. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14232. [PMID: 36361112 PMCID: PMC9658051 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Back injury is a common musculoskeletal injury reported among firefighters (FFs) due to their nature of work and personal protective equipment (PPE). The nature of the work associated with heavy lifting tasks increases FFs' risk of back injury. This study aimed to assess the biomechanics movement of FFs on personal protective equipment during a lifting task. A set of questionnaires was used to identify the prevalence of musculoskeletal pain experienced by FFs. Inertial measurement unit (IMU) motion capture was used in this study to record the body angle deviation and angular acceleration of FFs' thorax extension. The descriptive analysis was used to analyze the relationship between the FFs' age and body mass index with the FFs' thorax movement during the lifting task with PPE and without PPE. Sixty-three percent of FFs reported lower back pain during work, based on the musculoskeletal pain questionnaire. The biomechanics analysis of thorax angle deviation and angular acceleration has shown that using FFs PPE significantly causes restricted movement and limited mobility for the FFs. As regards human factors, the FFs' age influences the angle deviation while wearing PPE and FFs' BMI influences the angular acceleration without wearing PPE during the lifting activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohd Hafiidz Jaafar
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | | | - Nur Zaidi Azraai
- School of the Arts, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Norhaniza Amil
- School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Remy Md Zein
- National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Bangi 43650, Malaysia
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14
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Bär M, Luger T, Seibt R, Gabriel J, Rieger MA, Steinhilber B. Effects of a Passive Back-Support Exoskeleton on Knee Joint Loading during Simulated Static Sorting and Dynamic Lifting Tasks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9965. [PMID: 36011596 PMCID: PMC9408483 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the load shifting mechanism of many back-support exoskeletons (BSEs), this study evaluated possible side effects of using a BSE on knee joint loading. Twenty-nine subjects (25.9 (±4.4) years, 179.0 (±6.5) cm; 73.6 (±9.4) kg) performed simulated static sorting and dynamic lifting tasks, including stoop and squat styles and different trunk rotation postures. Ground reaction force, body posture and the force between the chest and the BSE's contact interface were recorded using a force plate, two-dimensional gravimetric position sensors, and a built-in force sensor of the BSE, respectively. Using these parameters and the subject's anthropometry, median and 90th percentile horizontal (HOR50, HOR90) and vertical (VERT50, VERT90) tibiofemoral forces were calculated via a self-developed inverse quasi-static biomechanical model. BSE use had a variable effect on HOR50 dependent on the working task and body posture. Generally, VERT50 increased without significant interaction effects with posture or task. HOR90 and VERT90 were not affected by using the BSE. In conclusion, utilizing the investigated exoskeleton is likely to induce side effects in terms of changed knee joint loading. This may depend on the applied working task and the user's body posture. The role of these changes in the context of a negative contribution to work-related cumulative knee exposures should be addressed by future research.
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15
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Moon C, Bae J, Kwak J, Hong D. A Lower-Back Exoskeleton with a Four-bar Linkage Structure for Providing Extensor Moment and Lumbar Traction Force. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 2022; 30:729-737. [PMID: 35286262 DOI: 10.1109/tnsre.2022.3159178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lower back pain and related injuries are prevalent and serious problems in various industries, and high compression force to the lumbosacral (L5/S1) region has been known as one of the key factors. Previous research on passive lower back exoskeletons focused on reducing lumbar muscle activation by providing an extensor moment. Additionally, lumbar traction forces can reduce the compression force, and is a common treatment method for lower back pain in clinics. In this paper, we propose a novel passive lower back exoskeleton that provides both extensor moment and lumbar traction force. The working principle of the exoskeleton, extending the coil springs during lumbar flexion, and its design criteria regarding the amount of each force element were provided. The kinematic model explained its operation, and the dynamic simulation estimated its performance and validated its satisfaction with the design criteria. The biomechanical model provided a brief insight into the expected exoskeleton's effect on the reduced lower back compression force. Ten subjects performed static holding and dynamic lifting tasks, and the generated force elements in two directions, parallel and perpendicular to the trunk, were evaluated using a force sensor and electromyography sensors, respectively. The experiment demonstrated a pulling force opposite to the direction of intradiscal pressure and reduced erector spinae activation. This implies the effect of wearing the exoskeleton to decrease the intervertebral pressure during static back bending or heavy lifting tasks.
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16
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Hoffmann N, Prokop G, Weidner R. Methodologies for evaluating exoskeletons with industrial applications. ERGONOMICS 2022; 65:276-295. [PMID: 34415823 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.1970823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Industrial exoskeletons are globally developed, explored, and increasingly implemented in industrial workplaces. Multiple technical, physical, and psychological aspects should be assessed prior to their daily application in various occupational environments. The methodology for evaluating these aspects is not standardised and differs in terms of focussed research objectives, used types of analyses, applied testing procedures, and use cases. The aim of this paper is to provide a matrix comparing the prevalence of different types of analyses combined with their respective research objective(s). A systematic review in the database 'Web of Science' identified 74 studies, mainly in laboratory settings, with a focus on short-term effects as well as with male-dominated samples being low representative for industrial workforces. The conducted evaluation methodologies are further discussed and compared in terms of testing procedure, sample, and research objectives. Finally, relevant aspects for prospectively evaluating industrial exoskeletons in a more harmonised and comprehensive way are suggested. Practitioner summary: Industrial exoskeletons are still inconsistently and insufficiently evaluated in scientific studies, which might hamper the comparability of systems, threaten the human health, and block an iterative system optimisation. Thus, a comprehensive evaluation methodology is needed with harmonised and multicriteria types of analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Hoffmann
- Department of Production Technologies, Institute of Mechatronics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gilbert Prokop
- Department of Production Technologies, Institute of Mechatronics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Robert Weidner
- Department of Production Technologies, Institute of Mechatronics, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Laboratory of Manufacturing Technology, Helmut-Schmidt-University/University of the Federal Armed Forces Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Alemi MM, Simon AA, Geissinger J, Asbeck AT. Modeling the Metabolic Reductions of a Passive Back-Support Exoskeleton. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:737-760. [PMID: 35023764 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00171.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite several attempts to quantify the metabolic savings resulting from the use of passive back-support exoskeletons (BSEs), no study has modeled the metabolic change while wearing an exoskeleton during lifting. The objectives of this study were to: 1) quantify the metabolic reductions due to the VT-Lowe's exoskeleton during lifting; and 2) provide a comprehensive model to estimate the metabolic reductions from using a passive BSE. In this study, 15 healthy adults (13M, 2F) of ages 20 to 34 years (mean=25.33, SD=4.43) performed repeated freestyle lifting and lowering of an empty box and a box with 20% of their bodyweight. Oxygen consumption and metabolic expenditure data were collected. A model for metabolic expenditure was developed and fitted with the experimental data of two prior studies and the without-exoskeleton experimental results. The metabolic cost model was then modified to reflect the effect of the exoskeleton. The experimental results revealed that VT-Lowe's exoskeleton significantly lowered the oxygen consumption by ~9% for an empty box and 8% for a 20% bodyweight box, which corresponds to a net metabolic cost reduction of ~12% and ~9%, respectively. The mean metabolic difference (i.e., without-exo minus with-exo) and the 95% confidence interval were 0.36 and (0.2-0.52) [Watts/kg] for 0% bodyweight, and 0.43 and (0.18-0.69) [Watts/kg] for 20% bodyweight. Our modeling predictions for with-exoskeleton conditions were precise, with absolute freestyle prediction errors of <2.1%. The model developed in this study can be modified based on different study designs, and can assist researchers in enhancing designs of future lifting exoskeletons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehdi Alemi
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Athulya A Simon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jack Geissinger
- Department of Computer Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Alan T Asbeck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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18
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De Bock S, Ghillebert J, Govaerts R, Tassignon B, Rodriguez-Guerrero C, Crea S, Veneman J, Geeroms J, Meeusen R, De Pauw K. Benchmarking occupational exoskeletons: An evidence mapping systematic review. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2022; 98:103582. [PMID: 34600307 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To provide an overview of protocols assessing the effect of occupational exoskeletons on users and to formulate recommendations towards a literature-based assessment framework to benchmark the effect of occupational exoskeletons on the user. METHODS PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science database and Scopus were searched (March 2, 2021). Studies were included if they investigated the effect of one or more occupational exoskeletons on the user. RESULTS In total, 139 eligible studies were identified, encompassing 33, 25 and 18 unique back, shoulder and other exoskeletons, respectively. Device validation was most frequently conducted using controlled tasks while collecting muscle activity and biomechanical data. As the exoskeleton concept matures, tasks became more applied and the experimental design more representative. With that change towards realistic testing environments came a trade-off with experimental control, and user experience data became more valuable. DISCUSSION This evidence mapping systematic review reveals that the assessment of occupational exoskeletons is a dynamic process, and provides literature-based assessment recommendations. The homogeneity and repeatability of future exoskeleton assessment experiments will increase following these recommendations. The current review recognises the value of variability in evaluation protocols in order to obtain an overall overview of the effect of exoskeletons on the users, but the presented framework strives to facilitate benchmarking the effect of occupational exoskeletons on the users across this variety of assessment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander De Bock
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Human Robotic Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jo Ghillebert
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Human Robotic Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Renée Govaerts
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Human Robotic Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Tassignon
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Guerrero
- Brussels Human Robotic Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, 1050, Brussels, Belgium; COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action 16116, Wearable Robots for Augmentation, Assistance or Substitution of Human Motor Functions, Belgium
| | - Simona Crea
- COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action 16116, Wearable Robots for Augmentation, Assistance or Substitution of Human Motor Functions, Belgium; The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera, Italy; IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Florence, Italy
| | - Jan Veneman
- COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action 16116, Wearable Robots for Augmentation, Assistance or Substitution of Human Motor Functions, Belgium; Hocoma AG, Volketswil, Switzerland
| | - Joost Geeroms
- Brussels Human Robotic Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel and Flanders Make, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Human Robotic Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Strategic Research Program 'Exercise and the Brain in Health and Disease: The Added Value of Human-Centered Robotics', Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kevin De Pauw
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Brussels Human Robotic Research Center (BruBotics), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium; Strategic Research Program 'Exercise and the Brain in Health and Disease: The Added Value of Human-Centered Robotics', Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Lanotte F, McKinney Z, Grazi L, Chen B, Crea S, Vitiello N. Adaptive Control Method for Dynamic Synchronization of Wearable Robotic Assistance to Discrete Movements: Validation for Use Case of Lifting Tasks. IEEE T ROBOT 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/tro.2021.3073836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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20
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Song J, Zhu A, Tu Y, Zou J. Multijoint passive elastic spine exoskeleton for stoop lifting assistance. INT J ADV ROBOT SYST 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/17298814211062033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the task of carrying heavy objects, it is easy to cause back injuries and other musculoskeletal diseases. Although wearable robots are designed to reduce this danger, most existing exoskeletons use high-stiffness mechanisms, which are beneficial to load-bearing conduction, but this restricts the natural movement of the human body, thereby causing ergonomic risks. This article proposes a back exoskeleton composed of multiple elastic spherical hinges inspired by the biological spine. This spine exoskeleton can assist in the process of bending the body and ensure flexibility. We deduced the kinematics model of this mechanism and established an analytical biomechanical model of human–robot interaction. The mechanism of joint assistance of the spine exoskeleton was discussed, and experiments were conducted to verify the flexibility of the spine exoskeleton and the effectiveness of the assistance during bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyuan Song
- Institute of Robotics & Intelligent Systems, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robots, Xi’an, China
| | - Aibin Zhu
- Institute of Robotics & Intelligent Systems, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yao Tu
- Institute of Robotics & Intelligent Systems, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor-Bearing System, Xi’an, China
| | - Jiajun Zou
- Institute of Robotics & Intelligent Systems, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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21
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Ali A, Fontanari V, Schmoelz W, Agrawal SK. Systematic Review of Back-Support Exoskeletons and Soft Robotic Suits. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:765257. [PMID: 34805118 PMCID: PMC8603112 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.765257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lower back pain and musculoskeletal injuries are serious concerns for workers subjected to physical workload and manual material handling tasks. Spine assistive exoskeletons are being developed to support the spine and distribute the spine load. This article presents a detailed up-to-date review on the back support exoskeletons by discussing their type (Active/Passive), structure (Rigid/Soft), power transmission methods, weight, maximum assistive force, battery technologies, tasks (lifting, bending, stooping work), kinematic compatibility and other important features. This article also assesses the back support exoskeletons in terms of their ability to reduce the physical load on the spine. By reviewing functional and structural characteristics, the goal is to increase communication and realization among ergonomics practitioners, developers, customers, and factory workers. The search resulted in reviewing 34 exoskeletons of which 16 were passive and 18 were active. In conclusion, back support exoskeletons have immense potential to significantly reduce the factors regarding work-related musculoskeletal injuries. However, various technical challenges and a lack of established safety standards limit the wide adaptation of exoskeletons in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athar Ali
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Vigilio Fontanari
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Werner Schmoelz
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sunil K Agrawal
- Robotics and Rehabilitation (ROAR) Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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22
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Luger T, Bär M, Seibt R, Rimmele P, Rieger MA, Steinhilber B. A passive back exoskeleton supporting symmetric and asymmetric lifting in stoop and squat posture reduces trunk and hip extensor muscle activity and adjusts body posture - A laboratory study. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 97:103530. [PMID: 34280658 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The influence of a passive exoskeleton was assessed during repetitive lifting with different lifting styles (squat, stoop) and orientations (frontal/symmetric, lateral/asymmetric) on trunk and hip extensor muscle activity (primary outcomes), abdominal, leg, and shoulder muscle activity, joint kinematics, and heart rate (secondary outcomes). Using the exoskeleton significantly and partially clinically relevant reduced median/peak activity of the erector spinae (≤6%), biceps femoris (≤28%), rectus abdominis (≤6%) and increased median/peak activity of the vastus lateralis (≤69%), trapezius descendens (≤19%), and median knee (≤6%) and hip flexion angles (≤11%). Using the exoskeleton had only limited influence on muscular responses. The findings imply the exoskeleton particularly supports hip extension and requires an adjusted body posture during lifting with different styles and orientations. The potential of using exoskeletons for primary/secondary prevention of musculoskeletal disorders should be investigated in future research including a greater diversity of users in terms of age, gender, health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessy Luger
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Mona Bär
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Robert Seibt
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Pia Rimmele
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Monika A Rieger
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Steinhilber
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital of Tübingen, Wilhelmstraße 27, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
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23
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Giustetto A, Vieira Dos Anjos F, Gallo F, Monferino R, Cerone GL, Di Pardo M, Gazzoni M, Micheletti Cremasco M. Investigating the effect of a passive trunk exoskeleton on local discomfort, perceived effort and spatial distribution of back muscles activity. ERGONOMICS 2021; 64:1379-1392. [PMID: 33970812 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.1928297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at determining the effect of a passive exoskeleton on local perceived discomfort, perceived effort and low back muscles' activity. Thirteen volunteers performed two simulated working tasks with and without the exoskeleton. In the static task, the exoskeleton decreased the lumbar perceived discomfort, the perceived effort and the level of low back muscles' activity (∼10%) while increasing discomfort in the chest and feet. The percent decrease in EMG amplitude was correlated with the percent increase in perceived effort with exoskeleton. For the dynamic task, the exoskeleton increased the discomfort in the chest and decreased the level of back muscle activity (∼5%). Current findings suggest exoskeleton is effective in reducing the back load while increasing the perceived discomfort at non-targeted body regions in both working tasks. The concurrent increase of discomfort in non-targeted areas probably led to a higher perceived effort despite the reduction of low back muscle activity. Practitioner summary: This study provided insights into exoskeleton effects on local discomfort, perceived effort and muscle activity. Overall, the potential benefits of passive exoskeleton should be considered alongside its adverse effects on the non-targeted body regions that can lead to an increase of perceived effort despite the reduction of back muscle activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Giustetto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, ICxT Innovation Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Fabio Vieira Dos Anjos
- Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System (LISiN), Department of Electronics and Telecommunications and PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Gallo
- Centro Ricerche Fiat - WCM Research and Innovation, Orbassano, Italy
| | | | - Giacinto Luigi Cerone
- Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System (LISiN), Department of Electronics and Telecommunications and PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Pardo
- Centro Ricerche Fiat - WCM Research and Innovation, Orbassano, Italy
| | - Marco Gazzoni
- Laboratory for Engineering of the Neuromuscular System (LISiN), Department of Electronics and Telecommunications and PolitoBIOMed Lab, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
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24
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Ziaei M, Choobineh A, Ghaem H, Abdoli-Eramaki M. Evaluation of a passive low-back support exoskeleton (Ergo-Vest) for manual waste collection. ERGONOMICS 2021; 64:1255-1270. [PMID: 33866962 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2021.1915502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of study was to determine the biomechanical, physiological, and subjective effect of a Passive Exoskeleton device (called Ergo-Vest) among 20 waste collectors in the working environment. Compression force and moment on L4/L5 related to 400 critical postures of the participants were estimated using the 3DSSPP software. The heart rate and energy expenditure are measured as the physiological strain using the Polar RS400 Heart Rate Monitor. Borg scale perceived exertion, system usability scale, and ergonomic design indicators of the device were collected as the subjective parameters. Compression force and moment on L4/L5 disc were decreased when the Ergo-Vest was utilised. There was no significant difference in energy expenditure and heart rate with and without the device. The workers' perceived physical exertion was decreased while using the Ergo-Vest. From the perspective of end users, the usability and ergonomic design features of the Ergo-Vest was acceptable. Practitioner summary: The prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is high among the Iranian waste collectors. To mitigate this occupational problem, the effect of a passive exoskeleton for lower-back support (Ergo-Vest) was investigated on the workers' spine loading, physiological parameters, and perceived physical exertion. The result shows spine force reduction and lower subjective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Ziaei
- School of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Alireza Choobineh
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Haleh Ghaem
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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25
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Marinou G, Millard M, Šarabon N, Mombaur K. Comparing the risk of low-back injury using model-based optimization: Improved technique versus exoskeleton assistance. WEARABLE TECHNOLOGIES 2021; 2:e13. [PMID: 38486634 PMCID: PMC10936265 DOI: 10.1017/wtc.2021.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Although wearable robotic systems are designed to reduce the risk of low-back injury, it is unclear how effective assistance is, compared to improvements in lifting technique. We use a two-factor block study design to simulate how effective exoskeleton assistance and technical improvements are at reducing the risk of low-back injury when compared to a typical adult lifting a box. The effects of assistance are examined by simulating two different models: a model of just the human participant, and a model of the human participant wearing the SPEXOR exoskeleton. The effects of lifting technique are investigated by formulating two different types of optimal control problems: a least-squares problem which tracks the human participant's lifting technique, and a minimization problem where the model is free to use a different movement. Different lifting techniques are considered using three different cost functions related to risk factors for low-back injury: cumulative low-back load (CLBL), peak low-back load (PLBL), and a combination of both CLBL and PLBL (HYB). The results of our simulations indicate that an exoskeleton alone can make modest reductions in both CLBL and PLBL. In contrast, technical improvements alone are effective at reducing CLBL, but not PLBL. The largest reductions in both CLBL and PLBL occur when both an exoskeleton and technical improvements are used. While all three of the lifting technique cost functions reduce both CLBL and PLBL, the HYB cost function offers the most balanced reduction in both CLBL and PLBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgos Marinou
- Optimization, Robotics and Biomechanics (ORB), Institute of Computer Engineering (ZITI), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthew Millard
- Optimization, Robotics and Biomechanics (ORB), Institute of Computer Engineering (ZITI), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Izola, Slovenia
| | - Katja Mombaur
- Canada Excellence Research Chair in Human-Centred Robotics and Machine Intelligence, Systems Design Engineering & Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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Harith HH, Mohd MF, Nai Sowat S. A preliminary investigation on upper limb exoskeleton assistance for simulated agricultural tasks. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 95:103455. [PMID: 33991852 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Manual harvesting is still prevalent in the agricultural industry. Accordingly, it is one of the largest contributors toward work-related musculoskeletal disorder. The cutting task in oil palm harvesting uses a long pole and involves repetitive and forceful motion of the upper limbs. Exoskeleton technology is increasingly explored to assist manual tasks performance in manufacturing and heavy industries, mainly for reducing discomfort and injuries, and improving productivity. This paper reports an initial investigation on the feasibility of using an upper limb exoskeleton to assist oil palm harvesting tasks. Previous studies highlighted that exoskeletons for agricultural activities should be adaptable to changing field tasks, tools and equipment. The immediate difference in the activity of three muscles were analyzed for a range of harvesting-simulated tasks. Lower activities were observed for tasks involving overhead work when using the prototype. Nevertheless, users' feedback highlighted that its design should be optimized for better acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazreen H Harith
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Fuad Mohd
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharence Nai Sowat
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Schwartz M, Theurel J, Desbrosses K. Effectiveness of Soft versus Rigid Back-Support Exoskeletons during a Lifting Task. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18158062. [PMID: 34360352 PMCID: PMC8345799 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18158062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the influence of passive back-support exoskeletons (EXOBK) design, trunk sagittal inclination (TSI), and gender on the effectiveness of an exoskeleton to limit erector spinae muscle (ES) activation during a sagittal lifting/lowering task. Twenty-nine volunteers performed an experimental dynamic task with two exoskeletons (two different designs: soft (SUIT) and rigid (SKEL)), and without equipment (FREE). The ES activity was analyzed for eight parts of TSI, each corresponding to 25% of the range of motion (lifting: P1 to P4; lowering: P5 to P8). The impact of EXOBK on ES activity depended on the interaction between exoskeleton design and TSI. With SKEL, ES muscle activity significantly increased for P8 (+36.8%) and tended to decrease for P3 (−7.2%, p = 0.06), compared to FREE. SUIT resulted in lower ES muscle activity for P2 (−9.6%), P3 (−8.7%, p = 0.06), and P7 (−11.1%), in comparison with FREE. Gender did not influence the effect of either back-support exoskeletons on ES muscle activity. These results point to the need for particular attention with regard to (1) exoskeleton design (rigid versus soft) and to (2) the range of trunk motion, when selecting an EXOBK. In practice, the choice of a passive back-support exoskeleton, between rigid and soft design, requires an evaluation of human-exoskeleton interaction in real task conditions. The characterization of trunk kinematics and ranges of motion appears essential to identify the benefits and the negative effects to take into account with each exoskeleton design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Schwartz
- Working Life Department, French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), 54500 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France; (M.S.); (J.T.)
- Développement, Adaptation & Handicap (DevAH), University of Lorraine, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Jean Theurel
- Working Life Department, French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), 54500 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France; (M.S.); (J.T.)
| | - Kévin Desbrosses
- Working Life Department, French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), 54500 Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France; (M.S.); (J.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-38-350-9893
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Kong YK, Park CW, Cho MU, Kim SY, Kim MJ, Hyun DJ, Bae K, Choi JK, Ko SM, Choi KH. Guidelines for Working Heights of the Lower-Limb Exoskeleton (CEX) Based on Ergonomic Evaluations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105199. [PMID: 34068352 PMCID: PMC8153283 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the muscle activities and subjective discomfort according to the heights of tasks and the lower-limb exoskeleton CEX (Chairless EXoskeleton), which is a chair-type passive exoskeleton. Twenty healthy subjects (thirteen males and seven females) participated in this experiment. The independent variables were wearing of the exoskeleton (w/ CEX, w/o CEX), working height (6 levels: 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 cm), and muscle type (8 levels: upper trapezius (UT), erector spinae (ES), middle deltoid (MD), triceps brachii (TB), biceps brachii (BB), biceps femoris (BF), rectus femoris (RF), and tibialis anterior (TA)). The dependent variables were EMG activity (% MVC) and subjective discomfort rating. When wearing the CEX, the UT, ES, RF, and TA showed lower muscle activities at low working heights (40-80 cm) than not wearing the CEX, whereas those muscles showed higher muscle activities at high working heights (100-140 cm). Use of the CEX had a positive effect on subjective discomfort rating at lower working heights. Generally, lower discomfort was reported at working heights below 100 cm when using the CEX. At working heights of 100-140 cm, the muscle activity when wearing the CEX tended to be greater than when not wearing it. Thus, considering the results of this study, the use of the lower-limb exoskeleton (CEX) at a working height of 40-100 cm might reduce the muscle activity and discomfort of whole body and decrease the risk of related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ku Kong
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.-K.K.); (C.-W.P.); (M.-U.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Chae-Won Park
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.-K.K.); (C.-W.P.); (M.-U.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Min-Uk Cho
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.-K.K.); (C.-W.P.); (M.-U.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Seoung-Yeon Kim
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.-K.K.); (C.-W.P.); (M.-U.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Min-Jung Kim
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.-K.K.); (C.-W.P.); (M.-U.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (M.-J.K.)
| | - Dong Jin Hyun
- Robotics Lab in the R&D Division, Hyundai Motor Company, Uiwang 16082, Korea; (D.J.H.); (K.B.); (J.K.C.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Kihyeon Bae
- Robotics Lab in the R&D Division, Hyundai Motor Company, Uiwang 16082, Korea; (D.J.H.); (K.B.); (J.K.C.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Jong Kyu Choi
- Robotics Lab in the R&D Division, Hyundai Motor Company, Uiwang 16082, Korea; (D.J.H.); (K.B.); (J.K.C.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Sang Min Ko
- Robotics Lab in the R&D Division, Hyundai Motor Company, Uiwang 16082, Korea; (D.J.H.); (K.B.); (J.K.C.); (S.M.K.)
| | - Kyeong-Hee Choi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (Y.-K.K.); (C.-W.P.); (M.-U.C.); (S.-Y.K.); (M.-J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-290-7629
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Madinei S, Kim S, Srinivasan D, Nussbaum MA. Effects of back-support exoskeleton use on trunk neuromuscular control during repetitive lifting: A dynamical systems analysis. J Biomech 2021; 123:110501. [PMID: 34000644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Back-support exoskeletons (BSEs) are a promising ergonomic intervention to mitigate the risk of occupational low back pain. Although growing evidence points to the beneficial effects of BSEs, specifically in reducing low-back physical demands, there is limited understanding of potential unintended consequences of BSE use on neuromuscular control of the trunk during manual material handling (MMH). We quantified the effects of two passive BSEs (BackX™ AC and Laevo™ V2.5) on trunk dynamic stability and movement coordination during a repetitive lifting task. Eighteen participants (gender-balanced) completed four minutes of repetitive lifting in nine different conditions, involving symmetric and asymmetric postures when using the BSEs (along with no BSE as a control condition). Maximum Lyapunov exponents (short-term: λmax-s; long-term: λmax-l) and Floquet multipliers (FMmax) were respectively calculated to quantify the local dynamic and orbital stability of thorax and pelvis trajectories. Thorax-pelvis segmental coordination was also quantified using the continuous relative phase. Wearing the Laevo™ significantly increased λmax-s for the pelvis (by ~ 8%) and FMmax for the thorax and pelvis (by ~ 5-10%). Use of either BSE decreased the in-phase coordination pattern for the thorax-pelvis coupling (by ~ 15%). These results suggest that BSE use can compromise neuromuscular control of the trunk, and caution should thus be used in selecting a suitable BSE for use in a given MMH task. Future work is needed, however, to assess the generalizability of different BSE design approaches in terms of unintended short-term and long-term effects on trunk neuromuscular control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Madinei
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sunwook Kim
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Divya Srinivasan
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Maury A Nussbaum
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Baltrusch SJ, Houdijk H, van Dieën JH, Kruif JTCMD. Passive Trunk Exoskeleton Acceptability and Effects on Self-efficacy in Employees with Low-Back Pain: A Mixed Method Approach. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2021; 31:129-141. [PMID: 32410154 PMCID: PMC7954709 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-020-09891-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Determinants of successfully introducing passive exoskeletons in the working environment to decrease mechanical loading on the back, are acceptability of the device to management and employees, including self-efficacy of employees when using the device. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess self-efficacy of employees with low-back pain when using an exoskeleton and the acceptability of such a device to these employees and their managers. Methods We used a mixed method approach. We quantitatively assessed the change in self-efficacy of 17 employees with low-back pain when performing daily activity tasks with the exoskeleton, using the modified spinal function sort (M-SFS). Qualitatively, we conducted a focus group with employees and a double interview with two managers to add more insight and understandings into changes in self-efficacy and to discuss challenges of implementing an exoskeleton in the working environment. Results Self-efficacy significantly increased by 7% when using the exoskeleton. Employees acknowledged the flexibility of the exoskeleton being advantageous to current static external lifting devices, which confirmed the increase of self-efficacy in both static and dynamic tasks. Individual data showed that the increase in self-efficacy was largest for participants, being greatly restricted by their low-back pain. In the focus group, employees confirmed that they are mostly open to wearing the exoskeleton if they suffer from low-back pain. Conclusion If potential challenges, e.g. visibility and potential refusal of wearing an exoskeleton are considered in the implementation strategy, acceptability of and self-efficacy in using the passive trunk exoskeleton would be further improved, potentially contributing to reduced risk of low-back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Baltrusch
- Department of Research and Development, Rehabilitation Center Heliomare, Wijk aan Zee, The Netherlands.
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - H Houdijk
- Department of Research and Development, Rehabilitation Center Heliomare, Wijk aan Zee, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H van Dieën
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J Th C M de Kruif
- Faculty of Science, Methodology and Applied Biostatistics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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31
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Kozinc Ž, Baltrusch S, Houdijk H, Šarabon N. Short-Term Effects of a Passive Spinal Exoskeleton on Functional Performance, Discomfort and User Satisfaction in Patients with Low Back Pain. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION 2021; 31:142-152. [PMID: 32356222 DOI: 10.1007/s10926-020-09899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Low back pain (LBP) remains a major worldwide healthcare issue. Recently, spinal exoskeletons were proposed as a potentially useful solution for LBP prevention and vocational reintegration for people who perform heavy load lifting, repetitive movements or work in prolonged static postures. The purpose of this study was to investigate how patients with LBP respond to the novel passive SPEXOR exoskeleton regarding functional performance, discomfort and general user impression. Methods Fourteen patients, with low to moderate LBP (2-7 on a 0-10 scale), performed 12 functional tasks with and without the exoskeleton. In addition to objective performance measures, participants subjectively assessed the level of local low back discomfort, task difficulty and general discomfort on a 0-10 visual analogue scales. Results The SPEXOR exoskeleton had favourable effects on performance and local discomfort during prolonged static forward bending. Minor reductions in performance were observed for sit-stand and ladder climbing tasks. The discomfort associated with the exoskeleton was generally low to moderate (median < 4), except for the 6-min walk test (median = 4.5), which is likely due to the weight of the device and obstruction of upper limb movement. The general impressions were mostly positive, with good adjustability, low interference with the movement and moderate support reported by the participants. Conclusion The SPEXOR exoskeleton is potentially useful for LBP prevention or management, however, further improvements are needed to provide higher levels support during heavy load lifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Kozinc
- Department of Health Study, Andrej Marusic Institute, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
- Department of Kinesiology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Saskia Baltrusch
- Research and Development, Rehabilitation Centre Heliomare, Wijk aan Zee, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Han Houdijk
- Research and Development, Rehabilitation Centre Heliomare, Wijk aan Zee, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Department of Kinesiology and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Koper, Slovenia.
- Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behaviour, S2P, Science To Practice, Ltd., Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310, Izola, Slovenia.
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Mak SKD, Accoto D. Review of Current Spinal Robotic Orthoses. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:70. [PMID: 33451142 PMCID: PMC7828606 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoporotic spine fractures (OSF) are common sequelae of osteoporosis. OSF are directly correlated with increasing age and incidence of osteoporosis. OSF are treated conservatively or surgically. Associated acute pain, chronic disabilities, and progressive deformities are well documented. Conservative measures include a combination of initial bed rest, analgesia, early physiotherapy, and a spinal brace (orthosis), with the aim for early rehabilitation to prevent complications of immobile state. Spinal bracing is commonly used for symptomatic management of OSF. While traditional spinal braces aim to maintain the neutral spinal alignment and reduce the axial loading on the fractured vertebrae, they are well known for complications including discomfort with reduced compliance, atrophy of paraspinal muscles, and restriction of chest expansion leading to chest infections. Exoskeletons have been developed to passively assist and actively augment human movements with different types of actuators. Flexible, versatile spinal exoskeletons are designed to better support the spine. As new technologies enable the development of motorized wearable exoskeletons, several types have been introduced into the medical field application. We have provided a thorough review of the current spinal robotic technologies in this paper. The shortcomings in the current spinal exoskeletons were identified. Their limitations on the use for patients with OSF with potential improvement strategies were discussed. With our current knowledge of spinal orthosis for conservatively managed OSF, a semi-rigid backpack style thoracolumbar spinal robotic orthosis will reduce spinal bone stress and improve back muscle support. This will lead to back pain reduction, improved posture, and overall mobility. Early mobilization is an important part of management of patients with OSF as it reduces the chance of developing complications related to their immobile state for patients with OSF, which will be helpful for their recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Kei David Mak
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore 308433, Singapore
| | - Dino Accoto
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
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Haddas R, Samocha Y, Yang J. Effects of Volitional Spine Stabilization on Trunk Control During Asymmetric Lifting Task in Patients With Recurrent Low Back Pain. Global Spine J 2020; 10:1006-1014. [PMID: 32875825 PMCID: PMC7645090 DOI: 10.1177/2192568219885898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective, concurrent-cohort study. OBJECTIVES To determine the effects of volitional preemptive abdominal contraction (VPAC) on trunk control during an asymmetric lift in patients with recurrent low back pain (rLBP) and compare with matched controls. METHODS Thirty-two rLBP patients and 37 healthy controls performed asymmetric lifting with and without VPAC. Trunk, pelvis, and hip biomechanical along with neuromuscular activity parameters were obtained using 3-dimensional motion capture and electromyography system. Hypotheses were tested using analysis of variance. RESULTS The VPAC resulted in significantly reduced muscle activity across all trunk extensor muscles in both groups (M ± SD, 6.4% ± 8.2% of maximum contraction; P ≤ .005), and reduced trunk side flexion (1.4° ± 5.1° smaller; P ≤ .005) and hip abduction (8.1° ± 21.1° smaller; P ≤ .003). rLBP patients exhibited reduced muscle activity in external oblique (12.3% ± 5.5% of maximum contraction; P ≤ .012), as well as decreased hip flexion (4.7°, P ≤ .008) and hip abduction (5.2°, P ≤ .001) at the final position of lifting in comparison with healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study defend the recommendation that the use of a VPAC increase spine stability during an asymmetrical loading task. Our results provide an indication that a VPAC strategy that is achieved during an asymmetric lifting decreases exposure for lumbar spine injury and instability. Spine care providers and ergonomists can use this information when designing neuromuscular control training programs, both for healthy individuals aimed at prevention of injury, as well as those with a history of rLBP, aimed at full functional recovery and protection from future injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ram Haddas
- Texas Back Institute, Plano, TX, USA,Ram Haddas, Texas Back Institute 6020 West Parker Road, Suite 200, Plano, TX 75093-810, USA.
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Steinhilber B, Luger T, Schwenkreis P, Middeldorf S, Bork H, Mann B, von Glinski A, Schildhauer TA, Weiler S, Schmauder M, Heinrich K, Winter G, Schnalke G, Frener P, Schick R, Wischniewski S, Jäger M. The use of exoskeletons in the occupational context for primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of work-related musculoskeletal complaints. IISE Trans Occup Ergon Hum Factors 2020; 8:132-144. [PMID: 33140996 DOI: 10.1080/24725838.2020.1844344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OCCUPATIONAL APPLICATIONS This guideline includes 20 recommendations and four key statements that achieved consensus or strong consensus regarding the application of exoskeletons in the workplace for the prevention of musculoskeletal complaints and diseases, the general use and implementation of exoskeletons, and recommendations for risk assessment. The guideline is intended for company physicians, occupational physicians, ergonomists, occupational safety specialists, and employers, and serves as information for all other actors in practical occupational safety. Due to the lack of evidence from the scientific literature, the recommendations and key statements are the result of expert discussions that were conducted at a consensus conference in accordance with the Regulations of the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany, moderated by an external consultant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Steinhilber
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tessy Luger
- Institute of Occupational and Social Medicine and Health Services Research, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Schwenkreis
- Neurological University Hospital, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil GmbH, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Middeldorf
- Centre for Orthopaedics, Schön Clinic Bad Staffelstein, Bad Staffelstein, Germany
| | - Hartmut Bork
- St. Josef-Stift Sendenhorst Hospital for Orthopaedic Surgery and Rheumatology, Sendenhorst, Germany
| | - Bernhard Mann
- Institute for Sociology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz-Metternich, Germany
| | - Alexander von Glinski
- Surgical University Hospital and Polyclinic, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas A Schildhauer
- Surgical University Hospital and Polyclinic, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Martin Schmauder
- Institute of Material Handling and Industrial Engineering, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kai Heinrich
- Institute for Occupational Safety and Health of the German Social Accident Insurance, Sankt Augustin, Germany
| | - Gabriele Winter
- (BG) German Social Accident Insurance Institution for Commercial Transport, Postal Logistics and Telecommunication, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schnalke
- Outpatient Rehabilitation Center Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Peter Frener
- (BG) German Social Accident Insurance Institution for the Woodworking and Metalworking Industries, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf Schick
- (BG) German Social Accident Insurance Institution for the Trade and Logistics Industry, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Jäger
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund University of Technology, Dortmund, Germany
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Madinei S, Alemi MM, Kim S, Srinivasan D, Nussbaum MA. Biomechanical assessment of two back-support exoskeletons in symmetric and asymmetric repetitive lifting with moderate postural demands. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 88:103156. [PMID: 32678776 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Two passive back-support exoskeleton (BSE) designs were assessed in terms of muscular activity, energy expenditure, joint kinematics, and subjective responses. Eighteen participants (gender-balanced) completed repetitive lifting tasks in nine different conditions, involving symmetric and asymmetric postures and using two BSEs (along with no BSE as a control condition). Wearing both BSEs significantly reduced peak levels of trunk extensor muscle activity (by ~9-20%) and reduced energy expenditure (by ~8-14%). Such reductions, though, were more pronounced in the symmetric conditions and differed between the two BSEs tested. Participants reported lower perceived exertion using either BSE yet raised concerns regarding localized discomfort. Minimal changes in lifting behaviors were evident when using either BSE, and use of both BSEs led to generally positive usability ratings. While these results are promising regarding the occupational use of BSEs, future work is recommended to consider inter-individual differences to accommodate diverse user needs and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Madinei
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Alemi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sunwook Kim
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Divya Srinivasan
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Maury A Nussbaum
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Kozinc Ž, Baltrusch S, Houdijk H, Šarabon N. Reliability of a battery of tests for functional evaluation of trunk exoskeletons. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2020; 86:103117. [PMID: 32342882 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several spinal exoskeletons were developed with the aim to assist occupational tasks such as load-handling and work in prolonged static postures. While the biomechanical effects of such devices has been well investigated, only limited feedback to the developers is usually provided regarding the subjective perceptions of the end-users. The aim of this study was to present a novel battery of tests, designed to assess functional performance and subjective outcomes during the use of assistive trunk exoskeletons, and to assess its test-retest reliability. The battery of tests consists of 12 different simple functional tasks. Twenty participants were included in an intra-session reliability test and repeated the tests within 7-10 days to assess inter-session reliability. They were wearing a novel passive spinal exoskeleton during all trials. The outcomes included quantitative and subjective measures, such as performance time and rating of discomfort and perceived task difficulty. The majority of the outcome measures were reliable within session and between sessions (ICC or α > 0.80). Systematic effects were observed in a few tasks, suggesting that familiarization trials will be needed to minimize the learning effects. The novel battery of tests could become an important easy-to-use tool for functional testing of the spinal exoskeletons in addition to more specific biomechanical and physiological testing. Further studies should address the reliability of the present battery of tests for assessing specific populations, such as low back pain patients and explore how to minimize systematic effects that were observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Žiga Kozinc
- University of Primorska, Andrej Marusic Institute, Department of Health Study, Koper, Slovenia; University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology and Physiotherapy, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Saskia Baltrusch
- Research and Development, Rehabilitation Centre Heliomare, Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Han Houdijk
- Research and Development, Rehabilitation Centre Heliomare, Wijk aan Zee, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- University of Primorska, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology and Physiotherapy, Koper, Slovenia; S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd, Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behaviour, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Madinei S, Alemi MM, Kim S, Srinivasan D, Nussbaum MA. Biomechanical Evaluation of Passive Back-Support Exoskeletons in a Precision Manual Assembly Task: "Expected" Effects on Trunk Muscle Activity, Perceived Exertion, and Task Performance. HUMAN FACTORS 2020; 62:441-457. [PMID: 31934773 DOI: 10.1177/0018720819890966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of two different passive back-support exoskeleton (BSE) designs, in terms of trunk muscle activity, perceived low-back exertion, and task performance. BACKGROUND BSEs have the potential to be an effective intervention for reducing low-back physical demands, yet little is known about the impacts of different designs in work scenarios requiring varying degrees of symmetric and asymmetric trunk bending during manual assembly tasks. METHOD Eighteen participants (gender balanced) completed lab-based simulations of a precision manual assembly task using a "grooved pegboard." This was done in 26 different conditions (20 unsupported; 6 supported, via a chair), which differed in vertical height, horizontal distance, and orientation. RESULTS Using both BSEs reduced metrics of trunk muscle activity in many task conditions (≤47% reductions when using BackX™ and ≤24% reductions when using Laevo™). Such reductions, though, were more pronounced in the conditions closer to the mid-sagittal plane and differed between the two BSEs tested. Minimal effects on task completion times or ratings of perceived exertion were found for both BSEs. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that using passive BSEs can be beneficial for quasi-static manual assembly tasks, yet their beneficial effects can be task specific and specific to BSE design approaches. Further work is needed, though, to better characterize this task specificity and to assess the generalizability of different BSE design approaches in terms of physical demands, perceived exertion, and task performance. APPLICATION These results can help guide the choice and application of passive BSE designs for diverse work scenarios involving nonneutral trunk postures.
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Baltrusch SJ, Houdijk H, van Dieën JH, van Bennekom CAM, de Kruif AJTCM. Perspectives of End Users on the Potential Use of Trunk Exoskeletons for People With Low-Back Pain: A Focus Group Study. HUMAN FACTORS 2020; 62:365-376. [PMID: 31914327 DOI: 10.1177/0018720819885788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to identify criteria to be considered when developing an exoskeleton for low-back pain patients by exploring the perceptions and expectations of potential end users. BACKGROUND Psychosocial, psychological, physical load, and personality influence incidence of low-back pain. Body-worn assistive devices that passively support the user's trunk, that is exoskeletons, can decrease mechanical loading and potentially reduce low-back pain. A user-centered approach improves patient safety and health outcomes, increases user satisfaction, and ensures usability. Still, previous studies have not taken psychological factors and the early involvement of end users into account. METHOD We conducted focus group studies with low-back pain patients (n = 4) and health care professionals (n = 8). Focus group sessions were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analyzed, using the general inductive approach. The focus group discussions included trying out an available exoskeleton. Questions were designed to elicit opinions about exoskeletons, desired design specifications, and usability. RESULTS Important design characteristics were comfort, individual adjustability, independency in taking it on and off, and gradual adjustment of support. Patients raised concerns over loss of muscle strength. Health care professionals mentioned the risk of confirming disability of the user and increasing guarded movement in patients. CONCLUSION The focus groups showed that implementation of a trunk exoskeleton to reduce low-back pain requires an adequate implementation strategy, including supervision and behavioral coaching. APPLICATION For health care professionals, the optimal field of application, prevention or rehabilitation, is still under debate. Patients see potential in an exoskeleton to overcome their limitations and expect it to improve their quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia J Baltrusch
- 100506 Rehabilitation Center Heliomare, Wijk aan Zee and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Han Houdijk
- 100506 Rehabilitation Center Heliomare, Wijk aan Zee and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Coen A M van Bennekom
- Rehabilitation Center Heliomare, Wijk aan Zee and University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Koopman AS, Näf M, Baltrusch SJ, Kingma I, Rodriguez-Guerrero C, Babič J, de Looze MP, van Dieën JH. Biomechanical evaluation of a new passive back support exoskeleton. J Biomech 2020; 105:109795. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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A Review on Ergonomics in Agriculture. Part I: Manual Operations. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10061905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Agriculture involves several harmful diseases. Among the non-fatal ones, musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the most prevalent, as they have reached epidemic proportions. The main aim of this investigation is to systematically review the major risk factors regarding MSDs as well as evaluate the existing ergonomic interventions. Methods: The search engines of Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect were used to identify relevant articles during the last decade. The imposed exclusive criteria assured the accuracy and current progress in this field. Results: It was concluded that MSDs affect both developed and developing countries, thus justifying the existing global concern. Overall, the most commonly studied task was harvesting, followed by load carrying, pruning, planting, and other ordinary manual operations. Repetitive movements in awkward postures, such as stooping and kneeling; individual characteristics; as well as improper tool design were observed to contribute to the pathogenesis of MSDs. Furthermore, low back disorders were reported as the main disorder. Conclusions: The present ergonomic interventions seem to attenuate the MSDs to a great extent. However, international reprioritization of the safety and health measures is required in agriculture along with increase of the awareness of the risk factors related to MSDs.
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Effects of a passive back exoskeleton on the mechanical loading of the low-back during symmetric lifting. J Biomech 2020; 102:109486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Baltrusch SJ, van Dieën JH, Koopman AS, Näf MB, Rodriguez-Guerrero C, Babič J, Houdijk H. SPEXOR passive spinal exoskeleton decreases metabolic cost during symmetric repetitive lifting. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 120:401-412. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04284-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Theurel J, Desbrosses K. Occupational Exoskeletons: Overview of Their Benefits and Limitations in Preventing Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders. IISE Trans Occup Ergon Hum Factors 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24725838.2019.1638331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean Theurel
- Department of Working Life, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Kevin Desbrosses
- Department of Working Life, Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre les Nancy, France
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Yong X, Yan Z, Wang C, Wang C, Li N, Wu X. Ergonomic Mechanical Design and Assessment of a Waist Assist Exoskeleton for Reducing Lumbar Loads During Lifting Task. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10070463. [PMID: 31295934 PMCID: PMC6680515 DOI: 10.3390/mi10070463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to develop a wearable waist exoskeleton to provide back support for industrial workers during repetitive lifting tasks and to assess reductions in back muscular activity. The ergonomic mechanical structure is convenient to employ in different applications. The exoskeleton attaches to the wearer’s body with 4 straps, takes only 30 s to put the exoskeleton on without additional help, weighs just 5 kg and is easy to carry. The mechanical clutch can assist the wearer as needed. Inertia Measurement Unit (IMU) was used to detect wearers’ motion intention. Ten subjects participated in the trial. Lower back muscle integrated electromyography (IEMG) of the left and right lumbar erector spinae (LES), thoracic erector spinae (TES), latissimus dorsi (LD) were compared in symmetrical lifting for six different objects (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 kg) under two conditions of with and without the exoskeleton. The exoskeleton significantly reduced the back muscular activity during repetitive lifting tasks. The average integrated electromyography reductions were 34.0%, 33.9% and 24.1% for LES, TES and LD respectively. The exoskeleton can reduce burden and the incidence of strain on lumbar muscles during long-term lifting work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Yong
- Key Laboratory of Human-Manchine-Intelligence Synergic Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Robotics and Intelligent System, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Systems, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan
| | - Zefeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Human-Manchine-Intelligence Synergic Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Robotics and Intelligent System, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Mechanical Science & Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Can Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human-Manchine-Intelligence Synergic Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Robotics and Intelligent System, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Human-Manchine-Intelligence Synergic Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Robotics and Intelligent System, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Human-Manchine-Intelligence Synergic Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Robotics and Intelligent System, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Human-Manchine-Intelligence Synergic Systems, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Robotics and Intelligent System, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China.
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Baltrusch SJ, van Dieën JH, Bruijn SM, Koopman AS, van Bennekom CAM, Houdijk H. The effect of a passive trunk exoskeleton on metabolic costs during lifting and walking. ERGONOMICS 2019; 62:903-916. [PMID: 30929608 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1602288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess how wearing a passive trunk exoskeleton affects metabolic costs, movement strategy and muscle activation during repetitive lifting and walking. We measured energy expenditure, kinematics and muscle activity in 11 healthy men during 5 min of repetitive lifting and 5 min of walking with and without exoskeleton. Wearing the exoskeleton during lifting, metabolic costs decreased as much as 17%. In conjunction, participants tended to move through a smaller range of motion, reducing mechanical work generation. Walking with the exoskeleton, metabolic costs increased up to 17%. Participants walked somewhat slower with shortened steps while abdominal muscle activity slightly increased when wearing the exoskeleton. Wearing an exoskeleton during lifting decreased metabolic costs and hence may reduce the development of fatigue and low back pain risk. During walking metabolic costs increased, stressing the need for a device that allows disengagement of support depending on activities performed. Practitioner summary: Physiological strain is an important risk factor for low back pain. We observed that an exoskeleton reduced metabolic costs during lifting, but had an opposite effect while walking. Therefore, exoskeletons may be of benefit for lifting by decreasing physiological strain but should allow disengagement of support when switching between tasks. Abbreviations: COM: centre of mass; EMG: electromyography; LBP: low back pain; MVC: maximum voluntary isometric contraction; NIOSH: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health; PLAD: personal lift augmentation device; PWS: preferred walking speed without exoskeleton; PWSX: preferred walking speed with exoskeleton; ROM: range of motion; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; V ̇O2max: maximum rate of oxygen consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Baltrusch
- a Department of Research and Development , Rehabilitation Center Heliomare , Wijk aan Zee , The Netherlands
- b Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - J H van Dieën
- b Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - S M Bruijn
- b Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - A S Koopman
- b Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - C A M van Bennekom
- a Department of Research and Development , Rehabilitation Center Heliomare , Wijk aan Zee , The Netherlands
| | - H Houdijk
- a Department of Research and Development , Rehabilitation Center Heliomare , Wijk aan Zee , The Netherlands
- b Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences , Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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Upasani S, Franco R, Niewolny K, Srinivasan D. The Potential for Exoskeletons to Improve Health and Safety in Agriculture—Perspectives from Service Providers. IISE Trans Occup Ergon Hum Factors 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/24725838.2019.1575930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Upasani
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Roberto Franco
- Department of Agricultural, Leadership, and Community Education, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Kim Niewolny
- Department of Agricultural, Leadership, and Community Education, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Divya Srinivasan
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Picchiotti MT, Weston EB, Knapik GG, Dufour JS, Marras WS. Impact of two postural assist exoskeletons on biomechanical loading of the lumbar spine. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2019; 75:1-7. [PMID: 30509514 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated loading on the low back while wearing two commercially available postural assist exoskeletons. Ten male subjects lifted a box from multiple lift origins (combinations of vertical height and asymmetry) to a common destination using a squatting lifting technique with and without the use of either exoskeleton. Dependent measures included subject kinematics, moment arms between the torso or weight being lifted and the lumbar spine, and spinal loads as predicted by an electromyography-driven spine model. One of the exoskeletons tested (StrongArm Technologies™ FLx) reduced peak torso flexion at the shin lift origin, but differences in moment arms or spinal loads attributable to either of the interventions were not observed. Thus, industrial exoskeletons designed to control posture may not be beneficial in reducing biomechanical loads on the lumbar spine. Interventions altering the external manual materials handling environment (lift origin, load weight) may be more appropriate when implementation is fesible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Picchiotti
- Spine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Eric B Weston
- Spine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Gregory G Knapik
- Spine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan S Dufour
- Spine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - William S Marras
- Spine Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Integrated Systems Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Koopman AS, Kingma I, Faber GS, de Looze MP, van Dieën JH. Effects of a passive exoskeleton on the mechanical loading of the low back in static holding tasks. J Biomech 2019; 83:97-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Baltrusch SJ, van Dieën JH, van Bennekom CAM, Houdijk H. The effect of a passive trunk exoskeleton on functional performance in healthy individuals. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2018; 72:94-106. [PMID: 29885731 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the effect of a passive trunk exoskeleton on functional performance for various work related tasks in healthy individuals. 18 healthy men performed 12 tasks. Functional performance in each task was assessed based on objective outcome measures and subjectively in terms of perceived task difficulty, local and general discomfort. Wearing the exoskeleton tended to increase objective performance in static forward bending, but decreased performance in tasks, such as walking, carrying and ladder climbing. A significant decrease was found in perceived task difficulty and local discomfort in the back in static forward bending, but a significant increase of perceived difficulty in several other tasks, like walking, squatting and wide standing. Especially tasks that involved hip flexion were perceived more difficult with the exoskeleton. Design improvements should include provisions to allow full range of motion of hips and trunk to increase versatility and user acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Baltrusch
- Department of Research and Development, Rehabilitation Center Heliomare, Wijk aan Zee, The Netherlands; Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - J H van Dieën
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C A M van Bennekom
- Department of Research and Development, Rehabilitation Center Heliomare, Wijk aan Zee, The Netherlands
| | - H Houdijk
- Department of Research and Development, Rehabilitation Center Heliomare, Wijk aan Zee, The Netherlands; Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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