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Zhang T, Huo Y, Yin W, Xiang J. Postural balance disorders in sarcopenia based on surface electromyography. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24116. [PMID: 38283248 PMCID: PMC10818193 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcopenia is an intrinsic factor that leads to balance disorders and falls in older adults. However, the characterization of sarcopenia-related postural balance deficits remains unclear. Aims This study aimed to explore the balance performance and postural control strategy in older adults with sarcopenia during static stance tasks using force platforms and surface electromyography. Methods Older adults with right-sided dominance were recruited, including 27 adults with sarcopenia and 27 healthy counterparts. Postural sway was measured with eyes open/closed on rigid/compliant surfaces. The time- and frequency-domain indexes of bilateral lower extremity muscle activity were simultaneously recorded. Results The postural sway and activity of multiple lower extremity muscles in the sarcopenia group were increased (P < 0.05). The amplitude contribution ratio of the right tibialis anterior muscle (larger in sarcopenia), co-contraction ratio of right ankle dorsiflexion (smaller in sarcopenia), and mean power frequency and median frequency of the left gluteus maximus muscle (smaller in sarcopenia) had main effects of grouping (P < 0.001, η2p = 0.06-0.10). All of them had discrimination for sarcopenia (area under the curve = 0.639-0.657, P < 0.001) and were correlated with balance function measurement in sarcopenia (|rs| = 0.22-0.44, P < 0.05). Conclusion The results of this study suggest that older adults with sarcopenia have decreased balance function and increased cost of electrophysiology. They were found to prefer the postural strategy of dominant ankle dorsiflexion and demonstrated overactivity of the dominant tibialis anterior muscles and fatigue vulnerability of the nondominant gluteus maximus. Improvements in these postural features may have balance benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Medical Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, Wuxi Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214000, China
| | - Yang Huo
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Wenjing Yin
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Medical Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221004, China
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
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Moss K, Kreutzer A, Graybeal AJ, Zhang Y, Braun-Trocchio R, Porter RR, Shah M. Nutrient Adequacy in Endurance Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20085469. [PMID: 37107749 PMCID: PMC10138386 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20085469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Proper nutrition is critical for optimal performance in endurance athletes. However, it is unclear if endurance athletes are meeting all their energy and nutrient needs. We examined if endurance athletes are meeting their nutritional requirements and if this differed by sex. Ninety-five endurance athletes (n = 95; 50.5% men; 34.9 ± 12.9 y) participated in the study. Dietary intake was evaluated using the 24 h dietary recall method. Energy and nutrient intakes were calculated using the ESHA Food Processor Diet Analysis Software and compared against reference nutrient intakes. Endurance athletes did not consume the recommended amount of energy (76.8% of athletes), carbohydrates (95.8%), linoleic acid (75.8%), α-linolenic acid (ALA) (77.9%), eicosatetraenoic and docosahexaenoic acid (96.8%), dietary fiber (49.5%), vitamins D (93.7%), E (71.6%), and K (54.7%), folate (54.7%), pantothenic acid (70.5%), biotin (83.2%), manganese (58.9%), magnesium (56.8%), chromium (91.6%), molybdenum (93.7%), choline (85.3%), and potassium (56.8%), and consumed too much saturated fat (50.5%) and sodium (94.7%) than recommended. Fisher's Exact test showed that the requirements for dietary fiber (70.8% vs. 27.7%), ALA (87.5% vs. 68.1%), and total water (70.8% vs. 44.7%) were not met by more men versus women (p < 0.05). The needs for protein (70.2% vs. 25%) and vitamin B12 (46.8% vs. 22.9%) were not met by more women compared to men (p < 0.05). These findings need to be confirmed by a larger study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamiah Moss
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor Institute for Rehabilitation, Dallas, TX 75246, USA
- Correspondence: (K.M.); (M.S.); Tel.: +1-682-208-4525 (K.M.); +1-817-257-6871 (M.S.)
| | - Andreas Kreutzer
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
- School of Health Promotion & Kinesiology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX 76204, USA
| | - Austin J. Graybeal
- School of Kinesiology & Nutrition, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS 39406, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Robyn Braun-Trocchio
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Ryan R. Porter
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
| | - Meena Shah
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX 76129, USA
- Correspondence: (K.M.); (M.S.); Tel.: +1-682-208-4525 (K.M.); +1-817-257-6871 (M.S.)
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A New Approach to Noninvasive-Prolonged Fatigue Identification Based on Surface EMG Time-Frequency and Wavelet Features. JOURNAL OF HEALTHCARE ENGINEERING 2023; 2023:1951165. [PMID: 36756137 PMCID: PMC9902121 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1951165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In sports, fatigue management is vital as adequate rest builds strength and enhances performance, whereas inadequate rest exposes the body to prolonged fatigue (PF) or also known as overtraining. This paper presents PF identification and classification based on surface electromyography (EMG) signals. An experiment was performed on twenty participants to investigate the behaviour of surface EMG during the inception of PF. PF symptoms were induced in accord with a five-day Bruce Protocol treadmill test on four lower extremity muscles: the biceps femoris (BF), rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), and vastus lateralis (VL). The results demonstrate that the experiment successfully induces soreness, unexplained lethargy, and performance decrement and also indicate that the progression of PF can be observed based on changes in frequency features (ΔF med and ΔF mean) and time features (ΔRMS and ΔMAV) of surface EMG. This study also demonstrates the ability of wavelet index features in PF identification. Using a naïve Bayes (NB) classifier exhibits the highest accuracy based on time and frequency features with 98% in distinguishing PF on RF, 94% on BF, 9% on VL, and 97% on VM. Thus, this study has positively indicated that surface EMG can be used in identifying the inception of PF. The implication of the findings is significant in sports to prevent a greater risk of PF.
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Heidorn CE, Elmer SJ, Wehmanen KW, Martin JC, McDaniel J. Single-leg cycling to maintain and improve function in healthy and clinical populations. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1105772. [PMID: 37187959 PMCID: PMC10175616 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1105772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise with reduced muscle mass facilitates greater muscle-specific adaptations than training with larger muscle mass. The smaller active muscle mass can demand a greater portion of cardiac output which allows muscle(s) to perform greater work and subsequently elicit robust physiological adaptations that improve health and fitness. One reduced active muscle mass exercise that can promote greater positive physiological adaptations is single-leg cycling (SLC). Specifically, SLC confines the cycling exercise to a smaller muscle mass resulting in greater limb specific blood flow (i.e., blood flow is no longer "shared" by both legs) which allows the individual to exercise at a greater limb specific intensity or for a longer duration. Numerous reports describing the use of SLC have established cardiovascular and/or metabolic benefits of this exercise modality for healthy adults, athletes, and individuals living with chronic diseases. SLC has served as a valuable research tool for understanding central and peripheral factors to phenomena such as oxygen uptake and exercise tolerance (i.e., V̇O2peak and V̇O2 slow component). Together, these examples highlight the breadth of applications of SLC to promote, maintain, and study health. Accordingly, the purpose of this review was to describe: 1) acute physiological responses to SLC, 2) long-term adaptations to SLC in populations ranging from endurance athletes to middle aged adults, to individuals living with chronic disease (COPD, heart failure, organ transplant), and 3) various methods utilized to safely perform SLC. A discussion is also included on clinical application and exercise prescription of SLC for the maintenance and/or improvement of health.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Eric Heidorn
- Vascular Health Lab, Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: C. Eric Heidorn,
| | - Steven J. Elmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - Kyle W. Wehmanen
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
- Health Research Institute, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, United States
| | - James C. Martin
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - John McDaniel
- Vascular Health Lab, Exercise Physiology, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States
- Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
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Milioni F, Azevedo RA, Zagatto AM, Millet GY. Time Course of Recovery after Cycling Repeated Sprints. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:413-420. [PMID: 33300757 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study investigated the recovery of performance and neuromuscular fatigue after cycling repeated sprints. METHODS Ten participants performed two sessions of repeated sprints (one session: 10 × 10-s sprints, 30-s recovery) separated by 24 h (R24-S1 and R24-S2) and two sessions separated by 48 h (R48-S1 and R48-S2). The recovery condition (i.e., 24 or 48 h) was randomized and separated by 1 wk. All sessions were performed on a recumbent bike, allowing minimal delay between sprints termination and neuromuscular measurements. Neuromuscular function of knee extensors (neuromuscular assessment [NMA]) was assessed before sessions (presession), after the fifth sprint (midsession), and immediately after (postsession). Before sessions, baseline NMA was also carried out on an isometric chair. The NMA (bike and chair) was composed of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) of knee extension and peripheral neuromuscular stimulation during the MVC and on relaxed muscle. RESULTS The sprints performance was not significantly different between sessions and did not presented significant interaction between recovery conditions. MVC was significantly lower at R24-S2 compared with R24-S1 (-6.5% ± 8.8%, P = 0.038) and R48-S2 (-5.6% ± 8.2%, P = 0.048), whereas resting potentiated high-frequency doublet (Db100) was lower at R24-S2 compared with R24-S1 (-10.4 ± 8.3, P = 0.01) (NMA on chair). There were significant reductions in MVC (>30%, P < 0.001) and Db100 (>38%, P < 0.001) from pre- to postsession in all sessions, without significant interactions between recovery conditions (NMA on bike). CONCLUSION Cycling repeated sprints induce significant fatigue, particularly at the peripheral level, which is fully restored after 48 h, but not 24 h, of recovery. One versus two days of recovery does not affect neuromuscular fatigue appearance during cycling repeated-sprint sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael A Azevedo
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, CANADA
| | - Alessandro M Zagatto
- Post-Graduate Program in Movement Science, Laboratory of Physiology and Sport Performance (LAFIDE), São Paulo State University (UNESP), Bauru, SP, BRAZIL
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Alkahtani S, Aldayel A, Hopkins M. Effects of Acute Eccentric Exercise on Appetite-Related Hormones and Food Preferences in Men. Am J Mens Health 2020; 13:1557988319861587. [PMID: 31262221 PMCID: PMC6607577 DOI: 10.1177/1557988319861587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric exercise has been suggested to improve muscle atrophy, muscle function,
and insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of
acute eccentric exercise on appetite-related hormones, food preferences, and
food intake. Fourteen moderately active men were recruited to participate in
this study (age 24.2 ± 5.5 years; BMI 23.4 ± 3.3 kg/m2;
VO2max 48.9 ± 3.1 ml/kg/min). Three different conditions were
implemented; no exercise, flat running “inclination 0” and downhill running
“inclination –12%.” Appetite-related hormones, subjective appetite sensations,
food preference and reward, and ad libitum food intake were
measured at pre-, immediately post-, and 24 h post exercise. There were no
significant median changes in total ghrelin or pancreatic peptide concentrations
between conditions. There were also no median differences in subjective appetite
ratings or energy intake between conditions, but the median change in explicit
liking of sweet versus savory foods differed significantly between pre-exercise
and 24 h post exercise (p = .013). Post-hoc analysis observed a
significant difference in the pre-exercise to 24 h post exercise change between
front running and downhill running (p = .023), and indicated
greater liking of savory foods over sweet foods in downhill running than front
running. However, no further differences were seen between conditions for the
remaining food preference parameters, suggesting there were no systematic trends
in these data. In conclusion, there was no effect of front and downhill running
on eating behavior as compared to a nonexercise control condition, but these
data need to be replicated in a larger and more heterogeneous sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaea Alkahtani
- 1 Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Aldayel
- 1 Department of Exercise Physiology, College of Sport Sciences and Physical Activity, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mark Hopkins
- 2 School of Food Science & Nutrition, University of Leeds, UK
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Steffl M, Kinkorova I, Kokstejn J, Petr M. Macronutrient Intake in Soccer Players-A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061305. [PMID: 31181835 PMCID: PMC6627126 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nutrition of soccer players is an important topic and its knowledge may help to increase the quality of this popular game and prevent possible health problems and injuries in players. This meta-analysis aims to estimate the current dietary trends of three basic macronutrients in junior and senior soccer players during the first two decades of the 21st century. We analyzed data from 647 junior players (mean age 10.0–19.3) from 27 groups, and 277 senior (mean age 20.7–27.1) players from 8 groups from altogether 21 papers in this meta-analysis. Weighted averages were calculated for each macronutrients. Protein intake is higher than recommended in both juniors, 1.9 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.8–2.0 g/kg/day, and seniors 1.8 95% CI 1.6–2.0 g/kg/day. However, carbohydrate intake is still below the recommended values in both groups (5.7 95% CI 5.5–5.9 g/kg/day in junior and 4.7 95% CI 4.3–5.0 g/kg/day in senior players). The proportion of fat as total energy intake is in concordance with the recommendations (31.5 95% CI 32.0–35.9% in junior and 33.1 95% CI 29.9–36.2% in senior players). In particular, due to possible health complications, the small carbohydrate intake should be alarming for coaches, nutritional experts, and parents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Steffl
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Ivana Kinkorova
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jakub Kokstejn
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Petr
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, 162 52 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Kanter M. High-Quality Carbohydrates and Physical Performance: Expert Panel Report. NUTRITION TODAY 2018; 53:35-39. [PMID: 29449746 PMCID: PMC5794245 DOI: 10.1097/nt.0000000000000238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While all experts agreed that protein needs for performance are likely greater than believed in past generations, particularly for strength training athletes, and that dietary fat could sustain an active person through lower-intensity training bouts, current research still points to carbohydrate as an indispensable energy source for high-intensity performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitch Kanter
- is the chief science officer with FoodMinds, a division of Padilla, in Chicago IL. He leads nutrition research and scientific projects and programming for FoodMinds clients. He also leads the FoodMinds Global Expert Bench , a group of nutrition scientists and technical communications experts from around the world who provide strategic counsel to FoodMinds clients on various international projects. During his 25-plus years in the food industry, he has served in various technical leadership roles for a number of multinational companies
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Jamaluddin FN, Ahmad SA, Noor SBM, Hassan WZW, Azhar Y. Features selection for Bayes classification of prolonged fatigue on rectus femoris muscle. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2017; 2017:2506-2509. [PMID: 29060408 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2017.8037366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sports training is very important to athletes in improving and maintaining their performances. It commonly involves high intensity exercise and requires longer time for fatigue to recover, compares to normal activity. During training, adequate rest is essential to allow recuperation and build body strength. Unfortunately, inadequate rest exposes the body to prolonged fatigue (PF). Hence, this condition needs to be managed accordingly to avoid chronic fatigue syndrome. Recent findings indicate that there are strong characteristics on surface EMG under PF conditions. Currently, the assessment is limited to glycogen breakdown, the existence of lactate and soreness. In this study, twenty participants were recruited to perform five days intensive training (IT) to induce more PF signs. The IT conducted was based on Bruce Protocol treadmill test. It was discovered that the IT successfully induces soreness, unexplained lethargy and performance decrement. Surface EMG were collected from rectus femoris muscle during daily pre and post treadmill tests. Four features were extracted from the surface EMG; mean frequency (Fmean), median frequency (Fmed), root mean square (RMS) and mean absolute value (MAV). The results indicated that all features during post exercise had greater value under PF condition and it was significant at P<;0.05. The features then were classified in accordance to Bayes. The results also showed that Fmed and MAV features offered good performance with 83.1% accuracy, 84.6% specificity and 80% of precision.
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Kizzi J, Sum A, Houston FE, Hayes LD. Influence of a caffeine mouth rinse on sprint cycling following glycogen depletion. Eur J Sport Sci 2016; 16:1087-94. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2016.1165739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Gavin JP, Myers S, Willems MET. The Accumulative Effect of Concentric-Biased and Eccentric-Biased Exercise on Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Responses to Subsequent Low-Intensity Exercise: A Preliminary Study. J Hum Kinet 2015; 49:131-40. [PMID: 26839613 PMCID: PMC4723161 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated the accumulative effect of concentric-biased and eccentric-biased exercise on cardiorespiratory, metabolic and neuromuscular responses to low-intensity exercise performed hours later. Fourteen young men cycled at low-intensity (~60 rpm at 50% maximal oxygen uptake) for 10 min before, and 12 h after: concentric-biased, single-leg cycling exercise (CON) (performed ~19:30 h) and eccentric-biased, double-leg knee extension exercise (ECC) (~06:30 h the following morning). Respiratory measures were sampled breath-by-breath, with oxidation values derived from stoichiometry equations. Knee extensor neuromuscular function was assessed before and after CON and ECC. Cardiorespiratory responses during low-intensity cycling were unchanged by accumulative CON and ECC. The RER was lower during low-intensity exercise 12 h after CON and ECC (0.88 ± 0.08), when compared to baseline (0.92 ± 0.09; p = 0.02). Fat oxidation increased from baseline (0.24 ± 0.2 g·min(-1)) to 12 h after CON and ECC (0.39 ± 0.2 g·min(-1); p = 0.01). Carbohydrate oxidation decreased from baseline (1.59 ± 0.4 g·min(-1)) to 12 h after CON and ECC (1.36 ± 0.4 g·min(-1); p = 0.03). These were accompanied by knee extensor force loss (right leg: -11.6%, p < 0.001; left leg: -10.6%, p = 0.02) and muscle soreness (right leg: 2.5 ± 0.9, p < 0.0001; left leg: 2.3 ± 1.2, p < 0.01). Subsequent concentric-biased and eccentric-biased exercise led to increased fat oxidation and decreased carbohydrate oxidation, without impairing cardiorespiration, during low-intensity cycling. An accumulation of fatiguing and damaging exercise increases fat utilisation during low intensity exercise performed as little as 12 h later.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Peter Gavin
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, United Kingdom; Department of Sport and Physical Activity, Bournemouth University, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Myers
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Chichester, United Kingdom
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