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Hussein MA, Khattak F, Vervelde L, Athanasiadou S, Houdijk JGM. Growth performance, caecal microbiome profile, short-chain fatty acids, and litter characteristics in response to placement on reused litter and combined threonine, arginine and glutamine supplementation to juvenile male broiler chickens. Anim Microbiome 2023; 5:18. [PMID: 36945017 PMCID: PMC10031934 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-023-00240-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure of broilers to litter microbiome may increase specific amino acid (AA) requirements towards activated immune responses. This may challenge the generality of the ideal protein (IP) concept, in which dietary essential AA to lysine ratios aimed to mimic presumably constant AA to lysine ratios in whole bird requirements. Therefore, we tested the effect of threonine, arginine and glutamine (TAG) supplementation to IP-based control diets (C) on performance, caecal microbiome composition, short-chain fatty acids and litter characteristics of broiler chickens placed on reused litter. RESULTS Thirty-two pens with ten male broiler chickens each were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of two diet treatments (with or without TAG supplementation) and two litter treatments (placement on clean or reused litter) for 21 days (n = 8). Caecal contents were analysed for microbiome profile using percent guanine + cytosine (%G + C profile) method and short chain fatty acids. TAG-supplemented birds underperformed compared to C birds (P = 0.002), whereas birds placed on reused litter outperformed those on clean litter (P = 0.047). Diet, reused litter and their interaction impacted the %G + C profile at different ranges. Whilst TAG supplementation reduced bacterial abundance at %G + C 51-56 (P < 0.05), reused litter placement tended to reduce %G + C 23-31 and increase %G + C 56-59 (P < 0.10). However, TAG supplementation reduced bacterial abundance at %G + C 47-51 (P < 0.05) and increased caecal branched chain fatty acids on clean litter only (P = 0.025). Greater levels of propionic acid were observed for C birds placed on reused litter only (P = 0.008). Litter pH was greater for reused litter pens than clean litter pens at day 21 (P < 0.001). In addition, litter moisture content was less for TAG birds and reused litter pens compared to C birds (P = 0.041) and clean litter pens (P < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS These data support the view that irrespective of performance benefits arising from bird placement on reused litter, TAG supplementation to IP-formulated baseline rations impaired growth, supported by the lowered abundance of caecal bacteria known to dominate in well-performing birds and greater levels of caecal branched chain fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa A Hussein
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, UK.
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Nutrition and Nutritional Deficiency Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.
| | - Farina Khattak
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Jos G M Houdijk
- Monogastric Science Research Centre, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, UK
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Mironiuk M, Samoraj M, Witek-Krowiak A, Górecki H, Moustakas K, Chojnacka K. Processing of nuisance animal waste into agricultural products. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 319:120924. [PMID: 36565906 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A technological solution was developed to process slaughter waste and farm manure and transform them into organic and mineral fertilizers. It has been shown that the formation of an enclosure on a goose farm from nitrogen-binding substances (brown coal, a mixture of brown coal with magnesite, used ash substrate) has a positive effect on reducing nitrogen emissions, even to about 80%. The presented solution is in line with ecological trends and ensures comprehensive management of agri-food waste. It reduces the loss of valuable nutrients from renewable sources, increases the efficiency of fertilizers and reduces the environmental nuisance of poultry farms. Organic-mineral fertilizers made from slaughterhouse waste and poultry manure were as effective as expensive commercial mineral fertilizers. New fertilizers helped to obtain a yield similar to the groups fertilized with mineral fertilizers: 11 t per ha for maize (grain), 0.8 t per ha for mustard (seed), 10 kg per 1 m2 of radish (all), and 18.5 kg per 1 m2 of beet (whole) while reducing production costs thanks to the use of waste materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Mironiuk
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Samoraj
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Witek-Krowiak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Henryk Górecki
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland (professor emeritus)
| | - Konstantinos Moustakas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zographou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Katarzyna Chojnacka
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-372, Wrocław, Poland
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Diet Composition and Using Probiotics or Symbiotics Can Modify the Urinary and Faecal Nitrogen Ratio of Broiler Chicken's Excreta and Also the Dynamics of In Vitro Ammonia Emission. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030332. [PMID: 36766221 PMCID: PMC9913522 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this research was to determine whether diet composition, or adding probiotic or symbiotic feed additives to broiler diets can modify the N composition of the excreta and the dynamics of ammonia volatilization from the manure. A total of 574 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were fed four different diets. The treatments included a corn and soybean meal-based control diets (C), wheat-based and wheat bran containing diets (W), a multi-strain probiotic treatment (Broilact®; Br), and a symbiotic additive containing Bacillus subtilis, inulin, and Saccharomices cerevisiae (Sy). Feeding the wheat-based diet significantly improved the weight gain and FCR of chickens. Treatment W also significantly increased the dry matter content of the excreta compared with the probiotic and symbiotic treatments. Both Br and Sy tended to decrease the amount of excreted uric acid, which is the main substrate of ammonia. Treatment Sy reduced the urinary N ratio of the excreta in comparison with treatment W. The symbiotic additive resulted in significantly higher ammonia emission in the first two hours. On the other hand, the dynamics of the emission was slow at the beginning and increased steeply after 15 h when the wheat-based diets were fed. Based on our results, the wheat-based diets, containing soluble arabinoxylans, and the symbiotic treatments of broiler diets have an impact on the urinary and faecal nitrogen composition of the excreta, and also on the dynamics of ammonia release from the manure.
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Mohammadi-Aragh MK, Linhoss JE, Marty CA, Evans JD, Purswell JL, Chaves-Cordoba B, Chesser GD, Lowe JW. Evaluating the Effects of Pine and Miscanthus Biochar on Escherichia coli, Total Aerobic Bacteria, and Bacterial Communities in Commercial Broiler Litter. Avian Dis 2022; 66:1-10. [PMID: 36715465 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-22-00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a commensal bacteria found in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry; however, some strains are pathogenic and can cause a wide range of diseases. In addition, some strains of pathogenic E. coli can survive in the litter between flocks, making litter management critical for reducing E. coli-associated infections. Biochar (BC) is a porous, carbonaceous material that may be a beneficial litter amendment to reduce moisture and microbial loads. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of pine BC, miscanthus BC, and Poultry Litter Treatment (PLT) on E. coli, total aerobic bacteria populations, and bacterial communities when added to used broiler litter. Pine and miscanthus BC were mixed into poultry litter at inclusion rates of 5%, 10%, 20%, 25%, and 30% w/w. PLT was surface applied at a rate of 0.73 kg/m2. Baseline E. coli and aerobics were measured after a 48-hr litter incubation period and just prior to adding litter treatments. Escherichia coli and aerobics were enumerated 2 and 7 days after adding treatments. Overall, pine BC at 30% had the lowest E. coli and aerobic counts (5.98 and 6.44 log 10 colony-forming units [CFU]/g, respectively); however, they were not significantly different from the control (P ≤ 0.05). At day 2, 30% pine BC inclusion rate treatment resulted in a significant reduction in E. coli and aerobic bacteria counts compared to the control. Miscanthus BC application did not result in significant reductions in E. coli or aerobic bacteria at days 2 or 7. PLT had the highest E. coli (7.07 log 10 CFU/g) and aerobic counts (7.21 log 10 CFU/g) overall. Bacterial community analysis revealed that the alpha and beta diversity between pine BC- and PLT-treated litter were significantly different. However, neither BC type significantly impacted bacterial diversity when compared to the control. Differences in E. coli and aerobic counts between BC types may be attributed to variations in feedstock physiochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam K Mohammadi-Aragh
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - John E Linhoss
- Biosystems Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849,
| | - Christopher A Marty
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | | | | | | | - G Daniel Chesser
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - J Wesley Lowe
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762
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Multifunctional role of chitosan in farm animals: a comprehensive review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2022-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The deacetylation of chitin results in chitosan, a fibrous-like material. It may be produced in large quantities since the raw material (chitin) is plentiful in nature as a component of crustacean (shrimps and crabs) and insect hard outer skeletons, as well as the cell walls of some fungi. Chitosan is a nontoxic, biodegradable, and biocompatible polygluchitosanamine that contains two essential reactive functional groups, including amino and hydroxyl groups. This unique chemical structure confers chitosan with many biological functions and activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, antitumor, immunostimulatory and hypocholesterolemic, when used as a feed additive for farm animals. Studies have indicated the beneficial effects of chitosan on animal health and performance, aside from its safer use as an antibiotic alternative. This review aimed to highlight the effects of chitosan on animal health and performance when used as a promising feed additive.
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Such N, Csitári G, Stankovics P, Wágner L, Koltay IA, Farkas V, Pál L, Strifler P, Dublecz K. Effects of Probiotics and Wheat Bran Supplementation of Broiler Diets on the Ammonia Emission from Excreta. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092703. [PMID: 34573669 PMCID: PMC8468391 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Animal production is the main source of ammonia emission worldwide and all member countries of the European Union must reduce their national emissions. Among nutritional strategies, feeding low protein diets, using more nutritional phases, or using different feed additives can decrease the nitrogen excretion of animals and, in this way, lower the ammonia volatilisation from the manure. Pro- and prebiotics are widely used to improve gut health and to decrease the incidence of diseases. Numerous research findings have been published on the practical effects of pro- and prebiotics, but their impact on the urinary and faecal N excretion in chickens has not been completely clarified yet. In this research, the effects of using lactic acid and butyric acid producing bacterial strains, and wheat bran as a potential prebiotic, was tested with broiler chickens. Both probiotics increased the dry matter content and decreased the urinary N ratio of the excreta, which is positive from an ammonia emission point of view. Wheat bran and its xylan-oligosaccharides decreased both the ammonium -N content and the urinary N ratio. The results proved that beside the well-known nutritional techniques, the feed additives, which modify the gut microbiota and the fermentation in the caeca, can decrease the urinary-N excretion, and in this way lower the ammonia emission of broiler chickens. Abstract Ammonia emission is a concern for the poultry industry from both environmental and animal welfare points of view. The objective of this research was to determine whether probiotics or wheat bran supplementation of broiler diets can modify the N composition of the excreta and the dynamics of ammonia volatilisation emission from the manure. A total of 120-day-old Ross 308 broiler chickens were fed six different diets. The treatments included a corn and soybean meal-based control diet (C) and diets containing wheat bran (WB). Both diets were fed alone and with supplementation of a lactic acid (Lactobacillus farciminis, LAB) and a butyric acid (Clostridium butyricum, BAB) producing bacterial strain. Treatment BAB had a significant effect on the dry matter content of the excreta and both probiotics decreased the amount of excreted uric acid. Treatment WB resulted in a significantly lower NH+4-N concentration of excreta and a tendency toward reduced uric acid content. Treatment LAB reduced the urinary N ratio of excreta. Among dietary treatments, WB resulted in the highest urease producing cell numbers in the excreta, but this difference was not significant. Based on our results, similar to pigs, the soluble fibre fraction of poultry diets can also modify the urinary to faecal N ratio of the excreta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoletta Such
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Deák Ferenc Street 16, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary; (N.S.); (G.C.); (L.W.); (I.A.K.); (V.F.); (L.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Gábor Csitári
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Deák Ferenc Street 16, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary; (N.S.); (G.C.); (L.W.); (I.A.K.); (V.F.); (L.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Petra Stankovics
- Institute of Crop Production, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Deák Ferenc Street 16, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary;
| | - László Wágner
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Deák Ferenc Street 16, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary; (N.S.); (G.C.); (L.W.); (I.A.K.); (V.F.); (L.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Ilona Anna Koltay
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Deák Ferenc Street 16, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary; (N.S.); (G.C.); (L.W.); (I.A.K.); (V.F.); (L.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Valéria Farkas
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Deák Ferenc Street 16, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary; (N.S.); (G.C.); (L.W.); (I.A.K.); (V.F.); (L.P.); (P.S.)
| | - László Pál
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Deák Ferenc Street 16, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary; (N.S.); (G.C.); (L.W.); (I.A.K.); (V.F.); (L.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Patrik Strifler
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Deák Ferenc Street 16, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary; (N.S.); (G.C.); (L.W.); (I.A.K.); (V.F.); (L.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Károly Dublecz
- Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Georgikon Campus, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Deák Ferenc Street 16, 8360 Keszthely, Hungary; (N.S.); (G.C.); (L.W.); (I.A.K.); (V.F.); (L.P.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +36-30-6418597
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7
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Johnson J, Zwirzitz B, Oladeinde A, Milfort M, Looft T, Chai L, Zock G, Sommers M, Tunim S, Aggrey SE. Succession patterns of the bacterial community in poultry litter after bird removal and sodium bisulfate application. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2021; 50:923-933. [PMID: 34000068 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sulfate-based acid amendments are used for treating litter between broiler chicken flocks and during grow-out for in-house ammonia abatement. These amendments reduce litter pH and inhibit ammonia volatilization by converting ammonia to nonvolatile ammonium. Research on the effects of acid amendments on litter microbiota is limited and usually done in microcosms, which do not replicate natural environments. In this study, we determined the changes in bacterial populations present in litter during downtime (the period after a flock was removed and before new broiler chicks were placed) and 24 h before and after the application of a sodium bisulfate (NaHSO4 )-based amendment. We used DNA sequencing technologies to characterize the litter microbiota, elucidating microbial shifts in litter samples with respect to downtime, litter depth, and NaHSO4 application. During downtime (∼18 d), the litter microbiota was dominated by Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria. Sodium bisulfate affected the microbiota in the top layer (3 cm) of reused litter topdressed with fresh pine shavings and resulted in an increase in Escherichia spp. and Faecalibacterium spp. and a decrease in members of the phylum Acidobacteria. Furthermore, culturable Escherichia coli decreased by 1.5 log units during downtime, but an increase was observed for topdressed litter after NaHSO4 was applied. Although the effect of acidifiers on ammonia reduction, bird performance, and litter performance are well documented, their effect on litter bacteria is not well understood. Our results suggest that acidifiers may perturb litter bacteria when topdressed with fresh pine shavings and that further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmine Johnson
- Dep. of Poultry Science, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Benjamin Zwirzitz
- Institute of Food Safety, Food Technology and Veterinary Public Health, Univ. of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety, and Innovation FFoQSI GmbH, Tulln, Austria
| | | | - Marie Milfort
- Dep. of Poultry Science, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Torey Looft
- National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Lilong Chai
- Dep. of Poultry Science, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Gregory Zock
- Dep. of Poultry Science, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Marlo Sommers
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Supanon Tunim
- Dep. of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen Univ., Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Samuel E Aggrey
- Dep. of Poultry Science, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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Shah SB, McKettrick W, Najafian A, Grimes J. Impact of microbial waste additives and glucose on ammonia emissions from broiler litter in the lab. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2021; 56:454-459. [PMID: 33632065 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2021.1886776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) produced inside livestock houses can adversely affect animal welfare and performance and degrade the environment. In broiler houses, NH3 levels are mitigated by applying acidifiers to the litter but acidifiers provide short-term NH3 suppression requiring heavy or repeated applications. Microbial additives may provide longer-term NH3 control through nitrogen (N) immobilization and nitrification. The objective of this 50-d lab study was to evaluate the impact of two microbial additives (Environoc 301 and Environoc 501), 2% glucose, and distilled water (control) treatments applied to broiler litter on NH3 emissions and litter properties. During the first 34 d, glucose significantly but modestly reduced NH3 emissions vs. the other treatments which were not significantly different from one-another. For the entire study, when glucose was excluded (due to lost replicates), the three treatments were not significantly different. The unreplicated glucose treatment had higher final litter nitrate concentration than the other treatments. Litter properties were unaffected by the two microbial additive and control treatments. The effectiveness of glucose in reducing NH3 emission could have been due to greater N immobilization and nitrification vs. the other treatments. More research on cost-effective labile carbon sources and higher application rates to achieve greater NH3 reduction is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay B Shah
- Biological and Agricultural Department, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Will McKettrick
- Biological and Agricultural Department, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Jesse Grimes
- Prestage Department of Poultry Science, NC State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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Fancher CA, Zhang L, Kiess AS, Adhikari PA, Dinh TT, Sukumaran AT. Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens: Challenges in No Antibiotics Ever Broiler Production and Potential Solutions. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1533. [PMID: 33036173 PMCID: PMC7599686 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
United States is the largest producer and the second largest exporter of broiler meat in the world. In the US, broiler production is largely converting to antibiotic-free programs which has caused an increase in morbidity and mortality within broiler farms. Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens are two important pathogenic bacteria readily found in the broiler environment and result in annual billion-dollar losses from colibacillosis, gangrenous dermatitis, and necrotic enteritis. The broiler industry is in search of non-antibiotic alternatives including novel vaccines, prebiotics, probiotics, and housing management strategies to mitigate production losses due to these diseases. This review provides an overview of the broiler industry and antibiotic free production, current challenges, and emerging research on antibiotic alternatives to reduce pathogenic microbial presence and improve bird health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney A. Fancher
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Aaron S. Kiess
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Pratima A. Adhikari
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
| | - Thu T.N. Dinh
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA;
| | - Anuraj T. Sukumaran
- Department of Poultry Science, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (C.A.F.); (L.Z.); (A.S.K.); (P.A.A.)
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Joerger RD, Ganguly A, de Los Santos M, Li H. Effect of sodium bisulfate amendments on bacterial populations in broiler litter. Poult Sci 2020; 99:5560-5571. [PMID: 33142473 PMCID: PMC7647852 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of ammonia in poultry houses is of concern to bird and human health. Acidification of the litter by application of acidifying amendments such as sodium bisulfate (SBS) retains ammonia generated by microbial degradation of uric acid as harmless ammonium in the litter. Although some studies on the effects of litter amendments on specific bacteria and groups of bacteria have been carried out previously, wide gaps in knowledge remain. In the present study, 2 types of samples were prepared and either left unamended or amended with 2.5 or 10% SBS. One set of samples consisted of a 1:1 mixture of built-up litter and fresh poultry manure (L/M); the other of fresh wood shavings and fresh poultry manure (S/M). The samples were kept in the laboratory at room temperature for 35 d. The pH of unamended mixtures increased to 7.3 and 6.9 for L/M and S/M, respectively. A pH of 6.7 and 3.9 on day 35 was observed for L/M and SM with 2.5% SBS, respectively. The corresponding values for LM and SM amended with 10% SBS were 3.5 and 2.5, respectively. Plating data indicated that coliforms became less numerous in the unamended samples than the SBS-amended samples. This difference was also seen in data obtained by high-throughput sequencing of 16S rDNA. The sequencing data also indicated that sequences from the genus Oceanisphaera accounted for as much as 80% of the sequences from L/M and about 40% of those from S/M samples early on. Sequences from members of the order Clostridiales were enriched in L/M and S/M amended with 10% SBS as were sequences from the genus Turicibacter. Weisella species sequences were more prevalent in SBS-amended samples than in unamended ones. Sequences from the genus Corynebacterium, Brachybacterium, and Arthrobacter were more common in L/M samples than in S/M samples regardless of the SBS content. The data indicate that litter amendments affect some bacteria populations and not others. Further studies are required to determine if the observed population changes such as increased survival of coliforms warrant actions to improve the microbial quality of litter to be reused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf D Joerger
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Arpeeta Ganguly
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Hong Li
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.
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11
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Pourazadi Z, Salari S, Tabandeh MR, Abdollahi MR. Effect of particle size of insoluble fibre on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility and caecal microbial population in broiler chickens fed barley-containing diets. Br Poult Sci 2020; 61:734-745. [PMID: 32696668 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2020.1799329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
1. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of particle size of insoluble fibre on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and caecal microbial population in broiler chickens fed barley-containing diets. 2. The dietary treatments included: a barley-based diet (control, CTL) or test diets which contained high-fibre ingredients, either sunflower hulls (SFH), sugarcane bagasse (SB) or wheat bran (WB) ground through a 1.0 (fine) or 3.0 mm (coarse) screen that were added to the control diet at 30 g/kg. 3. For the entire experimental period, insoluble fibre inclusion improved ADG (P < 0.05) and FCR (P < 0.05) compared to the CTL group. Broilers fed SFH had higher (P < 0.05) ADG and better (P < 0.05) FCR than broilers fed SB. 4. Fibre inclusion increased the relative weight of breast and thigh and decreased relative weight of liver compared to the CTL group, but coarse grinding of the SB decreased relative weight of abdominal fat (P < 0.05). 5. The digestibility of nutrients increased with dietary inclusion of insoluble fibre compared to the CTL group. Coarse grinding of SFH increased AID of crude protein compared to the coarse grinding of WB or SB. Fine grinding of various types of fibre improved the AID of fat (as ether extract) and organic matter (P < 0.05). 6. Fine grinding of the WB decreased caecal populations of E. coli. The inclusion of SFH increased caecal populations of Lactobacillus spp. (P < 0.05). Coarse grinding of various types of fibre decreased the caecal population of coliforms (P < 0.05). 7. The inclusion of WB increased digesta viscosity in the ileum compared to samples from the SB and SFH groups (P < 0.05). Coarse grinding of various types of fibre decreased the digesta viscosity in the ileum (P < 0.05). 8. Overall, the data showed that dietary inclusion of insoluble fibre improved growth performance, increased AID of nutrients and decreased ileal viscosity in the birds fed diets containing barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Pourazadi
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Food Technology Faculty, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan , Ahvaz, Iran
| | - S Salari
- Department of Animal Science, Animal Science and Food Technology Faculty, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan , Ahvaz, Iran
| | - M R Tabandeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz , Ahvaz, Iran
| | - M R Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University , Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Nitrogen Mineralization in a Sandy Soil Amended with Treated Low-Phosphorus Broiler Litter. ENVIRONMENTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/environments6080096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low-phosphorus (P) litter, a manure treatment byproduct, can be used as an organic soil amendment and nitrogen (N) source but its effect on N mineralization is unknown. A laboratory incubation study was conducted to compare the effect of adding untreated (fine or pelletized) broiler litter (FUL or PUL) versus extracted, low-P treated (fine or pelletized) broiler litter (FLP or PLP) on N dynamics in a sandy soil. All four litter materials were surface applied at 157 kg N ha−1. The soil accumulation of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3−) were used to estimate available mineralized N. The evolution of carbon dioxide (CO2), ammonia (NH3), and nitrous oxide (N2O) was used to evaluate gaseous losses during soil incubation. Untreated litter materials provided high levels of mineralized N, 71% of the total N applied for FUL and 64% for PUL, while NH3 losses were 24% to 35% and N2O losses were 3.3% to 7.4% of the total applied N, respectively. Soil application of low-P treated litter provided lower levels of mineralized N, 42% for FLP and 29% for PLP of the total applied N with NH3 losses of 5.7% for FLP for and 4.1% for PLP, and very low N2O losses (0.5%). Differences in mineralized N between untreated and treated broiler litter materials were attributed to contrasting C:N ratios and acidity of the low-P litter byproducts. Soil application of treated low-P litter appears as an option for slow mineral N release and abatement of NH3 and N2O soil losses.
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He Y, Xiao W, Li G, Yang F, Wu P, Yang T, Chen C, Ding P. A novel lead-ion-imprinted magnetic biosorbent: preparation, optimization and characterization. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:499-507. [PMID: 29098947 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1397762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel biological material with high adsorption capacity and good selectivity for Pb2+ was synthesized. Response surface methodology was utilized for the optimization of the variables during the synthesis. The synthesized biosorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The optimized preparation condition for lead-ion-imprinted magnetic biosorbent (Pb(II)-IMB) was obtained (0.19 g chitosan (CTS), 0.43 g magnetic Fe3O4 and 2.11 mL/gCTS of epichlorohydrin). The highest value for the removal of lead ion was estimated to be 86.85%, with an absorption capacity of 69.48 mg/g. The characterization results indicated that Pb(II)-IMB was rich in adsorbable groups to adsorb metal ions. Because of the magnetic property of the synthesized products, it can be separated from the water easily. The relative selectivity coefficients of Pb(II)-IMB for Pb(II)/Cu(II), Pb(II)/Cd(II) and Pb(II)/Ni(II) were 2.32, 2.20 and 2.05 times higher than the non-imprinted magnetic biosorbent, respectively. Pb(II)-IMB could be reused at least five times with only ∼13% loss. These results suggested that Pb(II)-IMB was a new, efficient and low-cost material for removing Pb(II) from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayuan He
- a Xiang Ya School of Public Health , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xiao
- b Hunan Institute of Food Quality Supervision Inspection and Research, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiyin Li
- c School of Life and Environmental Sciences , Guilin University of Electronic Technology , Guilin , Guangxi , People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Yang
- a Xiang Ya School of Public Health , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , People's Republic of China
| | - Pian Wu
- a Xiang Ya School of Public Health , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- b Hunan Institute of Food Quality Supervision Inspection and Research, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuimei Chen
- a Xiang Ya School of Public Health , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Ding
- a Xiang Ya School of Public Health , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan , People's Republic of China
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Nuengjamnong C, Angkanaporn K. Efficacy of dietary chitosan on growth performance, haematological parameters and gut function in broilers. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2017.1373609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chackrit Nuengjamnong
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kris Angkanaporn
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Burt CD, Cabrera ML, Rothrock MJ, Kissel DE. Flue-gas desulfurization gypsum effects on urea-degrading bacteria and ammonia volatilization from broiler litter. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2676-2683. [PMID: 28482091 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A major concern of the broiler industry is the volatilization of ammonia (NH3) from the mixture of bedding material and broiler excretion that covers the floor of broiler houses. Gypsum has been proposed as a litter amendment to reduce NH3 volatilization, but reports of NH3 abatement vary among studies and the mechanism responsible for decreasing NH3 volatilization is not well understood. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding 20 or 40% flue-gas desulfurization gypsum (FGDG) to broiler litter on pH, electrical conductivity (EC), water potential, urea-degrading bacteria abundance, NH3 and carbon dioxide (CO2) evolution, and nitrogen (N) mineralization in several 21-d experiments. The addition of FGDG to broiler litter increased EC by 24 to 33% (P < 0.0001), decreased urea-degrading bacteria by 48 to 57% (P = 0.0001) and increased N mineralization by 10 to 11% (P = 0.0001) as compared to litters not amended with FGDG. Furthermore, the addition of FGDG to broiler litter decreased NH3 volatilization by 18 to 28% (P < 0.0001), potentially resulting from the significantly lower litter pH values compared to un-amended litter (P < 0.0001). Findings of this study indicate that amending broiler litter with 20% FGDG can decrease NH3 volatilization and increase the fertlizer value of broiler litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Burt
- Dep. Crop and Soil Sciences, Univ. of Georgia, 3111 Miller Plant Sciences Bldg., Athens, GA 30605
| | - Miguel L Cabrera
- Dep. Crop and Soil Sciences, Univ. of Georgia, 3111 Miller Plant Sciences Bldg., Athens, GA 30605
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- USDA-ARS U.S. National Poultry Research Center, 950 College Station Rd., Athens, GA 30605
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Teglia CM, Peltzer PM, Seib SN, Lajmanovich RC, Culzoni MJ, Goicoechea HC. Simultaneous multi-residue determination of twenty one veterinary drugs in poultry litter by modeling three-way liquid chromatography with fluorescence and absorption detection data. Talanta 2017; 167:442-452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Hunolt AE, Maguire RO, Ogejo JA, Badgley BD, Frame WH, Reiter MS. Multiple Applications of Sodium Bisulfate to Broiler Litter Affect Ammonia Release and Litter Properties. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2015; 44:1903-1910. [PMID: 26641342 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.05.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH) emissions from animal manures can cause air and water quality problems. Poultry litter treatment (PLT, sodium bisulfate; Jones-Hamilton Co.) is an acidic amendment that is applied to litter in poultry houses to decrease NH emissions, but currently it can only be applied once before birds are placed in the houses. This project analyzed the effect of multiple PLT applications on litter properties and NH release. Volatility chambers were used to compare multiple, single, and no application of PLT to poultry litter, all with and without fresh manure applications. A field component consisted of two commercial broiler houses: one had a single, preflock PLT application, while the other received PLT reapplications during the flock using an overhead application system. In the volatility chambers, single and reapplied PLT caused greater litter moisture and lower litter pH and , relative to no PLT. After 14 d, NH released from litter treated with reapplied PLT was significantly less than litter with both single and no applications. Furthermore, total N in litter was greatest in litter treated with reapplied PLT, increasing its fertilizer value. In the commercial poultry houses, PLT reapplication led to a temporary decrease in litter pH and , but these effects did not last because of continued bird excretion. Although one preflock PLT application is currently used as a successful strategy to control NH during early flock growth, repeat PLT application using the overhead reapplication system was not successful because of problems with the reapplication system and litter moisture concerns.
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Lopes M, Leite FL, Valente BS, Heres T, Dai Prá MA, Xavier EG, Roll VFB. An assessment of the effectiveness of four in-house treatments to reduce the bacterial levels in poultry litter. Poult Sci 2015. [PMID: 26217027 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the use of quicklime (CaO) and tarping are common handling practices aimed at the reuse of litter in the Brazilian poultry industry, few scientific studies have proven the effectiveness of these methods in reducing the pathogenic microbial load during fallowing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the following litter treatments: T1 no treatment (control), T2 quicklime (300 g m(-2)), T3 tarping, T4 tarping+quicklime (300 g m(-2)). The litter samples were collected on day zero and on the sixth and twelfth days after the start of fallowing. The use of quicklime alone or quicklime+tarping was more effective (P<0.05) in reducing bacteria when compared to litter tarping. Except for the control group, all treatments resulted in a more than 84% reduction in the count of colony-forming units (CFUs) at the end of fallowing. It is concluded that the use of quicklime alone in practical terms is the most indicated treatment for the reduction of the bacterial load of poultry litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lopes
- Federal University of Pelotas, Faculty of Agronomy Eliseu Maciel, Department of Animal Science, 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - F L Leite
- Federal University of Pelotas, Biotechnology Center, 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - B S Valente
- Federal University of Pelotas, Faculty of Agronomy Eliseu Maciel, Department of Animal Science, 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - T Heres
- Federal University of Pelotas, Biotechnology Center, 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - M A Dai Prá
- Brasil Foods S/A. Av Presidente Vargas, 1040, 99150 000, Marau, RS, Brazil
| | - E G Xavier
- Federal University of Pelotas, Faculty of Agronomy Eliseu Maciel, Department of Animal Science, 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - V F B Roll
- Federal University of Pelotas, Faculty of Agronomy Eliseu Maciel, Department of Animal Science, 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil
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Rothrock MJ, Hiett KL, Gamble J, Caudill AC, Cicconi-Hogan KM, Caporaso JG. A hybrid DNA extraction method for the qualitative and quantitative assessment of bacterial communities from poultry production samples. J Vis Exp 2014:52161. [PMID: 25548939 PMCID: PMC4396950 DOI: 10.3791/52161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of DNA extraction protocols can be highly dependent upon both the type of sample being investigated and the types of downstream analyses performed. Considering that the use of new bacterial community analysis techniques (e.g., microbiomics, metagenomics) is becoming more prevalent in the agricultural and environmental sciences and many environmental samples within these disciplines can be physiochemically and microbiologically unique (e.g., fecal and litter/bedding samples from the poultry production spectrum), appropriate and effective DNA extraction methods need to be carefully chosen. Therefore, a novel semi-automated hybrid DNA extraction method was developed specifically for use with environmental poultry production samples. This method is a combination of the two major types of DNA extraction: mechanical and enzymatic. A two-step intense mechanical homogenization step (using bead-beating specifically formulated for environmental samples) was added to the beginning of the "gold standard" enzymatic DNA extraction method for fecal samples to enhance the removal of bacteria and DNA from the sample matrix and improve the recovery of Gram-positive bacterial community members. Once the enzymatic extraction portion of the hybrid method was initiated, the remaining purification process was automated using a robotic workstation to increase sample throughput and decrease sample processing error. In comparison to the strict mechanical and enzymatic DNA extraction methods, this novel hybrid method provided the best overall combined performance when considering quantitative (using 16S rRNA qPCR) and qualitative (using microbiomics) estimates of the total bacterial communities when processing poultry feces and litter samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service;
| | - Kelli L Hiett
- Poultry Microbiological Safety and Processing Research Unit, USDA-Agricultural Research Service
| | - John Gamble
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University
| | | | | | - J Gregory Caporaso
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Microbial Genetics and Genomics, Northern Arizona University
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van der Hoeven-Hangoor E, Rademaker CJ, Paton ND, Verstegen MWA, Hendriks WH. Evaluation of free water and water activity measurements as functional alternatives to total moisture content in broiler excreta and litter samples. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1782-92. [PMID: 24812231 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Litter moisture contents vary greatly between and within practical poultry barns. The current experiment was designed to measure the effects of 8 different dietary characteristics on litter and excreta moisture content. Additionally, free water content and water activity of the excreta and litter were evaluated as additional quality measures. The dietary treatments consisted of nonstarch polysaccharide content (NSP; corn vs. wheat), particle size of insoluble fiber (coarse vs. finely ground oat hulls), viscosity of a nonfermentable fiber (low- and high-viscosity carboxymethyl cellulose), inclusion of a clay mineral (sepiolite), and inclusion of a laxative electrolyte (MgSO4). The 8 treatments were randomly assigned to cages within blocks, resulting in 12 replicates per treatment with 6 birds per replicate. Limited effects of the dietary treatments were noted on excreta and litter water activity, and indications were observed that this measurement is limited in high-moisture samples. Increasing dietary NSP content by feeding a corn-based diet (low NSP) compared with a wheat-based diet (high NSP) increased water intake, excreta moisture and free water, and litter moisture content. Adding insoluble fibers to the wheat-based diet reduced excreta and litter moisture content, as well as litter water activity. Fine grinding of the oat hulls diminished the effect on litter moisture and water activity. However, excreta moisture and free water content were similar when fed finely or coarsely ground oat hulls. The effects of changing viscosity and adding a clay mineral or laxative deviated from results observed in previous studies. Findings of the current experiment indicate a potential for excreta free water measurement as an additional parameter to assess excreta quality besides total moisture. The exact implication of this parameter warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - C J Rademaker
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - N D Paton
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, 10 Nutrition Way, Brookville, OH 45309
| | - M W A Verstegen
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, NL-3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
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van der Hoeven-Hangoor E, Paton ND, van de Linde IB, Verstegen MWA, Hendriks WH. Moisture content in broiler excreta is influenced by excreta nutrient contents1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:5705-13. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2013-6573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - N. D. Paton
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, 10 Nutrition Way, Brookville, OH 45309
| | - I. B. van de Linde
- Cargill Animal Nutrition, Veilingweg 23, NL-5334 LD Velddriel, the Netherlands
| | - M. W. A. Verstegen
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - W. H. Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, NL-6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, NL-3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
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