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Al-Qassab AA, Zakaria MR, Yunus R, Salleh MAM, Mokhtar MN. Investigating process parameters to enhance (hemi)cellulolytic enzymes activity produced by Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 using deoiled oil palm mesocarp fiber in solid-state fermentation. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 276:134030. [PMID: 39038578 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.134030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the synthesis of (hemi)cellulolytic enzymes, including endoglucanase (CMCase), xylanase, and β-glucosidase, employing Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 and deoiled oil palm mesocarp fiber (OPMF) through solid-state fermentation (SSF). The objective was to determine the optimal process conditions for achieving high enzyme activities through a one-factor-at-a-time approach. The study primarily focused on the impact of the solid-to-liquid ratio, incubation period, initial pH, and temperature on enzyme activity. The effects of OPMF pretreatment, particularly deoiling and fortification, were explored. This approach significantly improved enzyme activity levels compared to the initial conditions, with CMCase increasing by 111.6 %, xylanase by 665.2 %, and β-Glucosidase by 1678.1 %. Xylanase and β-glucosidase activities, peaking at 1346.75 and 9.89 IU per gram dry substrate (GDS), respectively, under optimized conditions (1:4 ratio, pH 7.5, 20 °C, 9-day incubation). With lower moisture levels, CMCase reached its maximum activity of 227.84 IU/GDS. The study highlights how important it is for agro-industrial byproducts to support environmentally sustainable practices in the palm oil industry. It also emphasizes how differently each enzyme reacts to changes in process parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abdulkareem Al-Qassab
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Processing and Product Development, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafein Zakaria
- Laboratory of Processing and Product Development, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Robiah Yunus
- Laboratory of Processing and Product Development, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Amran Mohd Salleh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Noriznan Mokhtar
- Department of Process and Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Laboratory of Processing and Product Development, Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Chen K, Deng X, Jiang D, Qin L, Lu M, Jiang W, Yang M, Zhang L, Jiang J, Lu L. Efficient conversion of distillers grains as feed ingredient by synergy of probiotics and enzymes. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1403011. [PMID: 39027099 PMCID: PMC11254791 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1403011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The direct feeding value of distillers grains is low due to the presence of higher cellulose, lignin and anti-nutritional factors such as mannan and xylan. In this study, complex enzymes and probiotic flora based on "probiotic enzyme synergy" technology were used to produce fermented distillers grains. The optimal substrate ratio, moisture content, fermentation time and temperature were determined. Subsequently, scale-up experiments were conducted to determine the performance of fermented feed. The results showed that multi-probiotic (Lactobacillus casei, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus oryzae) cooperated with complex enzymes (glucanase, mannanase, xylanase) showed excellent fermentation effect, crude protein, trichloroacetic acid soluble protein and fat increased by 31.25, 36.68, and 49.11% respectively, while crude fiber, acidic fiber and neutral fiber decreased by 34.24, 26.91, and 33.20%, respectively. The anti-nutritional factors mannan and arabinoxylan were reduced by 26.96 and 40.87%, respectively. Lactic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid in the fermented organic acids increased by 240.93, 76.77, and 89.47%, respectively. Butyric acid increased significantly from scratch, and the mycotoxin degradation effect was not significant. This study provides a potential approach for high-value utilization of distillers grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Low-Carbon Conversion, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiangrong Deng
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Dahai Jiang
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Low-Carbon Conversion, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lanxian Qin
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Mengqi Lu
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenxuan Jiang
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Low-Carbon Conversion, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Manqi Yang
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Low-Carbon Conversion, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Liangliang Zhang
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Low-Carbon Conversion, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jianchun Jiang
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Low-Carbon Conversion, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forest Products, Nanjing, China
| | - Liming Lu
- Academy of Advanced Carbon Conversion Technology, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Biomass Low-Carbon Conversion, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
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Yadav P, Prasad B, Chandra M, Srinivasulu M, Maddela NR, Prasad R. Recovery of filter paperase from mouldy rice husk in solid state fermentation by Aspergillus protuberus. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2024; 7:100254. [PMID: 39070526 PMCID: PMC11276929 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Recovery of enzymes such as FPase (filter paperase) or exoglucanase from fermented substrate is a sustainable approach in enzyme production; however, there is a scarcity of optimization studies in this field. The present study was aimed to standardize number of parameters (selection of solvent, solvent volume, soaking time, leaching conditions and number of washes) to extract maximum amount of FPase from fermented rice husk by Aspergillus protuberus. Novel Aspergillus protuberus was first report from our lab on cellulases production in solid state fermentation (SSF). Among the tested solvents, citrate phosphate buffer (0.02 M, pH 5.0) proved best solvent for maximum recovery of FPase. Consequent experimental parameters were further optimized with citrate phosphate buffer. Two washes with citrate phosphate buffer each by shaking (60 min) in a ratio of 1 g of rice husk: 5 ml of citrate phosphate buffer together attained higher recovery efficiency (88 %) of FPase from the fermented rice husk.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.Suresh Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - B.V.Siva Prasad
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - M.Subhosh Chandra
- Department of Microbiology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - M. Srinivasulu
- Department of Biotechnology, Yogi Vemana University, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Naga Raju Maddela
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Manabí, Ecuador
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Botany, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari 845401, Bihar, India
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Bhattacharya R, Arora S, Ghosh S. Bioprocess optimization for food-grade cellulolytic enzyme production from sorghum waste in a novel solid-state fermentation bioreactor for enhanced apple juice clarification. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 358:120781. [PMID: 38608570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Transforming global agricultural waste into eco-friendly products like industrial enzymes through bioconversion can help address sustainability challenges aligning with the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. Present study explored the production of high-yield food-grade cellulolytic enzymes from Trichoderma reesei MTCC 4876, using a novel media formulation with a combination of waste sorghum grass and cottonseed oil cake (3:1). Optimization of physical and environmental parameters, along with the screening and optimization of media components, led to an upscaled process in a novel 6-L solid-state fermentation (SSF)-packed bed reactor (PBR) with a substrate loading of 200 g. Saturated forced aeration proved crucial, resulting in high fungal biomass (31.15 ± 0.63 mg glucosamine/gm dry fermented substrate) and high yield cellulase (20.64 ± 0.36 FPU/g-ds) and xylanase (16,186 ± 912 IU/g-ds) production at an optimal airflow rate of 0.75 LPM. The PBR exhibited higher productivity than shake flasks for all the enzyme systems. Microfiltration and ultrafiltration of the crude cellulolytic extract achieved 94% and 71% recovery, respectively, with 13.54 FPU/mL activity in the cellulolytic enzyme concentrate. The concentrate displayed stability across wide pH and temperature ranges, with a half-life of 24.5-h at 50 °C. The cellulase concentrate, validated for food-grade safety, complies with permissible limits for potential pathogens, heavy metals, mycotoxins, and pesticide residue. It significantly improved apple juice clarity (94.37 T%) by reducing turbidity (21%) and viscosity (99%) while increasing total reducing sugar release by 63% compared with untreated juice. The study also highlighted the potential use of lignin-rich fermented end residue for fuel pellets within permissible SOx emission limits, offering sustainable biorefinery prospects. Utilizing agro wastes in a controlled bioreactor environment underscores the potential for efficient large-scale cellulase production, enabling integration into food-grade applications and presenting economic benefits to fruit juice industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raikamal Bhattacharya
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
| | - Sidharth Arora
- Fermentech Labs Pvt. Ltd, TIDES Business Incubator, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
| | - Sanjoy Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, 247667, India.
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Lojananan N, Cheirsilp B, Intasit R, Billateh A, Srinuanpan S, Suyotha W, Boonsawang P. Successive process for efficient biovalorization of Brewers' spent grain to lignocellulolytic enzymes and lactic acid production through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 397:130490. [PMID: 38403168 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to increase the value of brewers' spent grain (BSG) by using it as feedstock to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes and lactic acid (LA). Twenty-two fungal strains were screened for lignocellulolytic enzyme production from BSG. Among them, Trichoderma sp. showed the highest cellulase activity (35.84 ± 0.27 U/g-BSG) and considerably high activities of xylanase (599.61 ± 23.09 U/g-BSG) and β-glucosidase (16.97 ± 0.77 U/g-BSG) under successive solid-state and submerged fermentation. The processes were successfully scaled up in a bioreactor. The enzyme cocktail was recovered and characterized. The maximum cellulase and xylanase activities were found at pH 5.0 and 50 °C, and the activities were highly stable at pH 4-8 and 30-50 °C. The enzyme cocktail was applied in simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of acid-pretreated BSG for LA production. The maximum LA obtained was 59.3 ± 1.0 g/L. This study has shown the efficient biovalorization of BSG, and this approach may also be applicable to other agro-industrial wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattha Lojananan
- Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, International Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Benjamas Cheirsilp
- Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, International Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand.
| | - Rawitsara Intasit
- Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, International Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Asma Billateh
- Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, International Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Sirasit Srinuanpan
- Center of Excellence of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Wasana Suyotha
- Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, International Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Piyarat Boonsawang
- Center of Excellence in Innovative Biotechnology for Sustainable Utilization of Bioresources, International Program of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
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Ismail SA, El-Hawary NS, Hassan AA, El-Sayed H. Non-deteriorative eco-friendly water-saving tactic for removal of vegetable matters from wool fleece using xylanase and cellulase. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126648. [PMID: 37673140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The carbonization of wool fleece (WF) is conducted to remove the adhered vegetable matter (VM) from contaminated WF using sulfuric acid, followed by drying and backing. This process has a deteriorative effect on WF and requires a tremendous quantity of water for rinsing WF after carbonization to remove any H2SO4 residuals. Herein, we propose an alternative eco-friendly water-saving process for the removal of VM from WF using enzymes. Cellulase-containing xylanase from the fungus Aspergillus terreus, and cellulase-free xylanase from the fungus Aspergillus flavus AW1 were used to remove the VM from WF. The effect of some process parameters on the amount of the removed VM was assessed. Alkali solubility as well as sulfur and cystine content were used to follow the alteration in the chemistry of the bio-treated WF. The fiber morphology was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The dyeability of the treated WF towards acid, reactive, and basic dyes was monitored. The results revealed that the removal of the VM from WF by applying the examined enzymes was effective and could be an appropriate, non-destructive, eco-friendly water-saving substitute to the conventional carbonization procedures. By virtue of enzyme specificity, the proposed process removed the VM without deteriorating the fiber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa A Ismail
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Nancy S El-Hawary
- Dyeing, Printing, and Textile Auxiliaries Department, Textile Research and Technology Institute, National Research Centre, El Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Amira A Hassan
- Department of Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Hosam El-Sayed
- Proteinic and Man-made Fibers Department, Textile Research and Technology Institute, National Research Centre, El Bohouth Street, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
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Liu J, Wang S, Wang Z, Shen C, Liu D, Shen X, Weng L, He Y, Wang S, Wang J, Zhuang W, Cai Y, Xu J, Ying H. Pretreatment of Luzhou distiller's grains for feed protein production using crude enzymes produced by a synthetic microbial consortium. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 390:129852. [PMID: 37839649 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Chinese distillers' grains (CDGs) have low fermentation efficiency due to the presence of lignocellulosic components, such as rice husk. In this study, a microbial consortium synthesized was used based on the "functional complementarity" principle to produce lignocellulolytic crude enzyme. The crude enzyme was used to hydrolyze CDGs. After enzymatic hydrolysis, lignocellulose was damaged to varying degrees and the crystallinity decreased. Subsequently, the feed protein was produced using yeast through two pathways. The results showed that the crude enzyme produced by the microbial consortium (comprising Trichoderma reesei, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium) exhibited excellent enzymatic efficiency, yielding 27.88%, 19.64%, and 10.88% of reducing sugar, cellulose, and hemicellulose. The true protein content of CDGs increased by 53.49% and 48.35% through the first and second pathways, respectively. Notably, the second pathway demonstrated higher economic benefits to produce feed protein. This study provides a pathway for high-quality utilization of CDGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixiang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke Xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shilei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke Xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zhi Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke Xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | | | - Dong Liu
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | | | - Longfei Weng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke Xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yun He
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke Xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Simin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke Xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke Xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yafan Cai
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke Xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Jingliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, 100 Ke Xue Dadao, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Hanjie Ying
- National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Sosa-Martínez JD, Montañez J, Contreras-Esquivel JC, Balagurusamy N, Gadi SK, Morales-Oyervides L. Agroindustrial and food processing residues valorization for solid-state fermentation processes: A case for optimizing the co-production of hydrolytic enzymes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 347:119067. [PMID: 37778074 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
In the pursuit of sustainability, managing agro-industrial and food processing residues (AFR) efficiently is crucial. This study proposes a systematic approach to convert AFR into valuable products via solid-state fermentation (SSF). Using fungal enzyme production as a case study, this adaptable methodology suits any SSF bioprocess. Initially, AFR's physicochemical properties were evaluated to assess their feasible use as carbon sources and solid matrices for SSF. Then, five strains were screened for their capability to produce enzymes (Xylanase, X; pectinase, P; cellulase, C). Apple pomace (AP) and brewery spent grain (BSG) with Aspergillus sp. (strain G5) were selected. Subsequent steps involved a two-phase statistical approach, identifying critical factors and optimizing them. Process conditions were screened using a Plackett-Burman design, narrowing critical variables to three (BSG/AP, pH, humidity). Response Surface Methodology (Central Composite Design) further optimized these factors for co-synthesis of X, P, and C. The humidity had the most significant effect on the three responses. The optimum conditions depended on each enzyme and were further validated to maximize either X, P or C. The obtained extracts were used for pectin extraction from orange peels. The extract containing primarily xylanase (X = 582.39, P = 22.86, C = 26.10 U mL-1) showed major pectin yield recovery (12.33 ± 0.53%) and it was obtained using the optimal settings of BSG/AP (81/19), humidity (50.40%), and pH (4.58). The findings will enable adjusting process conditions to obtain enzymatic cocktails with a tailored composition for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazel Doménica Sosa-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo, Coahuila, 25280, Mexico
| | - Julio Montañez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo, Coahuila, 25280, Mexico
| | | | - Nagamani Balagurusamy
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas. Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Torreón, Torreón, Coahuila, 27000, Mexico
| | - Suresh Kumar Gadi
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica. Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Torreón, Torreón, Coahuila, 27276, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Morales-Oyervides
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas. Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Saltillo, Saltillo, Coahuila, 25280, Mexico.
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Silva EM, Milagres AMF. Production of Extracellular Enzymes by Lentinula edodes Strains in Solid-State Fermentation on Lignocellulosic Biomass Sterilized by Physical and Chemical Methods. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:395. [PMID: 37907667 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Two methods of sterilization of lignocellulosic biomass were performed in this study. Eucalypt waste (EW) supplemented with rice bran (RB) was added in the proportions 80:20 and 90:10 in dry weight. The compositions were sterilized by physical method (autoclaving) and by chemical method (H2O2). The production of extracellular enzymes by Lentinula edodes strains was compared within the two methods. Inactivation of catalase present in RB was achieved with 250 mM H2O2. The use of H2O2, when compared by physical method, favored high production of hydrolytic enzymes such as endoglucanase (1,600 IU/kg), twofold higher, β-glucosidase (1,000 IU/kg), fivefold higher, xylanase (55,000 IU/kg), threefold higher and β-xylosidase (225 IU/kg), similar results. Oxidative enzymes, MnP and laccase, were produced within a different profile between strains, with shorter times for laccase (2,200 IU/kg) by SJC in 45 days and MnP (2,000 IU/kg) by CCB-514 in 30 days. High production of extracellular enzymes is achieved by the use of the chemical method of sterilization of lignocellulosic biomass; in addition to no energy consumption, this process is carried out in a shorter execution time when compared to the physical process. The use of H2O2 in sterilization does not produce toxic compounds from the degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose such as furfural and hydroxy-methyl-furfural that cause inhibition of microorganisms and enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Marcelino Silva
- Department of Biotechnology, Fundação Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Gurupi, TO, CEP 77 402 970, Brazil.
| | - Adriane Maria Ferreira Milagres
- Department of Biotechnology, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena - University of São Paulo, CP 116, Lorena, SP, CEP 12 602 810, Brazil
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Abdel Wahab WA, Mostafa FA, Ahmed SA, Saleh SAA. Statistical optimization of enzyme cocktail production using Jew's mallow stalks residues by a new isolate Aspergillus flavus B2 via statistical strategy and enzymes characterization. J Biotechnol 2023; 367:89-97. [PMID: 37028558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the production of the enzyme cocktail by the isolated fungi Aspergillus flavus B2 (GenBank accession number OL655454) using agricultural and industrial (AI) residues as the sole substrate. Of all the AI residues tested, Jew's mallow stalk was the best inducer substrate for enzyme cocktail production without adding any nutrients. Statistical optimization using Response Surface Methodology enhanced the production by 5.45, 5.20, and 3.34-fold, respectively for pectinase, xylanase, and CMCase. Optimum temperature, activation energy (Ea), and activation energy for denaturation (Ed) were determined. Michaelis constant (Km) for CMCase, xylanase, and pectinase enzyme was 1.82, 1.23, and 1.05mg/mL, respectively. Maximum reaction rate (Vmax) was 4.67, 5.29, and 17.13U/mL, respectively for CMCase, xylanase, and pectinase. Thermal stability revealed that pectinase, CMCase, and xylanase enzymes retained 64.7, 61.8, and 53.2% residual activities after incubation for 1h at 50 °C. Half-life time (t0.5) of pectinase, CMCase, and xylanase at 50 °C were 189.38, 129.8, and 127.89min, respectively. Thermodynamics of the produced enzymes enthalpy (ΔH⁎d), free energy (ΔG⁎d), and entropy (ΔS⁎d) were determined at 40, 50, and 60°C. In the presence of EDTA (5mM), CMCase, xylanase, and pectinase retained 69.5, 66.2, and 41.2%, respectively of their activity. This work is significant for the valorization of AI residues and the production of value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa A Abdel Wahab
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt, 12622.
| | - Faten A Mostafa
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt, 12622.
| | - Samia A Ahmed
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt, 12622.
| | - Shireen A A Saleh
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt, 12622.
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Chysirichote T, Phaiboonsilpa N, Laosiripojana N. High Production of Cellulase and Xylanase in Solid-State Fermentation by Trichoderma reesei Using Spent Copra and Wheat Bran in Rotary Bioreactor. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Teerin Chysirichote
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 Chalongkrung Rd. Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Natthanon Phaiboonsilpa
- Department of Food Engineering, School of Engineering, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, 1 Chalongkrung Rd. Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand
| | - Navadol Laosiripojana
- The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment (JGSEE), King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Prachauthit Rd, Bangmod, Tungkru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
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Nour SA, El-Sayed GM, Taie HAA, Emam MTH, El-Sayed AF, Salim RG. Safe production of Aspergillus terreus xylanase from Ricinus communis: gene identification, molecular docking, characterization, production of xylooligosaccharides, and its biological activities. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:121. [PMID: 35960448 PMCID: PMC9374855 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00390-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of industrial enzymes such as xylanase using sufficient cost-effective substrates from potent microorganisms is considered economically feasible. Studies have reported castor cake (Ricinus communis) as the most potent and inexpensive alternative carbon source for production of xylanase C by using Aspergillus terreus (A. terreus). RESULTS A. terreus strain RGS Eg-NRC, a local isolate from agro-wastes, was first identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer region of a nuclear DNA encoding gene cluster deposited in GenBank (accession number MW282328). Before optimization of xylanase production, A. terreus produced 20.23 U/g of xylanase after 7 days using castor cake as a substrate in a solid-state fermentation (SSF) system that was employed to achieve ricin detoxification and stimulate xylanase production. Physicochemical parameters for the production of xylanase were optimized by using a one-variable-at-a-time approach and two statistical methods (two-level Plackett-Burman design and central composite design, CCD). The maximum xylanase yield after optimization was increased by 12.1-fold (245 U/g). A 60-70% saturation of ammonium sulfate resulted in partially purified xylanase with a specific activity of 3.9 IU/mg protein. At 60 °C and pH 6, the partially purified xylanase had the highest activity, and the activation energy (Ea) was 23.919 kJmol. Subsequently, antioxidant capacity and cytotoxicity tests in normal Ehrlich ascites carcinoma human cells demonstrated xylooligosaccharides produced by the xylanase degradation of xylan as a potent antioxidant and moderate antitumor agent. Further investigations with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis then determined the molecular weight of partially purified xylanase C to be 36 kDa. Based on the conserved regions, observations revealed that xylanase C belonged to the glycosyl hydrolase family 10. Next, the xylanase-encoding gene (xynC), which has an open reading frame of 981 bp and encodes a protein with 326 amino acids, was isolated, sequenced, and submitted to the NCBI GenBank database (accession number LC595779.1). Molecular docking analysis finally revealed that Glu156, Glu262, and Lys75 residues were involved in the substrate-binding and protein-ligand interaction site of modeled xylanase, with a binding affinity of -8.7 kcal. mol-1. CONCLUSION: The high production of safe and efficient xylanase could be achieved using economical materials such as Ricinus communis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa A Nour
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.
| | - Ghada M El-Sayed
- Microbial Genetic Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Hanan A A Taie
- Plant Biochemistry Department, Agricultural and Biology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Maha T H Emam
- Genetics & Cytology Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed F El-Sayed
- Microbial Genetic Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
| | - Rasha G Salim
- Microbial Genetic Department, Biotechnology Research Institute, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St. (Former El-Tahrir St.), Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt
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Effect of Fermentation Response on Biosynthesis of Endopolygalacturonase from a Potent Strain of Bacillus by Utilizing Polymeric Substrates of Agricultural Origin. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12080875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Endopolygalacturonase (EndoPGase), EC: 3.2.1.15. is one of the crucial pectinases belonging to the class of carbohydrase. The catalytic action of EndoPGase captivates the attention of the production of this extremely valuable catalyst in the industrial sector. The main focus was to ascertain a potential bacterial candidate for endoPGase production. The isolated bacterial strain was further identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The parameters for enzyme biosynthesis were optimized by a single and multiple factor approach at a time. The results of our investigation led to the identification of a potent strain of Bacillus subtilis NR2 [strain 168]. The sequence of 16S rRNA amplified from the isolated bacterium has been submitted to GenBank under accession number ON738697. The strain was found active for pectic enzyme activity under shaking- flask fermentation at pH 5.0 and 50 °C temperature of incubation. Among all monomeric and polymeric substrates (inducer-substrates), citrus pectin, followed by potato starch and pectin (Sigma) were considered the best enzyme inducers at 1% concentration. In comparison, an increased wheat bran concentration at 5% was proved to be ideal for EndoPGase biosynthesis Moreover, an increasing trend in enzyme activity was observed with the increasing concentration of inducer. The combined effect of three variables (pH, inducer-substrates, and inducer-substrate concentration) was explored by response surface methodology (RSM) involving a Box–Behnken design (BBD). Based on the results, we concluded that the soil-isolated B. subtilis can be effectively utilized for commercial-scale pectinase enzyme biosynthesis.
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Zhang C, Ali Khan RA, Wei H, Wang R, Hou J, Liu T. Rapid and mass production of biopesticide Trichoderma Brev T069 from cassava peels using newly established solid-state fermentation bioreactor system. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 313:114981. [PMID: 35395529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Converting agricultural waste into value-added biopesticides to replace chemical pesticides for plant protection is a good alternative for environmental sustainability and resource recycling. In this study, five tropical wastes (cassava peels, banana pseudostem, coconut shell, sugarcane bagasse, and pineapple peels) were screened as substrates for the rapid production of biopesticide Trichoderma Brev T069. Five single tests and a Box-Behnken design (BBD) with response surface methodology were used to optimize the culture conditions to improve the spore yield. The results showed that cassava peel was the optimal solid fermentation substrate, and the optimization enabled a spore yield of 9.31 × 109 spores/g at 3rd day, which was equal to 93.19% of spore yield obtained at 5th day (9.99 × 109 spores/g). A newly packed-bed bioreactor with agitation and ventilation system was developed and used to expand the production that 250 kg of biopesticide (2.89 × 109 spores/g) could be available on the 3rd day. A pot experiment indicated that the biopesticide T. Brev T069 obtained under this production system, when applied at 1 × 107 spores/g of soil had a 64.65% biocontrol efficiency on banana fusarium wilt. This study provides a practical solution for turning a tropical waste into an effective biopesticide which can prevent banana wilt disease, thereby helping to reduce disease management cost and overcome environmental hazards caused by synthetic pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests (College of Plant Protection, Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, PR China
| | - Raja Asad Ali Khan
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests (College of Plant Protection, Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, PR China; Department of Plant Pathology, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - HongYan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests (College of Plant Protection, Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, PR China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests (College of Plant Protection, Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, PR China; Engineering Center of Agricultural Microbial Preparation Research and Development of Hainan (Hainan University), Haikou, Hainan, 570228, PR China
| | - JuMei Hou
- Engineering Center of Agricultural Microbial Preparation Research and Development of Hainan (Hainan University), Haikou, Hainan, 570228, PR China
| | - Tong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Tropical Diseases and Pests (College of Plant Protection, Hainan University), Ministry of Education, Haikou, Hainan, 570228, PR China; Engineering Center of Agricultural Microbial Preparation Research and Development of Hainan (Hainan University), Haikou, Hainan, 570228, PR China.
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Liu X, Yan Q, Xue Y, Wang S, Yang H, Jiang Z. Biochemical characterization of a novel glycoside hydrolase family 11 xylanase from Chaetomium sp. suitable for bread making. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Valorization of corn cobs for xylanase production by Aspergillus flavus AW1 and its application in the production of antioxidant oligosaccharides and removal of food stain. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Reginatto C, Posso dos Santos G, Costa Ramos K, Borges Folle A, Campos de Souza B, Meneghel L, Carra S, Polidoro TA, Moura da Silveira M, Valduga E, Malvessi E. Inoculation conditions improved the pectinase productivity in Aspergillus niger LB-02-SF solid-state cultivation. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Santos GB, de Sousa Francisco Filho Á, Rêgo da Silva Rodrigues J, Rodrigues de Souza R. Cellulase production by Aspergillus niger using urban lignocellulosic waste as substrate: Evaluation of different cultivation strategies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 305:114431. [PMID: 34995940 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cellulases are used in various industries, acting efficiently and sustainably in the degradation of cellulose contained in different raw materials and recovering high value products. It is the third largest group of enzymes consumed industrially, as they are required in processes linked to the food, biofuel, textile, cleaning products, among others. However, the main disadvantage in the use of commercial cellulases is the high cost. In this context, the objective of this work was to determine conditions for obtaining more efficient and economical cellulases. For this, the efficiency in obtaining the extracellular cellulases endoglucanase (CMCase) and exoglucanase (FPase) by a fungus Aspergillus niger was investigated using an urban lignocellulosic waste as substrate characterized by tree leaves collected from squares and avenues in urban areas. As urban lignocellulosic waste is an innovative raw material, its chemical composition was determined. This substrate contains 20.36% cellulose and induced the production of cellulases in all fermentation methods, proving to be a promising and sustainable source. The influence of the nutrient medium on CMCase and FPase activities was evaluated for three different sequential fermentation (SF) configurations. Medium 2 provided an increase of up to 100 U/L of CMCase and FPase in relation to medium 1. The interactive effect of pH and moisture content on CMCase e FPase production under SF was studied in a central composite design (CCD). Also, different fermentation methods (solid state, submerged and sequential) were evaluated. The use of SF increased the enzymatic activities of both cellulases by 140% compared to other conventional methods and also stood out in the production of proteins (270.05 μg/mL) and reducing sugars (1.19 mg/mL). The desirability function determined the optimal activities of CMCase and FPase as 413.49 U/L and 230.68 U/L, respectively, obtained from the optimal variables of pH 5.5 and 75% moisture content under SF. The effect of pH and moisture content on the activity of each cellulase was analyzed using the Pareto chart and response surface methodology (RSM). These results revealed favorable strategies for cellulase production, such as the use of urban lignocellulosic waste, SF and ideal operational conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislaine Brito Santos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil.
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Srivastava N, Mohammad A, Singh R, Srivastava M, Syed A, Bahadur Pal D, Elgorban AM, Mishra PK, Gupta VK. Evaluation of enhanced production of cellulose deconstructing enzyme using natural and alkali pretreated sugar cane bagasse under the influence of graphene oxide. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:126015. [PMID: 34592619 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High production cost of cellulase enzyme is one of the main constraints in the practical implementation of biofuels at global scale. Therefore, the present investigation is focused to produce low-cost cellulase via sustainable strategies. This work evaluates to achieve enhanced fungal cellulase production using natural and pretreated sugar cane bagasse (SCB) via Rhizopus oryzae NS5 under the solid state fermentation (SSF) while implementing graphene oxide (GO) as a catalyst. A low alkali treatment showed better performance for cellulase production wherein 14 IU/gds FP activity is observed in 96 h using 0.5% alkali treated SCB, significantly higher as compared to 10 IU/gds FP in case of untreated SCB. Further, the effect of GO has been investigated on cellulase production, incubation temperature and pH of the production medium. Under the influence of 1.5% concentration of GO, alkali pretreated SCB produced maximum 25 IU/gds cellulase in 72 h at pH 5.0 and 40 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Akbar Mohammad
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk 38541, South Korea
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, Satyawati College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110052, India
| | - Manish Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Asad Syed
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dan Bahadur Pal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Abdallah M Elgorban
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - P K Mishra
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (BHU), Varanasi 221005, India
| | - Vijai Kumar Gupta
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK; Center for Safe and Improved Food, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK.
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Abstract
The demand for ecofriendly green catalysts for biofuel synthesis is greatly increasing with the effects of fossil fuel depletion. Fungal lipases are abundantly used as biocatalysts for the synthesis of biofuel. The use of Botrytis cinerea lipase is an excellent approach for the conversion of agroindustrial residues into biofuel. In this study, phylogenetic analyses were carried out and the physicochemical properties of B. cinerea lipase were assessed. Furthermore, the protein structure of B. cinerea lipase was predicted and refined. Putative energy-rich phytolipid compounds were explored as a substrate for the synthesis of biofuel, owing to B. cinerea lipase catalysis. Approximately 161 plant-based fatty acids were docked with B. cinerea lipase in order to evaluate their binding affinities and interactions. Among the docked fatty acids, the top ten triglycerides having the lowest number of binding affinities with B. cinerea lipase were selected, and their interactions were assessed. The top three triglycerides having the greatest number of hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions were selected for simulations of 20 ns. The docking and simulations revealed that docosahexaenoic acid, dicranin, and hexadeca-7,10,13-trienoic acid had stable bonding with the B. cinerea lipase. Therefore, B. cinerea lipase has the potential to be used for the transesterification of fatty acids into biofuels, whereas docosahexaenoic acid, dicranin, and hexadeca-7,10,13-trienoic acid can be used as substrates of B. cinerea lipase for biofuel synthesis.
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Bhardwaj N, Kumar B, Agrawal K, Verma P. Current perspective on production and applications of microbial cellulases: a review. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:95. [PMID: 38650192 PMCID: PMC10992179 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00447-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of cellulolytic enzymes has been widely studied and explored for bioconversion processes and plays a key role in various industrial applications. Cellulase, a key enzyme for cellulose-rich waste feedstock-based biorefinery, has increasing demand in various industries, e.g., paper and pulp, juice clarification, etc. Also, there has been constant progress in developing new strategies to enhance its production, such as the application of waste feedstock as the substrate for the production of individual or enzyme cocktails, process parameters control, and genetic manipulations for enzyme production with enhanced yield, efficiency, and specificity. Further, an insight into immobilization techniques has also been presented for improved reusability of cellulase, a critical factor that controls the cost of the enzyme at an industrial scale. In addition, the review also gives an insight into the status of the significant application of cellulase in the industrial sector, with its techno-economic analysis for future applications. The present review gives a complete overview of current perspectives on the production of microbial cellulases as a promising tool to develop a sustainable and greener concept for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Bhardwaj
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400019, India
| | - Bikash Kumar
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Komal Agrawal
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India
| | - Pradeep Verma
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer, Rajasthan, 305817, India.
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Gao B, Xiao Y, Zhang Q, Sun J, Zhang Z, Zhu D. Concurrent production of glycyrrhetic acid 3- O-mono-β-d-glucuronide and lignocellulolytic enzymes by solid-state fermentation of a plant endophytic Chaetomium globosum. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:88. [PMID: 34540556 PMCID: PMC8442819 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00441-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycyrrhetic acid 3-O-mono-β-d-glucuronide (GAMG) as an important derivative of glycyrrhizin (GL) shows stronger biological activities and higher sweetness than GL. The biotransformation process is considered as an efficient strategy for GAMG production, due to its mild reaction, high production efficiency and environmentally friendly status. In this study, licorice straw was used for the first time as a medium for GAMG and lignocellulosic enzyme production via solid-state fermentation (SSF) of endophytic fungus Chaetomium globosum DX-THS3. The fermentation conditions including particle size, temperature, seed age, inoculum size, and moisture of substrate were optimized. Furthermore, additional nitrogen sources and carbon sources were screened for GAMG production by C. globosum DX-THS3 of SSF. Under optimal fermentation conditions, the percent conversion of glycyrrhizin reached 90% in 15 days, whereas the control needed 35 days to achieve the same result. The productivity of optimization (P = 2.1 mg/g/day) was 2.33-fold that of non-optimization (P = 0.9 mg/g/day). Meanwhile, high activities of filter paper enzyme (FPase) (245.80 U/g), carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) (33.67 U/g), xylanase (83.44 U/g), and β-glucuronidase activity (271.42 U/g) were obtained faster than those in the control during SSF. Our study provides a novel and efficient strategy for GAMG production and indicates C. globosum DX-THS3 as a potential producer of lignocellulolytic enzymes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40643-021-00441-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boliang Gao
- Key Lab of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Yiwen Xiao
- Key Lab of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China.,Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022 China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Lab of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Junru Sun
- Key Lab of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022 China
| | - Du Zhu
- Key Lab of Bioprocess Engineering of Jiangxi Province, College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University, Nanchang, 330013 China.,Key Laboratory of Protection and Utilization of Subtropic Plant Resources of Jiangxi Province, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022 China
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Zhao B, Al Rasheed H, Ali I, Hu S. Efficient enzymatic saccharification of alkaline and ionic liquid-pretreated bamboo by highly active extremozymes produced by the co-culture of two halophilic fungi. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 319:124115. [PMID: 32949831 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we studied two strains of halophilic fungi (Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus penicillioides) as potential potent sources of hydrolases under solid-state fermentation conditions. We found that the co-culture of these two fungal species was associated with maximal CMCase, FPase, xylanase, and β-xylosidase activity under optimized fermentation conditions. These enzymes functioned optimally at pH values from 9.0 to 10.0, at temperatures from 50 °C to 60 °C, and in the presence of 15-20% NaCl. These enzymes were also stable in metal salt solutions and the presence of ionic liquids. Reducing sugar yields following the cellulase-hemicellulase co-treatment of untreated, alkaline-pretreated, and ionic liquid-pretreated bamboo were higher than those associated with separate cellulase and hemicellulase treatments, thus confirming the synergistic activity of cellulase-hemicellulase co-treatment in the context of bamboo saccharification. These results indicate that these two fungi are promising hydrolase producers that can facilitate the bioconversion of bamboo biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhao
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Bamboo Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Haroon Al Rasheed
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Bamboo Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Imran Ali
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Bamboo Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; Institute of Biochemistry, University of Balochistan, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Shanglian Hu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Bamboo Research Institute, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China.
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Liang C, Xu Z, Wang Q, Wang W, Xu H, Guo Y, Qi W, Wang Z. Improving β-glucosidase and xylanase production in a combination of waste substrate from domestic wastewater treatment system and agriculture residues. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:124019. [PMID: 32916465 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellulase and hemicellulase activities are considered to the major bottlenecks in the lignocellulosic biorefinery process, especially in an enzyme cocktail lacking β-glucosidase (BGL) and xylanase (XYL). In view of this issue, higher levels of BGL and XYL activities were obtained in the presence of wastewater and activated sludge as an induction medium mixed with 5% of rice straw by Hypocrea sp. W63. The analysis of the ionic content showed that a relatively low sludge dose could enhance the production of BGL and XYL. Most importantly, compared to a medium using freshwater, the proportion of 1:10 sludge to wastewater, which contained nutrient elements, led to 3.4-fold BGL and 3.7-fold XYL production improvements. This research describes the reuse of substrates that are largely and continuously generated from domestic wastewater treatment systems and agriculture residues, which consequently leads to the development of a simultaneous enzyme production process for sustainable biorefinery practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyi Liang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zihan Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Qiong Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Wen Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Huijuan Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Ying Guo
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Wei Qi
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, PR China.
| | - Zhongming Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion, Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Renewable Energy, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New and Renewable Energy Research and Development, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Baskaran R, Krishnan C. Enhanced production of cellulase from a novel strain Trichoderma gamsii M501 through response surface methodology and its application in biomass saccharification. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Shi H, Su B, Chen X, Pian R. Solid state fermentation of Moringa oleifera leaf meal by mixed strains for the protein enrichment and the improvement of nutritional value. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10358. [PMID: 33240663 PMCID: PMC7680055 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Moringa oleifera Lam. (MO) is a fast-growing multi-purpose deciduous tree with high biomass and nutritional value. However, the presence of antinutritional factors, poor palatability, and indigestibility of Moringa oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) restrict its application to animal feed. This study aimed to obtain high-quality protein feeds via solid-state fermentation (SSF) of MOLM. The process conditions for increasing the true protein (TP) content using Aspergillus niger, Candida utilis and Bacillus subtilis co-cultures were optimized, and the chemical composition of MOLM was compared before and after fermentation. The results of this study showed that the highest TP content could be obtained through mixed-strain culture of A. niger, C. utilis and B. subtilis at a ratio of 1:1:2. The MOLM was inoculated with A. niger, followed by C. utilis and B. subtilis 24 h later. The optimized co-culture parameters were as follows: total inoculation size, 24%; temperature, 32 °C; fermentation time, 6.5 days; and initial water content, 60%. The maximum TP yield was 28.37%. Notably, in the fermented MOLM (FMOLM), the content of nutrients such as crude protein (CP), small peptides, and total amino acids (AAs) were significantly increased relative to unfermented MOLM, whereas the contents of crude fiber (CF), tannin, and phytic acid were significantly decreased. MOLM analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that SSF disrupted the surface structure of MOLM, and sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated that macromolecular proteins were degraded. The in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) of FMOLM was also improved significantly. Our findings suggest that multi-strain fermentation with A. niger, C. utilis and B. subtilis improves the nutritional quality of MOLM, rendering it a viable functional feedstuff for use in livestock industries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Shi
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Research and Development Centre of Modern Agriculture (Woody Forage) Industrial Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bin Su
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Research and Development Centre of Modern Agriculture (Woody Forage) Industrial Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Research and Development Centre of Modern Agriculture (Woody Forage) Industrial Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruiqi Pian
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Province Research Center of Woody Forage Engineering Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Research and Development Centre of Modern Agriculture (Woody Forage) Industrial Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Narra M, Rudakiya DM, Macwan K, Patel N. Black liquor: A potential moistening agent for production of cost-effective hydrolytic enzymes by a newly isolated cellulo-xylano fungal strain Aspergillus tubingensis and its role in higher saccharification efficiency. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 306:123149. [PMID: 32179401 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, black liquor generated during mild alkali pre-treatment was evaluated as a moistening agent to produce cost effective hydrolytic enzymes using novel cellulo-xylano fungal strain Aspergillus tubingensis M7. The fungus competently produced 21.90 and 22.46 filter paper, 1004 and 1369 endoglucanase, 117 and 142 β-glucosidase and 8188 and 7981 U/g xylanase activity by using modified Mandel & weber's and black liquor medium, respectively. The crude hydrolytic enzymes from black liquor were evaluated for saccharification of pre-treated biomass. Reducing sugar yields (mg/g substrate) and the corresponding saccharification efficiency (%) from rice straw, corncob, sugarcane bagasse and banana stem were 745.50 (86.02; 18 h); 596 (74.50; 24 h); 358.15 (42.98; 24 h) and 245.70 (33.00; 24 h), respectively. Residual biomass compositional analysis revealed that reduced onset temperature, increased activation energy and pre-exponential factor in saccharified biomass as compared to pre-treated and untreated biomass, suggesting their utilization for pyrolysis to obtain value added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuri Narra
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India.
| | - Darshan M Rudakiya
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Kumud Macwan
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
| | - Nidhi Patel
- Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Anand, Gujarat, India
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28
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Ma X, Gao M, Yin Z, Zhu W, Liu S, Wang Q. Lactic acid and animal feeds production from Sophora flavescens residues by Rhizopus oryzae fermentation. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Bahaman AH, Wahab RA, Abdul Hamid AA, Abd Halim KB, Kaya Y. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations studies on β-glucosidase and xylanase Trichoderma asperellum to predict degradation order of cellulosic components in oil palm leaves for nanocellulose preparation. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2020; 39:2628-2641. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1751713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aina Hazimah Bahaman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Azzmer Azzar Abdul Hamid
- Department of Biotechnology, Kuliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
- Research Unit for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (RUBIC), Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Bariyyah Abd Halim
- Department of Biotechnology, Kuliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan, Malaysia
- Research Unit for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (RUBIC), Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Yilmaz Kaya
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
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Bahaman AH, Abdul Wahab R, Hamid AAA, Halim KBA, Kaya Y, Edbeib MF. Substrate docking and molecular dynamic simulation for prediction of fungal enzymes from Trichoderma species-assisted extraction of nanocellulose from oil palm leaves. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:4246-4258. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1679667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aina Hazimah Bahaman
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Roswanira Abdul Wahab
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
- Enzyme Technology and Green Synthesis Group, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Azzmer Azzar Abdul Hamid
- Research Unit for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (RUBIC), Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Khairul Bariyyah Abd Halim
- Research Unit for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (RUBIC), Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
| | - Yilmaz Kaya
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Mohamed Faraj Edbeib
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Baniwalid University, Baniwalid, Libya
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Bhardwaj N, Kumar B, Verma P. A detailed overview of xylanases: an emerging biomolecule for current and future prospective. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40643-019-0276-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Xylan is the second most abundant naturally occurring renewable polysaccharide available on earth. It is a complex heteropolysaccharide consisting of different monosaccharides such as l-arabinose, d-galactose, d-mannoses and organic acids such as acetic acid, ferulic acid, glucuronic acid interwoven together with help of glycosidic and ester bonds. The breakdown of xylan is restricted due to its heterogeneous nature and it can be overcome by xylanases which are capable of cleaving the heterogeneous β-1,4-glycoside linkage. Xylanases are abundantly present in nature (e.g., molluscs, insects and microorganisms) and several microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae are used extensively for its production. Microbial xylanases show varying substrate specificities and biochemical properties which makes it suitable for various applications in industrial and biotechnological sectors. The suitability of xylanases for its application in food and feed, paper and pulp, textile, pharmaceuticals, and lignocellulosic biorefinery has led to an increase in demand of xylanases globally. The present review gives an insight of using microbial xylanases as an “Emerging Green Tool” along with its current status and future prospective.
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Cellulases Production by a Trichoderma sp. Using Food Manufacturing Wastes. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9204419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The cost of cellulase enzymes is a main contributor to the operational cost of a biorefinery producing ethanol from lignocellulosic material. Therefore, onsite production of enzymes using low-value substrates might be an option to make a bio-based facility more economical, while improving environmental sustainability. Food manufacturing wastes (FMWs), such as olive mill solids, tomato pomace, and grape pomace, are some of the main wastes produced by the food industry in Chile. FMWs are mostly composed of lignocellulosic material, which is primarily made of cellulose. A fungal strain obtained from olive stones was identified as a Trichoderma sp. and characterized by molecular and morphological techniques. This strain was able to grow on three FMWs in both liquid and solid cultures. In liquid cultures, cellulase and β-glucosidase activities from the culture supernatants were quantified. Identification of extracellular proteins using mass spectrometry revealed the presence of endoglucanases, exoglucanases, and β-glucosidases. Cellulase production from agroindustrial residues could be an excellent opportunity to utilize FMWs as well as decrease enzyme production costs in biorefinery processes.
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