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Liu T, Hu K, Li Y, Wang Y, Han D, Wang Z, Gu F. The Z-Scheme MIL-88B(Fe)/BiOBr Heterojunction Promotes Fe(III)/Fe(II) Cycling and Photocatalytic-Fenton-Like Synergistically Enhances the Degradation of Ciprofloxacin. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309541. [PMID: 38279629 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The Z-scheme MIL-88B/BiOBr (referred to as MxBy, whereas x and y are the mass of MIL-88B(Fe) and BiOBr) heterojunction photocatalysts are successfully prepared by a facile ball milling method. By adding low concentration H2O2 under visible light irradiation, the Z-scheme heterojunction and photocatalytic-Fenton-like reaction synergistically enhance the degradation and mineralization of ciprofloxacin (CIP). Among them, M50B150 showed efficient photodegradation efficiency and excellent cycling stability, with 94.6% removal of CIP (10 mg L-1) by M50B150 (0.2 g L-1) under 90 min of visible light. In the MxBy heterojunctions, the rapid transfer of photo-generated electrons not only directly decomposed H2O2 to generate ·OH, but also improved the cycle of Fe3+/Fe2+ pairs, which facilitated the reaction with H2O2 to generate ·OH and ·O2 - radicals. In addition, the effects of photocatalyst dosages, pH of CIP solution, and coexisting substances on CIP removal are systematically investigated. It is found that the photocatalytic- Fenton-like reaction can be carried out at a pH close to neutral conditions. Finally, the charge transfer mechanism of the Z-scheme is verified by electron spin resonance (ESR) signals. The ecotoxicity of CIP degradation products is estimated by the T.E.S.T tool, indicating that the constructed photocatalysis-Fenton-like system is a green wastewater treatment technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kaiyue Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yansheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Dongmei Han
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zhihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fubo Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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Zhou B, Liu Q, Zheng C, Ge Y, Huang L, Fu H, Fang S. Enhanced Fenton-like catalysis via interfacial regulation of g-C 3N 4 for efficient aromatic organic pollutant degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124341. [PMID: 38852662 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
For the efficient degradation of organic pollutants with the goal of reducing the water environment pollution, we employed an alkaline hydrothermal treatment on primeval g-C3N4 to synthesize a hydroxyl-grafted g-C3N4 (CN-0.5) material, from which we engineered a novel Fenton-like catalyst, known as Cu-CN-0.5. The introduction of numerous hydroxyl functional groups allowed the CN-0.5 substrate to stably fix active copper oxide particles through surface complexation, resulting in a low Cu leaching rate during a Cu-CN-0.5 Fenton-like process. A sequence of characterization techniques and theoretical calculations uncovered that interfacial complexation induced charge redistribution on the Cu-CN-0.5 surface. Specifically, some of the π electrons in the tris-s-triazine units were transferred to the copper oxide particles along the newly formed chemical bonds (C(π)-O-Cu), forming a π-deficient area on the tris-s-triazine plane near the complexation site. In a typical Cu-CN-0.5 Fenton-like process, a stable π-π interaction was established due to the favorable positive-negative match of electrostatic potential between the aromatic pollutants and π-deficient areas, leading to a significant improvement in Cu-CN-0.5's adsorption capacity for aromatic pollutants. Furthermore, pollutants also delivered electrons to the Cu-CN-0.5 Fenton-like system via a "through-space" approach, which suppressed the futile oxidation of H2O2 in reducing the high-valent Cu2+ and significantly improved the generation efficiency of •OH with high oxidative capacity. As expected, Cu-CN-0.5 not only exhibited an efficient Fenton degradation for several typical aromatic organic pollutants, but also demonstrated both a low metal leaching rate (0.12 mg/L) and a H2O2 utilization rate exceeding 80%. The distinctive Fenton degradation mechanism substantiated the potential of the as-prepared material for effective wastewater treatment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhou
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Qingsong Liu
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Caihong Zheng
- Fuzhou Ecological Environment Promotion and Education Center, Fuzhou, 350000, China.
| | - Yao Ge
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Lili Huang
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Haoyang Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
| | - Shengqiong Fang
- College of Environment & Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
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Wang Z, Qi J, Zhao Y, Jiang H, Han B, He H, He M, Ma J. Graphitic carbon nitride membranes intercalated with nano-sized Fe-MOF for enhanced water purification via synergistic separation and Fenton-like processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 340:139937. [PMID: 37619754 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Versatile two-dimensional nanomaterials have offered a promising prospect to enhance the water purification efficiency and overcome the fouling obstacle in membrane technology. In this work, a graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheet membrane intercalated with the nano-sized Fe-based metal-organic framework (MIL-100(Fe)) is developed for the enhanced removal of aqueous organic contaminants by synergically promoting separation and Fenton-like processes. The g-C3N4/MIL-100(Fe) membrane is constructed through a self-assembly route in which the nano-MIL-100(Fe) is anchored into g-C3N4 layers by the coordination bonds between Fe nodes and pyridinic N. The MIL-100(Fe) intercalation not only enlarges the interlayer spacing to raise the membrane permeability, but also expedites the electron transfer between Fe2+ and Fe3+ to improve the Fenton-like activity. With a stable water flux of 98.2 L m2·h-1·bar-1 under wide-range pH and pressures, the g-C3N4/MIL-100(Fe) membrane shows high dye removal efficiency (≥99%) and prominent self-cleaning ability. Mechanism insight proposes a combination of size exclusion, electrostatic interaction and steady radical generation. The intercalation of nano-MIL-100(Fe) into g-C3N4 membranes can realize the mutual promotion between separation and Fenton-like processes, the synergistic effect of which provides an effective and feasible strategy for aqueous pollution abatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Jingyao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Yumeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Haicheng Jiang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
| | - Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Haiyang He
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Mingrui He
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China.
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
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Orimolade BO, Oladipo AO, Idris AO, Usisipho F, Azizi S, Maaza M, Lebelo SL, Mamba BB. Advancements in electrochemical technologies for the removal of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in wastewater: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163522. [PMID: 37068672 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent times, the need to make water safer and cleaner through the elimination of recalcitrant pharmaceutical residues has been the aim of many studies. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, and levofloxacin are among the commonly detected pharmaceuticals in wastewater. Since the presence of these pharmaceuticals in water bodies poses serious risks to living organisms, it is vital to adopt effective wastewater treatment techniques for their complete removal. Electrochemical technologies such as photoelectrocatalysis, electro-Fenton, electrocoagulation, and electrochemical oxidation have been established as techniques capable of the complete removal of organics including pharmaceuticals from wastewater. Hence, this review presents discussions on the recent progress (literature within 2018-2022) in the applications of common electrochemical processes for the degradation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics from wastewater. The fundamentals of these processes are highlighted while the results obtained using the processes are critically discussed. Furthermore, the inherent advantages and limitations of these processes in the mineralization of fluoroquinolone antibiotics are clearly emphasized. Additionally, appropriate recommendations are made toward improving electrochemical technologies for the complete removal of these pharmaceuticals with minimal energy consumption. Therefore, this review will serve as a bedrock for future researchers concerned with wastewater treatments to make informed decisions in the selection of suitable electrochemical techniques for the removal of pharmaceuticals from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin O Orimolade
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida Science Campus, 1709 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Adewale O Oladipo
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa
| | - Azeez O Idris
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology College of Graduates Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria 392, South Africa; Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, Somerset West 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Feleni Usisipho
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida Science Campus, 1709 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Shohreh Azizi
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology College of Graduates Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria 392, South Africa; Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, Somerset West 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Malik Maaza
- UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology College of Graduates Studies, University of South Africa, Pretoria 392, South Africa; Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, Somerset West 7129, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Sogolo L Lebelo
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Private Bag X06, Florida 1710, South Africa
| | - Bhekie B Mamba
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Private Bag X6, Florida Science Campus, 1709 Johannesburg, South Africa
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Jiang Y, Ran J, Mao K, Yang X, Zhong L, Yang C, Feng X, Zhang H. Recent progress in Fenton/Fenton-like reactions for the removal of antibiotics in aqueous environments. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 236:113464. [PMID: 35395600 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The frequent use of antibiotics allows them to enter aqueous environments via wastewater, and many types of antibiotics accumulate in the environment due to difficult degradation, causing a threat to environmental health. It is crucial to adopt effective technical means to remove antibiotics in aqueous environments. The Fenton reaction, as an effective organic pollution treatment technology, is particularly suitable for the treatment of antibiotics, and at present, it is one of the most promising advanced oxidation technologies. Specifically, rapid Fenton oxidation, which features high removal efficiency, thorough reactions, negligible secondary pollution, etc., has led to many studies on using the Fenton reaction to degrade antibiotics. This paper summarizes recent progress on the removal of antibiotics in aqueous environments by Fenton and Fenton-like reactions. First, the applications of various Fenton and Fenton-like oxidation technologies to the removal of antibiotics are summarized; then, the advantages and disadvantages of these technologies are further summarized. Compared with Fenton oxidation, Fenton-like oxidations exhibit milder reaction conditions, wider application ranges, great reduction in economic costs, and great improved cycle times, in addition to simple and easy recycling of the catalyst. Finally, based on the above analysis, we discuss the potential for the removal of antibiotics under different application scenarios. This review will enable the selection of a suitable Fenton system to treat antibiotics according to practical conditions and will also aid the development of more advanced Fenton technologies for removing antibiotics and other organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Jiabing Ran
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Kang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Guizhou Institute of Prataculture, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550006, China
| | - Changying Yang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China.
| | - Xinbin Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China.
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High Photocatalytic Activity of g-C3N4/La-N-TiO2 Composite with Nanoscale Heterojunctions for Degradation of Ciprofloxacin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084793. [PMID: 35457660 PMCID: PMC9027728 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ciprofloxacin (CIP) in natural waters has been taken as a serious pollutant because of its hazardous biological and ecotoxicological effects. Here, a 3D nanocomposite photocatalyst g-C3N4/La-N-TiO2 (CN/La-N-TiO2) was successfully synthesized by a simple and reproducible in-situ synthetic method. The obtained composite was characterized by XRD, SEM, BET, TEM, mapping, IR, and UV-vis spectra. The photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin was investigated by using CN/La-N-TiO2 nanocomposite. The main influential factors such as pH of the solution, initial CIP concentration, catalyst dosage, and coexisting ions were investigated in detail. The fastest degradation of CIP occurred at a pH of about 6.5, and CIP (5 mg/L starting concentration) was completely degraded in about 60 min after exposure to the simulated solar light. The removal rates were rarely affected by Na+ (10 mg·L−1), Ca2+ (10 mg·L−1), Mg2+ (10 mg·L−1), and urea (5 mg·L−1), but decreased in the presence of NO3− (10 mg·L−1). The findings indicate that CN/La-N-TiO2 nanocomposite is a green and promising photocatalyst for large-scale applications and would be a candidate for the removal of the emerging antibiotics present in the water environment.
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Jilani A, Hussain SZ, Melaibari AA, Abu-Hamdeh NH. Development and Mechanistic Studies of Ternary Nanocomposites for Hydrogen Production from Water Splitting to Yield Sustainable/Green Energy and Environmental Remediation. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071290. [PMID: 35406164 PMCID: PMC9003420 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysts lead vitally to water purifications and decarbonise environment each by wastewater treatment and hydrogen (H2) production as a renewable energy source from water-photolysis. This work deals with the photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and H2 production by novel silver-nanoparticle (AgNPs) based ternary-nanocomposites of thiolated reduce-graphene oxide graphitic carbon nitride (AgNPs-S-rGO2%@g-C3N4) material. Herein, the optimised balanced ratio of thiolated reduce-graphene oxide in prepared ternary-nanocomposites played matchlessly to enhance activity by increasing the charge carriers’ movements via slowing down charge-recombination ratios. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO), >2 wt.% or <2 wt.%, rendered H2 production by light-shielding effect. As a result, CIP degradation was enhanced to 95.90% by AgNPs-S-rGO2%@g-C3N4 under the optimised pH(6) and catalyst dosage(25 mg/L) irradiating beneath visible-light (450 nm, 150 watts) for 70 min. The chemical and morphological analysis of AgNPs-S-rGO2%@g-C3N4 surface also supported the possible role of thiolation for this enhancement, assisted by surface plasmon resonance of AgNPs having size < 10 nm. Therefore, AgNPs-S-rGO2%@g-C3N4 has 3772.5 μmolg−1 h−1 H2 production, which is 6.43-fold higher than g-C3N4 having cyclic stability of 96% even after four consecutive cycles. The proposed mechanism for AgNPs-S-rGO2%@g-C3N4 revealed that the photo-excited electrons in the conduction-band of g-C3N4 react with the adhered water moieties to generate H2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Jilani
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +966-599693297
| | - Syed Zajif Hussain
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, SBA-School of Science & Engineering (SBA-SSE), Lahore University of Management Sciences (LUMS), Lahore 54792, Pakistan;
| | - Ammar A. Melaibari
- Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Nidal H. Abu-Hamdeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Center of Research Excellence in Renewable Energy and Power System, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Alaghmandfard A, Ghandi K. A Comprehensive Review of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C 3N 4)-Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites: Potential for Photocatalysis and Sensing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:294. [PMID: 35055311 PMCID: PMC8779993 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
g-C3N4 has drawn lots of attention due to its photocatalytic activity, low-cost and facile synthesis, and interesting layered structure. However, to improve some of the properties of g-C3N4, such as photochemical stability, electrical band structure, and to decrease charge recombination rate, and towards effective light-harvesting, g-C3N4-metal oxide-based heterojunctions have been introduced. In this review, we initially discussed the preparation, modification, and physical properties of the g-C3N4 and then, we discussed the combination of g-C3N4 with various metal oxides such as TiO2, ZnO, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, WO3, SnO, SnO2, etc. We summarized some of their characteristic properties of these heterojunctions, their optical features, photocatalytic performance, and electrical band edge positions. This review covers recent advances, including applications in water splitting, CO2 reduction, and photodegradation of organic pollutants, sensors, bacterial disinfection, and supercapacitors. We show that metal oxides can improve the efficiency of the bare g-C3N4 to make the composites suitable for a wide range of applications. Finally, this review provides some perspectives, limitations, and challenges in investigation of g-C3N4-metal-oxide-based heterojunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Khashayar Ghandi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada;
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Fei J, Peng X, Jiang L, Yuan X, Chen X, Zhao Y, Zhang W. Recent advances in graphitic carbon nitride as a catalyst for heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:16887-16908. [PMID: 34734599 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02367e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), an appealing metal-free polymer, has featured in extensive research in heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions owing to its advantages of stable chemical and thermal properties, ease of structural regulation and unique redox ability. However, there are still some gaps in the understanding of the mechanism and fate of g-C3N4 and its derivatives in heterogeneous Fenton reaction degradation of contaminants. This paper gives systematic emphasis to the development and progress of g-C3N4 and its composites as catalysts in heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions. The main synthesis strategies of g-C3N4 composites are discussed, including calcination, hydrothermal method and self-assembly method. Then, the key catalytic properties of g-C3N4 in Fenton-like applications, including anchoring nanoparticles, increasing specific surface area and exposed active surface sites, as well as regulating charge transfer reactions, are highlighted. Special emphasis is placed on its multifunctional role in heterogeneous Fenton-like reactions and the mechanisms involved in the activation of hydrogen peroxide, persulfates, and photocatalytic activation of persulfate. Lastly, the existing challenges and possible development direction of g-C3N4-coupling Fenton reactions are proposed. It is believed that this paper will bring useful information for the development of graphitic carbon nitride in both laboratory studies and practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fei
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for New Petrochemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
| | - Xin Peng
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for New Petrochemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
| | - Longbo Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Xingzhong Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Xiangyan Chen
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for New Petrochemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
| | - Yanlan Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, P.R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- National & Local United Engineering Laboratory for New Petrochemical Materials and Fine Utilization of Resources, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China), Key Laboratory of the Assembly and Application of Organic Functional Molecules of Hunan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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Yao ZY, Zhu GX, Lu TL, Zhan YZ. Synergistically homogeneous-heterogeneous Fenton catalysis of trace copper ion and g-C 3N 4 for degradation of organic pollutants. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 84:1090-1102. [PMID: 34534108 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Using the bulk g-C3N4 as a precursor, four g-C3N4 nanosheets were further prepared by ultrasonic, thermal, acid, and alkali exfoliation. The structures of these materials were characterized by various techniques such as X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The synergistical Fenton catalysis of these materials with Cu2+ was evaluated by using rhodamine B as a simulated organic pollutant. The results showed that there existed a significant synergistical Fenton catalysis between Cu2+ and g-C3N4. This synergistic effect can be observed even when the concentration of Cu2+ was as low as 0.064 mg L-1. The properties of g-C3N4 strongly influenced the catalytic activity of the Cu2+/g-C3N4 system. The coexistent of Cu2+ and the alkali exfoliated g-C3N4 showed the best catalytic activity. Hydroxyl radicals as oxidizing species were confirmed in the Cu2+/g-C3N4 system by electron paramagnetic resonance spectra. The synergistic catalysis may be attributed to the easier reduction of Cu2+ adsorbed on the g-C3N4. This study provided an excellent Fenton catalytic system, and partly solved the rapid deactivation of heterogeneous Fenton catalysts caused by the leaching of metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Y Yao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China E-mail:
| | - G X Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China E-mail:
| | - T L Lu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China E-mail:
| | - Y Z Zhan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China E-mail:
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Liang H, Liu R, Hu C, An X, Zhang X, Liu H, Qu J. Synergistic effect of dual sites on bimetal-organic frameworks for highly efficient peroxide activation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124692. [PMID: 33310323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Active site engineering is of significant importance for developing high activity metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for catalytic applications. Herein, we develop a one-pot strategy to construct bimetal organic frameworks with Fe-Co dual sites for Fenton-like catalysis. Density functional theory (DFT) demonstrated that the introducing Co heteroatoms into MIL-101(Fe) (MIL represents Matérial Institute Lavoisier) was favorable for the formation of electron-deficient centers around benzene rings and electron-rich centers around Fe/Co. This synergistic effect could effectively decrease the energy barrier of H2O2 activation. Due to the facilitated charge transfer in the coordinated structures, MIL-101(Fe,Co) with engineered dual sites exhibited exceptionally high efficiency for the degradation of ciprofloxacin (CIP). The reaction rate of MIL-101(Fe,Co)/H2O2 system was 0.12 min-1, which was nearly 7.5 times higher than that of pristine MIL-101(Fe). The reaction mechanism of heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysis was fundamentally investigated by series of in-situ techniques, such as DRIFTS and Raman. ·OH radicals generated by H2O2 activation endowed the inspiring ability of MIL-101(Fe,Co) for water decontamination. This work offers a facile principle of exploring MOFs-based Fenton-like catalysts with a wide working pH range for environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiaoqiang An
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Xiwang Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
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12
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Graphitic Carbon Nitride-Based Composite in Advanced Oxidation Processes for Aqueous Organic Pollutants Removal: A Review. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, a growing number of organic pollutants released have raised worldwide concern. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has drawn increasing attention in environmental pollutants removal thanks to its unique electronic band structure and excellent physicochemical stability. This paper reviews the recent progress of g-C3N4-based composites as catalysts in various advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), including chemical, photochemical, and electrochemical AOPs. Strategies for enhancing catalytic performance such as element-doping, nanostructure design, and heterojunction construction are summarized in detail. The catalytic degradation mechanisms are also discussed briefly.
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13
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Bicalho HA, Rios RDF, Binatti I, Ardisson JD, Howarth AJ, Lago RM, Teixeira APC. Efficient activation of peroxymonosulfate by composites containing iron mining waste and graphitic carbon nitride for the degradation of acetaminophen. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123310. [PMID: 32947712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the potential to use an iron mining waste (IW), rich in α-Fe2O3 and α-FeOOH, for the development of composites based on graphitic carbon nitride (CN) is demonstrated. These materials were synthesized through a simple thermal treatment at 550 °C of a mixture containing melamine and different IW mass percentages, giving rise to the catalysts xIWCN (where x is related to the initial mass percentage of IW). The iron phases of the precursor were partially transformed throughout the formation of the composites, in such a way that a mixture of α-Fe2O3 and γ-Fe2O3 was observed in their final composition. Furthermore, structural defects were produced in the carbonaceous matrix of the materials, causing the fragmentation of g-C3N4 and an increase of surface area. The catalytic activities of these composites were evaluated in reactions of peroxymonosulfate activation for the degradation of paracetamol. Among these materials, the composite 20IWCN showed the best catalytic activity, being able to degrade almost 90 % of the total paracetamol in only 20 min of reaction. This catalyst also demonstrated high chemical stability, being successfully utilized in five consecutive reaction cycles, with negligible iron leaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson A Bicalho
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Concordia University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Regiane D F Rios
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ildefonso Binatti
- Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, Av. Amazonas, 5253, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - José D Ardisson
- Centro de Desenvolvimento de Tecnologia Nuclear, Serviço de Nanotecnologia, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ashlee J Howarth
- Concordia University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Rochel M Lago
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula C Teixeira
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Química, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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14
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Yang Y, Li X, Zhou C, Xiong W, Zeng G, Huang D, Zhang C, Wang W, Song B, Tang X, Li X, Guo H. Recent advances in application of graphitic carbon nitride-based catalysts for degrading organic contaminants in water through advanced oxidation processes beyond photocatalysis: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116200. [PMID: 32712506 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have attracted much interest in the field of water treatment owing to their high removal efficiency for refractory organic contaminants. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-based catalysts with high performance and cost effectiveness are promising heterogeneous catalysts for AOPs. Most research on g-C3N4-based catalysts focuses on photocatalytic oxidation, but increasingly researchers are paying attention to the application of g-C3N4-based catalysts in other AOPs beyond photocatalysis. This review aims to concisely highlight recent state-of-the-art progress of g-C3N4-based catalysts in AOPs beyond photocatalysis. Emphasis is made on the application of g-C3N4-based catalysts in three classical AOPs including Fenton-based processes, catalytic ozonation and persulfates activation. The catalytic performance and involved mechanism of g-C3N4-based catalysts in these AOPs are discussed in detail. Meanwhile, the effect of water chemistry including pH, water temperature, natural organic matter, inorganic anions and dissolved oxygen on the catalytic performance of g-C3N4-based catalysts are summarized. Moreover, the reusability, stability and toxicity of g-C3N4-based catalysts in water treatment are also mentioned. Lastly, perspectives on the major challenges and opportunities of g-C3N4-based catalysts in these AOPs are proposed for better developments in the future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Chengyun Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Weiping Xiong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Danlian Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Chen Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China.
| | - Wenjun Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Biao Song
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xiang Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaopei Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Hai Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control, Hunan University, Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
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15
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Jiang TJ, Luo CW, Xie C, Wei YH, Li A. Synthesis of oxygen-doped graphitic carbon nitride and its application for the degradation of organic pollutants via dark Fenton-like reactions. RSC Adv 2020; 10:32906-32918. [PMID: 35516513 PMCID: PMC9056629 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a promising photocatalyst for environmental protection but its development is greatly limited for its application in dark Fenton-like reactions due to its extremely low specific surface area and lack of suitable active sites. Herein, for the first time, graphitic carbon nitride with large surface area and abundant defect sites was developed by tailoring oxygen via a simple and green method without any templates, namely, the calcination–hydrothermal–calcination successive treatment of melamine. The structure of the catalyst was characterized using several technologies, including XRD, SEM, TEM, N2-physisorption, FT-IR, Raman spectroscopy and XPS. The results revealed that it possessed a large specific surface area (ca. 236 m2 g−1), while changes in its structural properties such as the formation of new defect sites and change in the content of nitrogen atoms were observed. These properties were beneficial for the in situ activation of H2O2 toward reactive oxygen species, as confirmed by the reactive oxygen species capturing experiments. Furthermore, various influencing factors were systemically investigated. The results clearly showed that the oxygen-doped g-C3N4 was light-independent and metal-free Fenton-like catalyst for the enhanced degradation of organic pollutants in wastewater. Compared to the pristine g-C3N4, the oxygen-doped g-C3N4 showed superior performance under various conditions such as broad pH range and excellent stability. Thus, this study provides a novel pathway for the treatment of organic pollutants in water. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a promising photocatalyst for environmental protection but its development is greatly limited for its application in dark Fenton-like reactions due to its extremely low specific surface area and lack of suitable active sites.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Jiao Jiang
- School of Resource Environmental and Safety Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Center for Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Equipment, University of South China 421000 China +86-734-8282345
| | - Cai-Wu Luo
- School of Resource Environmental and Safety Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Center for Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Equipment, University of South China 421000 China +86-734-8282345.,Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences 100085 China.,State Key Laboratory of Safety and Health for Metal Mines, Sinosteel Maanshan General Institute of Mining Research Co., Ltd 243000 China.,Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Material, LongYan University 364012 China
| | - Chao Xie
- School of Resource Environmental and Safety Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Center for Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Equipment, University of South China 421000 China +86-734-8282345
| | - Yue-Hua Wei
- School of Resource Environmental and Safety Engineering, Cooperative Innovation Center for Nuclear Fuel Cycle Technology and Equipment, University of South China 421000 China +86-734-8282345
| | - An Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Institute of Science and Technology 414000 China
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16
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Ding Q, Khan WU, Lam FLY, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Yip ACK, Hu X. Graphitic Carbon Nitride/Copper‐Iron Oxide Composite for Effective Fenton Degradation of Ciprofloxacin at Near‐Neutral pH. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202001931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Ding
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Wasim U. Khan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering The University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealan 23587134
| | - Frank L. Y. Lam
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy South China University of Technology Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Shuaifei Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Integrated Surface Water-Groundwater Pollution Control School of Environmental Science and Engineering Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Alex C. K. Yip
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering The University of Canterbury Christchurch New Zealan 23587134
| | - Xijun Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Kowloon Hong Kong
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17
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Hitam CNC, Jalil AA. A review on exploration of Fe 2O 3 photocatalyst towards degradation of dyes and organic contaminants. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 258:110050. [PMID: 31929077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.110050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic degradation is among the promising technology for removal of various dyes and organic contaminants from environment owing to its excellent catalytic activity, low energy utilization, and low cost. As one of potential photocatalysts, Fe2O3 has emerged as an important material for degradation of numerous dyes and organic contaminants caused by its tolerable band gap, wide harvesting of visible light, good stability and recyclability. The present review thoroughly summarized the classification, synthesis route of Fe2O3 with different morphologies, and several modifications of Fe2O3 for improved photocatalytic performance. These include the incorporation with supporting materials, formation of heterojunction with other semiconductor photocatalysts, as well as the fabrication of Z-scheme. Explicitly, the other photocatalytic applications of Fe2O3, including for removal of heavy metals, reduction of CO2, evolution of H2, and N2 fixation are also deliberately discussed to further highlight the huge potential of this catalyst. Moreover, the prospects and future challenges are also comprised to expose the unscrutinized criteria of Fe2O3 photocatalyst. This review aims to contribute a knowledge transfer for providing more information on the potential of Fe2O3 photocatalyst. In the meantime, it might give an idea for utilization of this photocatalyst in other environmental remediation application.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N C Hitam
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A A Jalil
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), 81310, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.
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18
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Recent Strategies for Hydrogen Peroxide Production by Metal-Free Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9120990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a chemical which has gained wide importance in several industrial and research fields. Its mass production is mostly performed by the anthraquinone (AQ) oxidation reaction, leading to high energy consumption and significant generation of wastes. Other methods of synthesis found in the literature include the direct synthesis from oxygen and hydrogen. However, this H2O2 production process is prone to explosion hazard or undesirable by‑product generation. With the growing demand of H2O2, the development of cleaner and economically viable processes has been under intense investigation. Heterogeneous photocatalysis for H2O2 production has appeared as a promising alternative since it requires only an optical semiconductor, water, oxygen, and ideally solar light irradiation. Moreover, employing a metal-free semiconductor minimizes possible toxicity consequences and reinforces the sustainability of the process. The most studied metal‑free catalyst employed for H2O2 production is polymeric carbon nitride (CN). Several chemical and physical modifications over CN have been investigated together with the assessment of different sacrificial agents and light sources. This review shows the recent developments on CN materials design for enhancing the synthesis of H2O2, along with the proposed mechanisms of H2O2 production. Finally, the direct in situ generation of H2O2, when dealing with the photocatalytic synthesis of added-value organic compounds and water treatment, is discussed.
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