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Olagunju LK, Isikhuemhen OS, Dele PA, Anike FN, Ike KA, Shaw Y, Brice RM, Orimaye OE, Wuaku M, Essick BG, Holt N, Udombang NS, Enemudo JO, Subedi K, Anele UY. Effects of the Incubation Period of Pleurotus ostreatus on the Chemical Composition and Nutrient Availability of Solid-State-Fermented Corn Stover. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2587. [PMID: 37627378 PMCID: PMC10451637 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to optimize and improve the feeding value of Pleurotus ostreatus-fermented corn stover by evaluating the effects of five solid-state fermentation times and three in vitro fermentation periods on the chemical composition, dry matter disappearance (DMD), microbial mass and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production of treated and untreated corn stover. The study utilized a 3 × 5 factorial design, with eight replicates per treatment. Dry matter, crude protein (CP), ash and non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) contents increased quadratically (p < 0.05) with increases in the solid-state fermentation time. Increases of 44.4-59.1%, 20.6-78.6% and 40.5-121% were noted for the CP, ash and NFC contents, respectively. Organic matter, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber and hemicellulose contents decreased quadratically (p < 0.05) across the treatments. Similar trends were noted for DM and fiber disappearance in the treatments. The total gas production and in vitro true dry matter digestibility (IVTDMD) increased quadratically, while microbial mass and in vitro apparent DMD increased in a linear manner. The total VFA, propionate and butyrate contents increased linearly. Both the acetate content and the A:P ratio decreased in a linear manner. The results show that the rumen fermentation pathway favors the production of propionate, with increases in propionate production of 7.46 and 8.30% after 2 and 4 wk, respectively. The study showed that a 2 wk period of solid-state fermentation is sufficient to provide a bio-transformed cow-calf feed resource from P. ostreatus-treated corn stover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia K. Olagunju
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (L.K.O.); (P.A.D.); (K.A.I.); (Y.S.); (R.M.B.); (O.E.O.); (M.W.)
| | - Omoanghe S. Isikhuemhen
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (F.N.A.); (B.G.E.); (N.H.); (N.S.U.); (J.O.E.)
| | - Peter A. Dele
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (L.K.O.); (P.A.D.); (K.A.I.); (Y.S.); (R.M.B.); (O.E.O.); (M.W.)
| | - Felicia N. Anike
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (F.N.A.); (B.G.E.); (N.H.); (N.S.U.); (J.O.E.)
| | - Kelechi A. Ike
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (L.K.O.); (P.A.D.); (K.A.I.); (Y.S.); (R.M.B.); (O.E.O.); (M.W.)
| | - Yasmine Shaw
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (L.K.O.); (P.A.D.); (K.A.I.); (Y.S.); (R.M.B.); (O.E.O.); (M.W.)
| | - Rosetta M. Brice
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (L.K.O.); (P.A.D.); (K.A.I.); (Y.S.); (R.M.B.); (O.E.O.); (M.W.)
| | - Oluteru E. Orimaye
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (L.K.O.); (P.A.D.); (K.A.I.); (Y.S.); (R.M.B.); (O.E.O.); (M.W.)
| | - Michael Wuaku
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (L.K.O.); (P.A.D.); (K.A.I.); (Y.S.); (R.M.B.); (O.E.O.); (M.W.)
| | - Brandon G. Essick
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (F.N.A.); (B.G.E.); (N.H.); (N.S.U.); (J.O.E.)
| | - Nathan Holt
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (F.N.A.); (B.G.E.); (N.H.); (N.S.U.); (J.O.E.)
| | - Nkese S. Udombang
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (F.N.A.); (B.G.E.); (N.H.); (N.S.U.); (J.O.E.)
| | - Judith O. Enemudo
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Design, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (F.N.A.); (B.G.E.); (N.H.); (N.S.U.); (J.O.E.)
| | - Kiran Subedi
- Analytical Services Laboratory, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;
| | - Uchenna Y. Anele
- Department of Animal Sciences, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, 1601 East Market Street, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA; (L.K.O.); (P.A.D.); (K.A.I.); (Y.S.); (R.M.B.); (O.E.O.); (M.W.)
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Comparison of Trichoderma longibrachiatum Xyloglucanase Production Using Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and Jatoba (Hymenaea courbaril) Seeds: Factorial Design and Immobilization on Ionic Supports. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8100510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Xyloglucan (XG) is the predominant hemicellulose in the primary cell wall of superior plants. It has a fundamental role in controlling the stretching and expansion of the plant cell wall. There are five types of enzymes known to cleave the linear chain of xyloglucan, and the most well-known is xyloglucanase (XEG). The immobilization process can be used to solve problems related to stability, besides the economic benefits brought by the possibility of its repeated use and recovery. Therefore, this study aims at the optimization of the xyloglucanase production of Trichoderma longibrachiatum using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD) with tamarind and jatoba seeds as carbon sources, as well as XEG immobilization on ionic supports, such as MANAE (monoamine-N-aminoethyl), DEAE (diethylaminoethyl)-cellulose, CM (carboxymethyl)-cellulose, and PEI (polyethyleneimine). High concentrations of carbon sources (1.705%), at a temperature of 30 °C and under agitation for 72 h, were the most favorable conditions for the XEG activity from T. longibrachiatum with respect to both carbon sources. However, the tamarind seeds showed 23.5% higher activity compared to the jatoba seeds. Therefore, this carbon source was chosen to continue the experiments. The scaling up from Erlenmeyer flasks to the bioreactor increased the XEG activity 1.27-fold (1.040 ± 0.088 U/mL). Regarding the biochemical characterization of the crude extract, the optimal temperature range was 50–55 °C, and the optimal pH was 5.0. Regarding the stabilities with respect to pH and temperature, XEG was not stable for prolonged periods, which was crucial to immobilizing it on ionic resins. XEG showed the best immobilization efficiency on CM-cellulose and DEAE-cellulose, with activities of 1.16 and 0.89 U/g of the derivative (enzyme plus support), respectively. This study describes, for the first time in the literature, the immobilization of a fungal xyloglucanase using these supports.
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Henrique JP, Casciatori FP, Thoméo JC. Automatic system for monitoring gaseous concentration in a packed-bed solid-state cultivation bioreactor. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Mycofabrication of Mycelium-Based Leather from Brown-Rot Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030317. [PMID: 35330319 PMCID: PMC8950489 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable substitutes for leather can be made from mushroom mycelium, which is an environmentally friendly alternative to animal and synthetic leather. Mycelium-based leather is derived from Polyporales, in which lignocellulosic material is used as the substrate. The plasticizing and crosslinking of mycelial mats with various reagents might affect the leather properties and mycelial architecture. This study investigated the physicochemical and mechanical properties of mycelium-based leather (MBL) samples, including the hygroscopic nature, thermal stability, cell wall chemistry, density, micromorphology, tensile strength, elongation rate, and Young’s modulus. Micromorphological observations confirmed the mycelial networks and their binding performance, verifying their efficacy as a substitute leather. The most significant effects were observed after treatment with 20% polyethylene glycol, which resulted in an increase in Young’s modulus and tensile strength. Furthermore, the samples generally exhibited a high density (1.35, 1.46 g/cm3) and tensile strength (7.21 ± 0.93, 8.49 ± 0.90 MPa), resembling leather. The tear strength reached as low as 0.5–0.8 N/mm. However, the tensile and tear strength may be affected by leather processing and the tuning of mycelial growth. Nevertheless, high-density mycelia are shown to be suitable for the production of MBL, while mycofabrication and strain selection are sustainable for novel industrial applications of MBL.
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de Oliveira Júnior SD, Dos Santos Gouvêa PR, de Aguiar LVB, Pessoa VA, Dos Santos Cruz Costa CL, Chevreuil LR, Dedo BritoNascimento LB, Dos Santos ES, Sales-Campos C. Production of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes and Phenolic Compounds by Lentinus strigosus from the Amazon Using Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) of Guarana (Paullinia cupana) Residue. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:2882-2900. [PMID: 35286593 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-03851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Amazon rainforest has a rich biodiversity, and studies of Basidiomycete fungi that have biomolecules of biotechnological interest are relevant. The use of lignocellulosic biomass in biotechnological processes proposes an alternative use, and also adds value to the material when employed in the bioconversion of agro-industrial waste. In this context, this study evaluate the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes (carboxymethylcellulases (CMCase), xylanase, pectinase, laccase) as well as phenolic compounds and proteases by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using the fungus Lentinus strigosus isolated from Amazon. The guarana (Paullinia cupana) residue was characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). SSF was carried out with 60% humidification of the residue, at 30 °C, for 10 days. The lignocellulosic biomass presented fragmented structures with irregular shapes and porosities, and was mainly constituted by cellulose (19.16%), hemicellulose (32.83%), and lignin (6.06%). During the SSF, significant values of CMCase (0.84 U/g) on the 8th day, xylanase (1.00 U/g) on the 7th day, pectinase (2.19 U/g) on the 6th day, laccase (176.23 U/mL) on the 5th day, phenolic compounds (10.27 μg/mL) on the 1st day, soluble proteins (0.08 mg/mL) on the 5th day, and protease (8.30 U/mL) on the 6th day were observed. In general, the agro-industrial residue used provided promising results as a viable alternative for use as a substrate in biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paula Romenya Dos Santos Gouvêa
- Edible Mushroom Cultivation Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-375, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-005, Brazil
| | - Lorena Vieira Bentolila de Aguiar
- Edible Mushroom Cultivation Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-375, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Biodiversity and Biotechnology of the BIONORTE, Amazonas State University (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, 69065-001, Brazil
| | - Vitor Alves Pessoa
- Edible Mushroom Cultivation Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-375, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology and Natural Resources, Amazonas State University (UEA), Manaus, Amazonas, 69065-001, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Ramos Chevreuil
- Edible Mushroom Cultivation Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Larissa Batista Dedo BritoNascimento
- Edible Mushroom Cultivation Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-375, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-005, Brazil
| | - Everaldo Silvino Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, 59064-741, Brazil.
| | - Ceci Sales-Campos
- Edible Mushroom Cultivation Laboratory, National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, 69067-375, Brazil
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Chmelová D, Legerská B, Kunstová J, Ondrejovič M, Miertuš S. The production of laccases by white-rot fungi under solid-state fermentation conditions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:21. [PMID: 34989891 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Laccases (E.C. 1.10.3.2) produced by white-rot fungi (WRF) can be widely used, but the high cost prevents their use in large-scale industrial processes. Finding a solution to the problem could involve laccase production by solid-state fermentation (SSF) simulating the natural growth conditions for WRF. SSF offers several advantages over conventional submerged fermentation (SmF), such as higher efficiency and productivity of the process and pollution reduction. The aim of this review is therefore to provide an overview of the current state of knowledge about the laccase production by WRF under SSF conditions. The focus is on variations in the up-stream process, fermentation and down-stream process and their impact on laccase activity. The variations of up-stream processing involve inoculum preparation, inoculation of the medium and formulation of the propagation and production media. According to the studies, the production process can be shortened to 5-7 days by the selection of a suitable combination of lignocellulosic material and laccase producer without the need for any additional components of the culture medium. Efficient laccase production was achieved by valorisation of wastes as agro-food, municipal wastes or waste generated from wood processing industries. This leads to a reduction of costs and an increase in competitiveness compared to other commonly used methods and/or procedures. There will be significant challenges and opportunities in the future, where SSF could become more efficient and bring the enzyme production to a higher level, especially in new biorefineries, bioreactors and biomolecular/genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Chmelová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, J. Herdu 2, 917 01, Trnava, Slovak Republic
| | - Barbora Legerská
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, J. Herdu 2, 917 01, Trnava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Kunstová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, J. Herdu 2, 917 01, Trnava, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Ondrejovič
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, J. Herdu 2, 917 01, Trnava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Stanislav Miertuš
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of SS. Cyril and Methodius, J. Herdu 2, 917 01, Trnava, Slovak Republic
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Yaashikaa PR, Senthil Kumar P, Varjani S. Valorization of agro-industrial wastes for biorefinery process and circular bioeconomy: A critical review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 343:126126. [PMID: 34673193 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Energy recovery from waste resources is a promising approach towards environmental consequences. In the prospect of environmental sustainability, utilization of agro-industrial waste residues as feedstock for biorefinery processes have gained widespread attention. In the agro-industry, various biomasses are exposed to different unit processes for offering value to various agro-industrial waste materials. Agro-industrial wastes can generate a substantial amount of valuable products such as fuels, chemicals, energy, electricity, and by-products. This paper reviews the methodologies for valorization of agro-industrial wastes and their exploitation for generation of renewable energy products. In addition, management of agro-industrial wastes and products from agro-industrial wastes have been elaborated. The waste biorefinery process using agro-industrial wastes does not only offer energy, it also offers environmentally sustainable modes, which address effective management of waste streams. This review aims to highlight the cascading use of biomass from agro-industrial wastes into the systemic approach for economic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Yaashikaa
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 602105, India
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India; Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai 603110, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India.
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Culaba AB, Mayol AP, San Juan JLG, Vinoya CL, Concepcion RS, Bandala AA, Vicerra RRP, Ubando AT, Chen WH, Chang JS. Smart sustainable biorefineries for lignocellulosic biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126215. [PMID: 34728355 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is considered as a sustainable feedstock for a biorefinery to generate biofuels and other bio-chemicals. However, commercialization is one of the challenges that limits cost-effective operation of conventional LCB biorefinery. This article highlights some studies on the sustainability of LCB in terms of cost-competitiveness and environmental impact reduction. In addition, the development of computational intelligence methods such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a tool to aid the improvement of LCB biorefinery in terms of optimization, prediction, classification, and decision support systems. Lastly, this review examines the possible research gaps on the production and valorization in a smart sustainable biorefinery towards circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin B Culaba
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines; Center for Engineering Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines.
| | - Andres Philip Mayol
- Center for Engineering Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines; Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines
| | - Jayne Lois G San Juan
- Center for Engineering Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines; Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines
| | - Carlo L Vinoya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines; School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Asia and the Pacific, Pearl Dr, Ortigas Center, Pasig, 1605 Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Ronnie S Concepcion
- Center for Engineering Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines; Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines
| | - Argel A Bandala
- Center for Engineering Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines; Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines
| | - Ryan Rhay P Vicerra
- Center for Engineering Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines; Department of Manufacturing Engineering and Management, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines
| | - Aristotle T Ubando
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines; Center for Engineering Sustainable Development Research, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, 0922 Manila, Philippines; Thermomechanical Analysis Laboratory, De La Salle University, Laguna Campus, LTI Spine Road, Laguna Blvd, Biñan, Laguna 4024, Philippines
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
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Sosa-Martínez J, Balagurusamy N, Benavente-Valdés JR, Montañez J, Morales-Oyervides L. Process performance improvement for the simultaneous production of ligninolytic enzymes in solid culture using agricultural wastes through the Taguchi method. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 293:112966. [PMID: 34098354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite a large amount of published research on the production of ligninolytic enzymes, the latter are not yet being applied to combat environmental pollution. No cost-effective process has been developed to date. This study describes an improvement of the solid-state fermentation procedure for the production of ligninolytic enzymes via Phanerochaete chrysosporium ATX by applying the Taguchi method and using an agro-industrial waste as substrate. The production of lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), and laccase (Lac) were simultaneously increased within a packed-bed column. The factors and levels studied were humidity (A: 60, 70, 80%), inoculum concentration (B: 7.5, 10.0, 12.5 × 105 spores/mL), packed density (C: 0.14, 0.16, 0.18 g/mL), and time (D: 6, 8, 10 days). The results showed that humidity was the factor with a higher effect upon LiP and Lac's production, while time was for MnP. Humidity exerted the greatest influence on the global desirability of the process. Improved conditions (A, 60%; B, 1.0 × 106 spores/mL; C, 0.17 g/mL; D, 8 days) were further validated: the results revealed an overall desirability increase of 237% over the unoptimized process. Process performance was likewise maintained at a higher scale (1:10). The results contribute to establishing a cost-effective bioprocess to produce ligninolytic enzymes by reducing the cost associated with raw materials and purification steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jazel Sosa-Martínez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Boulevard Venustiano Carranza SN, Saltillo, Coahuila, 25280, Mexico
| | - Nagamani Balagurusamy
- Bioremediation Laboratory, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Libramiento Torreón-Matamoros, Torreón, Coahuila, 27000, Mexico
| | - Juan Roberto Benavente-Valdés
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Boulevard Venustiano Carranza SN, Saltillo, Coahuila, 25280, Mexico
| | - Julio Montañez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Boulevard Venustiano Carranza SN, Saltillo, Coahuila, 25280, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Morales-Oyervides
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Coahuila, Boulevard Venustiano Carranza SN, Saltillo, Coahuila, 25280, Mexico.
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Current strategies and perspectives in detection and control of basal stem rot of oil palm. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:2840-2849. [PMID: 34012325 PMCID: PMC8116965 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid expansion of oil palm (OP) has led to its emergence as a commodity of strategic global importance. Palm oil is used extensively in food and as a precursor for biodiesel. The oil generates export earnings and bolsters the economy of many countries, particularly Indonesia and Malaysia. However, oil palms are prone to basal stem rot (BSR) caused by Ganoderma boninense which is the most threatening disease of OP. The current control measures for BSR management including cultural practices, mechanical and chemical treatment have not proved satisfactory. Alternative control measures to overcome the G. boninense problem are focused on the use of biological control agents and many potential bioagents were identified with little proven practical application. Planting OP varieties resistant to G. boninense could provide the ideal long-term solution to basal stem rot. The total resistance of palms to G. boninense has not yet been reported, and few examples of partial resistances have been observed. Importantly, basidiospores are now recognized as the method by which the disease is spread, and control methods require to be revaluated because of this phenomenon. Many methods developed to prevent the spread of the disease effectively are only tested at nursery levels and are only reported in national journals inhibiting the development of useful techniques globally. The initial procedures employed by the fungus to infect the OP require consideration in terms of the physiology of the growth of the fungus and its possible control. This review assesses critically the progress that has been made in BSR development and management in OP.
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Okal EJ, Aslam MM, Karanja JK, Nyimbo WJ. Mini review: Advances in understanding regulation of cellulase enzyme in white-rot basidiomycetes. Microb Pathog 2020; 147:104410. [PMID: 32707312 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
White-rot basidiomycetic fungi have gained a lot of scientific attention in recent years owing to their ability to produce cellulase enzymes that are of great importance in numerous industrial applications. This has seen a rise in number of studies seeking to comprehend both physical and molecular mechanisms that regulate the production of cellulase enzymes in these fungi. Cellulase has several applications in production of food and beverages, biofuel, biological detergents, pharmaceuticals, and deinking in paper and pulp industry. Enhanced understanding of genetic mechanisms that regulate cellulase production would have utility for optimal cellulase production in white-rot basidiomycetes using biotechnology approaches. Carbon catabolite repression and various transcriptional factors such as XlnR, Cre, Clr, Ace, and gna1 control expression of genes encoding cellobiohydrolase (CBH), endoglucanase (EGL) and β-glucosidase (BGL). In this review, we have consolidated and summarised some of recent findings on genetic regulation of cellulase with an aim of highlighting the general regulatory mechanisms that underlie cellulase expressions in white-rot fungi. This review further outlines some of important transcription factors that regulate cellulase genes, and key research gaps that may need to be addressed by future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyalira J Okal
- Juncao Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
| | - Mehtab Muhammad Aslam
- Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Cops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Joseph K Karanja
- Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation, College of Life Sciences, Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Cops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Witness J Nyimbo
- Juncao Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
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