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Tiller P, Park H, Cruz D, Carrejo E, Johnson DK, Mittal A, Venditti R, Park S. Techno-economic analysis of biomass value-added processing informed by pilot scale de-ashing of paper sludge feedstock. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 401:130744. [PMID: 38677384 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Paper sludge biomass represents an underutilized feedstock rich in pulped and processed cellulose which is currently a waste stream with significant disposal cost to industry for landfilling services. Effective fractionation of the cellulose from paper sludge presents an opportunity to yield cellulose as feedstock for value-added processes. A novel approach to cellulose fractionation is the sidehill screening system, herein studied at the pilot-plant scale. Composition analysis determined ash removal and carbohydrate retention of both sidehill and high-performance benchtop screening systems. Sidehill screening resulted in greater carbohydrates retention relative to benchtop screening (90% vs 66%) and similar ash removal (95% vs 98%). Techno-economic analysis for production of sugar syrup yielded a minimum selling price of $331/metric ton of sugar syrup including disposal savings, significantly less than a commercial sugar syrup without fractionation. Sensitivity analysis showed that screening conditions played a significant role in economic feasibility for cellulosic yield and downstream processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoenix Tiller
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Hyeonji Park
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - David Cruz
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Edgar Carrejo
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - David K Johnson
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Renewable Resources & Enabling Sci Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Ashutosh Mittal
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Renewable Resources & Enabling Sci Ctr, Golden, CO 80401 USA
| | - Richard Venditti
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Sunkyu Park
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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Kumar V, Verma P. Pulp-paper industry sludge waste biorefinery for sustainable energy and value-added products development: A systematic valorization towards waste management. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 352:120052. [PMID: 38244409 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The pulp-paper industry is one of the main industrial sectors that produce massive amounts of residual sludge, constituting an enormous environmental burden for the industries. Traditional sludge management practices, such as landfilling and incineration, are restricted due to mounting environmental pressures, complex regulatory frameworks, land availability, high costs, and public opinion. Valorization of pulp-paper industry sludge (PPS) to produce high-value products is a promising substitute for traditional sludge management practices, promoting their reuse and recycling. Valorization of PPIS for biorefinery beneficiation includes biomethane, biohydrogen, bioethanol, biobutanol, and biodiesel production for renewable energy generation. Additionally, the various thermo-chemical technologies can be utilized to synthesize bio-oil, hydrochar, biochar, adsorbent, and activated carbon, signifying potential for value-added generation. Moreover, PPIS can be recycled as a byproduct by incorporating it into nanocomposites, cardboard, and construction materials development. This paper aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of PPIS management approaches and thermo-chemical technologies utilized for the development of platform chemicals in industry. Substitute uses of PPIS, such as making building materials, developing supercapacitors, and making cardboard, are also discussed. In addition, this article deeply discusses recent developments in biotechnologies for valorizing PPIS to yield an array of valuable products, such as biofuels, lactic acids, cellulose, nanocellulose, and so on. This review serves as a roadmap for future research endeavors in the effective handling of PPIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Kumar
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer-305817, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Pradeep Verma
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, NH-8, Bandarsindri, Kishangarh, Ajmer-305817, Rajasthan, India.
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Singh N, Sithole BB, Govinden R. Optimisation of β-Glucosidase Production in a Crude Aspergillus japonicus VIT-SB1 Cellulase Cocktail Using One Variable at a Time and Statistical Methods and its Application in Cellulose Hydrolysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9928. [PMID: 37373076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulp and paper mill sludge (PPMS) is currently disposed of into landfills which are reaching their maximum capacity. Valorisation of PPMS by enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulases is an alternative strategy. Existing commercial cellulases are expensive and contain low titres of β-glucosidases. In this study, β-glucosidase production was optimised by Aspergillus japonicus VIT-SB1 to obtain higher β-glucosidase titres using the One Variable at a Time (OVAT), Plackett Burman (PBD), and Box Behnken design (BBD)of experiments and the efficiency of the optimised cellulase cocktail to hydrolyse cellulose was tested. β-Glucosidase production was enhanced from 0.4 to 10.13 U/mL, representing a 25.3-fold increase in production levels after optimisation. The optimal BBD production conditions were 6 days of fermentation at 20 °C, 125 rpm, 1.75% soy peptone, and 1.25% wheat bran in (pH 6.0) buffer. The optimal pH for β-glucosidase activity in the crude cellulase cocktail was (pH 5.0) at 50 °C. Optimal cellulose hydrolysis using the crude cellulase cocktail occurred at longer incubation times, and higher substrate loads and enzyme doses. Cellulose hydrolysis with the A. japonicus VIT-SB1 cellulase cocktail and commercial cellulase cocktails resulted in glucose yields of 15.12 and 12.33 µmol/mL glucose, respectively. Supplementation of the commercial cellulase cocktail with 0.25 U/mg of β-glucosidase resulted in a 19.8% increase in glucose yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivisti Singh
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Bishop Bruce Sithole
- Discipline of Engineering, Howard Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Roshini Govinden
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
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Singh N, Sithole B, Govinden R. Screening for cellulases and preliminary optimisation of glucose tolerant β-glucosidase production and characterisation. Mycology 2022; 14:91-107. [PMID: 37152851 PMCID: PMC10161942 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2022.2155261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for a novel microbial producer of cellulases including a glucose tolerant β-glucosidase is a challenge as most are inhibited by their product glucose. This study aims to screen for cellulolytic fungi using qualitative and quantitative screening methods. Primary screening revealed 34 of 46 fungal isolates with β-glucosidase activity. Eleven and 13 of these also displayed endoglucanase and exoglucanase activities, respectively. During secondary screening, this number was reduced to 26 β-glucosidase producers with 13 also having endoglucanase and exoglucanase activities. Isolate C1 displayed enhanced production of β-glucosidases in the presence of 0.05 M glucose (69% higher activity). Optimisation of growth conditions for β-glucosidase production by one variable at a time experiments improved production for (isolates) PS1 (64%), MB5 (84%), and C2 (69%). Isolate PS1 identified as Chaetomella sp. BBA70074 displayed the highest tolerance to glucose, retaining 10% of β-glucosidase activity in the presence of 0.8 M glucose. Tolerance to glucose increased to 14% when produced under optimal conditions. β-Glucosidase had a molecular weight of 170 kDa with a pH and temperature optima of 6 and 70°C, respectively. Future studies will include optimisation of the production of the glucose tolerant enzyme by Chaetomella sp. BBA70074.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivisti Singh
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Bruce Sithole
- Discipline of Engineering, Howard Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Biorefinery Industry Development Facility, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Durban, South Africa
| | - Roshini Govinden
- Discipline of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Chen Y, Huang X, Li L, Wu J, Guo Y, Yao Y, Zhou L. Paper mill sludge-based carbon quantum dots as a specifically ratiometric fluorescent probe for the sensitive and selective detection of coptisine. LUMINESCENCE 2022; 37:1078-1086. [PMID: 35441456 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Coptisine (COP), one of the bioactive components in Rhizoma Coptidis, has many pharmacological effects. Meanwhile, the determination of COP is essential in pharmacological and clinical applications. Herein, we prepared carbon quantum dots (CQDs) by one-step oil-thermal method using paper mill sludge (PMS) as precursor, and developed a ratiometric fluorescence method for the determination of COP. The structural and optical properties of PMS-CQDs were evaluated through HRTEM, FT-IR, XPS, XRD, UV-vis, fluorescence, zeta potential and fluorescence lifetime experiments. Fluorescence intensity ratio at 550 nm and 425 nm (I550 /I425 ) was recorded as an index for quantitative detection of COP. The detection concentration of COP ranges from 0.1 to 50 μM in good linear correlation (R2 = 0.9974) with a limit of detection of 0.028 μM (3σ/k). The quenching mechanism was deduced to be inner filter effect and static quenching. The ratiometric fluorescent probe showed impressive selectivity and sensitivity towards COP, and was successfully applied to the detection of COP in human urine with expected recoveries (95.22-111.00%) and relative standard deviation (0.46-2.95%), indicating that our developed method has a great application prospect in actual sample detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Chen
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaotong Huang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lu Li
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Junxian Wu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yongqi Guo
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yachao Yao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Chen C, Chen JS. A New Resource Recovery Process for Refining Sludge Generated by a Paper Manufacturing Company. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.4018/ijaeis.313174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new sludge processing method was developed by the Beta Company, a paper manufacturing company. The new method will shorten the time for transforming sludge into organic fertilizers, which will improve the process of handling the waste generated by a paper manufacturing company. The paper industry is facing the most rigorous regulations for processing wastewater and sludge to date in the history of many industrialized and developing countries. The Beta Company attempted to improve the conventional method implemented in-company for handling sludge generated during the paper manufacturing process, instead of shipping sludge out-of- company for processing by a third party. The current experimental results show positive improvement, indicating the Beta Company is moving one step closer toward environmental sustainability commitments.
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Taherzadeh-Ghahfarokhi M, Panahi R, Mokhtarani B. Medium supplementation and thorough optimization to induce carboxymethyl cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei under solid state fermentation of nettle biomass. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 52:375-382. [PMID: 34319847 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2021.1952599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the production of cellulase by Trichoderma reesei under solid-state fermentation of nettle biomass was promoted through supplementation of the culture media using carbonaceous additives and comprehensive optimization of the cultivation via the Taguchi method. CMCase activities about 5.5-6.1 U/gds were obtained by fermentation of the autoclave-pretreated biomass, among various chemical and physical pretreatments. Then, several additives including Tween 80, betaine, carboxymethyl cellulose, and lactose were individually or in combination added to the culture media to induce the enzyme production. The results proved that such additives could act as either inducers or inhibitors. Furthermore, CMCase activity surprisingly increased to 14.0 U/gds by supplementing the fermentation medium with the optimal mixture of additives including 0.08 mg/gds Tween 80, 0.4 mg/gds betaine, and 0.2 mg/gds carboxymethyl cellulose. Factor screening according to Plackett-Burman design confirmed that the levels of Urea and MgSO4 among basal medium constituents as well as pH of the medium were significantly affected CMCase production. By optimizing the levels of these factors, CMCase activity of 18.8 U/gds was obtained, which was noticeably higher than that of fermentation of the raw nettle. The applied procedure can be promisingly used to convert the nettle biomass into valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Panahi
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI), Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Mokhtarani
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran (CCERCI), Tehran, Iran
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Jaiswal S, Kumar Gupta G, Panchal K, Mandeep, Shukla P. Synthetic Organic Compounds From Paper Industry Wastes: Integrated Biotechnological Interventions. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:592939. [PMID: 33490048 PMCID: PMC7820897 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.592939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic organic compounds (SOCs) are reported as xenobiotics compounds contaminating the environment from various sources including waste from the pulp and paper industries: Since the demand and production of paper is growing increasingly, the release of paper and pulp industrial waste consisting of SOCs is also increasing the SOCs' pollution in natural reservoirs to create environmental pollution. In pulp and paper industries, the SOCs viz. phenol compounds, furans, dioxins, benzene compounds etc. are produced during bleaching phase of pulp treatment and they are principal components of industrial discharge. This review gives an overview of various biotechnological interventions for paper mill waste effluent management and elimination strategies. Further, the review also gives the insight overview of various ways to restrict SOCs release in natural reservoirs, its limitations and integrated approaches for SOCs bioremediation using engineered microbial approaches. Furthermore, it gives a brief overview of the sustainable remediation of SOCs via genetically modified biological agents, including bioengineering system innovation at industry level before waste discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Jaiswal
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Guddu Kumar Gupta
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Kusum Panchal
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Mandeep
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, India
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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