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Guo L, Huang T, Ling Z, Zhang J, Lian L, Song S, Ren J, Zhang M, Zhao Y, Mao X, Gao H, Ma J. Global trade-driven transfer of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions and associated human inhalation exposure risk. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 355:120438. [PMID: 38422853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are of significant public concern because of their toxicity and long-range transport potential. Extensive studies have been conducted to explore the source-receptor relationships of PAHs via atmospheric transport. However, the transfer of trade-driven regional and global PAHs is poorly understood. This study estimated the virtual PAHs emission transfer embodied in global trade from 2004 to 2014 and simulated the impact of international trade on global contamination and associated human inhalation exposure risk of PAHs. Results show that trade-driven PAHs flowed primarily from developed to less-developed regions, particularly in those regions with intensive heavy industries and transportation. As the result, international trade resulted in an increasing risk of lung cancer induced by exposure to PAHs (27.8% in China, 14.7% in India, and 11.3% in Southeast Asia). In contrast, we found decreasing risks of PAHs-induced lung cancer in Western Europe (63.2%) and the United States (45.9%) in 2004. Our findings indicate that final demand and emission intensity are the key driving factors contributing to rising and falling consumption-based PAHs emissions and related health risk respectively. The results could provide a useful reference for global collaboration in the reduction of PAHs pollution and related health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Tao Huang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China.
| | - Zaili Ling
- College of Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management, Lanzhou University of Finance and Economics, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jiaxuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Lulu Lian
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Shijie Song
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Ji Ren
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Menglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Xiaoxuan Mao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Hong Gao
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Jianmin Ma
- Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China; Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
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Xie T, Wang M, Jiang R, Li L, Chen X, Sarvajayakesavalu S, Chen W. Comparative study on anthropogenic impacts on soil PAHs: Accumulation and source apportionment in tourist and industrial cities in Hebei Province, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168435. [PMID: 38030005 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous organic contaminants in urban soils. The accumulation and source identifications of PAHs within a city have been frequently studied. However, impacts of urbanization development modes on PAHs accumulation patterns by taking a city as a whole have been seldom reported. Four cities with two development modes in Hebei province, Chengde and Zhangjiakou (tourist cities) and Handan and Tangshan (industrial cities), were selected. The concentrations of 16 priority PAHs in soils in the study areas were investigated. The results showed that the average concentrations of Σ16PAHs in Handan (2517 μg/kg) and Tangshan (2256 μg/kg) were more than twice of those in Chengde (696 μg/kg) and Zhangjiakou (926 μg/kg) approximately. Lines of evidence, provided by a combination of diagnostic ratios, pairwise correlation, and PMF methods, revealed that the dominant sources of PAHs in either city were industrial emission, vehicle emission, and petrogenic/biogenic process but with different proportions. Linear fittings based on Bayesian kernel machine regression analysis (BKMR) were constructed to illustrate the impact of industrialization on PAHs accumulation. The probability of excessing the 10 % (376 μg/kg) and 50 % (1138 μg/kg) of current ∑16PAHs would be higher than 90 % given the gross industrial production per unit area >5.00 × 106 and 20.5 × 106 CNY/km2, respectively. The proposed threshold values of industrialization are of significance for determining industrial structure and proportion in urban management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Meie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Rong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Suriyanarayanan Sarvajayakesavalu
- Vinayaka Missions Kirubananda Variyar Arts and Science College, Vinayaka Missions Research Foundation (Deemed to be University), Salem 636308, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Weiping Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Li Z, Qi R, Li Y, Miao J, Li Y, He Z, Zhang N, Pan L. Source-specific ecological and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the adjacent coastal area of the Yellow River Estuary, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2024; 26:146-160. [PMID: 38009362 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00419h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Industrialization and urbanization have led to increasing levels of PAH pollution in highly urbanized estuaries and their adjacent coastal areas globally. This study focused on the adjacent coastal area of the Yellow River Estuary (YRE) and collected surface seawater, surface sediment, and clams Ruditapes philippinarum and Mactra veneriformis at four sites (S1 to S4) in May, August, and October 2021 to analyze the source-specific ecological and health risks and bioeffects. The findings revealed that the main sources of PAHs were traffic emission (25.2% to 28.5%), petroleum sources (23.3% to 29.5%), coal combustion (24.7% to 27.5%), and biomass combustion (19.8% to 20.7%). Further, the PMF-RQ and PMF-ILCR analyses indicated that traffic emission was the primary contributor to ecological risks in seawater and health risks in both clam species, while coal combustion was the major contributor in sediment. Taken together, it is recommended to implement control strategies for PAH pollution following the priority order: traffic > coal > petroleum > biomass, to reduce the content and risk of PAHs in the YRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Ruicheng Qi
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yufen Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Yaobing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Zhiheng He
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road 5, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Zeng Y, Ma HM, Zhang QY, Tao L, Wang T, Wan C, Chen SJ, Mai BX. Complex polycyclic aromatic compound mixtures in PM 2.5 in a Chinese megacity: Spatio-temporal variations, toxicity, and source apportionment. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108159. [PMID: 37607426 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are important toxic organic components in fine particulate matter (PM2.5), whereas the links between PM2.5 toxicity and associated PACs in ambient air are poorly understood. This study investigated the spatial-temporal variations of PACs in PM2.5 collected from 11 sampling sites across a Chinese megacity and characterized the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and cytotoxicity induced by organic extracts of PM2.5 based on cellular assays. The extra trees regression model based on machine learning and ridge regression were used to identify the key toxicants among complex PAC mixtures. The total concentrations of these PACs varied from 2.12 to 71.7 ng/m3 across the study city, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the main PACs. The spatial variations of the toxicological indicators generally resembled those of the PAC concentrations, and the PM2.5 related to waste treatment facilities exhibited the strongest toxic potencies. The ROS generation was highly correlated with high molecular weight PAHs (MW302 PAHs), followed by PAHs with MW<302 amu and oxygenated PAHs, but not with nitrated PAHs and the plastics additives. The cell mortality showed weak correlations with these organic constituents. The associations between the biological endpoints and these PM2.5-bound contaminants were further confirmed by exposure to authentic chemicals. Four primary sources of PACs were identified, among which coal and biomass combustion sources (30.2% of the total PACs) and industrial sources (31.0%) were predominant. PACs emitted from industrial sources were highly associated with ROS generation in this city. Our findings highlight the potent ROS-generating potential of MW302 PAHs and the importance of industrial sources contributing to PM2.5 toxicity in this megacity, raising public concerns and further administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zeng
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui-Min Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Tao
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Cong Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - She-Jun Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Bi-Xian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Zhang J, Wang K, Guo J, Huang Y, Wei Y, Jia K, Peng Y, Lu H. Study on the mechanism of liver toxicity induced by acenaphthene in zebrafish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114441. [PMID: 38321660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Acenaphthene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) that is a widely distributed environmental pollutant that accumulates in organisms and leads to health risks in humans. Although acenaphthene is reported to be toxic to aquatic organisms, its effects of acenaphthene on the livers of these organisms have not been evaluated. Here, zebrafish were used as an experimental model. Zebrafish larvae were exposed to 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5 mg/L acenaphthene for 72 h while adult zebrafish were exposed to 1.5, 2, and 2.5 mg/L acenaphthene for 28 days. We investigated the mechanism by which acenaphthene causes liver toxicity in zebrafish. The results showed that acenaphthene affected the early development of zebrafish and led to mitochondrial damage by promoting the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in oxidative stress. The expression of genes related to inflammation and apoptosis was analyzed, observing up-regulation of the pro-inflammatory factors IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6. The pro-apoptotic genes p53, Caspase-3, and Bax and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were up-regulated, while the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 was down-regulated. In addition, we investigated the effects of acenaphthene on liver metabolism. When exposed to acenaphthene, the glycogen content of the liver decreased, while lipid accumulation increased together with alterations in related indicators of liver metabolism. In conclusion, acenaphthene induced oxidative stress through ROS production, leading to mitochondrial damage and activation of pathways associated with inflammation and apoptosis, resulting in hepatotoxicity. This affects normal liver metabolism. Our results revealed the mechanism of hepatotoxicity in zebrafish acenaphthene, and provided new evidence for a more comprehensive understanding of the hepatotoxicity of acenaphthene.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal university, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Kexin Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal university, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jing Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal university, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yong Huang
- Center for Drug Screening and Research, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - You Wei
- Center for Drug Screening and Research, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kun Jia
- Center for Drug Screening and Research, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- Center for Drug Screening and Research, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Center for Drug Screening and Research, School of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Organs, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China; Jiangxi Engineering Laboratory of Zebrafish Modeling and Drug Screening for Human Diseases, Ji'an, Jiangxi, China.
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Hu T, Mao Y, Ke Y, Liu W, Cheng C, Shi M, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Qi S, Xing X. Spatial and seasonal variations of PAHs in soil, air, and atmospheric bulk deposition along the plain to mountain transect in Hubei province, central China: Air-soil exchange and long-range atmospheric transport. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118139. [PMID: 34530242 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a long-term environmental problem faced by human society. The sources of involuntary PAHs are complex, moreover, secondary emissions of fixed PAHs in the environment occur due to global change and disturbance of human activities. Samples of three environmental media including soil, air, and atmospheric bulk deposition were collected to observe the spatial distribution and seasonal variation, to discuss the source or sink of PAHs and their association with the air mass transport along the plain (Jianghan Plain, JHP) to mountain transect, and explore the geographic scope of the atmospheric transport influence. The results obtained showed that 16 individual PAHs generally existed in all environmental multimedia being studied, and the PAHs concentration in air, soil and deposition flux of atmospheric bulk was higher in JPH than in "Western Hubei Mountains" (WHMs). Considerably high PAHs concentrations were obtained from the soil, air and atmospheric bulk deposition in winter, summer, and both summer and winter, respectively. The air-soil fugacity fraction of PAHs indicated that the soil of Dajiuhu (DJH) is likely to be a sink. Backward air trajectory simulation confirmed that most of the air mass passes over the JHP before reaching DJH, combined with the (transport and persistence level III) TaPL3 model results JHP are acting as sources. However, seasonal changes lead to a shift in the roles of soil sources and sinks. The TaPL3 model calculated that PAHs are transported through water for a wider range of effects and a longer persistence, even up to 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianpeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Yao Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Yanping Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Weijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Cheng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Mingming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; Shennongjia National Park Administration, Shennongjia, 442400, China
| | - Jiaquan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Mine Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hubei Polytechnic University, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China.
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Xu W, Xie Y, Xia D, Ji L, Huang G. A multi-sectoral decomposition and decoupling analysis of carbon emissions in Guangdong province, China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 298:113485. [PMID: 34385114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantifying the decoupling states of carbon emissions from a multi-sectoral and dual-perspective can guide more detailed emission reduction strategies. Based on the single-regional input-output (SRIO), Tapio decoupling analysis (TDA), and structural decomposition analysis (SDA), this study investigated the dynamic variation feature and decoupling state of multi-sectoral carbon emissions, and revealed their driving factors of consumption-based emissions in Guangdong province from 2002 to 2017. The main discovery can be summarized as follows from results analysis. Firstly, electricity production sector and construction sector were the largest direct and embodied carbon emission sources, and capital formation was the most important factor with the contribution of approximately 100 % that led to embodied carbon emissions of construction. For most of the manufacturing and service sectors, the embodied carbon emissions caused by international export exceed 50 %. Secondly, the consumption structure, consumption per capita, and population effect promoted the embodied emissions during 2002-2012, while the emission intensity effect was the greatest offsetting factor for all sectors. Consumption structure effect was becoming a major driver to the increase of embodied carbon emissions for construction. Thirdly, agriculture, mining, energy transformation, and service sector showed the unsatisfactory decoupling relationship between direct carbon emissions and economic output. According to the decoupling states, the decoupling relationships in some secondary industries were overestimated under the situation of only considering direct carbon emissions. The obtained results and policy implications are expected to provide holistic reference for policymakers to promote the short-term carbon peak and long-term carbon neutrality of Guangdong province from the sectoral perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Xu
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Yulei Xie
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Dehong Xia
- School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Ling Ji
- School of Economics and Management, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Guohe Huang
- Environmental Systems Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering, University of Regina, Regina, Sask, S4S 0A2, Canada.
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